Basic and Applied Research Technical Proposal

Technology Challenges
Describe the technical or scientific barrier, use metrics if applicable.
The primary technology challenge is the commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) acquisition of PZT modules in the
vibrational frequency range of 105 to 109 Hz, especially those on the high end of this frequency spectrum.
However, this may not prove a barrier after all, since the experiment can still be performed at vibrational
frequencies of approximately 105 Hz, as long as we do this at rapid rates of change of both coupled accelerated
spin and accelerated vibration of the electrically-charged test asset (i.e., non-uniform accelerations). For our
baseline experiments, we recommend testing with 2,000 RPM spin and 1,000 Hz vibration in order to verify
Equation 2 (EM energy flux value) in the attached technical paper, as this is preferred from a safety and test
measurement perspective. Also, the test asset can be tested with accelerated spin only or accelerated vibration
only, resulting in uncoupled effects.

Make or Break Criteria

Describe the make or break exit criteria for each year.
FY17: The output of this one-year feasibility study should yield the completion of each of the five tasks shown in
the Execution Plan (above), and should assess the feasibility and requirements (including costs) of conducting
future work and experiments (FY18 and beyond) to test the hypothesis discussed in Section 3 (above) of
generating and measuring high EM, field-intensity values.

If any step in the execution plan is deemed beyond 4.4 laboratory capabilities or anticipated budget allowances,
the investigators will report findings through the leadership chain to determine a new course of action (COA).
Possible new COAs could include continuing research in order to pursue cooperative agreements with DARPA, NRL,
etc., or project stoppage and return or remaining project funds for this one-year effort.

Section 4 – NAWC / NAE Relevance / Benefit

Alignment
Alignment information below is for reference only. To modify alignments, use the Edit Proposal Alignment interface in STAIRS.
Competency core capability: Power and Energy Systems
Secondary core capability:
NAE Gap/STO: Strike Operations (STK) / STO-1: Responsive Engagement
Secondary NAE Gap/STO: Theater Air and Missile Defense (TAMD) / STO-2: Airborne Missile Defense
Counter IED: No
Overseas contingency operation: No
S&T research area: Power and Energy Technology
S&T research sub-area: Advanced Naval Power Systems
Key technologies: Physics / Electricity and Magnetism, Physics / Quantum Theory and Relativity,
Power Production and Energy Conversion (Nonpropulsive) / Electric Power Production and Distribution,
Propulsion, Engines and Fuels / Electric and Ion Propulsion
DoN S&T focus area(s): [Primary] Power & Energy / High Energy and Pulsed Power, Power & Energy
/ Efficient Power and Energy Systems
 Basic and Applied Research Technical Proposal

NAWC / NAE Benefit

Describe value to NAWC/ NAE and identify benefits to core capabilities/ S&T Objectives if successful. Describe any other anticipated benefits to
the NAWC laboratory and/ or military capabilities.
The immediate benefit of this experimental work to NAWC/NAE is the development of novel/advanced High
Density, High Power Systems, which is one of the core capabilities of the AIR 4.4 organization, under the Power
and Energy systems umbrella. Furthermore, this project aligns well with one of the NAWCAD Technology Thrust
Areas (viz., 5.0 Transformational Air Vehicle & Propulsion Concepts, in the sub-area of Increased Power Density).
As such, these technologies could greatly enhance military capabilities.

Urgency
Describe why this research should be done now.
The results of these experiments can prove crucial for advancing the design of High Density / High Power systems
concepts under the 4.4 Core Capability of Power and Energy Systems. If successful, this concept could ultimately
be developed to greatly benefit the United States Warfighter in achieving battlefield supremacy, an endeavor of
immediate importance and vital to our national security.

Research Products
Describe plans for potential publications/ presentations/ patent applications, etc. Also describe any workforce development impacts (i.e.,
employee mentoring/ summer students/ training, etc.) associated with this project.
Depending on the experimental results achieved from this effort, the PIs plan to possibly publish findings in AIAA
or SAE technical journals. The PI is the author of Navy Case PAX 182, which has become U.S. Patent Application
14807943 entitled, “Electromagnetic Field Generator and Method to create Electromagnetic Field”. Furthermore, I
am also the author of Navy Case PAX 205 (The Inertial Mass Reduction Device) which has been recommended by
Dr. James Sheehy (Chief Technology Officer) to become a patent application, and has recently been filed with the
USPTO. Both these technical works are based on the physical mechanisms described in this proposal.

Section 5 – Project Transition

Transition Details
Transition information in the box below is for reference only. To modify this data, use the Edit Proposal Package Details interface in STAIRS.
Transition type: G - Product transitions to Naval Air Warfare Center / Fleet Readiness Center
Transition sponsor: AIR-4.0

Transition Sponsor Input

Has the transition sponsor provided input into this proposal? If yes, please describe the input provided.
No sponsor exists at this time.

Transition Plan
What is the next step for this research, if successful? Include any follow on plans for the transition of this technology if relevant (i.e. pursue
other funding, etc.)
If this experiment is successful, the next step would be to build a device to harvest the energy created.
 Basic and Applied Research Technical Proposal

Section 6 – Related Projects

Related Projects
Identify any related S&T projects associated with this effort, including projects that contributed to, complement, or will be enhanced by this
effort. Briefly summarize previous or current work performed in the area of this proposal, explain how the proposed work differs from other
previous or ongoing projects.
None.

Section 7 – Collaborations
Collaborations
Identify any other individuals, teams or organizations collaborating on this project.
Academia: Possible correspondence with (b) (6) (University of
Puerto Rico) for exchange of ideas regarding present concept.
Government agency: Possible collaboration/correspondence with ONR, NRL, DARPA.
International: This concept may be ITAR restricted, especially any experimental results.
Private sector: Possibility exists, but not anticipated at the present time.
Tri-service: Possibility exists, but not anticipated at the present time.

Section 8 – Alternative Source Solicitation

Alternative Source Solicitation
Identify any other sources of funding you or your departments have solicited for this project - successful or unsuccessful.
None.
 NAE S&T Alignment and Investment Reporting System
Cost Proposal Details

The High Energy Electromagnetic Field Generator

FY17 BAR/TT, Basic / Applied Research

FY2017 Cost Proposal

Labor
Name Code GS/GSE Hourly rate % WY # Hours Est. cost
1. (b) (6) 4451 PAX - GS/GSE-13 $72.78/hr 50% 870 $63.32K
2. Salvatore Pais 4451 PAX - GS/GSE-13 $72.78/hr 50% 870 $63.32K
(Physisist)
3. Lab Technician 44 PAX - GS/GSE-13 $72.78/hr 20% 348 $25.33K
Total labor costs: $151.96K
Travel

There are no travel costs associated with this cost proposal.

Materials

There are no material costs associated with this cost proposal.

Total FY2017 proposal costs: $151.96K

COLLABORATIONS

There are currently no collaborations identified for this proposal.

FY2017 Cost Proposal Comments / Justification of Costs

There are no comments / justification of costs associated with this cost proposal.
AIR 4.4.5
12 MAY 2016

(b)(6)

AIR 4.4.5

NISE BAR Selection Committee

Committee Members:

This letter is my endorsement of the FY17 NISE BAR Proposal, ‘The High Energy Electromagnetic Field
Generator’, submitted by (b) (6) .

This basic research project explores the ability to produce exceptionally high electromagnetic field energy
fluxes which is considered instrumental to designing advanced High Density, High Power Systems and
significantly increasing future propulsion capability. The basic research project is an important first step
toward developing advanced power and propulsion devices. The physics of this experiment have been peer
reviewed and deemed sound.

The first year of this BAR proposal encompasses designing the test asset(s) and evaluating experimental
conditions. This will determine the feasibility and effectiveness of the experiments. If viable, tests will be
conducted in FY18 and provide valuable data in proving the physics needed to design completely new High
Density, High Power Systems and Advanced Propulsion devices.

Thank you for your consideration.

(b) (6)
AIR 4.4.5
312 Int. J. Space Science and Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 4, 2015

The high energy electromagnetic field generator

Salvatore Cezar Pais

Department of Defense/Department of the Navy,
Naval Air Systems Command/NAWCAD,
NAS Patuxent River Maryland 20670, USA
Email: (b) (6)
Email: (b) (6)

Abstract: The original concept described is named the high energy

electromagnetic field generator. This concept’s governing physics entail the
coupling of gyration (high frequency spin), vibration (high frequency abrupt
pulsations/harmonic oscillations) and possible curvilinear translation, of
electrically charged systems. If we couple the system’s high frequency of
rotation (30,000 to 100,000 RPM, and higher) with high vibration (abrupt
pulsations/harmonic oscillations) frequencies in the range of 109 to 1018 Hertz
(and above) we can obtain electromagnetic field intensity values in the range
1024 to 1028 Watts/m2 (and beyond). These extremely high electromagnetic
field intensity values emphasise the novelty of this concept, especially suited
for the design of energy generation machinery with power output levels much
higher than those currently achievable. The utilisation of such high power
sources for space power and propulsion generation, as it pertains to reduction in
a spacecraft’s inertial mass as a direct result of local vacuum polarisation, is an
important application of the described theoretical concept. In this manner,
extreme spacecraft speeds can be achieved.

Keywords: faster than light travel; superluminal propulsion; quantum vacuum

plasma; QVP; vacuum energy fluctuations; vacuum polarisation; spacetime
manipulation; quantum vacuum engineering; quantum field theory; far from
equilibrium thermodynamics; spatio-temporal excursion.

Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Pais, S.C. (2015) ‘The high
energy electromagnetic field generator’, Int. J. Space Science and Engineering,
Vol. 3, No. 4, pp.312–317.

Biographical notes: Salvatore Cezar Pais obtained his Doctorate in

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering from Case Western Reserve
University, while working as a NASA Graduate Student Research Fellow at
NASA Glen (Lewis) Research Center. His research studies deal primarily with
defence-oriented work, performed as a General Engineer/Advanced Concepts
Analyst at Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems. At the present time, he
works for the Department of Defense, Department of the Navy/Naval Air
Systems Command at NAS Patuxent River in Maryland.

Copyright © 2015 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

 The high energy electromagnetic field generator 313

1 Introduction

The original concept described herein, is named the high energy electromagnetic field
generator (HEEMFG). When put in practice, this system can provide the design of energy
generation machinery with power output levels much higher than those currently
achievable. The utilisation of such high power sources for space power and propulsion
generation, as it pertains to reduction in the spacecraft’s inertial mass as a direct result of
local vacuum polarisation, is an important application of the described theoretical
concept.
This concept’s governing physics entail the coupling of gyration (high frequency
spin), vibration (high frequency abrupt pulsations/harmonic oscillations) and possible
curvilinear translation (thus three modes of motion) of electrically charged systems.
There are four known fundamental forces which control matter and therefore control
energy, namely the strong and weak nuclear forces, the electromagnetic (EM) force and
the gravitational force. In this hierarchy of forces, the EM force is perfectly positioned to
be able to manipulate the other three. A stationary electric charge gives rise to an electric
(electrostatic) field, while a moving charge generates both an electric and a magnetic
field (hence, the EM field); additionally an accelerating charge induces EM radiation in
the form of transverse waves, namely light. Mathematically as well as physically, EM
field intensity can be represented as the product of electric field strength and magnetic
field strength. EM fields act as carriers for both energy and momentum, thus interacting
with physical entities at the most fundamental level.
Artificially generated, high energy, EM fields interact strongly with the vacuum
energy state (an aggregate/collective state comprised of the superposition of all quantum
fields’ fluctuations permeating the entire fabric of spacetime), thereby giving rise to
emergent physical phenomena (in other words revolutionary/new physics), such as force
and matter fields unification. According to quantum field theory, this strong interaction
between the fields is based on the mechanism of transfer of vibrational energy between
the fields, further inducing local fluctuations in adjacent quantum fields which permeate
spacetime (these fields may or may not be EM in nature). Matter, energy, and spacetime
are all emergent constructs which arise out of the fundamental framework that is the
vacuum, energy state.
Everything that surrounds us, ourselves included, can be described as macroscopic
collections of fluctuations, vibrations, oscillations in quantum mechanical fields. Matter
is confined energy, ‘frozen’ in a quantum of time. Therefore, under certain conditions
(such as the coupling of hyper-frequency axial spin with hyper-frequency vibrations of
electrically charged systems) the rules and special effects of quantum field behaviour also
apply to macroscopic physical entities (O’Connell et al., 2010).
Moreover, coupling of hyper-frequency gyrational (axial rotation) and hyper-
frequency vibrational electrodynamics (as used in the concept herein disclosed) is
conducive to a possible physical breakthrough (force field unification is feasible with the
concept at hand) in the utilisation of the macroscopic quantum fluctuations vacuum
plasma field (quantum vacuum plasma – QVP, in short) as an energy source (or sink), an
induced physical phenomenon, for which the technology readiness level has been
considerably advanced by a team of research engineers from NASA JSC (Brady et al.,
2014). This research involves the use of high radio frequency/microwave driven resonant
cavity Q-thruster technology within the context of QVP physics.
314 S.C. Pais

The QVP is the electric glue of our plasma universe. The Casimir effect, the Lamb
shift, and spontaneous emission, are specific confirmations of the existence of QVP
(Milonni, 1994).
It is important to note that in region(s) where the EM fields are strongest, the more
potent are the interactions with the QVP, therefore, the higher the induced energy density
of the QVP particles which spring into existence(the Dirac Sea of electrons and
positrons). These QVP ‘particles’ may augment the obtained energy levels of the
HEEMFG system (even though they are short-lived, these ‘virtual’ particles have a real
effect).
To be more precise, the EM fields created by the HEEMFG system, interact with the
vacuum energy state, which is an aggregate state composed of the superposition of all
quantum fields’ fluctuations filling the entire fabric of spacetime. Contributions to this
vacuum state energy density are made by the quantum vacuum-zero point fluctuations,
the quantum chromo-dynamics gluon and quark condensates and the newly discovered
Higgs field (exhibiting massive 126 GeV particles), among other yet undiscovered fields
(super-symmetry). In other words, major contributions to the vacuum energy state are
made by collectives of quantum fluctuations in fermionic fields (fields of matter),
quantum fluctuations in bosonic fields (fields of force) and quantum fluctuations in scalar
fields (Higgs field).

2 Concept novelty

The physical equation which describes the maximum intensity achieved by the HEEMFG
system is described by the magnitude of the Poynting vector, which in non-relativistic
form (accounting for all three modes of motion) can be written as:

Smax = f G ( σ 2 / ε 0 ) [ R r ω + R v v + v R ] (1)

where fG is the HEEMFG system geometric shape factor (equal to 1 for a disc
configuration), σ is the surface charge density (total electric charge divided by surface
area of the HEEMFG system), ε0 is the electrical permittivity of free space, Rr is the
radius of rotation (disc radius), ω is the angular frequency of rotation in rad/s, Rv is the
vibration (harmonic oscillation) amplitude, ν is the angular frequency of vibration in
Hertz, and the term vR is the curvilinear translation speed (acquired via a propulsive unit
of either chemical, nuclear or magneto-plasma-dynamic (VASIMR) type attached to the
HEEMFG system – the integrated unit being the spacecraft).
Therefore, if we consider only rotation, given a disc configuration, with
σ = 50,000 Coulombs/m2, a disc (spinning/axially rotating) radius of 2 m and an angular
speed of 30,000 RPM, we can generate an EM field intensity (Smax = rate of energy flow
per unit area, or energy flux) value on the order of 1024 Watts/m2 (this value does not
account for any QVP interactions).
Furthermore, if we couple the high frequency of rotation with high vibration
(harmonic oscillation) frequencies in the range of 109 to 1018 Hertz (and above) we can
obtain Smax intensity values in the range 1024 to 1028 Watts/m2 (and beyond). These
extremely high EM field intensity values emphasise the novelty of this concept,
especially suited for the design of energy generation machinery with power output levels
much higher than those currently achievable.
 The high energy electromagnetic field generator 315

For the case of an accelerating angular frequency of vibration (amax = Rvν2),

neglecting rotation and curvilinear translation, equation (1) becomes (note intrinsic
significance of acceleration):

Smax = f G ( σ 2 / ε 0 ) ⎡⎣( R v v 2 ) t op ⎤⎦ (2)

where top is the operational time for which the charged electrical system is accelerating.
Close inspection of equation (2) results in an important realisation, namely: strong
local interaction with the high energetics of the quantum vacuum fields’ fluctuations
superposition (macroscopic vacuum energy state) is possible in a laboratory environment,
by application of high frequency gyration and/or high frequency vibration of minimally
charged objects (order of unity), in an acceleration mode. In this manner, a high degree of
vacuum energy polarisation can be achieved.
Local polarisation of the vacuum in the close proximity of a spacecraft equipped with
an HEEMFG system would have the effect of cohering the highly energetic and random
quantum vacuum fields’ fluctuations, which virtually block the path of an accelerating
spacecraft, in such a manner that the resulting negative pressure of the polarised vacuum
allows less laboured motion through it (Froning, 2009).
Spontaneous electron-positron pair production out of the vacuum (Schwinger, 1951;
Kim, 2015) is a strong indicator of vacuum polarisation being achieved. Schwinger gives
a value of the electric field (E) on the order of 1018 V/m for this phenomenon to take
place. The mass production rate (dm / dt)pp of particle/anti-particle pairs can be expressed
in terms of Smax (energy flux), namely:
2γ (dm / dt) pp c2 = Smax AS (3)

where AS is the surface area from which the energy flux emanates, c is the speed of light
in free space, and (γ) is the relativistic stretch factor [1 – (v2 / c2)]–1/2. Note that the pair
production rate increases with increasing energy flux from the spacecraft’s generated EM
field. Therefore, the level, to which the vacuum is polarised, thus allowing less laboured
motion through it, strictly depends on the artificially generated EM energy flux.
If we consider the boundary condition in the close proximity of the spacecraft where
the energy density of the artificially generated EM field equals the local energy density of
the polarised vacuum (caused in part by the local zero-point vacuum fluctuations on the
order of 10–15 Joules/cm3 and in part by the artificial EM field interacting with the local
vacuum energy state) we can write the approximate equivalence:

Smax ( t op / R S ) = ⎡⎣( h* v 4v ) 8π 2 c3 ⎤⎦ (4)

where RS is the electromagnetic (EM) field radius at EM wave propagating time top, such
that RS / top = c (where c is the light speed in free space), (h*) is Planck’s constant divided
by (2π) and (νv) is the frequency of quantum fluctuations in the vacuum (modelled as
harmonic oscillators).
Furthermore, given that the left side of equation (4) is on the order of (ε0 E2) where E
is the artificially generated electric field (strength), considering the Schwinger value of
(E) for the onset of spontaneous pair production, we obtain a (νv) value on the order of
1022 Hertz, which matches our expectations, since the Dirac virtual pair production,
results in total annihilation, yielding gamma rays, which occupy the EM frequency
spectrum of 1019 Hertz and above.
316 S.C. Pais

A recent paper (Pais, 2015) considers the possibility of superluminal spacecraft

propulsion in a special relativity framework. It is observed that under certain physical
conditions, the singularity expressed by the relativistic stretch factor ‘gamma’ as the
spacecraft’s speed (v) approaches the speed of light (c), is no longer present in the
physical picture. This involves the instantaneous removal of energy-mass from the
system (spacecraft) when the spacecraft’s speed reaches (v = c / 2). The author discusses
the possibility of using exotic matter (negative mass/negative energy density) to bring
about this effect. This may not have to be the only alternative. The artificial generation of
gravity waves in the locality of the spacecraft, can result in energy-mass removal (gravity
waves are propagating fluctuations in gravitational fields, whose amplitude and
frequency are a function of the motion of the masses involved).
Moreover, it is feasible to remove energy-mass from the system by enabling vacuum
polarisation, as discussed by Puthoff (Puthoff, 2002; Haisch et al., 1994); in that
diminution of inertial (and thus gravitational) mass can be achieved via manipulation of
quantum field fluctuations in the vacuum. In other words, it is possible to reduce a
spacecraft’s inertia, that is, its resistance to motion/acceleration by polarising the vacuum
in the close proximity of the moving spacecraft. As a result, extreme speeds can be
achieved.
Think of the vacuum energy state as a chaotic system comprised of random, highly
energetic fluctuations in the collective quantum fields which define it. Considering
Prigogine’s (1977) work on far from equilibrium thermodynamics, a chaotic system can
self-organise if subjected to three conditions, namely: the system must be nonlinear, it
must experience an abrupt excursion far from thermodynamic equilibrium, and it must be
subjected to an energy flux (order from chaos).
An artificially generated high energy EM field can fulfil all three conditions
simultaneously, when strongly interacting (especially in an accelerated vibration/rotation
mode) with the local vacuum energy state. Recall that these interactions are induced by
the coupling of hyper-frequency axial rotation (spin) and hyper-frequency vibration
(harmonic oscillations/abrupt pulsations) of electrically charged systems (HEEMFG),
placed on the outside of the spacecraft in strategic locations. In this manner, local vacuum
polarisation, namely the coherence of vacuum fluctuations within the immediate
proximity of the spacecraft’s surface (outside vacuum boundary) is achieved, allowing
for ‘smooth sailing’ through the negative pressure (repulsive gravity) of the void.
As an aside, force and matter fields unification (Gross, 2007) is feasible with the
concept at hand, due to the extremely strong interactions (EM in nature) between
ordinary matter and the QVP/vacuum energy state (interactions which exhibit extremely
high energies on Planck length scales in the immediate proximity of the disc/spacecraft
surface).

3 Conclusions

This original concept, which may represent a breakthrough technology, does reveal a
novel approach to the design of energy generation machinery with power output levels
much higher than those currently achievable by conventional means.
The utilisation of such high power sources for space power and propulsion
generation, as it pertains to reduction in the spacecraft’s inertial mass as a direct result of
 The high energy electromagnetic field generator 317

local vacuum polarisation, is an important application of the described theoretical

concept. In this manner, extreme spacecraft speeds can be achieved.
To be more exact, the concept at hand can be utilised in the design of a device to
manipulate/modify the local spacetime lattice (topology) energy density, which can be
achieved via local vacuum energy polarisation. Moreover, due to the nature of the
‘emergent physics’ involved, it is possible to experience spatio-temporal displacement
(excursion) effects.

Disclaimer

The views espoused and conclusions reached in this technical paper are the author’s own,
and do not necessarily reflect the views or beliefs of the US Government and the
Department of the Navy.

References
Brady, D.A. et al. (2014) ‘Anomalous thrust production from an RF test device, measured on
a low thrust torsion pendulum’, AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference,
AIAA 2014-4029.
Froning, H.D. (2009) ‘Quantum vacuum engineering for power and propulsion from the energetics
of space’, Presented at the Third International Conference on future Energy, Washington DC,
9–10 October.
Gross, D. (2007) The Coming Revolutions in Theoretical Physics, The Berkley Center for
Theoretical Physics Lecture Series, 19 October, UC Berkley.
Haisch, B., Rueda, A. and Puthoff, H.E. (1994) ‘Inertia as a zero-point field Lorentz force’, Phys.
Rev. A, Vol. 49, No. 2, p.678.
Kim, S.P. (2015) ‘On vacuum polarization and schwinger pair production in intense lasers’, 23rd
International Laser Physics Workshop (LPHYS’14), Journal of Physics: Conference Series,
Vol. 594, p.012050.
Milonni, P.W. (1994) Quantum Vacuum: An Introduction to Quantum Electrodynamics, Academic
Press, INC., San Diego, CA.
O’Connell, A.D. et al. (2010) ‘Quantum ground state and single-phonon control of a mechanical
resonator’, Nature, 1 April, Vol. 464, pp.697–703.
Pais, S.C. (2015) ‘Conditional possibility of spacecraft propulsion at superluminal speeds’, Int. J.
Space Science and Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp.89–92 (peer-reviewed).
Prigogine, I. (1977) Time, Structure and Fluctuations, Nobel Lecture, 8 December, Sweden.
Puthoff, H.E. (2002) ‘Polarizable-vacuum (PV) approach to general relativity’, Foundations of
Physics, June, Vol. 32, No. 6, pp.927–943.
Schwinger, J. (1951) ‘On gauge invariance and vacuum polarization’, Phys. Rev., Vol. 82, No. 1,
p.664.
Test Plan Summary / NISE proposal – The High Energy Electromagnetic Field Generator

An electrically charged object (of 1 foot diameter, 1/8 inch to 1/4 inch thickness), in the shape of
an aluminum disc (domed disc) or hollow cone, will be axially spun with rotational speeds of
1000 RPM to 10,000 RPM (in an accelerated mode). While it is being rotated the test object is
being vibrated by use of the piezoelectric effect, in that lead zirconate titanate (PZT) modules are
mounted circumferentially in a cruciform configuration on the underside of the domed disc /
hollowed cone in question. These PZT modules are vibrated by DC voltage (up to 1000 Volts)
applied to them from the same power source which electrifies the outside surface area (only) of
the test object (the inside surface is electrically insulated). Given currently available PZT
modules (COTS), vibration frequencies should be in the range of 103 Hertz to 105 Hertz
(preferred), with vibration amplitudes of 1 millimeter (preferred). The vibration would be used as
a perturbation to the non-linear far-from-equilibrium system generated by the accelerated spin of
the electrically charged disc.

The test object is mounted in a vacuum chamber evacuated at pressures on the order of

500 mili-Torr (rotor spin facility – dictated).

A Faraday cage (possibly stainless steel) is mounted around the test device for safety of
operation. The test object is welded to a hollow stainless steel shaft through which all the PZT
electrode wiring will be routed. This is a rotatable shaft connected to an electric motor via a
gearbox which controls the acceleration/deceleration of the test object’s spin.

There is also some control device (drive), preferably manual in nature, which accelerates or
decelerates the PZT vibration. Spin acceleration must have manual control as well.

It is of extreme importance that we have the ability to control the accelerated modes of vibration
and spin, in particular the rapid rates of change of accelerated-decelerated-accelerated vibration
and/or accelerated-decelerated-accelerated gyration (axial spin) of the electrified test object. In
this manner we can delay the onset of relaxation to thermodynamic equilibrium, thus producing a
physical mechanism which may induce anomalous effects.
Table 1: Test Conditions

Testing Baseline Objective Available

Measurands (Desired) (Yes/No)
Test Asset Domed Disc Cone No (needs
Configuration fabrication)
Polish of Smooth (0.1 cm) Rough surface Yes
aluminum
surface
Thickness of test 1/4 “ 1/8” Yes
asset
Diameter of test 12” 12” Yes
asset
Faraday cage N/A N/A No (needs
procurement)
Evacuated 0.1 Pa 0.001 Pa No (not Vacuum
Chamber desired)
EM Energy Flux > 300 W/m2 > 300 W/m2 No (needs
detector procurement)
Vibration Max in 2 min. Max in 2 min. No (manual drive
acceleration needed)
Control
Spin acceleration Max in 2 min. Max in 2 min. Yes (manual
Control drive needed)
PZT Modules 1000 100,000 Yes
(Hertz)
Test Asset Spin 1000 10,000 Yes
(RPM)

Test Notes:
For our baseline experiments we recommend testing with 1000 RPM to 10,000 RPM accelerated
spin and possibly 1000 Hertz vibration, to verify Equation 2, or any departures from it. (EM
energy flux value in the attached technical paper). This is preferred from a safety and test
measurement perspective. Also the test asset can be tested with accelerated spin only or
accelerated vibration only, resulting in uncoupled effects.
The rest of the testing measurands would have to be generated from research performed during
our FY17 Feasibility Study – from inputs given by 4.0 Physics/Structures/EMI/ Fuels SMEs.
The High Energy Electromagnetic Field Generator
Naval Innovative Science & Engineering (NISE) – Basic & Applied Research (BAR)

15-20°
Objective/ Introduction:
• Conduct experiments to demonstrate high electromagnetic
field energy flux values
t = 0.125-
0.25”
• Successful demonstration contributes to the design of
advanced High Density / High Power systems. No
government proprietary information
Approach/ Method:
• Rotating the aluminum cone apparatus at 30k-100k RPM while
inducing vibration at 10^5 Hertz to 10^9 Hertz, with vibration
amplitudes of 0.04 inch is expected to produce high
electromagnetic field energy flux values
• Milestones/Achievements
– Design of the test apparatus and experiment
– Conduct Experiment
– Publish Results

DoD/ Naval Impacts/ Benefits:

• This experimental work develops the AIR 4.4 core
capability of designing novel/advanced High Density, High
~12” Power Systems
• Applications of the anticipated results include next
generation propulsion systems for all branches of the
Key Performers / Teams: military which ensure the Unites States wins the future and
Location: PAX River achieves battlefield supremacy

PI: (b) (6) 4.4.5.1, (b) (6) Accomplishments/ Outcomes/ Potential:

Assoc PI: (b) (6) , 4.4.5.1, • Publication in technical journal
(b) (6) • Navy Case PAX 182 (Electromagnetic Field Generator
and Method to create Electromagnetic Field), applied for
patent; Navy Case PAX 205 (The Inertial Mass Reduction
Device), recommended for patent application

Last Updated: Distribution A

Plasma Compression Fusion Device (PCFD)

Navy Case PAX 285

Dr. Salvatore Cezar Pais, Ph.D.

Department of Defense / Department of the Navy,
Naval Air Systems Command / NAWCAD,
NAS Patuxent River Maryland 20670;
(b)(6)
E-mail:
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Competency Code: 4.3.5.1
 Co-Inventors and Technical Paper
• Sole Inventor
Fundamental Innovative Principle: Generation of Fusion energy by extremely
high energy electromagnetic fields induced by controlled motion of electrically
charged matter via accelerated spin and/or accelerated vibration, under smooth,
yet rapid acceleration transients.
Please refer to the imbedded invention-descriptive Technical Paper (double-click Adobe icon):
PAX 285 - Plasma Compression Fusion Device (PCFD) - S.C.PAIS

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FOUO - PAX 285 - Plasma Compression Fusion Device - (b)(6)
 Background
• Thermonuclear Fusion involves the forcing together (unification) of light nuclei to form a
heavier nucleus, which due to the mass defect occurs with generation of energy, as expressed in
the ubiquitous (E = mc2) expression. Fusion occurs at extremely high temperatures, exceeding the
core temperature of the Sun, which is approximately 10 million degrees Celsius. For example the
Deuterium-Tritium fusion reaction occurs at temperatures in excess of 175 million degrees
Celsius and that of Deuterium-Deuterium at approximately 232 million degrees Celsius.

• At these extremely high temperatures and pressures, a gas will ionize and form a plasma (the
fourth state of matter), that is an ensemble of an enormous number of electrons and positive ions (
1020 / m3) which constantly interact with each other, exchanging energy and momentum.

• The three primary methods of confining plasma in order to make the ions fuse are gravitational
confinement, inertial confinement and magnetic confinement. In order to have fusion from
gravitational confinement you need stellar-sized masses, thus we are left with inertial and
magnetic confinement, as well as possible hybrids of the two. Inertial confinement fusion is
produced with laser-driven implosions or with electric fields (electrostatic), while magnetic
confinement fusion is generated with extremely high magnetic induction in such configurations as
tokamaks, magnetic mirrors, magnetic cusps, pinches and magnetized targets.

• The key to Fusion seems to rest with the achievement of extremely high magnetic fields, possibly
exceeding 30 Tesla, which not even high temperature REBCO-type superconducting magnets, can
readily generate at present. However, it is herein argued that extremely high B-fields can be generated
by controlled motion of electrically charged matter, via accelerated spin and/or accelerated vibration,
subjected to rapid acceleration transients.

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 Description of Invention
• The Plasma Compression Fusion Device (PCFD) generates energy gain by
plasma compression-induced nuclear fusion. This invention has the capability of
maximizing the product of plasma pressure and energy confinement time in
order to maximize energy gain and thus give rise to fusion ignition conditions.
• The preferred embodiment of the invention utilizes a hollow cross-duct configuration of
circular cross-section in which the concentrated magnetic energy flux from two pairs of
opposing curved-headed counter-spinning conical structures (possibly made from an
alloy of Tungsten with high capacitance) whose outer surfaces are electrically charged,
compresses a gaseous mixture of fusion fuel into a plasma, heated to extreme
temperatures and pressures. The generated high intensity electromagnetic radiation heats
the plasma and the produced magnetic fields confine it in between the counter-spinning
conical structures, named dynamic fusors (four of them – smoothly curved apex sections
opposing each other in pairs). The fusion fuel (preferably Deuterium gas) is introduced
into the plasma core through the counter-spinning conical structures, namely injected
through orifices in the dynamic fusor heads.
• There is envisioned another, even more compact version of the invention, which uses vibration in a
linear duct configuration (using two counter-spinning dynamic fusors only), and would best be suited
for fusion power generation on aircraft, or main battle tanks. The invention uses controlled motion of
electrically charged matter via accelerated vibration and/or accelerated spin subjected to smooth yet
rapid acceleration transients, in order to generate extremely high energy / high intensity
electromagnetic fields which not only confine the plasma but also greatly compress it so as to
produce a high power density plasma burn, leading to Ignition.
• Invention was conceived on 09/07/2017 – no prototype in existence, as yet.

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 Potential Uses
• What is the Navy’s potential use for this invention:

• Imagine our Navy’s ships, submarines aircraft and (Marine Corps) armored
ground vehicles being powered with safe, reliable, virtually limitless fusion
energy. Imagine the power of the Sun confined in a compact, relatively small
space. With the Plasma Compression Fusion Device (PCFD), this figment of
imagination becomes a tangible reality.
• The present invention can produce power in the Gigawatt to Terawatt range
(and higher) with input power in the Kilowatt to Megawatt range, and possibly
lead to Ignition plasma burn.
• Under uniquely defined conditions, the Plasma Compression Fusion Device
can lead to development of a Spacetime Modification Weapon (SMW- a
weapon that can make the Hydrogen bomb seem more like a firecracker, in
comparison). Extremely high energy levels can be achieved with this
invention, under pulsed ultrahigh current (I) / ultrahigh magnetic flux density
(B) conditions (Z-pinch with a Fusion twist).
- SMW Energy Yield ~ I2 B3
• Is there the potential for commercial use – YES
• The design of Thermonuclear Fusion Reactors (safe, reliable, limitless energy)
for commercial electricity generation.
• The design of Fusion-driven Aircraft Jet Engines.
• The design of Fusion-induced Intergalactic Space Drives.
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 Costs
• What is the Navy’s (future) investment (FY19) in the invention.

EXPERIMENT TRUMPS THEORY EVERYTIME !

– this is a theoretical concept – no prototype in existence, as yet (Section
219 NISE funding for experimental investigation may be requested for a
4.3.5.1 envisioned experiment).
– Anticipated NAWCAD facility cost (rough estimate) – 400K USD (labor
plus materiel – possibly spread over two years).
– Estimated cost of any outside sources (i.e., drawings, labs, facilities) N/A
– Current work on NISE FY17 BAR project 219BAR-17-009 ‘The High
Energy Electromagnetic Field Generator’ (HEEMFG) test feasibility study,
may help with design criteria and requirements for this experiment.

– Are there potential cost savings to the Navy. - YES

– If yes, what is/are the potential cost savings to the Navy.
The inventive concept (which may represent a revolutionary technology) does
reveal a novel, effective and expedient manner of ensuring the Battlespace
Supremacy of the United States Warfighter for generations to come, thus
addressing an urgent national and international area of concern, of primary
national security importance.
Therefore its potential cost savings to the Navy are incalculably great, with
respect to innumerable lives and assets saved, not to mention the great
commercial benefits of achieving Fusion Energy Generation.

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