BUILDING

3 UTILITIES 2
ELECTRONICS
Lecture 3
INTRODUCTION TO
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

HOLY ANGEL UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
COMMUNICATION
The word itself is derived from the Latin verb
communicare,which means “to share” or “to
make common”.

It is a process of exchange of facts, ideas, opinions

and a means that individual or organizations share
the meaning and understanding with one another.

Communication is the transfer of information

from one place to another.

Simply: to connect from source to destination.

COMMUNICATION
For a best communication, connection should
be:

◦ As efficiently aspossible
◦ With as much fidelity /reliability aspossible
◦ As securely as possible
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Communication Systems became essential, and
gained an important position in our lives, we can
touch its effect in every aspects of life.

Examples: Networks, Internet, Satellites, Mobile

Phone System,Telecommunication System, GPS,
Radar…. Etc.
PARTS / PROCESS OF
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Communication is a process of exchanging
verbal and non verbal messages. It is a
continuous process,
Communication Systems Consists of five parts:
1. Source
2. Transmitter
3. Channel
4. Receiver
5. Destination
PARTS OF COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
Source (Input Signal):
◦ The source originates a message, such as (human
voice, the television picture, data)

◦ If the data is non – electrical (analogue) it must be

converted by an input transducer (microphone,
camera….) into an electrical waveform (baseband
modulation) referred to as the baseband signal or
message signal.
PARTS OF COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
Transmitter (TX):
◦ The transmitter modifies the base – band signal for
efficient transmission

◦ Characteristics: Modulation, amplification, transmission

frequency (TX), transmission power,coding…

◦ Modem,Wifi, Bluetooth, RF transmitter..

PARTS OF COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
Channel:
◦ The Channel is a medium, such as wire, coaxial cable,
a waveguide, an optical fiber or a ratio link (air
interface), through which the transmitter output is
sent.

◦ Channel characteristics, ability for transmission, noise,

interference, power needed, fading,multipath…
PARTS OF COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
Receiver (RX):
◦ The receiver reprocesses the signal received from the
channel by undoing the signal modifications made at
the transmitter and the channel

◦ Characteristics: Demodulation, receiverfrequency

(RX), receiving power (threshold),decoding…

◦ Modem,WIFI, Bluetooth, RFreceiver..

PARTS OF COMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
Destination (output signal):
◦ The Destination is the unit to which the message is
communicated.

◦ The receiver output is fed to the output transducer

(monitor, speaker), which converts the electrical signal
to its original form.
MODES OF CHANNEL OPERATION
Simplex:
◦ Simplex is one direction of communication, it requires
one line of communication.
◦ Simplex channels are not often used in
communication systems because it is not possible to
send back error or control signals to the transmit
end.
◦ A good example would be TV or Radio, megaphone
MODES OF CHANNEL OPERATION
Half – Duplex:
◦ Two direction of communication (can send &
received) but only one direction is allowed through at
a time.
◦ Only one end transmits at a time, the other end
receives. In addition, it is possible to send feedbacks.
◦ An advantage is that single lane is cheaper that the
double lane (less connectors)
◦ Example of Half – duplex is talk-back radio,
MODES OF CHANNEL OPERATION
Full Duplex:
◦ Two ways of communication with data can travel in
both directions simultaneously.This is the most
common channel operation in communication
systems and networking.
◦ It can perform feedbacks
◦ The most expensive (Special Devices and more
connectors, as in case of fiber optics)
◦ Example, is mobile phone line
REAL LIFE EXAMPLE OF COMMUNICATION
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
People communicate with each other in a
number of ways that depend upon the message
and its context in which it is being sent.

Types of Communication based on the

communication channels used.
1. Verbal Communication
2. Non – Verbal Communication
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
VERBAL C O M M U N I C AT I O N
◦ It Refers to form of communication in which message
is transmitted verbally.
◦ Communication is done by word of mouth and a
piece of writing.

• Verbal Communication is divided into:

• Oral Communication
• Written Communication
Oral Communication
◦ In oral communication, Spoken words are used
◦ It includes face-to-face conversation, video, radio,
television, voice over internet.
◦ Communication is influence by pitch, volume, speed,
and clarity of speaking.

◦ Advantages
It Bring quick Feedback
In a face-to-face conversation, by reading facial expression and
body language once can guess whether he/she should trust
what’s being said or not.
◦ Disadvantages
In a face-to-face discussion, user is unable to deeply think
about what he is delivering, so this can be counted as a fault.
Written Communication
◦ In oral communication,Written signs or symbols are
used to communicate.
◦ Message can be transmitted via email, letter, report,
memo etc..

◦ Advantages
Message can be edited and revised
Written communication provide record and backup.
A written message enables receiver to fully understand it and
send appropriate feedback.
◦ Disadvantages
Written communication doesn’t bring instant feedback. It take
more time in composing a written message as compared to
word – of – mouth and number of people struggles for writing
ability.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION
NON - VERBAL C O M M U N I C AT I O N
◦ Non-verbal communication is the sending or receiving
of wordless messages. Such as gesture, body language,
posture, tone of voice or facial expressions.
◦ Non-verbal communication is all about the body
language of the speaker.

• Non-verbal Communication have the following three

elements.
• Appearance
• Speaker – Clothing, hairstyle, neatness, use of cosmetics
• Surroundings – room size, lighting,decorations,furnishings
• Body Language – Facial expression,gestures, postures
• Sounds – Voice tone, volume, speech rate.
LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
Intrapersonal Communication
◦ Is a communication that occurs in your own
mind. It is the basis of your feelings, biases,
prejudices, and beliefs.

◦ Examples are
when you make any kind of decision – what to eat
or wear.
When you think about something – what you want
to do on the weekend or when you think about
another person.
LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
Interpersonal Communication
◦ Is a communication between two people but
can involve more in informal conversations.

◦ Examples are
When you are talking to your friends.
A teacher and student discussing an assignment
A patient and a doctor discussing atreatment
A manager and a potential employee during an
interview.
LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
Small Group Communication
◦ Is a communication within formal or informal
groups or team.
◦ It is group interaction that results in decision
making, problem solving and discussion within
an organization.

◦ Examples are
Group planning a surprise birthday party for
someone.
A team working together on a project.
LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
One – to – group Communication
◦ Involves a speaker who seeks to inform,
persuade or motivate an audience.

◦ Examples are
A teacher and a class ofstudent.
A preacher and a congregation
A speaker and an assembly of people in an
auditorium
LEVELS OF COMMUNICATION
Mass Communication
◦ The electronic or print transmission of
messages to the general public. Outlets called
mass media include thinks like radio, television,
film, and printed materials designed to reach
large audiences.

◦ Examples are
A television Commercials
A magazine article.
Hearing a song on the radio
Books, newspapers,billboards.
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is the art of transmitting
knowledge, ideas, information, andthoughts
form one person to another

The transfer should be such that the receiver

understand the meaning and the intent of the
message and give proper feedback

Barriers to communication can be defined as

the aspects or conditions that interfere with
effective exchange of ideas or thoughts.
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
Factors that affects
Communication
◦ Environmental ◦ Misinterpretation
◦ Technological ◦ Fear
◦ Organizational ◦ Stress
◦ Jargons
◦ External Noise
◦ Emotions
◦ Distance
◦ Personal Interest
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
CLASSIFICATION OF BARRIERS
1. Physical Barriers
2. Semantic and language barriers
3. Socio – psychologicalbarriers
4. Organizational barriers
5. Cross-Cultural Barriers
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
Physical Barrier
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
Physical Barrier
◦ Organizational Structure
• Separate areas for people of different status
• It forbids team member for effective interaction with each other
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
Physical Barrier
◦ Noise
Physical Noise (Outside disturbance)
Psychological noise (stress)
Written noise (bad handwriting/typing/message content))
Visual Noise (late arrival of employees)
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
Physical Barrier
◦ Time and Distance
Improper time (time zone)
Defects in medium of communication (delayed message)
Network Facilities
Mechanical Breakdowns
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
Semantic & Language Barriers
◦ There is always a possibility of misunderstanding the
feelings of the sender of the message or getting a wrong
meaning of it.The words, signs, and figures used in the
communication are explained by the receiver in the light of
his experience which creates doubtful situations to the
sender.This happens because the information is not sent in
simple language.
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
Semantic & Language Barriers
◦ Similar sounding words (Homophones - Pronunciation)
◦ Different in meaning

Examples:
◦ Pale /Pail
◦ Alter /Altar
◦ Buy /Bye /By
◦ Rain /Reign
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
Semantic & Language Barriers
◦ Words have multiple pronunciations (Homographs -
Spelling)

Examples:
◦ The Bandage was wound around the wound
◦ We must polish the polish furniture
◦ He could lead if he would get the lead out
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
Semantic & Language Barriers
◦ Words have multiple meaning (Homonyms – Pronunciation
& Spelling)

Examples:
◦ Never desert your friends in the desert.
◦ Close the window before the bee gets too close.
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
Language Barriers
◦ Different Languages
◦ No Clarity in Speech
◦ Using Jargons
◦ Not being Specific
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
Socio – Psychologicalbarriers
◦ The importance of communication depends on the mental
condition of both the parties. A mentally disturbed party
can be a hindrance in communication.
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
Cross – CulturalBarrier
◦ Language
◦ Values / Beliefs
◦ Social Relation
◦ Concept of time
◦ Concept of space
◦ Gestures
BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
Organizational Barriers
◦ Organizational structure greatly affects the capability of the
employees as far as the communication is concerned.
Some major organizational hindrances in the way of
communication are the following:
Rues and Regulations /Organizational policies
Status
Complexity in organizational structures
Organizational facilities