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WorldRadioHistory
 OCEAN STATE ELECTRONICS
PROFESSIONAL, AMATEUR, OR COMMERCIAL - WE'RE YOUR ONE STOP ELECTRONIC SOURCE
CALL OR WRITE FOR OUR FREE 112 PAGE CATALOG 1-401-596-3080

MAGNET WIRE REGULATED POWER SUPPLIES VERNIER TWO PIECE

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Perfect for ham equipment. CBS. car steoreo's and
toroids Prices for 1/4 lb spools
other 13.13 VDC Items. LED on indicator, short cime Uses 4machine screws.
MW14 3.25 MW24 3.70 MW34 4.80 protection. Binding post output. Amp ranngs are VD112•10 11/2"Dameter 0- 10 Marking $8.25 suppled Gray baked enamel.
MW16 3.30 MW26 3.75 MW36 4.90 conteuous 110V input. VD112 100 1-
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MW18 3.35 MW28 3.85 MW38 4.95 PART SIZE (IN.)
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38-382 20 AMP $119.50 •Ham Equipment
IRON FERRITE 1411F 4.0 2.2 2.7 5.66
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168-0 75 FT82-67 1.00 1411S 8.0 4.0 3.0 15.63
Excellent for code practice 200 Watts for 5minutes
168-2 75 F182-68 1.00 $119.95 14111 10.0 2.2 1.6 8.68
Screw control for adjusting pitch. C) 140 Watts cononously
1411U 10.0 6.0 3.5 15.31
168-6 75 F1114-61 ....2.15 Uses standard 1112V battery Size: 5" x2.6x 17"
- Weight: 15 ounces 1411W 12.0 3.0 2.2 11.15
T80-2 85 FT140-43 ..4.10 70-375 $4.99 1411X 12.0 7.0 4.0 18.62
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RES -2MEG 1N3600 50V PRV 200MA .25
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MINIATURE COPPER CLAD
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1N4007 1AMP 1000 PRV .17 3A 125V Solder Terminals
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1N5404 3AMP 400 PRV .25 minimal effect on inductee values May also
PC6X6SS .._6 1/2 x6 SINGLE SIDED 1.25
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7815 .39 2732 3.85
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78L05 .31 27C256 4.55
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LM317T .69 27C512(15Ons) 6.85
Applies to UPS Ground in Continental U.S. Only.
LM338K 4.42 27C010(15Ons) 9.85
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WorldRadioHistory
 March 1992

CONTENTS Volume 2
Number 5

In next month's issue (among

others):
EDITORIAL
• Comb generator
• AD232 converter 11 Germ Warfare
• General array logic (GAL)
• Understanding waveform AUDIO & HI-FI
harmonics
20 PROJECT: AF Drive Indicator
• Super sign
Design by T. Giesberts
• LCD for L/C meter
• 2metre receiver
COMPUTERS & MICROPROCESSORS
• Red-light diode lasers
22 COURSE: 8051/8032 Assembler—Part 2
by Dr. M. Ohsmann AF drive indicator —p. 20
39 PROJECT: Centronics Line Booster
Design by A. Rietjens
48 PROJECT: ADC/DAC and I/O for I 2C Bus

Design by J. Ruffell
53 PROJECT: 8751 Emulator
Front cover
Design by O. Bailleux
This month's instrument in
our series of test and
measuring instruments is an
ELECTROPHONICS
inductance/capacitance 14 PROJECT: MIDI Data Transfer
meter. Since it is essential Based on a design by M. Schreiber
that when the value of an
inductor or capacitor is GENERAL INTEREST
measured the ohmic losses
do not affect the result, the 58 PROJECT: A 555-Based Ramp Generator 8751 emulator —p. 53
meter has built-in automatic
Design by R. G. Evans
loss compensation.
POWER SUPPLIES & BATTERY CHARGERS

34 Measurements on Power Supplies

by the Technical Staff

RADIO, TELEVISION & COMMUNICATIONS

17 PROJECT: The Flat-Top 80 Antenna

by Richard Q. Marris, G2BZQ
42 PROJECT: FM Tuner—Part 1
Design by H. Reelsen

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY MIDI data transfer —p. 14

27 A Symmetrical Route Switch for Electronics

by Michael Soper, MA

TEST & MEASUREMENT

30 PROJECT: Inductance/Capacitance Meter

Design by H. Kühne
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA
(US ISSN 1051-5690) is published monthly
except August at $28 per year; $50 for two
years by Audio Amateur Publications, Inc., MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION
305 Union St., Peterborough NH 03458 USA.
Second class postage paid at Peterborough
Electronics Scene 12, 13; Corrections and Tips 38;
NH and an additional mailing office.
Book Review 59; Readers Services' 61;
POSTMASTER: Send address changes Terms of Business 62; Advertisers' Index 63.
to Elektor Electronics USA, Caller
Box 876, Peterborough NH 03458-0876. FM tuner —p. 42

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 TELL OUR ADVERTISERS YOU SAW THEIR AD IN ELEKTOR.
4

EUROPE '
S
HOTTEST KITS

NOW AVAILABLE
IN

NORTH AMERICA !

IBM PC SERVICE CARD PLOTTER MARK-II

This card was developed for assi- completely reworked version: see Elektor Electronics March 1990.
stance in the field of service.
development and test. The card is " Max. width 50 cm.
used as a bus-extension to reach the
measurement points very easy. It is * All mechanical parts supplied ready-drilled, filed and tapped, so get
also possible to change cards without going at once.
having a "hanging computer" • Complete kit, including 2stepper motors, 3pen lift solenoids, HPGL software
on disk (IBM), stepper motor control board
Ready Assembled Module

$145 loo loo $275

•
• Cis

ee :
„e CD CD CD Alt

IC TESTER FOR IBM-PC- COLOUR TEST PATTERN GENERATOR MICROPROCESSOR-CONTROLLED

XT/AT FREQUENCY METER
A PAL-compatible colour video source that
With the ELV IC tester logic func- supplies a number of test patterns for A professional grade multi-purpose fre-
aligning television sets. quency meter, designed by Elektor Elec-
tion tests can be carried out on
tronics, that can be build by many at
nearly all CMOS and TTL stan- affordable cost. Described in Elektor Elec-
A test pattern generator is virtually indispens-
dard components, accommo- able for troubleshooting in television sets tronics December 1984, January & February
dated in DIL packages up to 20 because it supplies a video signal that is 1985. U665B-based prescaler.
pin. The tester is designed as an known to be stable, and thus easily
insertion card for IBM-PC-XT/AT displayed and synchronized on an • Frequency meter:
and compatibles. A small ZIF test oscilloscope. 0.01 Hz to 1.2 Ghz.
socket PCB is connected via a • Pulse duration meter:
Inc. case and front 100.111$175
flat band cable. Over 500 stan- 0.1 to 100 s.
• Pulse counter:
derd components can be tes-
ted using the accompanying
0to 109 pulses
• Period meter:
comprehensive test software. 10 ns to 100 ns
Complete Kit including Textool • Sensitivity:
sokket, connectors, sockets. Flat Input A: 10 mV (Z in =2M12);
band cable, PCB, Software. • Input B: TTL or ¿ROS compatible
(Z i
n=25 kn);
Ready Assembled Module • Input C: prescaler input:
10 mV rms (Z un =50 SI).
• Auto-ranging and completely menu-
driven.
• 6or 7digit accuracy.

ELEKTOR P.C. i/o card

Kit includes power supply,
$200 •
220 007 $175 prescaler and enclosure 100.112 $300
WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 TELL OUR ADVERTISERS YOU SAW THEIR AD IN ELEKTOR.

BASIC COMPUTER S-VHS/CVBS-TO-RGB CONVERTER

With Intel 8052AH-BASIC

100.117

$160

ANALOG MODULE Following last month's introduction into the

eps 880162 100 113 $80 main characteristics of the Super-VHS system. AVAILABLE FROM:
we close off the article with details of a
DIGITAL MODULE practical converter circuit that allows an S- OLD COLONY
eps 880163 100.114 $55 VHS-VRC or camcorder to be connected to
the RGB inputs of a colour TV or monitor. The SOUND LAB
ADRESSDECODER circuit presented here forms a state-of-the-art
eps 880159 100.115 $45 approach to all-analogue picture standard PO Box 243, Dept E92
Peterborough, NH 03458 USA
conversion, and is based on the latest in IC
24-Hour Lines:
technology available for this purpose.
Tel. (603) 924-6371 FAX (603) 924-9467

220.039$150 • Check, money order, MCNISA

accepted.
• Please allow 6-8 weeks for delivery.
• SHIPPING: Airmail shipping to USA
included in price. Others: Please
inquire.
• CUSTOMS: USA residents may be
required to pay 5-10% customs
duty. Others may vary.

MULTIFUNCTION MEASUREMENT MICROPROCESSOR-CONTROLLED

MAIN FEATURES
CARDS FOR PCs TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
•8 Internal lines
• Iexternal line
The high-performance insertion card de- The telephone exchange presented here •memory for 10 numbers
scribed in this article allows your IBM PC-XT, allows up to eight pulse-dialling telephone •Internal through connections
PC-AT or 100 % compatible to measure direct sets to be connected, and has an option for •versatile cOmputer control
•automatic hold tor external line
voltage at 12-bit accuracy, as well as fre- connecting calls to or from an external •simple-to-extend
quency and a host of other parameters (trunk) telephone line. The unit is controlled •can be interfaced to a PC
related to pulse-shaped signals. The accu- by the popular 8052-based BASIC computer •selective external call
acceptance
racy and versatility afforded by the card are we introduced a few years ago. •shortcut idiot codes far external
of a level associated with much more ex- number
pensive, industrially rated products. The 220.057 $190 •works with pulse-dialling tele-
phone sets
menu-driven control software developed for •one optinal relay for extra
this exciting project allows you to keep tabs switching function
on up to eight voltages quasi-simultaneously,
while up to eight remaining inputs can be
used for time-related measurements includ-
ing frequency, duty factor and pulse dur-
ation, not forgetting the event counter.
Connected to the sensors and timing de- MAIN SPECIFICATIONS
vices of your choice, this card turns a PC
•Mode: Single
into a powerful central controller in a com- -one adjustable power supply
plex measurement and control system. with current an voltage
controls
-Output 0-40Vat0-5A
220.040$225
•Mode: independent
two identical, electrically
separated, power supplies
-Outputs
2x0 -40 Vat 2x0 •5A
•Mode: Tracking
-two indented. series connec-
SPECIAL PARTS SERVICE
ted. power supplies
-Outputs .t 0 40 V at 0 -5A
We are the no. 1suppliers of hard-to-find O 80 V at 0-5A
-Voltage and current of slave
components for Elektor Electronics pro- 400-WATT LABORATORY POWER follow master
jects.Always contact us first if you see an SUPPLY •Mode: parallel
unfamiliar component. Items include -two identical, parallel con-
analogue & digital ICs (HCT, SMD), preci- nected, power supplies
sion resistors (1%, 0,1%), capacitors Here is an all-purpose d.c. power supply for -Outputs 06 -394 V at 0 -10A

(MKT/styroflex), inductors (Neosid, Toko), symmetrical as well as asymmetrical use, •Maximum output voltage:
transducers, enclosures (Telet. OKW) and and capable of supplying high output cur- O -40 V (at full lood)

quartz crystals. rents and voltages. An all-analogue design 48 V (no load)

based on discrete parts only, this 400-watt •Maximum output current:: 5A

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION, PSU deserves a prominent place on your •Rippie: 10 mV (no load)
PLEASE SEND A BUSINESS-SIZE work bench. 50 mV (at full load)
•Voltage difference in
SASE TO OLD COLONY SOUND LAB
tracking mode: 50 mV
(ADDRESS ABOVE), AUN: MEEK IT.
ex. case 220.036 $525
WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 TELL OUR ADVERTISERS YOU SAW THEIR AD IN ELEKTOR.

THE 1MLLUUVISON AMPUF1ER THE AUDIO GLOSSARY

D.T.N. Williamson J. Gordon Holt
In April 1947, Williamson's power amplifier, using Authored by the founder of Stereophile magazine,
excellent-quality push/pull output tubes, a special this new best seller is acomprehensive overview of
output transformer, and a highly filtered power over 1,900 technical and subjective audio terms
supply, became an overnight success. The author explained in precise yet at times humorous fashion.
takes the reader deep into his design considerations, by VANCE DICKASON Three editions: Softcover (S); Hardcover with Dust
Ettlhotgn need to bull the knedspeaket byvern von haw ahvoys
offering practical advice on how to build the units nown.1 but weld not alkyd l,, yways to kdto dad box we ate Jacket (H); and Limited, Autographed Hardcover
eke, &wok the most hnnh and ele oaten wty to tteel yew
plus concise instructions on setting up the new amp. wane te yew ',env superb loudspeaker kyuent Peon, ketooks Wen.
with Gold-Embossed Binding and Dust Jacket (L).
to buy low wet put, and nee to test the teas fut pencil
A cult classic.
Year 1990 Pages 152
Year 1947, 1990 Pages 40 0-9624-1914-1(S) Softcover 5 /
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0-9624-1918-4 Softcover 81
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THE LOUDSPEAKER DESIGN 0-9624-1914-1(L) Limited 53/4 x8 $30.00
COOKBOOK
AUDIO AMATEUR LOUDSPEAKER Vance Dickason
PROJECTS This new fourth edition of speaker designing's bi- BULLOCK ON BOXES
Audio Amateur Magazine ble" is twice as big as its predecessors and features Robert M. Bullock HI, with Robert White
A collection of the 25 best speaker articles from brand new chapters on how loudspeakers work and An easy-to-read guide to designing and building
Audio Amateur during the decade of the 1970s, loudspeaker design software. Other chapters cover vented-box systems based on Thiele/Small models,
proof that great designs are never out-of-date, arich closed and vented boxes, passive radiators, transmis- this book is a collection of Dr. Bullock's Speaker
source of both theory and practice as well as design. sion-line systems, cabinet construction, drivers, Builder magazine articles. Includes theory, model
The electrostatic and transmission-line pieces are crossovers, and loudspeaker testing, plus acomplete descriptions, plus related information from numer-
particularly interesting and useful. resources listing. By far, the best-selling book in the ous sources, especially computer modeling from the
field. authors' BOXRESPONSE and BOXMODEL pro-
Year 1985 Pages 135
grams.
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G.A. Briggs C.G. McProud, editor
This easy-to-read classic, last revised in 1949, intro- These are the outstanding articles from Audio Engi-
duces the reader to concepts such as impedance, neering magazine during 1947-1957. Amps, pre-
phons and decibels, frequency response, response amps, tuners, speakers, and more. Vol. 1 covers
curves, volume and watts, resonance and vibration, 1947-50 and 38 articles. 2: 1950-1952, 45. 3: 1952-
cabinets and baffles, horns, room acoustics, tran- 1955, 43. 4. 1955-1957, 34.
sients, crossovers, negative feedback, Doppler and
Year 1950, 1987 Pages 124
phase effects, and much more. A provocative survey
0-8338-0195-3 Vol. 1Softcover 81
2 x 11
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of the right questions about sound reproduction.
Year 1952, 1989 Pages 124
Year 1949, 1990 Pages 88 0-8338-0197-X Vol. 2Softcover 81
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KILLER CAR STEREO ON A Year 1957, 1991 Pages 144
BUDGET: AN EASY CURE FOR OASK TODAY FOR YOUR FREE 0-9624-1919-2 Vol. 4 Softcover 81
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HO-HUM AUTO SOUND CATALOG OF KITS, COMPONENTS,
Daniel L Ferguson CABLE, SOFTWARE AND TEST CDs!
Providing quick and tested methods for upgrading •YMC/VISA WELCOME!
your car's sound, this manual provides an excellent,
easy-to-understand, hands-on treatment of the cost-
effective design and installation of high-quality vehi- OLD COLONY SOUND LAB
cle sound systems. Included are Getting Started; PO BOX 243, DEPT. E92
Sedan, Hatchback, and Pickup Truck Systems;
PETERBOROUGH, NH 03458
Speaker Cabinet Design; Filter Crossovers; and In-
stallation. 24-HOUR LINES:
Year1989 Pages 118 TEL (603) 924-6371
0-9624-1910-9 Spiralbound 51
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WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 TELL OUR ADVERTISERS YOU SAW THEIR AD IN ELEKTOR.

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WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 TELL OUR ADVERTISERS YOU SAW THEIR AD IN ELEKTOR.

NOW THAT YOU'VE SEEN OUR

NEWEST TREASURE „ .
WHY NOT HAVE A LOOK AT THE REST?

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THE LOUDSPEAKER JOURNAL

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WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 TELL OUR ADVERTISERS YOU SAW THEIR AD IN ELEKTOR.
9

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WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONIICS USA MARCH 1992
 TELL OUR ADVERTISERS YOU SAW THEIR AD IN ELEKTOR.
10

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ELECTRONIC ENCLOSURES e Design, operation and repair of

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WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
GERM WARFARE DIGITAL STYLE

With all the international worry about the use of deadly diseases as It's sad to know there are people in the world who spend their time
away of dealing with military enemies—or obstreperous minorities— writing such destructive garbage."
we computer users now have our community's own unique criminal "This virus enters your system when an infected diskette is in a
element to deal with, somehow. These cowardly, gutless wonders disk drive on bootup regardless of whether it is bootable or not. It
who doubtless chuckle away to themselves in some kind of slimy should not enter your system if your simply read from or write to
psychological slum, haven't even the courage of aSaddam Hussein the infected disk. However, once it is on your hard disk, it can copy
to flaunt their perverse tactics in public. itself onto adiskette accessed in any drive and therefore can be spread
Computer viruses are yet another symptom of asociety which must around quickly."
resort more and more to preventive maintenance to survive. All the "We highly recommend anti-virus software be installed on your
new hazards of everything from nicotine laden smoke, industrial pol- system, Until now we thought viruses were somebody elses prob-
lution, urban crime, adeteriorating ozone layer and plaque coated lem and would never affect us. Although we keep our computer
teeth seems to require all manner of defense systems. Our computers isolated to keep it immune, we were sadly surprised."
are now on the danger list as well. "The Michelangelo virus and hundreds of others can be detected
Recently aneighboring engineering firm experienced severe virus with readily available software from Norton, Central Point Software
infection of its minicomputer system after an employee took work and other companies. McAfee Associates provides virus detection and
home on his laptop, worked for the evening, and in the course of removal software which you can download and use FREE FOR 5
the period, inserted afriend's disk in his machine to examine some DAYS from their computer bulletin board system (BBS). Please do
data. On returning to work the next day, he downloaded his updated yourself afavor and scan your system with one of these programs
work. The virus, however, did not begin its mischief until weeks later. to be sure it is virus-free! It is equally important of course, to back
Only with the most careful diagnostic effort did the company's com- up all your work regularly."
puter people reconstruct what had happened, and how. "Since the Michelangelo virus resides on the boot sector of your
Ithank Michael Chamness of Speak Easy software for the follow- hard disk, there is away to easily get rid of it if you own Microsoft
ing helpful letter which Ireproduce here in its entirety. DOS, version 5.0. You can use FDISK with the undocumented op-
tion /MBR (for Master Boot Record) to refresh the master boot record
thereby writing over the virus and eliminating it. This will work in
most cases but it is still important to scan your disk to be sure NO
COMPUTER VIRUS MICHELANGELO viruses are present. This procedure will not remove the virus from
"We are writing at this time as aservice to our customers and sup- your diskettes, if infected. Please practice SAFE computing."
porters because we recently discovered asoftware virus on our com-
puter system. The virus we encountered is apparently widespread,
and we would like you to be sure it has not contaminated your com-
puter system from any source. Although it is unlikely we have passed Just as the prudent advice on backing up our data is drummed into
this virus on to you, the virus threat is real and it is important that all of us, and quite properly so, from all sorts of directions, we must
your take steps to keep your system virus-free." now become equally and systematically vigilant about getting and
"While our computer system and any software loaded into it is con- using regularly, an anti-virus program. We have taken the advice
stantly monitored by anti-virus software, this particular strain known recently advanced in the pages of PC Magazine and acquired the anti-
as Michelangelo went undetected until last week. This virus sits in virus program designed and marketed by PC-Tools Tm called Central
the boot sector of your floppy or hard disk and does nothing until Point Anti-Virus. (Central Point Software, 15220 Greenbrier Parkway,
March 6th. Then it begins to write random characters to your disk. #200, Beaverton OR 97006 (503) 690-8090.)—E.T.D.

Published by Audio Amateur Publications, Inc. European Offices: HUNGARY PORTUGAL

Elektuur BV Elektor Elektronikai folyoirat Ferreira 8. Bento Lda.
Edftor/publisher Edward T. Dell, Jr. Postbus 75 1015 Budapest R.D. Este1-83-ni, 32-1°
Editorial Offices: 6190 AB BEEK Batthyany U. 13. 1000 LISBOA
305 Union St., P.O. Box 876 The Netherlands Editor: Lakatos Andras Editor: Jeremias Sequeira
Peterborough, NH 03458-0876 USA Telephone: 011 31 4638 9444 INDIA SPAIN
Telex: 56617 (elekt nI) Elektor Electronics PVT Ltd Resistor Electronica Aplicada
Telephone: 603-924-9464 (National) FAX: 011 31 4637 0161 Chhotani Building Calle Maudes 15 Entio C.
or +1 (603) 924-9464 (International) Managing Director: M.M.J. Landman 52C, Proctor Road. Grant Road (E) 28003 MADRID
FAX: (603) 924-9467 (National) BOMBAY 400 007 Editor: Agustin Gonzales Buelta
or +1 (603) 924-9467 (International) Overseas Editions: Editor: Surendra lyer SWEDEN
Advertising: Maureen E. McHugh FRANCE ISRAEL Electronic Press AB
Telephone: (603) 358-3756 Elektor sarl Elektorcal Box 5505
FAX: (603) 924-9467 Les Trois Tilleuis P 0 Box 41096 14105 HUDDINGE
Subscriptions: Katharine Gadwah B.P. 59; 59850 NIEPPE TEL AVIV 61410 Editor: Bill Cedrum
Elector Electronics USA Editors: D.R.S. Meyer Publisher: M. Avraham UNITED KINGDOM
Post Office Box 876, G.C.P. Raedersdorf NETHERLANDS Down House
Peterborough, New Hampshire 03458 GERMANY Elektuur BV Broomhill Road
Subscriptions to Elektor Electronics USA are Elektor Verlag GmbH Peter Treckpoelstraat 2-4 LONDON SW18 4J0
available ONLY in the fifty United States, Susterfeld Strasse 25 6191 VK BEEK England UK
Canada, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and 5100 AACHEN Editor: P.E.L. Kersemakers Editor/Publisher: Len Seymour
those Pacific territories administered by the Editor: E.J.A. Krempelsauer PAKISTAN
United States of America. GREECE Electro-shop
Elektor EPE 35 Naseem Plaza
Kariskaki 14 Lasbella Chawk Printed in the United States of America.
16673 Voula—Athena KARACHI 5
Editor: E. Xanthoulis Editor: Zain Ahmed ISSN: 1051-5690

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
I ACCURATE MEASUREMENTS
ELECTRONICS SCENE I HIGH DENSITY ADAPTERS
Audio Teknology Inc. announces the Loud- Logical Systems Corporation offers 1
31,CC

speaker Measurement System (LMS) for adapters for high-density PC board. The
LEAP users. Billed as acost effective solu- 44FOOT-CS ($100) emulates the footprint of
tion to electro-acoustic measurements, it a 44-pin PLCC device. It solders onto the
solves the mic problem and can read out solder pads and its L-shaped leads lie flat on
directly in absolute dB-SPL. Without requir- the target system's PLCC solder pads to
ing anything other than asingle open expan- allow for easy hand soldering. Several
sion slot, you can now design crossovers adapter tops are available to complete the
with actual impedance and SPL, and even connection.
optimize these designs to your satisfaction. PLCC test socket to 44FOOT-CS adapters
For $995, you are up and running. include the DA44-PAPF ($170), which allows
Contact Audio Teknology Inc., 7556 SW easy insertion and removal of aPLCC device.
Bridgeport Rd., Portland, OR 97224, (503) Numbered test pins allow for easy probing
624-0405, FAX (503) 624-0194. of device signals. Additional 44FOOT mod-
ules ($80) let the top socket be used by sev-
eral prototypes without desoldering.
301315
-
OEM inquiries welcome. Contact Logical
Ce)&313n1115
Systems Corp., PO Box 6184, Syracuse, NY
13217-6184, (315) 478-0722, FAX (315)
475-8460.

tris WIDEBAND PORTABLES

S • • 11, a es

Midland LMR (Land Mobile Radio) offers

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I MULTIPLIER MODEL
48- and 99-channel two-way FM portable
radios that feature a function keypad and
Analog Devices offers its first analog mul-
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LCD as standard. The built-in 40-channel/
second scan lets you change the scan list at
I NEW EDITIONS FROM BAYLIN
Baylin Publications announces the release
which also adds 88 new models. These of- will without reprogramming. It provides
of new editions to three books. Ku-Band Sat-
fer instrumentation, amplifiers, voltage ref- controls for optional DTMF (telephone-type)
ellite TV—Theory, Installation, and Repair, 4th
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edition, includes new information on small
dition to operational amplifier models. The is 5W switchable to 1W in VHF models, 4W
antennas, DBS systems, trends in satellite de-
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trations. It costs $30.
functions such as modulation/demodulation, For further details, contact Midland LMR,
The 2nd edition of World Satellite TV and
frequency doubling, and high-speed RMS-to- Marketing Dept., 1690 N. Topping, Kansas
Scrambling Methods: The Technician's Hand-
DC conversion circuits. The free SPICE Li- City, MO 64120, (800)-MIDLAND, ext. 1690.
book, by Frank Baylin, Richard Maddox, and
brary is available on a51
4 "IBM PC-compat-
/
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ible floppy disk. To get your copy, call (800)

I
clude information on duobinary encoding,
262-5643.
HEADPHONE AMP FROM HPX decoder connections, and broadcast formats,
Designed for professional and audiophile it also offers guidance on troubleshooting,
monitoring, the high performance head- testing, and servicing. All this information is
phone amplifier from HPX Somich Engi- enhanced by illustrations, photos, diagrams,
neering uses aminimalist circuit topology tables, and wiring schematics. It costs $40.
and quality monolithic components. Techni- The Home Satellite TV Installation and Trou-
cians can use the HPX headphones for trou- bleshooting Manual is now in its 3rd edition.
bleshooting and fine-tuning audio systems. Written by Frank Baylin, with contributions
Features include a Burr-Brown INA103 by Brent Gale and Ron Long, it is updated
amp input with afloating 100kft input im- to include small dish systems and upgrading
pedance, apremium gain stage, soundstage existing systems, in addition to its original
imaging network, Dale 1% low-noise metal background theory, methods, and trouble-
film resistors, regulated DC power supply, shooting. It costs $30.
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Contact Jim Somich, 1208 Stoney Run handling on each book. Write to Baylin
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334-3925. 80302.

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
I LONG OVERDUE MULTI-AMP ELECTRONICS SCENE III
SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING FOR
MAC USERS
World Audio Enterprises introduces the MicroMath announces anew line of scien-
Multi-Amp 1.1 and 1.2, fully documented and tific computing products for the Apple Mac-
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applications including differential amp buf- automatic unit calculations, and dimensional
fer, inverting amp, DAC output, video amps, analysis. It can work in RPN, perform alge-
noninverting amp, and transconductance. braic expressions, and perform hex calcula-
Features offer linear phase circuitry, RF tions, logarithmic and trigonometric func-
filtering of input, on-board PS filtering, two tions. This software also offers factoring,
mounting holes for 4-40 screws, and small modulo, Bessel and gamma functions, and
size. They are made of aglass epoxy circuit other number theory functions.
board with copper foil for repairs, 1% metal For computer scientists, numbers can be
film resistors, bipolar coupling capacitors input and viewed in binary, octal, decimal,
bypassed with film types, hi-rel chip socket, hexadecimal, and with their corresponding
and ground plane. They are pin-compatible ASCII characters. MM Calc is one of the few
with MCI tape recorder transformers. calculators for the Mac that fully utilizes
Each one costs $30; volume discounts are SANE with its IEEE compliance. Supporting
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I
differential signals must be distinguished
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heavy-duty book-style digital multimeters
outs, power failure, HF and wiring noise can full scale for low grades-40% less than the
that combine several functions. The HB77
be detected and reported in an easy-to-read discrete design—and costs only $3.85 (100s).
Well-suited as apreamp due to low input can measure current accurately enough for
LED display.
applications involving power. It has true
You can leave the Probe 100 plugged in voltage noise of only 9nV/N/ at lkHz, 0.28µV
RMS capabilities with resolution down to
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'/Hz input current noise. It is specified over 0.1µA and with alow voltage burden. Both
disturbance events through LED lights that
models feature single rotary dials that pro-
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For details, contact Fieldpiece Instru-

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WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 14

MIDI DATA TRANSFER

based on a design by M. Schreiber

More and more musicians make use of musical instruments that

are controlled by acomputer or keyboard via a MIDI cable. This
article proposes to replace that cable by an optical-fibre type.
That makes the system less vulnerable to noise signals and
increases the top speed of the serial connection to about
60 kbit s-1 .The cable may also be used for transferring
non-MIDI asynchronous serial data.

D IGITAL techniques have found their

Lway even into the world of music where
analogue information is of paramount im-
portance. Inexorably, more and more pop-
ular music is being translated into aseries
of digital commands. MIDI (Musical
Instrument Digital Interface) is the keyword
for modern musicians. Not only organs,
keyboards, and pianos, but also guitars
and saxophones are available with the fa-
miliar 5-way DIN plug for the MIDI. The
interface enables the instrument to receive
information about the keys that must be op-
erated, the voices to be used, and the force
and speed of the key stroke. The MIDI
standard stipulates that the digital infor-
mation must be interchanged between in-
struments at aspeed of 32.5 kbit s- 1.
A MIDI cable usually consists of two
cores that together form acurrent loop. The
MIDI protocol does not provide handshaking:
all data are presented by the transmitter and
processed by the receiver asynchronously.
The data, which are transferred from trans-
mitter to receiver more or less continu-
ously, normally contain, apart from asta-
tus byte, one or more data bytes.
Because of the simple design of the
serial connection, it is fairly simple to
replace the current loop by an optical
link. The block schematic of a typical
system so modified is shown in Fig. 2.
Electrical digital signals are transformed
by the E-0 (electrical-to-optical) con-
verter into light pulses that can be trans-
mitted over fairly long distances via an
optical conductor. In that conductor, the
signals lose their sharp corners, but, be-
cause of the digital nature of the infor-
mation, that does not affect the infor-
mation itself, unless the link is long. The
O—E (optical-to-electrical) converter in
the receiver transforms the light back to
electrical signals at their original quality.
The application of the circuit need not
be restricted to the transfer of MIDI signals:
it may just as well be used with other links
operating at up to 60 kbit s -1 .A few that
jump to mind are its inclusion in adata
acquisition system that transmits serial
data and as a primitive connection to a
printer. Thanks to the optical-fibre cable,
data are not or hardly mutilated even under Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the transmitter.
WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 MIDI DATA TRANSFER IM

earthed base circuit of T3 (very low input

impedance), the Miller capacitance of T4 is
largely neutralized.
MIDI-IN-
interface
E-
converter
fibre optic
-E
converter
MIDI-OUT-
interface o The design of the cascode circuit enables
reliable reception of signals over optical-fibre
t cable t cables up to 30 m (98 ft) long.
The output of T3-T 4 is applied to com-
t's
parator IC 4.This stage requires two refer-
ence voltages to convert this analogue out-
920014 -12
put into digital signals. Resistor R14 serves
to improve the common-mode rejection of
the IC to ensure that the comparator switches
Fig. 2. Block schematic of typical system modified as described. reliably even when the level differences are
small.
the most arduous operating conditions. vided in the diode. Since IC 4 has an open-collector output, a
In the receiver, p-i-n diode D3 has asimi- resistor, R4, is required from this output to
The electronics lar hollow to receive the optical-fibre cable. the positive supply line. The value of this re-
The frequency range over which the diode sistor determines the transition durations of
The circuit of the transmitter is shown in remains usable is maximized by the nega- the signal. With the value shown (1 ka), these
Fig. 1and that of the receiver in Fig. 3. The tive bias obtained by connecting the cathode durations are 400 ns: they should be short com-
electrical information is applied to pins 2 to the positive supply rail. pared with the period of the signal.
and 4of connector Kl.The current flowing The sensitivity of the diode is determined The output signal of IC 4 is fed to the cus-
in the current loop ensures that the LED in op- by series resistor R5. The value of this re- tomary MIDI consisting of gates IC 5,and
toisolator ICi lights. In case of alogic 0(neg- sistor should not be too high, otherwise the IC; resistors R20 and R21 determine the cur-
ative logic on the MIDI bus), the current is lim- resulting integrating action will adversely rent flowing in the MIDI loop.
ited to about 5mA by R1. affect the properties of the receiver.
Because of the current pulses, the pho- High-pass filter R6-C 7 suppresses noise
Construction & testing
totransistor in ICi conducts and changes the and other spurious signals below 50 Hz. Its
input level of inverter IC 2a in step with output is buffered and amplified by T2, and The transmitter-receiver is best constructed
these pulses. then amplified again (x10) by cascode cir- on the printed-circuit board shown in Fig. 6.
The signal is buffered and enhanced by cuit T3-T 4.The advantage of acascode cir- Before construction is started, however, this
IC 2a and IC 2fand then converted to an op- cuit is that it virtually nullifies the Miller board should be cut into two.
tical signal by transmit diode D2 in the col- (base-collector) capacitance of the transistors, Points to watch are the wire link on the
lector circuit of T1.The current through D2 thereby yielding awide frequency range. transmitter board and the polarity of the elec-
is limited by R3. This diode is of atype spe- The Miller capacitance normally restricts the trolytic capacitors and diodes. If you are not
cially designed for straightforward con- frequency range when the transistor oper- adyed-in-the-wool constructor, use sockets
nection to an optical-fibre cable. The 2.2 mm ates as avoltage amplifier. Here, since the for the ICs to be on the safe side.
thick cable fits exactly into the hollow pro- collector of amplifier T4 is coupled to the Connectors K1and K2 are 5-way DIN types
which are standard for interconnections in
MIDI systems.
There are various types of transmit and
receive diode that can be used—see Fig. 4.
Those used in the prototype (and given in
the Parts list) can be mounted directly on
to the PCB. There are, however, other pos-
sibilities. For instance, Fig. 4shows diodes
integrated in ahousing, to which the opti-
cal-fibre cable is fitted, that can be mounted
directly on to the enclosure of the transmit-
ter and the receiver. This type is connected
to the PCB via two short lengths of wire.
There are yet other types available: see the
various mail order catalogues or ask your
local retailer.
To test the transmitter and receiver, a
function generator is required that can pro-
vide asquare-wave voltage at afrequency
of about 30 kHz and at alevel of around 3Vpp .
Apply that signal and the generator earth
to pins 4and 2of K1respectively and switch
on the transmitter and receiver, whereupon
the transmit LED should light. If an oscil-
loscope is available, check that the signal ap-
pears at the receiver output (assuming, of
course, that the transmitter and receiver
are interlinked by an optical-fibre cable). If
these test instruments are not to hand, try
the system in practice.
The absence of apower supply in the
transmitter and receiver is deliberate: after
all, most electrophonic instruments use 12V
Fig. 3. Circuit diagram of the receiver. supply lines so that 12 V will be available

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
16 ELECTROPI IONICS

somewhere. If that is not so, use astandard attenuation of about 0.3 dB m- 1,a dis- is increased by reducing the value of R12, it
12 V mains adaptor. tance of up to 30 m between transmitter becomes possible to work over even greater
and receiver can be spanned. Since the distances. Note, however, that dispersion
system is broad-band, it can handle sig- may then degrade the pulse width: aphe-
Finally
nals at aconsiderably higher transmission nomenon that is particularly noticeable in
The design of the receiver provides com- speed (up to 60 kbit s- 1)than encountered multi-mode cables.
pensation for signal losses of up to 30 dB. in MIDI systems.
As available optical-fibre cables have an If the amplification of the cascode stage

Fig. 4. Various transmit and receive diodes are available. Fig. 5. The completed transmitter and receiver units.

cie C13
Om 0
Z e)
K1 111 tr ( 111 0); CleG"

(,) C3 eC\l re'C 6

Err e aact
t7
e 00-no
C 5 zs.T1 +0 Cl6A+ c15 iC17 0, e 2
( 66 1(2

ru C2 C.1 rlrd
1 0 ° 1:7 0.11-040 LTic4h OT3 C19 0410-0
T2 U1R7

Qici 02 Cei 4 n ) °I Fe° ‘W eç) 1ci. • 0 C14

P
c 1 91e Cse2-g9 e

O a
Fr
' 0
M
rt Lt
-11
â
'eV
Ci
IC 3 e es 6 6 e 6

Fig. 6. The printed circuit board for the transmitter ard receiver should be cut into two before construct on is egun.

PARTS LIST R16 = 4.7 12 D3 = SFH250

R19 = 4.7 kQ Ti, T3, T4 = BC550C
Resistors: R20 = 220 T2 = BF245B
R1 = 220 12 IC1 = CNY17
R2 = 1.81(12 Capacitors: IC2,105 = 741-1004
R3 = 22 S2
- C1 C6, C8, C11, C12, C14, IC3 = 7805
R4, R13 = 1 IcS1 019 = 100 nF 104 = LM311P
R5, R6 = 1001.(1-1 02 04, 016, 018 = 47 1.tF, 16 V, radial IC6 = 7809
R7, R21 = 470 f2 03 05, 013, 015, 017 = 10 nF
R8 = 15 kS2 07 = 680 pF Miscellaneous:
R9, R11, R15, R17, R18, R22, 09. 010 =1 nF K1, K2 = 5-way DIN socket for PCE
R23 = 3.31d2 mounting
R10 = 1.5 kS2 Semiconductors: PCB Type 920014
R12 = 100 S -2 D1 = 1N4148
R14 = 10 k1- 2 D2 = SFH750

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 THE FLAT-TOP 80 ANTENNA
An experimental design with the apartment dweller in mind

by Richard Q. Marris, G2 BZQ

O LDER readers will remember the origi-

nal flat-top antennas of the 1920s, 30s and
40s festooning battleships and other warships,
ocean-going passenger and cargo vessels, and
various military and civil trans-world wire-
less telegraphy beam stations. Alas, histori-
cally speaking, only afew remain.
The original flat-tops, back in the early days
of wireless, consisted of two or more paral-
lel spaced horizontal wires with spreaders
supported between two or more tall masts.
They were usually, but not always, end-fed or
T-fed by downleads descending from each
wire and joined together and end-fed from
the transmitter.
The Flat-top 80 described here has the ap-
pearance of an old-time flat-top, but is much
smaller and electrically different in as much
as it consists of two spaced horizontal wires
folded back in series, with the resulting two
ends connected to aresonator unit enabling
it to be tuned to the operating frequency
(here, the 80-meter or 3.5 MHz band)—see
Fig. 1. It has been designed experimentally for
the 3.5 MHz band for indoor use, in an apart- The simple configuration of the Flat-top 80 antenna: Ci is afrequency marker and C2 is
ment, where normal, full-size antennas are is shown in Fig. 1and the novel resonator unit the fine resonator control. For low power
not apractical proposition. It can, of course, in Fig. 2. The two ends of the Flat-top arrive transmission, these capacitors should be ce-
be adapted for use in other indoor situations in parallel at the resonator input terminal posts. ramic-framed, air-spaced variable types such
or in apostage-stamp-sized outdoor back gar- One down-lead is connected to loading coil as the Jackson C809 or similar. Arrangements
den. The principle can also be used on other L, which is tapped to form acorrect 50 f2 are also made for asocket, SKT 2,to which an
bands. Hopefully, it will encourage other ex- impedance match to the RG58 coaxial feed- optional ground or earth connection can be
perimenters to adapt the design to their par- line connected to the transmitter/receiver. The made. Few appartments, or other in-house lo-
ticular needs and situations. After all, it is easy other end is connected to two parallel vari- cations, have asatisfactory RF ground avail-
to use and produces quite acceptable results. able capacitors, C1 and C2, which tune the able, but anearby metal water piper may

tr
SKT 1

SKT 2 grounding
stand of1 post
insulator

e z e

r
e.
r
7.

e. /01111
1
J BOX :8"L 44W x2.5"H L
e

e
e' 0 0
e

e
r C2
/
/
I ••••

z zzzz
I
zee eeeee e fee, e, ,,,, ,,/St ,,,,z

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
18 RADIO, TELEVISION & COMMUNICATIONS

4a 4b

( H

t - - - - THIN
_ .. ...NYLON CORD . THIN NYLON
, , CORD
% LONG SPACER
i
1
%
--
--
N. LONG SPACER
FAR END

I
4 Zn
SHORT
SPACERS ANTENNA
WIRE

?
H = 1/16" dia hole
LONG SPACER

NEAR END + DROP DOWN "DROP DOWN" END

CONNECTING WIRES
921:042 -14b

920042 -144

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 THE FLAT-TOP 80 ANTENNA 19

well suffice. DO NOT CONNECT THE AC common grounding post to reduce possible marker C1which can be locked once set. It was
MAINS TO SKT 2!Note that the Flat-top 80 RF losses. found that it was worth while trying to re-
will work equally well with or without a To bring the twin spaced down-leads of verse the twin down-leads at the terminal
ground connection. the antenna through the front panel, it is posts, since radiation from the flat-top is
If the Flat-top 80 is erected indoors, in the necessary to fit robust, well-insulated ter- slightly higher from the high-i limb—see
interest of domestic household safety, only minal posts or sockets. In the prototype, Fig. 1.
low RF transmitting power should be used. Archer 1.75 in (4.5 mm) nylon binding posts The Flat-top 80 is quite amenable to adap-
The writer uses 5-10 watts CW transmitter (Tandy/Radio Shack Type 274-662) were tation to fit the space available. Assuming it
output and achieves quite satisfactory result.- used. Internal unit wiring was in 16 SWG is installed indoors, it should be slung diag-
(1.6 mm dia) tinned copper wire with se- onally across the room with the transmitter-
Construction curely wrapped and soldered joints to keep receiver in the corner. The dimensions shown
The antenna. potential RF losses to an absolute minimum. in Fig. 3are as used on the prototype. However,
Figure 3shows the construction of the an- the length of the flat-top can be reduced to
tenna, which consists of atotal of 46 ft (14 about 12 ft 5 in (3.8 m) if the far-end drop-
Testing & operation
m) white PVC covered 7/0.2 mm stranded down leads are increased to about 6ft (1.8 m)
wire. The insulated spacers, shown in Fig. Assuming that the transmitter has api-net- or some similar arrangement. There is plenty
4, are made of white plastic sprung edging work output, the resonator can be connected of scope for experiment.
strip obtainable from most DIY stores. White directly to the transmitter output socket (Z=50 i)) If the Flat-top 80 is to be used outdoors,
was used throughout for spacers and wire via afew inches of RG58 coaxial cable. If the the twin down leads should arrive at the
since it is inconspicuous against awhite ceil- transmitter does not have api-network out- window with the resonator located just in-
ing. Thin white nylon cord supports the end pot, agood T-network transmatch should be side. Outdoors, of course, ahigher power is
of the Flat-top 80 diagonally across the room. inserted in the cable between resonator and permissible, but it will be necessary to make
Three 15 in (38 cm) and three 6in (15 cm) transmitter. the 15 in and 6 in (38 cm and 15 cm) spacers
long spacers are cut as shown in Fig. 4; in each The resonator will cover the entire of more rigid insulating material, and, per-
of these, two 1,46 in (1.5 mm) holes are drilled 3.5-3.8 MHz (up to 4.0 MHz in some coun- haps, insert afew more spacers along the
V2 in (12.5 mm) inside the ends as shown (H). tries) band. This can be checked in the first flat-top. If higher power is used, ahigher
Commencing at one end, the wire is fed instance with the receiver with C2 set to min- working voltage may be required for C1and
through the V16 in holes in the three short imum capacitance and C1 set to 3.8 MHz C2, and possibly athicker gauge of PVC cov-
and the three long spacers (Fig. 3and Fig. 4). (or, where appropriate, to 4.0 MHz). Rotation ered wire. Experiment is the life blood of am-
The sprung plastic spacers securely grip the of C2 then covers the whole band down to ateur radio... 111
wire. The spacers are next adjusted by slid- 3.5 MHz.
ing them along the wire to form the lengths The impedance matching tap on coil L
shown in Fig. 3. Thin nylon cord is fed through was earlier stated to be at 10.75 turns up from Useful reading
the two end spacers of the horizontal sec- the common grounding post. As individ- Antennas, 2nd Edition, by Dr. John D. Kraus
tion (Fig. 4) and fastened to hooks in the di- ual installations may vary slightly, the tap (McGraw-Hill).
agonal corners of the room, leaving the 4ft should be tried at one or two turns higher
(1.22 m) drop down to the resonator and the or lower to obtain minimum SWR (stand- and if you're lucky enough to have or find a
2ft (61 cm) down at the far end. At this stage, ing-wave ratio). On the prototype, no mea- copy:
the spacers can be moved slightly on the surable harmonic radiation was detected,
wires to balance up the assembly. nor any TVI with the rod aerial of aportable The Admiralty Handbook of Wireless Telegraphy
If there is not sufficient space for the 16 ft TV close to the flat-top. 1938
5in (5 m) flat-top horizontal section, it can In operation, the usable bandwidth is about
be shortened as required, but the length of the 60 kHz, which can be moved up or down Handbook of Technical Instruction for Wireless
far-end drop-down section should be in- the band with minimum adjustment of res- Telegraphists,7th Edition, 1942, by H.M. Dowsett
creased pro-rata--more about this later. onator control C, without touching frequency & L.E.Q. Walker.

The resonator
The prototype resonator—see Fig. 2—was
built into an aluminium box 8in (20 cm)
long by 4in (10 cm) wide by 2.5 in (6.5 cm)
high. The box was adouble U shape with
the front, bottom and back made from one
piece of aluminium. The inverted Ucover slips
over this.
The size of the box is not very important,
as long as good clearance is provided for coil
L, which consists of 19 one-inch (25 mm)
dia. turns of 16 SWG (1.6 mm dia) tinned cop-
per wire with the turns spaced about Y32 in
(2.5 mm). The impedance matching tap on the
prototype was located 10.75 turns up from the
bottom end.
The coil was supported by a1in ceramic
stand-off insulator at one end and at the other
by the common grounding post formed by a
thin 1.25 in (30 mm) long brass screw. Coaxial
socket SKTi and banana socket SKT 2 are fit-
ted at either end of the back as shown.
Variable capacitors C1 and C2 are fitted
directly to the front panel. Though the rotor
plates are obviously connected to the front
panel, awire is also taken from them to the
WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 20

AF DRIVE INDICATOR
Design by T. Giesberts

A universal drive indicator is described that can be used with

virtually any AF output amplifier. It indicates precisely when the
—3 dB cut-off point and the clipping level of the amplifier are
exceeded.

T
HE idea for the indicator arose during of 3dB in output power cannot be heard (in but fast enough for the present application.
the development of the Class-A power many cases, it is just loud). Its major advantage is that it draws only atiny
amplifierl). That amplifier delivers 25 W into As long as the —3 dB LED lights and the current, which is important in view of the
8LI in Class A or 50 W in Class B. The 3dB 0dB (clipping) LED does not, the output is fact that the indicator is intended for use
difference between these two levels seemed free of overdrive distortion. When the clip- with alarge range of supply voltages.
an excellent starting point for the design of a ping LED lights, however, the output contains One input of each comparator is connected
drive indicator that, with the aid of two LEDs, agreat number of harmonics. The present to apotential divider, R3—R8, which provides
would show the —3 dB point and the point at indicator is, therefore, recommended for use the various reference voltages. Since the di-
which clipping would set in. That gives an with any power amplifier not provided with vider is connected directly to the supply volt-
an indication as to if and when there is power adrive indicator. age of the power amplifier via zener diodes
in reserve; moreover, the —3 dB LED will in- Di and D3, the switching levels of the com-
dicate when the transition from Class A to parators are adapted automatically to that
Circuit description
Class Btakes place. supply voltage.
Nevertheless, the final design of the indi- Although the circuit in Fig. 1appears rather The two 2.7 V zener diodes at the ends of
cator is such that it can be used with any larger than expected, pglance at Fig. 2shows the divider serve to compensate the knee
power amplifier operating from asymmet- that all the components fit readily on afairly voltage that, with full drive to the output
rical power supply of ±30-70 V. A —3 dB in- small printed-circuit board. amplifier, remains across the power transis-
dicator is, of course, also very useful with The monitoring section of the circuit con- tors and associated emitter resistors. This
Class-AB amplifiers, because the difference sists of two pairs of comparators contained causes the clipping LED to light just before
in sound pressure corresponding to achange in asingle LM339. That IC is not very fast, the actual clipping level is reached. In MOs-

PARTS LIST

Resistors:
Ri =6.04 I<S2, 1%
R2 = 1k1.
2, 1%
R3, R8 =60.4 Id2, 1%
R4, R7 =2.87 ki2, 1%
R5, R6 =7.15 k12, 1%
R9, R10 = 150 I<S2
R11, R12 = 10 M12
R13, R14 =1 kS2, 1W
R15, R16 =4.7 kl-
2, 1.5 W

Capacitors:
Cl, C2 =47 µF, 25 V, radial
C3, C4, C5 = 100 nF

Semiconductors:
D1, D3 =zener, 2.7 V, 400 mW
(see text)
02, D4 =zener, 15 V, 1.5 W
D5 =LED, 3mm, not red
D6 =LED, 3mm, red
Ti, T2 =BD240
IC1 =LM339
IC2 =4538

Miscellaneous:
PCB Type 920016

Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the AF drive indicator. I) Elektor Electronics November-December 1991.
WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 AF DRIVE INDICATOR II

FET output amplifiers in asource-follower con- short pulses emanating from the comparators tion in R15 and R16, even with high supply
figuration, it is usually necessary to use 10-12 V are stretched sufficiently to guarantee area- voltages in the power amplifier.
zener diodes because of the much higher sonably long lighting time of the LEDs. Their
quiescent voltage across MOSFET devices. To mono period is set to 1second (time con-
Construction
be on the safe side, measure the maximum stants R11 -C 3 and R12 -C 4).
output voltage across the nominal load and The LEDs are connected to the Q outputs The printed-circuit board—see Fig. 2—is small
choose correspondingly rated zener diodes. of IC 2a and IC 2bvia switching transistors T1 enough to be fitted in almost any power am-
The input signal to the indicator, that is, and T2. Combinations T1-R 13 and.T 2-R 14 form pliflier. Note that the board must be cut into
the output of the power amplifier, is applied current sources, because the Q outputs of two if the indicator is to be used with mono
across potential divider R1-R 2.The result- the monostables switch neatly between 0V amplifiers or stereo amplifiers with split power
ing attenuation of the signal is necessary to and -15 V, irrespective of the output ampli- supplies. The indication remains correct, even
prevent the inputs to the comparators ex- fier power supply. Consequently, the cur- when the supply voltage for one channel
ceeding 10 V. With values shown, the circuit rent drawn by the diodes—about 15 mA per drops temporarily owing to a high drive
is suitable for use with power amplifiers diode—need not be regulated. level. The board can, of course, be left intact
rated up to 300 W into 8 To recap the switching operation: when when used with astereo amplifier.
The output of ICi d toggles (changes state) the reference level of one of the compara- Virtually all components are mounted up-
when the half-power level (equivalent to tors is exceeded, the output of that com- right. Start with placing the wire links between
0.707 of the peak output voltage) is exceeded parator goes low. The resulting (negative) ICi and IC 2.The ICs may be inserted in ap-
in the positive half period of the signal. The transition triggers the -T irlput of the rele- propriate sockets, but that is not essential.
output of ICi c toggles when the half-power vant monostable, whose Q output (high In view of their dissipation, mount R13-R 16
level in the negative half period of the signal during quiescent operation) thereupon be- alittle above the board.
is exceeded. comes 0for 1s(mono period). The transis- The connections to the power amplifier
When full power level is reached in the pos- tor connected to that output is switched on consist of three wires to its power supply,
itive half-period, the output of ICib toggles. and the associated LED lights. for instance, +, 0and -, which are usually
Similarly, when the full power level is reached The Q output of IC and the reset input within easy (soldering) reach, and asingle-
in the negative half period, the output of of IC 2bare interlinked to ensure that when the core screened wire between each loudspeaker
ICi a changes state. 0dB LED lights, IC 2bis reset and the -3 dB terminal (after the relay) and each indicator
In this way, an accurate indication is ob- LED goes out. At any one time, therefore, only input. Earth the screen of the latter cable only
tained of apower excess in the positive as well one of the LEDs can light. on the indicator board (beside the input ter-
as in the negative half period of the signal. The supply for the ICs is derived from minal). DO NOT CONNECT THE 0 AND EARTH
The (open-collector) outputs of ICi d and the power amplifier supply via R15 and R16 LINES WITH THE AMPLIFIER BECAUSE THAT CREATES
ICi c,and those of IC la and ICib, are inter- and regulated by D2 and D4. Because ICi A (POTENTIALLY DEGRADING) EARTH LOOP.
connected in parallel. Each linked pair is draws only asmall current, the diode cur- If at all possible, place the board directly
connected to amonostable, IC 2a and IC 2bre- rent is amere 2.5 mA. That is sufficient to behind the front panel of the amplifier so that
spectively. These multivibrators ensure that ensure correct operation and low dissipa- the LEDs can be seen through two small
holes (to be drilled). Otherwise, the two
LEDs can be fitted behind the front panel and
the PCB elsewhere: interconnection between
them is by simple circuit wire, whose length
is not critical.

Fig. 3. One way of fitting the drive indicator in the power

Fig. 2. Printed-circuit board for the AF drive indicator. amplifier.

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
8051/8032 ASSEMBLER COURSE
PART 2: FIRST 8051 INSTRUCTIONS
by Dr. M. Ohsmann

Following last month's introduction to the course, we are now

well armed and ready to discuss the first instructions of the 8051
family of microcontrollers. At the same time, addressing methods
are tackled, all with the aid of the programming examples and
other utilities contained on the course diskette.

ARITH METIC OPERATIONS DATA TRANSFER (cont.)

Mnemonic Description Byte ('ye Mnemonic Description Bjte (.e

ADD A.Rn Add register to Accumulator MOVC A.@A+DP FR Move Code byte relative to DPTR to A
ADD A.direct Add direct byte to Accumulator 2 MOVC A.@A+pc Move Code byte relative to PC to A
ADD A.@Ri Add indirect RAM to Accumulator Move External RAM (8-bit addr) to A
ADD A,#data Add immediate data to Accumulator 2 mOvx
MOVX A.@R
A.@DPTR
i
Move External RAM (16-bit addr) to A
ADDC A.Rn Add register to Accumulator with Carry I MOVX @Ri.A Move A to External RAM (8-bit addr)
ADDC A.direct Add direct byte to A with Carry flag 2 MOVX @DPTR.A Move A to External RAM (I6-bit addr)
ADDC A.@Ri Add indirect RAM to A with Carry flag I PUSH direct Push direct byte onto stack 2
ADDC A.#data Add immediate data to A with Carry flag 2 POP direct Pop direct byte from stack 2
SUBB A.Rn Subtract register from A with Borrow XCH A.Rn Exchange register with Accumulator
SUBB A.direct Subtract direct byte from A with Borrow 2 Exchange direct byte with Accumulator
XCH
XCH A.direct
A.@Ri
SUBB A.@Ri Subtract indirect RAM from A w Borrow Exchange indirect RAM with A
SUBB A.#data Subtract immed. data from A w Borrow 2 XCHD • A.@Ri Exchange low-order Digit ind. RAM w A
INC A ncrement Accumulator
INC Rn ncrement register BOOLEAN VARIABLE MANIPULATION
INC' direct ncrement direct byte 2.
INC @Ri ncrement indirect RAM Mnemonic Description lhte ( NC

DEC A kcrement Accumulator CI.R C

Clear
Clear directbit
Carry
flag
DFC Rn kcrement register CI.R bit
direct kcrement direct byte 2 SETB Set Carry flag
I/TC @Ri kcrement indirect RAM SETB bit Set direct Bit
INC DPTR ncrement Data Pointer CPI. Complement Carry flag I I
AB Multiply A & B CPI. bit Complement direct bit
DI V AB Divide A by B ANI. C,bit AND direct bit to Carry flag 2 2
DA A Decimal Adjust Accumulator ANL C. bit AND complement of direct bit to Carry 2 2
ORL C.bit OR direct bit to Carry flag 2 2
LOGICAL OPERATIONS ORL C. bit OR complement of direct bit to Carry 2 2
MOV Cbit Move direct bit to Carry flag 2 I
Mnemonic Destination Byte Cyc MOV bit.0 Move Carry flag to direct bit 2 2
A.Rn AND register to Accumulator I I
A.direct AND direct byte to Accumulator 2 I PROGRAM AND MACHINE CONTROI.
A.@Ri AND indirect RAM to Accumulator I I
ANI. A,#data AND immediate data to Accumulator 2 I Mnemonic
ACALL addrl I Absolute
Description
Subroutine Call Byte
2 2
('ye
ANL direct.A AND Accumulator to direct byte 2 I
ANI. direct.#clata AND immediate data to direct byte 3 2 LCALL addrI6 Long Subroutine Call 3 2
ORL A,Rn OR register to Accumulator I I RET Return from subroutine 1 2
ORI. A.direct OR direct byte to Accumulator 2 I RETI Return from interrupt 1 2
ORL A.@Ri OR indirect RAM to Accumulator I I AJMP addr11 Absolute Jump 2 2
ORI. A.#data OR immediate data to Accumulator 2 I LJMP addrI6 Long Jump 3 2
°RI. direct,A OR Accumulator to direct byte 2 I SJ M P rdl Short Jump (relative addr) 2 2
°RI. direct.#data OR immediate data to direct byte 3 2 JM P @A+DPTR Jump indirect relative to the DPTR 1 2
XRI. A.Rn Exclusive-OR register to Accumulator JZ rdl Jump if Accumulator is Zero 2 2
XRI. &direct Exclusive-OR direct byte to Accumulator 2 I JNZ rdl Jump if Accumulator is Not Zero 2 2
XRI. A.@Ri Exclusive-OR indirect RAM to A I I JC rdl Jump if Carry flag is set 2 2
XRI. A.#data Exclusive-OR immediate data to A 2 I JNC rdl Jump if No Carry flag 2 2
XRI. direct.A Exclusive-OR Accumulator to direct byte 2 I JB bit,rel Jump if direct Bit set 3 2
XRI. direct.#data Exclusive-OR immediate data to direct 3 2 JNB Jump if direct Bit Not set 3 2
CLR A Clear Accumulator JBC bluet Jump if direct Bit is set & Clear bit 3 2
CPI. A Complement Accumulator CJNE A,direct.rel Compare direct to A & Jump if Not Equal 3 2
RI. A Rotate Accumulator Left CJNE A.#data.rel Comp. immed. to A & Jump if Not Equal 3 2
RI.0 A Rotate A Left through therarry flag CJNE Rn.#data,rel Comp. immed. to reg. & Jump if Not Equal 3 2
RR A Rotate Accumulator Right CJNE @Ri.#data.rel Comp. immed. to ind. & Jump if Not Equal 3 2
RRC A Rotate A Right through Carry flag DJNZ Rn.rel Decrement register & Jump if Not Zero 2 2
SWAP A Swap nibbles within the Accumulator DJNZ direct.rel Decrement direct & Jump if Not Zero 3 2
NOP No operation 1 I
DATA TRANSFER
Notes on data addressing modes:
Mnemonic Description Byte Cyc Rn Working register RO-R7
MOV A.Rn Move register to Accumulator I I direct 128 internai RAM locations, any I0 port, control or status register
MOV A.direct Move direct byte to Accumulator 2 I @Ri Indirect internal RAM location addressed by register RO or RI
MOV Move indirect RAM to Accumulator 1 I *data 8-bit constant included in instruction
MOV &Mata Move immediate data to Accumulator 2 1 *data 16 I6-bit constant incladed as bytes 2& 3of instruction
MOV Rn.A Move Accumulator to register I I bit 128 software flags, any I0 pin, control or status bit
MOV Rn.direct Move direct byte to register 2 2
MOV Rn,Ndata Move immediate data to register 2 I Notes on program addressing modes:
MOV direct.A Move Accumulator to direct byte 2 I addrI6 Destination address for LCALL & I.JMP may be anywhere within
MOV direct,Rn Move register to direct byte 2 2 the 64-Kilobyte program memory address space.
MOV direct.direct Move direct byte to direct 3 2 addr11 Destination address for ACALL & AJMP will be within the same
MOV direct.@Ri Move indirect RAM to direct byte 2 2 2-Kilobyte page of program memgry as the first byte of the following
MOV direct,#data Move immediate data to direct byte 3 2 instruction.
MOV @Ri.A Move Accumulator to indirect RAM I 1 rel SJMP and all conditional jumps include an 8-hit offset byte. Range is
MOV @Rielirect Move direct byte to indirect RAM 2 2 +127 -128 bytes relative to fui it byte of the following instruction.
MOV @Ri.#data Move immediate data to indirect RAM 2 1
MOV DPTR,#data 16 Load Data Pointer with a 16-bit constant 3 2 All mnemonics copyrighted @Intel Corporation 1979

Fig. 5. MCS-52 microcontroller instruction set (courtesy Intel Corp.).

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992 WorldRadioHistory

 8051/8032 ASSEMBLER COURSE -PART 2

JOIN THE COURSE!

LISTING of EASM51 (XAMPLE02)
LINE LOC OBJ T SOURCE
1 0000
2 0000
FILE XAMPLE02.A51
Here is abreakdown of what you need
3 0000 ACC EQU OEOH ; SFR Accumulator address is OEOH to follow this course:
4 0000 P1 EQU 090H ; SFR PORT1 Address is 090H
5 0000 xR3 EQU 3 ; Adress of register R3 in Bank o
6 0000 VALU EQU 100
7 0000 • a8032/13052AH-BASIC single
8 0000 ORG 4100H ; Program to run from 4100H
9 4100 90 41 44 (2) START MOV DPTR,ftxt1 board computer as described ii
10 4103 31 49 [2] ACALL STXT
11 4105 74 00 (1) NOV A,410 ; Initialise registers Elektor Electronics May 1991.
12 4107 78 FF [1] NOV RO,f255 ; v OFFH hexadecimal
13 4109 79 OA [1] NOV R1,f10 ; 10 decimal v OAH hexadecimal The preferred CPU is a8051 or a
14 4108 7A 10 (1) NOV R2,1110H ; 10H hexadecimal is 16 decimal
15 410D 7B 64 (1) NOV R3,fVALU ; compare to EQU command above 80C32. Alternatively, any other
16 410F 90 40 00 [2]
17 4112 31 4F [2]
NOV DPTR,1104000H
ACALL SNAP
; load 16-bit constant
; do first snapshot
MCS52-based microcontroller
18 4114 74 14 [1] NOV A,120 ; Addressing: immediate system (but read part 1of the
19 4116 F9 [1] NOV R1,A ; Addressing: register,A
20 4117 31 4F (2) ACALL SNAP course);
21 4119 75 EO 12 [2] NOV ACC,f12H ; Addressing: direct,immediate
22 411C F5 03 [1] NOV xR3,A ; Addressing: direct,A
23 411E 31 4F (2) ACALL SNAP
• acourse diskette (order cade
Addressing: register, immediate
24 4120 78 02
25 4122 C6
(1)
(1)
NOV
XCH
R0,112
AARO Addressing: A, indirect
ESS 1661) containing
26 4123 75 90 55 (2)
27 4126 31 4F [2]
NOV P1,8010101019
ACALL SNAP
binary constant to port
programming examples,
28 4128 90 41 25 (2) NOV DPTR,faddr1 point at NOV A,112 instruction utilities, and an assembler;
29 412B 74 02 [1] addrl MOV A,f2 Address offset
30 4120 93 (2) MOVC AAA+DPTR Addressing: A,code-byte relative
31 412E 31 4F [2] ACALL SNAP • amonitor EPROM (order code
32 4130 EO
33 4131 A9 02
[2]
[2)
MOvX
NOV
A,i2DPTR
R1,2
Addressing: A,external RAM
quizzzz
ESS 6091).
34 4133 31 4F [2) ACALL SNAP
35 4135 90 00 00 (2) NOV DPTR,f0 Addressing; DPTR,16-bit immediate • an IBM PC or compatible
36 4138 74 F2 (1) NOV A,f0F2H external data latch Addr 0 v OF2H
37 413A FO [2] MOVX fDPTR,A operating under MS-DOS.
38 413B 74 00 [1] NOV AdO Program memory offset
39 4130 93 [2] MOVC A,@A+DPTR Addressing: A,code-byte relative
40 413E 31 4F [2] ACALL SNAP
41 4140 EO (2) MOVX AADPTR Addressing: A,external RAM Appeared so far:
42 4141 31 4F (2) ACALL SNAP
43 4143 22 (2) RET return to MONITOR Part 1: Introduction (February 1992).
44 4144 58 4D 50 txtl DB 'XMP2',0
32 00
45 4149
46 4149 ; MONITOR INTERFACE
47 4149 ccSTXT EQU 2 MONITOR command to send text
48 4149 ccSNAP EQU 020H ; MONITOR commando to do snapshot
49 4149 COMMAND EQU 030H ; MONITOR commando memory location
50 4149 MON EQU 0200H ; MONITOR start address
file (produced with the ASCII word pro-
51 4149
52 4149 75 30 02 (2) STXT NOV COMMAND,fccSTXT MONITOR set command
cessor) are found on the course disk. For
53 414C 02 02 00 (2) LJMP MON
54 414F 75 30 20 [2] SNAP MOV COMMAND,fccSNAP
jump to MONITOR (RET from there)
MONITOR set command
now, you may simply use
55 4152 12 02 00 [2]
56 4155 22 [2]
LCALL MON
RET
call up monitor
return to caller
XAMPLE02.A51 and the associated do-
57 4156 END
SYMBOLTABLE (13 symbols)
cumentation file, XAMPLE02.DOC, both
ACC :00E0
START :4100
P1 :0090
addrl :412B
xR3 :0003
txtl :4144
VALU :0064
ccSTXT :0002
of which are contained on the disk. Con-
ccSNAP :0020
SNAP :414F
COMMAND :0030 MON :0200 STXT :4149
nect the PC and the 80C32 board via the
serial link, and run the monitor on the SBC.
The various addressing methods of the
Fig. 6. LIST file of example program XAMPL02.A51. MCS52 microcontrollers will be discussed
in relation to the available MOV (move)
All information pertinent to the monitor particular interest to us. To begin with, we instructions. To illustrate their practical
EPROM and the operation of the assembler will discuss some of the simpler instruc- use, a small program is discussed that
may be found in the documentation (.DOC) tions in order to elucidate the operation of lights acouple of LEDs, and produces tone
files on the course diskette. The programs the example program listed in Fig. 6. sequences. A simple modification to this
discussed and listed in the course instal- The structure of the list (.LST) file is program allows you to realize asimple tea
ments are also available to you on the same pretty obvious: it consists of seven col- timer, which generates a tone after 2
disk, which allows you to modify them as umns, each with a specific function. The minutes and 50 seconds.
required. All you need to examine and edit list file shown is generated by assembling
these programs is aword processor capable XAMPLE02.A51 on the course disk, with
Subroutines
of handling ASCII files. How this word the aid of EASM51. The column marked
processor can be linked to the MENU pro- LINE shows the line number of the source What we call a computer program nor-
gram is explained in atext file on the disk. text, while LOC shows location of the ob- mally consists of anumber of smaller sub-
Further details on the serial link be- ject code on the program memory. The col- routines. Once written, asubroutine can be
tween the 80C32 board and the PC will be umn OBJ shows the object code bytes, and called repeatedly later. In XAMPLE02 you
given in next month's instalment, which T the execution time of the individual in- find, for instance, a subroutine called
will concentrate mostly on hardware exten- structions in microseconds (based on asys- STXT (send text), which sends text from
sions for the 80C32 computer (keyboard tem clock frequency of 12 MHz). The the 80C32 board to the terminal via the
input, liquid crystal display, MIDI inter- SOURCE column repeats the information V24 interface. In 8051 assembler, subrou-
face). copied from the assembler (source) file (in tines can be called in two ways:
this case, XAMPLE02.A51), and shows
8051 (MCS52)micro con- mnemonics, labels, addresses, equate state- ACALL addrl 1
ments and comment. As you can see, the LCALL addr16
troller instruction set
list file is extremely useful because it re-
Figure 5 shows the instruction set of the lates opcode bytes to the line numbers by Both instructions have the same result:
MCS52 family of inicrocontrollers, of which they have been generated. they start asubroutine at the indicated ad-
which the 8051 and 80C32 are members of The format requirements for the source dress (addrl 1or addr(6). On finishing the

WorldRadioHistory ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992

 24 COMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS

terminal, via the serial interface. The use of

this debugging aid is shown in Fig. 7.
Assembler listings are far easier to fol-
low if meaningful labels are used. An
XAM PLO2
example is the label COMMAND in lines
A B PSW SP DPTR RO R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 49, 52 and 54 of the list file. The actual ad-
00 00 00 OD 41000 FF OA 10 64 00 00 00 00 after line 17
dresses given to the labels are easily found
in the symbol table, which is automat-
14 00 00 OD 4000 FF 14 10 64 00 00 00 00 after line 20
ically added to the list file by the assem-
12 00 00 OD 4000 FF 14 10 12 00 00 00 00 after line 23 bler. Many assemblers have a maximum
10 00 01 OD 4000 02 14 12 12 00 00 00 00 after line 27 label length of six characters, hencè the
frequent use of labels such as V24COM
93 00 00 OD 412B 02 14 12 12 00 00 00 00 after line 31
(for the serial interface routines) or
74 00 00 OD 412B 02 12 12 12 00 00 00 00 after line 34
SNDCHR for send character. The
02 00 01 OD 0000 02 12 12 12 00 00 00 00 after line 40 EASM51 assembler (on your disk) allows
up to eight characters to be used for labels.
F2 00 01 OD 0000 02 12 12 12 00 00 00 00 after line 42

Addressing methods
Fig. 7. Output of XAMPL02, produced with the aid of the 'snapshot' (register freeze) utility The function of the program XAMPLE02
in the system monitor. (Fig. 6) is to elucidate the operation and
application of the various addressing
subroutine, the processor continues with or addr16), and are unconditional. The A modes of the microcontrollers in the 8051
the instruction that follows the CALL. and L preceding JMP have the same family. After afew initial assembler com-
ACALL (absolute call) is used when meaning as those used for the two types of mands and some comment, the program
the subroutine address is in the same 2- CALL instruction discussed above. In ad- proper starts at line 9. First, the accumula-
KByte address area as the CALL. This dition, there is SJMP (short jump), which tor, A, and a few registers are loaded.
means that the highest 5 bits of the 16-bit allows jumps to addresses within the range Line 17 calls up SNAP, which sends the
address must be equal. If, for example, +128 bytes and —128 bytes from the loca- first register overview to the terminal. The
ACALL is used at address 9Al2H, the tion of the SJUMP instruction. SJUMP is output produced by XAMPLE02 is shown
relevant subroutine may be anywhere in often used to skip afew bytes—an example in Fig. 7. This overview allows the oper-
the range between 9800H and 9FFFH. is found in line 53 of the listing in Fig. 6. ation of the instructions between lines 11
ACALL requires two bytes. Apart from unconditional jumps, there and 42 to be analysed in detail with the aid
LCALL (long call) enables a subrou- are also jump instructions that are not ex- of anumber of snapshots. Line 45 and fur-
tine anywhere in the 64-KByte address ecuted unless a certain condition is met. ther serve to re-establish the control of the
area to be called. Obviously, in relatively Conditional jumps are of the short jump monitor program, and are not so important
large programs, subroutines may be pretty type only, and will be discussed separately at this stage.
'remote', and can not be called with in due course. The MOV (move) command is used to
ACALL. In that case, you must use load abyte from the program, data or inter-
LCALL, which requires three bytes. The nal memory to a processor register or a
Address indications
assembler produces an error report if an PORT. The byte moved is referred to as the
ACALL is made to a too distant subrou- The target addresses of subroutines are en- operand. A number of addressing modes
tine. An example of the use of the LCALL tered into the source listing as LABELS, are used depending on the source and tar-
instruction may be found in line 55 in on which further information may be found get location of the operand, and the func-
Fig. 6. Here, ACALL can not be used be- in the file EASM51.DOC. In line 54 of the tion required. The general notation of the
cause the called subroutine (at 0200H) is list file of XAMPLE02 (Fig. 6), asubrou- MOV instruction is
too far away from the call location (at tine called SNAP (for snapshot) is assigned
4152H). the value that equals the address of the next MOV target,source
RET is used at the end of asubroutine instruction, i.e., 414FH. In line 50, you
to return to the call instruction. The RET find an equate (EQU) statement is used to The target is, for instance, the accumulator,
instruction at line 43, for example, ends the assign the value 0200H to the routine la- A, aregister (RO to R7), or one of the dif-
example program, and returns us to the belled MON (monitor). Hence, the com- ferent types of memory. Constants may be
monitor. mand used as the source, although not all combi-
nations are possible (see the instruction set
LCALL MON in Fig. 5).
Jump instructions
The different addressing methods will
The first jump instructions to be discussed calls up the monitor subroutine. Similarly, be discussed with reference to the example
are: the command program in Fig. 6. The so-called bit-ad-
dressing modes will be held over till part 4
SJMP rel ACALL SNAP of the course, together with adiscussion on
AJMP addrll the processor flags.
L,JMP addr16 calls the snapshot routine at 414FH, which
is basically a breakpoint analyser that Register addressing
These instructions cause the processor to sends the contents of the main processor The accumulator or registers RO to R7 may
jump to the indicated address (rel, addr 11 registers (in hexadecimal notation) to the be used as the source as well as the target.

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 8051/8032 ASSEMBLER COURSE -PART 2 111
For example, in line 11, the accumulator is
used as the target, while in line 13 the tar-
get is register Rl. Symbol ADR bit binval comment name

When register addressing is applied, the ACC OEOCH * 00000000B accumulator

register is always one in the currently se- OFOOH * 00000000B aux, accumulator
PSW ODOR * 00000000B program status word
lected bank (bank 0 is used during this SP 081H 00000111B stack pointer
course). DPTR 16-bit data pointer
DPL 082H 00000000B low byte of DPTR
DPH 083H 00000000B high byte of DPTR
Immediate addressing PO 080H * 11111111B port 0 or addr./databus
P1 090H * 11111111B port 1
This addressing mode is used when acon- P2 OAOH * 111111118 port 2 or addr. bus MSB
P3 OBOH * 11111111B port 3
stant is used as the (source) operand. The IP OB8H * xxx00000B 8051 interrupt priority reg.
assembler recognizes such constants by the xx000000B 8052
IE 0A8H * Oxx00000B 8051 interrupt enable reg.
# (hash) typed in front of them. The con- Ox000000B 8052
stant may be entered in four ways: decimal TMOD 089H 00000000B timer mode register
TCON 088H * 00000000B timer control
(as in line 12), hexadecimal (as in line 14; T2CON 0C8H * 00000000B 8052 only timer-2 control
note the affixed H), binary (as in line 26; THO 08CH 00000000B timer-0 high byte
TLO 08AH 00000000B timer-0 low byte
note the affixed B), or it may be alabel (as TH1 08DH 00000000B timer-1 high byte
TL1 08BH 00000000B timer-1 low byte
in line 15). To enable the assembler to dif-
TH2 OCDH 00000000B 8052 only timer-2 high byte
ferentiate between labels and hexadecimal TL2 OCCH 00000000B 8052 only timer-2 low byte
RCAP2H OCBH 00000000B 8052 only capture reg. high byte
numbers that start with aletter, hexadeci- RCAP2L OCAH 00000000B 8052 only capture reg, low byte
mal numbers must start with a0(nought). SCON 098H * 00000000B serial control
SBUF 099H xxxxxxxxB serial buffer
For example, EOH is alabel, and OEOH a PCON 087H OxxxxxxxB HMOS processor control
hexadecimal constant with the value 224 Oxxx0000B CHMOS

(decimal). ADR: location of addressed SFR

bit: * when SFR is bit-addressable
This information should enable you to
binval: binary content after reset; x = not defined
understand the instructions in lines 11 to
15, which load the registers with the indi-
cated values. At this stage, it may be useful Fig. 8. Identifications and addresses of the special function registers (SFRs) in the 8051.

to check if you understand what happens

by taking aclose look at the program out- R1 as indicated. Registers R2 to R7 can not
put shown in Fig. 7. be used for indirect addressing. When, for MOVC A, @A+PC
instance, register RO contains the value
Direct addressing 43H, the instruction @RO addresses the In line 39, the effective address is 0, since
Direct addressing allows access to the byte at location 43H in the internal mem- both the DPTR and A are loaded with O.
lower 128 bytes of the internal RAM and ory. The use of this addressing mode is il- Tables and fixed texts can be stored per-
the special function registers (SFRs). The lustrated in line 25, where RO is seen to manently in the program memory, and read
internal RAM is selected when the indi- point at internal memory location 2 (as when required with the aid of the DPTR.
cated address is smaller than 128. Else, one defined in line 24). This is the same loca- The routine STXT in the monitor,
of the SFRs is addressed. The accumulator tion, however, where register R2 in bank 0 EMON51, makes use of the DPTR in this
can also be addressed as an SFR at location is addressed (see Fig. 4 in part 1of this way to transmit texts to the terminal.
OEOH. In line 3, this constant is labelled course). Hence, this instruction changes
ACC. Line 21 causes a constant to be the value contained in register R2. The in- (External) data memory addressing
loaded into the accumulator. Note that this struction XCH swaps target and source The MOVX (move eXternal) instruction
instruction has alength of three bytes. bytes. gives access to the external data memory,
On the 80C32 processor board, port P1 Contrary to direct addressing, addresses which is usually aRAM. When the nota-
is made externally accessible, and is lo- greater than 127 do not give access to the tion @DPTR is used, as in line 37 or 41,
cated at SFR address 090H (line 4). The in- SFRs. Instead, they select the upper 128 the contents of the data pointer are used as
struction in line 26 sends bit pattern bytes of the internal RAM. In fact, these a 16-bit address. Similarly, the notations
01010101B to this port. RAM locations can be accessed via indi- @RO and @RI cause the contents of these
The 16-bit wide data pointer, DPTR, rect addressing only. registers to be used as the least significant
makes it possible to address the full address byte, and the contents of port P2 (at
64 Kbyte large data and program memory. Program memory addressing SFR location OAOH) as the most signifi-
The DPTR consists of two 8-bit SFRs: the The processor can only read from the pro- cant address byte. On the 80C32 SBC, the
low byte pointer, DPL, at 082H, and the gram memory, which is normally aROM address range between OCOOOH and
high byte pointer, DPH at 083H. A special or an EPROM. For this the MOVC instruc- OFFFFH in the data memory is used for
MOV instruction is available to load the tion is used, where the C stands for code memory mapped I/O. If, therefore, you
DPTR with a 16-bit value, as illustrated in memory. The target of MOVC is always wish to select output devices at these ad-
line 9, where the DPTR is set to point at the the accumulator. The real (effective) ad- dresses, you must use the MOVX instruc-
first byte of the text `txt1'. Figure 8 lists dress is formed by adding the content of the tion.
the functions of all SFRs. accumulator to either the data pointer,
DPTR:
Monitor calls
Indirect addressing
This addressing mode is indicated by @RO MOVC A, @A+DPTR The EPROM-resident monitor on the
or @Rl. The address of the byte in the in- 80C32 board has anumber of subroutines
ternal RAM is contained in register RO or or the program counter, PC: that may be used in your own programs.

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 26 COMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS

memory. To enable the transmission rou- output command. After a reset, when P1
tine to know where the text ends, the code contains 11111111B (all LEDs on), the
OH is used as the end-of-text marker LED pattern changes when line 26 is ex-
80C32 SBC
(line 44). The start address of the text must ecuted.
e31 .0 0 _32

0 _±13_1 be contained in the DPTR. All this is taken The principle of port output programm-
at.° -•

et..0 o f care of in lines 9and 10, and 52 and 53. ing are taken alittle further in example pro-
_21
gram XAMPLE05.A51, which you find on
0

e7. O

Simple port output your course disk as well as listed in Fig. 10.
270_0 .
z,LO

2e1.0 c>. 1

13_4_0 .24
This program causes the four LEDs to flash
operations
aLo
(object code from 4100H onwards), or a
L2L0
O
c
•, p2 11D Up to now, we have been using the 80C32 500-Hz tone to sound (object code from
.19 Pli

Up..0
o board as akind of black box, without mak- 4200H onwards). The signals are gener-
ing use of the microcontroller's ports for
c:, 11P. 0#
ated simply by sending certain bit patterns
«

n11_0 pie P1.4 01 id

o
external control functions. The external to port Pl, waiting a number of clock
MS P1.5 M i ..

o
•14

.13 P1.7ml 2J N
e, circuitry around the 80C32 (or 8051) on cycles, and then sending anew bit pattern.
the SBC does not allow us to use the ports Use is made of TIME, amonitor subroutine
m_
,
c_
ott o indiscriminately: remember, ports PO and that introduces adelay equal to the number
V24
o serial Interlace P2 are used as address and data bus for the of milliseconds loaded into the DPTR.
external RAM and EPROM. The eight Assembler language programming is
lines of port Pl are taken to expansion con- not learned by reading only. To increase
o

•
o

iL0 !L
1
nector pins a20 to a13 via abidirectional your knowledge on the subject, work as
driver IC, of which the direction is control- much as you can with the examples pro-
910109.11 led by the signal level at pin a21. If this pin vided, and make sure you understand what
is not connected, port P1 can be used as an happens if you make changes to them. Set
8-bit output port. The circuit in Fig. 9en- yourself assignments based on what you
Fig. 9. Hardware extension for program- ables four LEDs to be switched on and off, have acquired so far. For instance, modify
ming experiments with port 1. and simple sounds to be sent to a small XAMPLE05 such that the loudspeaker pro-
loudspeaker. duces a tone after 2 minutes and 50 sec-
Before these subroutines can be called, an The eight bits that form abyte are num- onds exactly. There you have your tea
appropriate command byte must be written bered from the right to the left starting with timer, what about aprogrammable rectan-
into the internal RAM at address 030H (see 0(the least significant bit, or LSB) to 7(the gular wave generator as the next project?
lines 52 and 54 of XAMPLE02.LST). This most significant bit, or MSB). Thus, when
byte forms an indication to the monitor as we refer to P1.3, we mean the fourth bit of
to which subroutine is to be used. The rou- port Pl. Knowing this, we can switch on Next time: hardware extensions for the
tines available in the monitor, along with LED D3 by programming: 80C32 single board computer.
the associated command bytes, are de-
scribed in the file EMON51.DOC on your MOV P1,#01000000B ;LED3 on, all
course diskette. These routines are useful, other bits 0
and can save you alot of work. You are,
therefore, well advised to examine them in Line 26 of XAMPLE02 contains such an
detail, which is quite easily done because
the source code of EMON51 can be loaded
from the course disk.
A SNAP can be taken at any stage dur-
ing a program. This requires command LISTING of EASM51 (XAMPLE05)
byte 20H before calling the monitor at ad- LINE
1
LOC
0000
OBJ SOURCE
FILE XAMPLE05.A51
dress 0200H. A programming example: 2
3
0000
0000 P1 EQU 090H ; SFR PORT1 address 090H
4 0000
5 0000 ORG 4100H ; First program to run from 4100H
MOV 030H,#020H 6
7
4100 75 90 10 [2] START
4103 90 01 F4 (21
MOV
MOV
P1,1000100009
DPTR, #500
; LED D1 on, the others off
; 500 milliseconds
LCALL 0200H 4106 51 12 [2]
9 4108 75 90 Eo [21
ACALL TIME
MOV P1,1111000009
; Wait
; LED D2,D3,D4 on, D1 off
10 4109 90 00 64 [2] NOV DPTR,1100 ; 100 milliseconds
11 410E 51 12 [2] ACALL TIME ; Wait
This is, admittedly, not the easiest 12 4110 80 EE
13 4112
(2] Sae START ; Repeat

legible piece of assembler, as compared to, 14 4112 ORG 4200H ; Second pogram to run from 4200H
15 4200 75 90 02 (21 START2 MOV P1,80109 ; Loudspeaker +5 volt
for instance, lines 52 and 54 in 16 4203 90 00 01 [2] NOV DPTR,11 ; 1 millisecond
17 4206 51 12 [2] ACALL TIME ; Wait
XAMPLE02.LST. Conclusion: the use of 18 4208 75 90 00 [2] NOV P1,10009 ; Loudspeaker 0 volt
19 420B 90 00 01 [2] NOV DPIR,11 1 millisecond
meaningful symbolic names (labels) 20 420E 51 12 [2] ACALL TIME Wait
21 4210 80 EE [2] SJMP START2 ; and again
makes programs easier to understand. 22 4212
23 4212 ; MONITOR INTERFACE
The course diskette contains all sym- 24 4212 ccLTIME EQU 021H ; MONITOR command, DPTR millisecs delay
25 4212 COMMAND EQU 030H ; MONITOR command memory location
bolic notations for the command bytes 26 4212 MON EQU 0200H ; MONITOR entry address
27 4212
used. For instance, a monitor routine is 28 4212 75 30 21 [2] TIME NOV COMMAND,fccLTIME
29 4215 02 02 00 [2] LJMP MON
available that sends atext string. The use of 30 4218 END
SYMBOLTABLE (7 symbols)
this routine, ccSTXT (command code send P1 :0090 START :4100 START2 :4200 ccLTIME :0021
COMMAND :0030 MON :0200 TIME :4212
text; value 2) was shown already in part 1.
The characters in the string to be trans-
mitted must be available in the program Fig. 10. Two programs, one listing: a LED flasher (4100H) and a sound generator (4200H).

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 ra
SCIENCE ik TECHNOLOGY
A SYMMETRICAL ROUTE SWITCH FOR ELECTRONICS

by Michael Soper

T HE logic relation 'exactly two of a,b,c, themselves would not be suitable for very high In other words, however complex the inte-
are true', or ((a,b,c,)), can perform all speeds until much development work is done, rior of the device, its behaviour is still in-
standard logic functions: for example, a=not b but this is not often arequirement. trinsically simple and the designer's friend.
is ((T,a,b,)) where T denotes true. The increased flexibility of use is agreat One symmetrical route switch can serve
This enables the consideration of anew advantage; for example, three-phase oscil- as the active element in acircuit that oscil-
approach to circuitry also. We can move to lators where the high impedance rotates about lates while rotating the high impedance op-
see how relational approaches differ from the device are possible. Many other stan- tion about the centre of the device—see Fig. 3.
standard ones. Suppose the function 'a im- dard approaches become simpler and with the In this circuit, on turn-on, D is high impedance
plies b' is T = cis required to have imple- devices any active circuit function, except the so that C1is charged first until the voltage at
mentation. We may then use the symbol in diode and very high speed, can be carried D is greater than that at E, whereupon E be-
out. In theory, they can also be made to have comes the high impedance and C2 will be
1 no supply lines as operational amplifiers do, charged while the voltage across C1 drops.
but the stability of this approach requires anal- If the values are chosen properly, C3 is the
9-
- ysis. Thus, the distinct possibility exists of a next capacitor to be charged and the voltage
920011 -11 new and useful three-wire device: the on Fincreases. The cycle then begins again.
Symmetrical Route Switch—SRS. In that way, avery simple one-device oscil-
lator circuit has been designed.
Fig. Ito denote ((a,b,c,)). One device and perhaps six resistors and
Liberation from directivity
The network in Fig. 2will perform this three capacitors is acomponent count that
task. That is, ((a,d,e)), ((b,d,f)), ((e,f,h)), The advantage of these devices is that they could be reduced if aslightly different oper-
((fh,c)), since aimplies bis true, is equiva- can be connected any way round at all. Thus, ation is required, say, not such asymmetri-
lent to ((— a) yb) is true, the auxiliary con- electronic methods can be non-directive in cal wave. Therefore, although one-transis-
dition c= 1or T, together with our NOT the sense that once alow-impedance link is tor, coil-less oscillators can be designed, the
function above gives OR and NOT, from established between two parts of the circuit, circuit in Fig. 3has amore predictable and
which all functional logic can be created. Each current can flow either way. This totally usable response and can thus be used as re-
cell is almost equivalent to the XOR function, symmetrical property is new for an active quired. That done, other circuits can be com-
but, since XOR cannot create all logic alone, element with three wires (the group of pleted for similar purposes.
our relational system is simpler and more pow- Symmetries is S3). Now, the linear use.
erful, since it can. The ability to rearrange elements in this
way is avery considerable advantage. The de-
2 Continuity
vices can be used for linear or digital appli-
cation and are, therefore, apart from speed, In order to use asymmetrical route switch
more powerful than transistors. The power for linear applications, we must bias the mid-
of the system lies in the fact that only ca- dle electrode so that it remains high impedance.
pacitors, resistors, diodes and SRSs are re-
920041 -12 quired for circuit implementation (the occa- 4
sional use of inductance, although rare, is
This logic system can be amended some- not ruled out).
what to provide apractical type of circuit One more factor is that the device can float
element. The essence of the system consists at any potential and is, therefore, free from
of asymmetrical element with three wires and the restrictions that separate power lines to
the rule that only two of the wires can carry the device impose (this would be difficult to
current in either direction at any one time. achieve at low voltages, but then SRSs with
That is, the circuit appears as api circuit in separate power lines would be used). Thus,
which exactly one of the three impedances the device defines its own relative levels
has alow value at any one time. 'At any one and will not fail, as opamps do, when inputs
time' is important There will be some impedance are at disparate levels from the output.
to the low state, but this impedance can be
relatively low. Thus, we have adynamic
3
new type of circuit element. The rule is that
the middle voltage on the three wires is the
high-impedance input. We may make the low
impedance apartially linear function of high
impedance voltage if required. The circuit would then appear as shown in
We may be keen on this approach for Fig. 4. Note that the low impedance is di-
various reasons: one of them is symmetry, an- rectly proportional to the input voltage and
other is operational simplicity. The manu- steps must, therefore, be taken to prevent pos-
facture of devices that are both logic and itive feedback. Apart from those requirements,
analogue is straightforward. The devices the circuit is standard. The main point to
WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
28 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

make here, though, is that this is not the best of flexibility coupled with symmetry should 7
utilization of asymmetrical route switch, since not be ignored.
the sixfold symmetry is not used. But it must In fact, these devices can be scaled up when-
be said that linear amplification over the ever required and will prove useful at any
natural range of use of the device can be ob- scale. Design techniques are very different
tained. Multi-stage amplifiers with or with- and in a sense relational, not functional.
out feedback can be built with the device. Also, the positive feedback feature makes
We thus already have dual types of opera- for more rather than fewer useful circuits.
tion: logical and linear. Another oscillator circuit—a relaxation
type—is shown in Fig. 5. This type can have
Promotion an 'amplifier' positively coupled back to a
shunt capacitor over any number of stages,
The reason that such asystem should be pro- since all stages in the SRS's 'common-emit-
moted is clear: simplification. Although in ter-like' configuration have positive feedback.
extreme applications like very fast switch- The chief strength of the SRS is for cur- used symmetrically.
ing of low-noise amplifiers the SRS is prob- rent routeing, which will be reverted to later. However, symmetrical use does involve
ably best replaced, the neat and interesting However, the ease with which either os- aswitching operation in the SRS and is thus
possibilities the SRS creates suggest that it cillators or amplifiers can be made is en- not suitable for most linear circuits. An ex-
should ascend from the status of atheoreti- couraging and leads one to speculate on how ception may be made for some class Dor push-
cal curiosity to that of practical implemen- active electronics would have turned out if pull amplifiers. The distinction between lin-
tation. active devices had originally had 'in-phase' ear and non-linear operation is also usually
One difficulty of the common transistor output and input. the distinction between stable use where
is that at the end of its standard range of op- small inputs produce small outputs and un-
erating conditions there is not always any dis- stable use where achange of state in the de-
Transformation
continuous change into another mode, thus vice may occur. Class D amplifiers produce
indicating afault. A transformation that mirrors the behaviour
The system itself can be designed eco- of the symmetrical route switch with one 8
nomically. Let U,V,W be the voltages at the electrode at high impedance is the follow-
three electrodes and Ithe current in the con- ing: y= yi n (between the common elec-
ducting branch. Then, trode and the high impedance electrode,
where yis referred to either the mid-volt-
V+ W -2U = VI+ I/ tanh(aV I) age of the output electrodes or the voltage
U + W -2V= 1/ tanh(aVi) - on one of them) and R =Ro( ut )is the (vari-
U + V-2W = V1-1/ Itanh(aVi) able) resistance of the low-impedance (out-
put) electrode and the common electrode.
where I=aV =a(V-U) [for transistor]
or =a {(2 V-U-W)/2} [for SRS] R=R0 +(1-av)u1(1 +u) + av
a=gain
tanh(x) = (ex-e-x)I(ex+e-x) where y is again referred to either the mid-
voltage of the output electrodes or the volt-
920041 -18
These equations are included to give some age on of them, ais the gain and u=(ocv)l 00 .
idea of how arelational law can be defined. The use of aformula like this makes de-
With this approach, the SRS can easily be sign work easy. The formula is chosen to have quasi-linear operation out of extremely non-
modelled on acomputer. The device is non- an almost perfect ramp before cut-off when linear components. The ramp function of
linear over awide range with this law, but the output electrode become high impedance: our SRS combines both modes of opera-
linear over asmall range of signal inputs. achange of state. An explicit formula can eas- tion—but may the effective slope of the am-
Whether or not designers wish to appreciate ily be written into acomputer program, after plification be changed? The best linear use
the flexibility of the SRS depends on how which asimulation can be run and new cir- of any symmetrical route switch is with acon-
skilful they are and, of course, on the cost of cuits tried out. The juxtaposition and con- stant current tail of, say, current i, when
the device. In order to present aunified ap- nection of many such circuits can be simu-
proach of relational logic and relational am- lated. Relational rather than functional think- V„ t=iR = iRo +
plification in one object, it may be true and ing can be difficult to get accustomed to, but
it must be admitted that many extreme ac- in the phase shift oscillator of Fig. 6 the under these conditions of linear use—see
tive circuit functions cannot be performed Fig. 8. Connecting afeedback impedance
by this device, but the very great advantage 6 R1 with feedback factor 1/n, we find

5 dv = Voutin

so that

Vout= i{Ro + a(Vt o + V0 /n).

In other words, the output resistance and the

effective transconductance are increased;
the gain of the stage increases also and is
ease of operation makes sense. Although usefully afunction of i, the quiescent cur-
this is agood example of the SRS used func- rent. The factor 1/n depends linearly on R1
tionally, this really does not exploit the spe- so that we may replace R1 by another suit-
cial properties of the circuit. In Fig. 7, how- able SRS to obtain astage with negative
ever, our previous oscillator circuit produces gain. Thus, when more than one SRS is used—
amuch better example of the use of asym- see Fig. 9—we have the capability of build-
metrical route switch, since the switch is ing an inverting stage: with constant current
WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 A SYMMETRICAL ROUTE SWITCH FOR ELECTRONICS 29

9 11 15

Hi Hi

-CI--CI-

920041 -22

some conditions, the same approach will

work for alternating current also: asimple de-
sign for use with this case when the compo-
920041 -19 nent values are correctly chosen is shown in
Fig. 12. 920041 -24

supplies, the linearity can be very good. 12 Hi

The symmetrical route switch combines
HI

Buffer stages anon-linear function, as required for switch-

ing and for load and power supply protec-
The symmetrical route switch is naturally suit- tion, with at least two kinds of linear func-
able as abuffer stage when it is used linearly— tion: transistor-like and symmetrical input
but, of course, this is not the best use, be- function referred to midpoint, when required.
cause the flexibility of the device is ignored. Thus, two distinct circuit operations are com-
For good linearity, aconstant-current stage bined in one circuit. Look inside many hi-fi
can be used: the linearity of the SRSs is a amplifiers and you will see that until recently
direct function of the quality of the constant small relays were used for protection on over-
current supply. This fact and the symmetry load. The symmetrical route switch com-
of the high-impedance input connection means bines this function also, because, although it
that stages can be paralleled for lower impedance is athree-terminal device, the control con-
Routes
or be put in series with no great problems as nection (at very high impedance with respect
long as the input electrode sits at the correct The name symmetrical route switch sug- to the others) controls the output impedance.
point with respect to the output electrodes. gests also that they can be used for signal Hence, one device can perform all logic, lin-
Even this feature is simpler on the SRS, be- routeing: atask they are ideally suited for. ear action and protective switching.
cause, as long as the voltage on the input elec- Consider the simple arrangement in Fig. 13.
trode lies between the voltage of the output 16
electrodes, the behaviour will be linear at 13
all times (given that the voltage is 'one side'
of midway).
To reduce the output impedance of atran-
sistor stage to low values, an emitter-follower
is used: acircuit with negative feedback
which similarly has non-linearity. The use
of negative feedback is possible for the SRS 920041-26

when the input voltage is nearer the more neg-

ative 'through' electrode, because the gain While electrode B has avoltage between
is then negative and asimple impedance is that of A and C, the signal will actuate load
enough. A diagram of the series connection Z. But when the voltage on electrode B is The route ahead
is given in Fig. 10. above that on A and C, the signal is dissi- Integration of circuits has led to alarge pin-
pated in matched load Zd. The advantage is out count on many integrated circuits, fol-
1 0 almost perfect matching. Practical circuits for lowed by apartial reduction. Some useful ICs
AC and DC are given in Fig. 14. are three-terminal devices, usually unsym-
Designing abistable from symmetrical metrical and polarized, although afew are
route switches in conventional ways is pos- symmetrical. The symmetrical route switch
sible but clumsy; abistable based on an SRS is the first three-terminal device capable of
on-impedance of 10 û is shown in Fig. 15. logic and linear action, which can be in-
With 4.5 passive components per active de- serted any way into acircuit. The power it
vice, this circuit is not very practical. The takes is absorbed from the current through the
circuit in Fig. 16, however, is, mainly be- output impedance. a
cause it has greater natural stability.

14

920041 -20

For the reason just given, a 'switching'

symmetrical route switch can make an ideal
method for shunting out large currents. A suit-
able circuit is shown in Fig. 11. Assume

2
Z

the left-hand side of this to be temporarily

positive: as the current increases, the volt-
age across the low resistance increases also 920041 -23

until the knee voltage of diode D is reached.

Since the circuit is symmetrical under
WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 30

INDUCTANCE-CAPACITANCE METER
based on a design by H. Kühne

FRONT COVER
PROJE When the value of acapacitor or inductor is measured, it is
imperative that ohmic losses do not affect the result. The
principle of measurement used in the meter presented here
ensures that the influence of ohmic losses is reduced to nil.

B ASICALLY, there are two problems in

L./measuring inductance or capacitance:
ohmic losses and frequency-dependence of
the component. The effect of ohmic losses
has been nullified in this design, while the fre-
quency-dependence is, as usual, negated by
choosing ameasurement frequency that lies
in the range in which the component is to
operate. In the present design, the frequency
lies in the audio range.
The principle of the design is shown in
Fig. 1. The value of an inductance, L,, is de-
termined by passing asinusoidal current of
constant amplitude through the inductor
and measuring the resulting voltage across
it. The value of acapacitance, Cx, is determined
by applying aconstant-amplitude sinusoidal
voltage across the capacitor and assessing
the resulting current through it by measur-
ing the voltage drop across R. In either case,
that voltage (measured at A) is directly pro-
portional to the inductance or capacitance plus
the loss resistance. How that resistance is re-
moved from the measurand (measured quan-
tity) will be discussed later.
We will now consider how the current
through the inductance, or the voltage across
the capacitance, is held constant. The invert-
ing input of the differential amplifier at the TECHNICAL DATA
input of the circuit is fed with asinusoidal
measurement signal, UE,and the non-in-
verting input with part of the voltage at G, Measurement frequency 1kHz
Up. Since the gain of the amplifier is unity, Measurement ranges:
the voltage at Bis UA—UE.The potential dif-
inductance 2, 20, 200 mH, 2H
ference between A and B is UA —(U A—U E),
which is UE. Assuming that UE is aconstant- capacitance 2, 20, 200 nF, 2g
amplitude sinusoidal voltage, depending on Accuracy (calibrated with 1% capacitor)
the setting of switch S2,aconstant voltage
exists across RL or Cx. This causes aconstant with moving-coil meter ±(1.5% of reading +2% of FSD)
current through RLand thus through L . Since with 3.5 digit digital voltmeter ±(1.5% of reading + 1digit)
aconstant current flows through the induc-
tance, or aconstant voltage exists across the
capacitance, the loss resistances, RL and Rc, cation of the sine component yields amean ductance or capacitance—Fig. 2b—the mea-
have no effect on the measurement. value of zero. sured signal will be in phase with LI E.The
The signal at Gconsists of two components: The various signals encountered in this rectifier then switches exactly at the peaks of
asinusoidal voltage that is in phase with UE process are shown in Fig. 2. Figure 2a shows the signal, resulting in amean voltage whose
and asinusoidal voltage that is 90° out of the situation when aperfect inductance or value is zero.
phase with UE (COS UE). Added together, the capacitance is being measured. Since ideal Although practical inductors and capaci-
components form asinusoidal voltage that components are considered, both the mea- tors have parasitic or stray resistance, the ef-
is x° out of phase with LIE.The components sured signal, UA,and the square-wave volt- fect of this is nullified in the synchronous
are separated by synchronous rectification age, UF,driving the rectifier are 90° out of rectification. When apractical inductor or
of the signal. The rectifier is driven by asquare phase with UE.This means that the rectifier capacitor is measured, the phase shift be-
wave (F) that is shifted 90° with respect to will switch exactly at the zero crossings of tween the measuring signal, LI E, and the mea-
sinU E. That means that only the cosine com- the measured signal, which results in avolt- sured signal, LIA ,will be somewhere between
ponent in the signal is rectified: the resulting age whose mean value is directly proportional 0° and 90°. This means that the signal is nei-
mean value is directly proportional to the to the measured reactance. ther wholly rectified nor reduced to zero:
inductance or capacitance, whereas rectifi- If aresistance is substituted for the in- the resulting mean value will be representa-
WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 INDUCTANCE-CAPACITANCE METER EN
five of the real inductance or capacitance.
Returning to Fig. 1for amoment, the rec-
tifier is followed by an RC network which
averages the rectified voltage before that is
applied to ameter.

Oscillator
The measurement signal, UE, and the square
wave voltage, UF,that drives the rectifier are
generated by aWien-bridge oscillator, ICib—
see Fig. 3. The sinusoidal output of this stage
is converted into asquare-wave voltage by
IC5b, an operational transconductance am-
plifier (OTA) connected as comparator. Since
the square-wave and sinusoidal signals are
in phase, the latter is applied to phase shifter
ICi c.The required 90° phase difference be-
tween the two signals is set with Pi.
Fig. 1. Principle of the design of the meter. The remainder of the circuit in Fig. 3serves
to stabilize the level of the oscillator output.
To that end, the output, pin 5, of IC 5a is used
as apreset resistance in the feedback loop of
ICib. That resistance is determined by the cur-
rent entering via the control input, pin 1.
This current, provided by integrator IC 3a ,
can be used to influence the gain of ICib and
thus the amplitude of the sinusoidal signal.
Its level is in turn determined by the ampli-
tude of the positive halves of the sinusoidal
signal. The negative halves are not passed
by switch IC 4a since that is closed by IC 5b
only during the positive halves of the signal.
Regulation is arranged so that the gain of
ICib diminishes when the amplitude increases.
and vice versa. Ultimately, the amplitude
stabilizes around avalue of 1.2 V.

Measuring circuit
Basically, of course, the measuring circuit in
Fig. 4is similar to Fig. 1with the rectifier
Fig. 2. Waveforms associated with the measurement process. and meter omitted.
The differential input amplifier consists
of ICid. Its output current is doubled in ICi a,
since the peak level should be about 15 mA,
which asingle TL084 cannot provide. The
design ensures that the level of the voltage
across R17 is identical to that across R16 .
Consequently, the currents through these re-
sistors are also identical. Observe that one half
of the current fed to the measuring circuit is
provided by ICid and the other half by ICi a.
Range switch SIis provided with asection,
Sk ,that enables the decimal points of adig-
ital meter module, if used, to be controlled.
In case of an LCD module, the pole of Si cmust
be fed with the back-plane (BP) signal or, if
an LED display is used, with alogic high or
low, depending on the type of the display.
The various ranges are determined with
the aid of 0.1% resistors. This has two ad-
vantages: calibration of only one range suf-
fices and the tolerance of the resistors has a
negligible effect on the total accuracy of the
meter (if the tolerance were 1%, the meter
accuracy would deteriorate by at least 1%).
Note that the 1% resistors in parallel with
R43, R47, and R48 ,can be ignored since their
tolerance is tiny compared with that of the
parallel-connected low-value resistors.
Fig. 3. The oscillator circuit.

WorldRadioHistory ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992

Em TEST & MEASUREMENT

Rectifier and power supply

The remainder of the circuit, that is, rectifier,
meter, power supply and overflow indicator,
is shown in Fig. 5.
The rectifier proper, IC 2d, is preceded by
an amplifier, IC 2c ,because the output of the
metering circuit at full-scale deflection (FsD)
is only 150 mV (assuming aperfect inductance
or capacitance) and that is not enough to en-
sure amean voltage of 2V to the meter. The
rectifier elements are not diodes, but two
electronic switches, IC 4band IC 4d, that are op-
erated by the square-wave signal in step with
the sinusoidal output of the oscillator. An
inverter based on IC k controls IC 4d, so that
IC 4band IC 4d are alternately opened and
closed. When IC 4bis closed, IC 2damplifies xl;
when IC 4d is closed, IC 2damplifies x-1. This
ensures operation in step with the square-
wave signal.
The output of the rectifier is smoothed by
network R27-C7. Because this network can
be loaded only lightly, the potential across
C7 is buffered by IC 2a before the signal is ap-
plied to the meter. The meter may be adigi-
tal or an analogue type. The digital type may
be connected directly to buffer IC 2a .Series
resistors and protection diodes for amoving
coil meter are provided.
At first glance, an overflow indicator may
seem superfluous, since the meter, M 1 or
DM 1,shows immediately if the meter range
is exceeded. That is true enough, but con-
sider that if the meter range is grossly ex-
ceeded, IC 2,will clip and the resulting mean
value of the rectified voltage may then fall
under 2V, that is, in the meter range. The
meter reading then means nothing and this Fig. 4. The metering circuit proper.
would not be evident without
the overflow indicator.
The indicator is based on IC 3b
(connected as comparator) and
IC 3c .The output of the rectifier
is compared by IC 3bwith avolt-
age set with P5 to alevel of 4V.
If the rectified output exceeds
the set level, buffer capacitor
Cg is charged via D3. This re-
sults quickly to the output of IC 3,
changing state and D4 lighting.

Construction and
calibration
There should be no particular
difficulties in the construction
of the instrument if the PCB shown
in Fig. 6is used. As usual, start
with the lowest-lying compo-
nents, that is, the wire links.
When the highest protruding
components, that is, electrolytic
capacitors, IC 6 and IC 7 and the
mains transformer, have been
fitted, wire up those compo-
nents that are not fitted on the
board.
The low-tolerance resistors
should be soldered direct to the
range switch, S1. It is, therefore,
advisable to use atype of switch
that has solder eyelets and not Fig. 5. Circuit of the rectifier, power supply, meter and overflow indicator.

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 INDUCTANCE-CAPACITANCE METER al

PARTS LIST

Resistors:
R1, R29 =470 k.12
R2, R4, R28, R33 = 10 Ica
R3 = 100 52 •
R5, R10, R12—R15, R18, R23,
R26 = 8.2 kl2
R6 = 33 kQ
R7, R31 =271(12
R8, R9 = 151(12
R11 = 12 kt2
R16, R17 =30 12
R19 = 5.6 ki2
R20, R24, R27 = 1MO
R21, R34 = 22 kfl
R22 = 1Id/
R25 = 15 kl2
R30 = 2.71(12
R32 = 2.2 M12
R35 = 1001(.12
R36 =22 M1. 2
R37 =330 Q
R38 = 1001(Q, 0.1%
Fig. 6. Proposed front panel layout (foil Type 920012—F). R39 = 10 K2, 0.1%
R40 = 1k12, 0.1%
R41 = 100 12, 0.1%
R42 = 10 12, 0.1%
R43 = 90.9 n, 0.1%
R44 =9.09 la 1%
R45 =90.9 Itt.1, 1%
R46 = 909 Id-2, 1%
R47 = 909 n, 0.1%
R48 = 9.091(12, 0.1%
R49 = 12 kû
R50 =2.2 Id2
P1 =4.71(12 preset
P2, P3 = 1kn preset
P4 =25 k1-2preset
P5 =47 Id/ preset
P6 = 10 kl2 preset

Capacitors:
Cl , C7 = 1µF
C3—05 = 10 nF
C6 =470 nF
C8, C13—C20 = 100 nF
C9, C10 =470 µ.F, 25 V, radial
C11, C12 = 100 µF, 16 V, radial
1x180 nF, 1%) for calibrating
2x100 nF, 1%) meters

Semiconductors:
D1—D3 = 1N4148
D4 = 5mm LED, yellow
D5—D8 = 1N4001
IC1-1C3 =TL084
IC4 =4066
IC5 = LM13700
IC6 = 7808
IC7 = 7908

Miscellaneous:
K1 =2-way terminal block for
PCB mounting, 7.5 mm pitch
K2 = mains panel plug with inte
gral fuse holder and fuse,
100 mA delayed action
K3—K5 = banana socket
Si =3-pole, 4-position rotary switch
with solder eyelets
S2 =2-pole change-over switch
S3 = double-pole, double-throw
switch with integral lamp
Tri = mains transformer, 2x12 V,
1.5 VA
M1 = 100 µA moving-coil meter
DM1 = 3.5 digit digital voltmeter,
2V
Heat sinks for IC6 and IC7
PCB 920012
Front panel foil 920012-F
Fig. 7. Printed-circuit board for the inductance-capacitance meter — Type 920012.

WorldRadioHistory ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992

34 TEST & MEASUREMENT

one for PCB mounting. It may be possible to

bend these eyelets slightly outwards to give
more space for the resistors.
If adigital meter module is used, do not
forget to wire switch section S1„which con-
trols the decimal points.
In spite of there being six preset poten-
tiometers, the calibration of the instrument
is fairly straightforward. Start with setting
all the presets to the centre of their travel.
If amoving coil meter is used, connect a
voltmeter between D and earth. With the in-
strument switched off, zero the moving-coil
meter manually. When adigital meter is fit-
ted, an external voltmeter is not required.
Set S2 to position C(apacitor) and leave
the input terminals open. Adjust P4 till the
voltmeter (or internal digital meter) reads 0.
This arranges the offset compensation.
Connect two 100 nF in parallel to the input
terminals and set the range switch to 200 nF.
The value of these capacitors need not be ac-
curate, since this test only serves to set the gain
of IC 2„This is done by adjusting P3 until the
voltage at Dis 2V. Because of R27 and C7(T =1s),
this voltage rises only slowly; P3 should,
therefore, be adjusted slowly also. When P3
has been adjusted as required,connect are-
sistor of 101d2 in parallel with the 100 nF ca- Fig. 8. Inside view of meter with top panel removed and rear panel hinged down.
pacitors. Then adjust P1 to return the volt-
age at D to 2V. This arranges the phase dif- P2 so that oscillation just does not set in. If square wave-form (because of the integrating
ference between sinusoidal and square-wave an oscilloscope is not available, set P2 to action of the capacitors at the input). Adjust
signals at 90°. about Y 4 of its travel, that is, 750 nbetween P2 so that this wave-form is 'clean', that is,
Next, remove the 10 kû resistor, but not wiper and earth. shows no overshoot.
the capacitors, from the input terminals. Ideally, If, apart from an oscilloscope, afunction Connect two 100 nF, 1%, capacitors (if a
P2 should be set with its wiper at the output generator that provides atriangular output moving coil meter is used) or an 180 nF, 1%,
of IC 2b. This would, however, create aposi- is available, P2 can be adjusted even more capacitor (if adigital display is used) to the
tive feedback loop with again of xl: not ex- accurately. To that end, R13 must be unsol- input terminals and adjust P6 (moving-coil
actly conditions for oscillation, but very nearly dered from ICi, and a3-V, 1kHz triangular meter) or P3 (digital display) until the cor-
so. It is, therefore, necessary to connect an signal applied across it. An oscilloscope con- rect value is read.
oscilloscope to the output of IC 2band adjust nected to the output of IC 2bWill then show a

MEASUREMENTS ON POWER SUPPLIES

by our technical staff

How do you know whether your precious laboratory/workshop

power supply unit is still working to specification? How do you
measure the parameters of the PSU you have just built or
purchased for fitting into an electronic apparatus and what do you
specifically have to look out for? The answers to these and many
other questions connected with the testing of power
supplies are given in this practice-based article.

rr HE requirements of alaboratory/work- test equipment. Normally, the output volt- the output voltage, it is 9-11 V. The first
1 shop power supply unit are exacting. age can be measured with asimple multimeter. question that pops into your mind is: "Is it
Not only the output voltage and current, but But even this measurement may be more safe to connect to the equipment?" Practical
also the dynamic and static internal resistance, complicated than appears at first sight. Imagine, considerations show that there is no harm in
noise, overshoot and thermal stability, to for instance, that you have obtained a6 V that whatsoever. The explanation for this state-
name but afew, are important. Any elec- mains adapter to replace the batteries in anor- ment is that such asimple mains adapter
tronic apparatus is only as good as its power mally battery-operated apparatus, which is usually consists of asmall transformer, rec-
supply is an adage that remains true. not only less expensive in the long run, but tifier and reservoir capacitor, nothing more.
The extent to which apower supply can also more sensible from an ecological view- For all sorts of reason, small transformers gen-
be tested depends primarily on the available point. To your surprise, when you measure erally have afairly high internal resistance—
WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 MEASUREMENTS ON POWER SUPPLIES

duration deviations from the load volt-

age. Ideally, these should not occur.
Long-term stability: affected primarily by
ageing processes in the reference voltage
source; ideally, the load voltage should not
change with time.
Thermal stability: dependent mainly on the
quality of the voltage reference source; the
load voltage should ideally not vary with
changes in ambient temperature.
Power dissipation: this should ideally be
small; it is the product of the voltage drop
across the regulator and the load current
plus losses in the transformer and rectifier.
Overcurrent protection: this becomes ac-
tive when the load current starts to ex-
Fig. 1. Basic circuit of a regulated power supply. The quality of the supply is deter- ceed its nominal value. It is required not
mined primarily by the regulator section. only to guard the load from excessive
currents under fault conditions, but also
of the order of afew ohms—and this makes identical. to protect the power supply from dam-
the output voltage highly dependent on the Nominal output current: the current that the age.
output current. In other words, the e.m.f. is supply can deliver to the load without be- Short-circuit protection: ideally, the supply
appreciably higher than the nominal (on-load) coming overloaded. should be able to withstand ashort-cir-
output voltage: if the load is small, the out- Internal resistance: ideally, this should be cuit indefinitely; the protection is often
put voltage is high .'That is why the load volt- 0S2, but all values in mS2 are good. It is combined with overcurrent protection.
age is normally specified at acertain output sub-divided into:
current. Static internal resistance: this is discernible Power supply operation
It is, therefore, essential to know how apa- when the input voltage and the load remain The basic circuit diagram of aregulated
rameter, even one as simple as the output volt- constant with time. power supply is shown in Fig. 1. The input
age, is measured. Dynamic internal resistance: this is dis- section consists of the mains transformer, rec-
cernible only when the load changes with tifier and filter capacitor. The remainder,
time. regulator, error amplifier and reference volt-
Parameters Load regulation: this gives ameasure of age source, is required for regulating the
In contrast to asimple mains adapter, areg- the fluctuations in the load voltage as the load voltage. The entire regulating circuit can
ulated power supply is designed to nullify load current changes; it should ideally be be housed on an integrated chip, such as
the effect of different loads on the output volt- infinitely large. The smaller the internal those in the 78xx series.
age. In general, the more complex the de- resistance, the better the load regulation. The quality of the power supply depends
sign, the more the supply will approach the Line regulation: this should ideally be in- primarily on the excellence of the regulat-
ideal. A perfect power supply has, irrespec- finitely large. It is ameasure of the effect ing section. Nevertheless, although the in-
tive of its application, some basic proper- changes in the input voltage have on the ternal resistance of the supply, and thus its
ties: it shall in all circumstances provide a nominal output voltage. load regulation, is highly dependent on the
constant output voltage, on which there is Ripple: this should ideally be fully sup- gain of the error amplifier, the internal re-
no ripple, noise or other spurious signals. pressed. When rectification is full-wave sistance of the transformer, rectifier and
The following list shows which proper- its frequency is twice the mains frequency. reservoir capacitor also play arole.
ties determine the quality of the supply. The larger the regulating factor, the smaller If the total (static) internal resistance of the
the ripple at the output. input section is, say, 2a, and the amplifi-
Load voltage: the voltage that the supply will Noise: ideally, there should not be any. It orig- cation of the error amplifier is a= 1000, the
provide to aload over the nominal range inates primarily in the reference voltage total (static) internal resistance of the supply
of output currents. source and in components in the regula- is 2ma This ignores, of course, the resis-
Electro-motive force: the output voltage tor section. tance of the wiring, the PCB tracks, and so
under no-load conditions; ideally, the Overshoot and undershoot: the regulating on. The amplification available for regulation
e.m.f. and the load voltage should be process causes small (mV range), short- consists of the open-loop gain and the closed-
loop gain. The latter corresponds to the line
regulation (= change in input voltage/result-
ing variation in output voltage).
Setting the amplification very high to re-
duce the internal resistance to an absolute min-
imum is not apractical proposition, because,
since the error amplifier and power transis-
tor require afinite time to react to changes,
the build-up or decay transients increase in
proportion to the amplification.
When top quality is required, close atten-
tion should be paid to the design of the mains
transformer, particularly its (static) internal
resistance. Above all, it should be designed
so as to meet its requirements handsomely.
C-type and toroidal cores, because of smaller
stray losses, generally result in smaller in-
ternal resistances than the conventional lam-
Fig. 2. Wiring diagram of a regulated power supply showing how the unit should be inated cores.
wired up. Note the location of the fuse(s). The capacitance of the reservoir capaci-
WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
36 TEST & MEASUREMENT

tor affects not only the dynamic internal re-

15-Oct-91 LeCroy
sistance, but also the ripple on the load volt- 14:34:32
age.
The thermal stability and noise are deter-
mined primarily by the reference voltage Main Menu
source. Three-terminal voltage regulators nor-
mally have this source on board, which there-
fore gets as hot as the power transistor—not
an ideal situation.
Noise and other spurious signals can nor-
mally be reduced appreciably by shunting the
voltage source with asmall, foil-type de-
coupling capacitor.
Apart from the quality of the reference
source itself, the power supplied to it is also
important and should, therefore, be regulated.
It is, of course, essential that apower
supply is wired correctly. If the general dia-
gram in Fig. 2is followed, and heavy-duty
wire is used, the internal resistance and rip-
CHI 1 2mV DC CHI 20 mV
ple will be aminimum. CH2 .2 V
Fuses should, in general, be located in
910118-18 T/div 20 ms
the +ve input (UK: 'live') line to the mains
transformer. Added security is obtained by
afuse between the power transistor and the Fig. 3. Representation of noise output of apower supply as seen on an oscilloscope.
feedback take-off for the error amplifier (as Noise can be defined as random-frequency signals that extend over aconsiderable
shown in dashed lines in Fig. 2). The volt- frequency spectrum.
age drop across the fuse is compensated by
the regulating process. The fuse must be lo-
cated on the PCB. across the load, which is, say, 11.98 V. The To measure the dynamic internal resis-
difference between the e.m.f. and the load tance, and determine noise and ripple, an
Measurement methods voltage is thus 10 mV. Since the load cur- oscilloscope is indispensable. The scope, con-
rent is 1.836 A, the internal resistance is nected across the output terminals, is set to
The most important parameter of apower 10x10-3/1.836 .-- 5.5 mi2, areasonably good its lowest a.c. range, normally 5 mV per
supply is its static internal resistance. Fortu- value. screen division, and the time base to 10 ms
nately, this can be measured fairly easily If the internal resistance of the multime- per division. Both noise, that is, random-
with amultimeter and asuitable load. ter is not taken into account during the cur- frequency signals extending over aconsid-
Because of the greater accuracy of its rent measurement (when the meter is in se- erable frequency spectrum, and ripple, the un-
read-out, adigital multimeter is preferred. ries with the load) asmall error results. If, in avoidable by-product of rectification, here
Moreover, the measurement accuracy of a the example discussed, the voltage drop across with aperiod of 10 ms, are displayed—see
digital multimeter, even of economy types, the meter was 186 mV (Ri = 100 mû), the Fig. 3and Fig. 4 respectively. The ripple
is generally better (error <1% on d.c. ranges) calculated value of the internal resistance was will increase slightly when aload is connected
than that of an analogue meter in the same 1.5% too large. This error can be ignored, to the supply. As long as the peak-to-peak am-
price range. because the tolerance of the load causes a plitudes do not exceed afew mV, all is well.
During current measurements, the voltage larger error (do not forget the increase in re- If, however, on load, the ripple has aperiod
drop across the meter is important: it should sistance caused by heating). of 10 ms and apeak-to-peak amplitude of sev-
be small and even with large output currents
not exceed 200 mV. Note that many 3 1 /2

digit multimeters have no 200 mV range.

For a12 V, 2A power supply, a6, 24 W
load is needed. This can, for instance, be made
from five 33 a, 5W resistors in parallel.
The total resistance is then 6.6 SI, but that is
more an advantage than disadvantage, be-
cause the load current will then be 1.8 A, a
value that can be read very accurately on most
digital multimeters. Note that the dissipated
heat can easily burn the surface of atable or
your fingers.
A better load is provided by aso-called
resistor box containing, for instance, 20 or
more 0.47 0, 5W resistors that can be in-
terconnected in various ways. Such abox
(there are several varieties) can provide avari-
able load of 0.47-10 S 2rated at 3A. It is in-
.

valuable if anumber of power supplies are

to be tested.
First, measure the open-circuit output
(electro-motive force—e. m. f.), which is,
say, 12.08 V. Next, connect the 6≤ load and
measure the current through it, which is, Fig. 4. Representation of atypical 100 mV ripple on the output of apower supply as
say, 1.836 A. Then, measure the voltage seen on an oscilloscope.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992 WorldRadioHistory

 MEASUREMENTS ON POWER SUPPLIES IN

the voltage peaks in the upper trace gives an

idea of how fast the regulator works.
3-Jul-91
LeCroy
15:19:53 The amplitude of the spikes can be reduced
to some extent by a100 nF capacitor across
-
_ the output terminals or, preferably, directly
- across the load.
Panel
STATUS Apart from the overshoot and undershoot
Memory in Fig. 6, the trace also shows another, much
smaller, variation with time when the load is
Save a. L.1IIt constant. That tiny rectangular signal, su-
PANEL _ perimposed on the load voltage, is caused
-
Recall
HftHHfIH Ill (1111111 il illi 444 by the dynamic internal resistance of the
Auxiliary
-
- current source. Its magnitude is determined
-
Setups _ by reading the value of the rectangular sig-
_
- nal on the oscilloscope screen (this is, say,
-
15 mV p-p) and divide this by the current
.-..
Chan 1 through the load (measured with the multi-
X-Y mode ----7-'"'--- .5 ms 50 mV meter in series with the load). To ensure that
-
_
Persistence -
_ Chan 2 the current flows uninterruptedly during the
S— in ‘i
mode measurement, the input of the circuit in Fig. 6
CH1 30mV DC
(R 1)is connected to, say, 5V d.c. If the load
Return
current is, say, 1.77 A, the dynamic internal
910148-14 resistance is 15x10-3/1.77 = 8.5 m12.

What quality is required?

Fig. 5. Representation of the dynamic behaviour of the output voltage of a power
supply (upper trace) loaded with the set-up of Fig. 6. The lower trace shows the drive Now it has been shown what parameters of
(base signal) to T1. apower supply can be measured, and how,
the question remains "what quality should a
power supply have for agiven application?"
eral hundred mV, the input voltage to the its dynamic internal resistance must be de- For a.f. output amplifiers, aregulated
regulating section is too small. That means termined and the load voltage observed on power is normally not needed, but in the a.f.
that either the current rating or the secondary an oscilloscope. For this purpose, the rapidly pre-amplifier(s) the suppression of noise
voltage rating of the mains transformer is changing load can be simulated by the set- and ripple are of paramount importance.
too low. The current rating should be some up shown in Fig. 6. The function generator For small digital circuits, the quality pro-
1.5x the peak d.c. output current of the supply. should be able to provide rectangular sig- vided by athree-wire regulator is normally
The secondary voltage depends to some ex- nals from alow-impedance (<50 f2) output more than adequate. Care should be taken
tent on the design of the regulator and on at alevel of not less than 5V p-p. This en- with 5V power supplies for complex digital
the capacitance of the reservoir capacitor. For sures full drive for T1 which then draws a circuits that contain TLL ICs (computers,
instance, arating of 12 V— for a12 V power current of about 2A. If alarger current is re- for instance). Here, the 5 V load voltage
supply is clearly too low and should have been quired, T1must be replaced by an appropri- should be set accurately to 5.15 V, since at
15 V. It is, however, also possible, provided ate darlington power transistor. lower values, because of the potential drop
the ripple on load is small, to increase the If afunction generator is not available, a across the PCB tracks, the supply to some
value of the reservoir capacitor from, say, rectangular-signal generator can be built TTL ICs may become too low for reliable
4700 µF to 10000 pF. with the aid of the well-known Type 555, operation.
To ascertain the behaviour of the power which is ideal for this purpose. Power supplies for use in alaboratory or
supply with rapidly changing load values, The transistor should be fitted on asmall workshop are, as might be expected, the
heat sink, since, in spite of the switching op- most demanding as regards noise, ripple,
eration, it dissipates 2-4 W when the cur- static/dynamic internal resistance and dy-
rent is 2A. If the power supply is rated above namic behaviour. Moreover, they should
45 V, it is advisable to use asturdier type of have avariable voltage/current output. All
transistor, for instance, the Type 2N3055. these facilities cost money, of course, and this
The circuit in Fig. 6is especially suitable cost should be considered in relation to the
for drive frequencies of up to about 2kHz; applications for which the supply is, or may
note that 1kHz is the typical frequency at be, needed.
which the dynamic behaviour of apower
supply is usually determined. Useful literature:
With the function generator, set to 1kHz,
connected to the power supply via the cir- Power Electronics Handbook by FIE Mazda,
cuit in Fig. 6and an oscilloscope (time base Butterworths (1990), ISBN 0408 03004 6.
set to 0.5 ms per division; amplification set
to 10 mV per division) connected across the Electronic Instruments and Measurement
load, the screen display should be roughly Techniques, by F.F. Mawb, Cambridge University
as shown in Fig. 5. The upper trace shows that Press (1987), ISBN 0521 26873 7.
the regulator cannot follow the rapid changes.
When the load is switched on, the load volt- Design & Build Electronic Power Supplies,
age initially drops sharply; only when the by Irving M. Gottlieb, Tab Books (McGraw-
Fig. 6. Rapidly changing loads may be sim- power transistor has resumed full drive does Hill) (1991), ISBN 08306 6540 4.
ulated by apower transistor and a rect- the load voltage return to its nominal value.
angular-wave generator. Such aload en- The process on switch-off is similar: the reg- High-frequency Switching Power Supplies,
ables the dynamic behaviour of apower ulator allows the power transistor to remain by George C. Chryssis, McGraw-Hill (1989),
supply to be determined. on for just alittle too long. The duration of ISBN 007 010951 6

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 38

CORRECTIONS & TIPS

Low-frequency counter necessary. Automatic cycle lights

(January 1992, P. 44) (July/August 1991, p. 49)
The parts list on p. 44 erroneously states Sir—In the construction of 'Automatic
that capacitors C11 and C12 are tantalum Measurement amplifier cycle lights', Ihave encountered three
types. Since the polarity of the voltage across (February 1992) problems.
these capacitors may be inverted, the capac- Owing to amisunderstanding, the track 1. Triggering of IC ibat input —T (pin 11)
itors should be bipolar aluminium types. side of the printed circuit board (p.23) was and R (pin 13). A trailing edge at —T trig-
Under 'Construction' on p.45, it is stated not included with the article in our February gers the IC if R is high. It is, however, pos-
in the penultimate paragraphh that 'the con- 1992 issue. Our apologies for this oversight. sible that R is still low or is just changing
nection between the input socket and C10must The missing drawing is shown below. state. A (not very elegant) solution to this
be single screened cable'. In fact, the con- is to connect the line from Q (pin 7) to R to
nection is so short that screened cable is not junction R2—D 1 (+ battery) via a I
resistor.
2. A short pulse caused by the switching
on of the battery triggered input +T of IC lb
(pin 4), which switched the battery off
again. This was cured by connecting a
470 nF capacitor between +T and earth.
3. Triggering at +T of IC I() was so sensi-
tive that even atiny movement of the bicy-
cle causes the battery to be switched off. In
other words, if you don't hold the bicycle
absolutely still, its lights will flash on and
off. The sensitivity can be made variable
by replacing resistor R4 by a 100 ki1 preset

Helge Bergmann, Hannover

Mini square-wave generator

(February 1992, p. 60)
Sir—On page 61 of 'Mini square-wave
generator', you refer to the 7805 regulator
as a"low-drop regulator, which ensures
low power dissipation". Iwould disagree
with that description: in my books that reg-
ulator is definitely not alow-drop type.

P. Thompson, Bristol

You are right: we apologize for that error.

Editor

Build acompact-disc player

(January 1992, p. 36)
Sir—I think that your contributor,
T. Giffard, in his article 'Build a
compact-disc player'must be alot more
wealthy than Iam if he considers £249 "an
affordable price" (available from only one
advertiser in your January issue!).
Especially as Philips' own personal com-
pact disc player complete and ready made
costs only £149 (from Argos).

J. Easton, Watchet, Somerset

The price mentioned in the advertisement

is HFL (Dutch guilders) 249 (equivalent to
about $145.00. Editor

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 39

CENTRONICS LINE BOOSTER

vidually screened in the cable between the
printer port and the printer. Not all 'Cen-
tronics' cables on the market meet this re-
quirement, however, whence the problems
that may occur when an inexpensive cable as
short as, say, 3m is used. The parasitic capa-
citances introduced by such acable make a
mess of the relatively short control signals,
and the printer either produces error signals,
or garbles the characters. This problem can
be solved by acircuit that meets the follow-
ing requirements:

data must be held stable for acertain

time;
the length of the STROBE signal sup-
plied by the PC must be adapted de-
pending on the length of the printer
cable;
the BUSY signal must be available suffi-
ciently long for the PC to process;
the ACKNLG signal must be generated
at awell-defined length after the BUSY
line is deactuated;
none of the other control lines should
be affected.
Put your printer a little further away fron the PC, connect
it with a ready-made 5-metre long Centronics cable, and Circuit description
you may be in for asurprise. Missing cl-aracters and The circuit shown in Fig. 1 is designed to
meet all of the above requirements. The com-
error beeps all around you. The problem is obvious: not
puter is connected to Ki, the printer to K2.
enough drive power on the Centronics port! The functional description that follows is
based on the assumption that the PC is run-
ning, and the printer is switched on and 'on
Design by A. Rietjens status lines: Paper End, Auto Feed, Printer line'.
Error, Printer Select and Printer mit. The negative edge of the first strobe pulse
When the PC starts aprinter output job, supplied by the computer triggers mono-

T
ODAY no PC is sold without one or the BUSY input on its parallel printer port is stable ICia. The resultant pulse at the Q out-
more parallel printer ports. Interest- usually low, which indicates that the printer put of the monostable causes IC5 to latch the
ingly, these ports are often referred to as is waiting for data. Next, the PC puts the byte available on the datalines, DO-D7. The
'Centronics compatible' when in fact they data on the eight datalines, DO-D7, and in- output of the latch is connected to the printer
are simply TTL buffers, whose specifications forms the printer that valid data is available via the printer cable. The Q.output of mono-
certainly do not meet the Centronics stand- by pulling the STROBE line low briefly. To stable ICia, pin 4, supplies the STRBOUT
ards as regards signal timing and drive ca- indicate that it has received the databyte, the pulse, which is a lengthened copy of the
pacity. Consequently, these 'stripped down' printer responds to the PC by making the STRB (strobe) pulse supplied by the com-
versions of the Centronics port can be used BUSY line high on the negative edge of the puter. The STRBOUT pulse is fed to the
with relatively short printer cables only, and STROBE pulse. Once the printer has pro- printer (via pin 3of connector K2) as well as
often result in erratic behaviour of an other- cessed the byte—which means that it has to the trigger input of asecond monostable,
wise perfectly operating printer. The circuit been either printed or stored in abuffer—it ICib, where is it again lengthened before it is
described here overcomes this problem by pulls BUSY low again, and in addition sup- combined with the BUSY signal from the
boosting the signals on the parallel printer plies ashort pulse on the ACKNLG line to printer in OR gate IC4c. The lengthened
port, allowing long cables to be used be- the PC. BUSY signal is fed to the respective port line
tween the PC and the printer. As shown in Fig. 2, the time difference be- on the PC. The upshot is that if the printer is
tween the active ACKNLG and the BUSY still busy when the monotime of ICib has
signals is specific to the type of printer, and lapsed, it can continue to keep the computer
On handshaking waiting. When the monotime of ICib has
may differ by afew microseconds. With Cen-
It should be simple, really: only three lines tronics compatible printers, the ACKNLG lapsed, and the printer is ready again (i.e.,
arrange the handshaking necessary for uni- pulse starts on the negative edge of the BUSY the BUSYIN line has returned to low), the
directional data transfer via eight parallel pulse, while with Epson compatible printers output of ICk goes low also, and triggers the
datalines. The Centronics standard further it is ended by that time. third monostable in the circuit, IC2a. By
specifies the use of acouple of printer status generating ashort ACKNLG pulse for the
lines, but these should not cause problems computer, IC.2a closes off the handshaking
Requirements
either. To reduce the cost of their products, protocol for one databyte, and the system is
most PC and printer manufacturers imple- 7he Centronics standard specifies that each then ready to process the next one when this
ment only one or two of the available printer dataline and handshaking line must be indi- is applied by the PC.

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
40 COMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS

86
4k7

1
L o 0 8_
8
o STRB STRBOUT 3 0
14
2 9 BDO L o
150 02
3 DO
Di
DO 00
3 8 BD 1 7

u° 0 : D2 4 D1 74HCT574 01
17 BDLLo,
vo D2
D3 5 6 8.
21.flo
_nt o 0 D3 03
1

15
01-1;14— D4 04 BD4 j2 0
• ° 7 D5 7 14 BD5 IS, olL____.
D5 05
06 8 13 BDj c, olL____.
D6 06
•
n o c>9 D7 2 B072019
D7 CI-K (7eE 07
o lo ACK
m
210
II BUSY BUSYIN /10
2
0 2 PEND PEND 28 n
25 z 0
SELCT cc
o :
1
81« cc
MOM AUTO
K1
21,
3
5V® e 330 .
2_, MIM
350 0 36
83
sa
—o 0
5V IC1a IC1b 39 40
—0 0—
74HCT123 74HCT123
9
P1a re- P10 K2
10k 10 10k

11
CLR CLR
)
71
15 7
RCEXT RCEXT
CI C2

4
2n2
14 6
CEXT CEXT
i n
74HCT32

P1
IC2b IC2a 5V IC4c
74HCT123

RCEXT
74HCT123
0 74HCT32
0 p2 IC3
7805
CEXT o 84
5V

e®
o
2

A CLR 3

15 C4
RCEXT
C3 IC5 IC4 IC2 ICI

TOOP
Toon? 700n? 700n? 700n
2 re
o ei

CLR CEXT

910133 •11

Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the Centronics line booster.

All other control lines between the PC Construction pacitors, resistors and wire jumpers). Note
and the printer, such as AUTO and ERROR, that the power supply parts, IC3 and C4, are
are generally uncritical, and connected To keep the line booster as small as possible, required only if the unit is powered by an ex-
straight between the input connector, Kl (a the printed circuit board (Fig. 3) is pretty ternal supply, i.e., not by the printer. Most
25-way sub-D type), and the output connec- 'crowded'. Start the construction by fitting printers supply +5 V at input connector
tor, K2 (a 40-way pin header or box header). the ten wire links on the board. Next, fit the pin 18 or 35. When this voltage is available,
IC sockets and the passive components (ca- fit jumper JP1 or JP2 instead of JP3 on the

Fig. 2. Printers may differ in respect of the timing of the BUSY/ACKNOWLEDGE handshaking signals.

WorldRadioHistory
EI,EKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 CENTRONICS LINE BOOSTER
41

COMPONENTS LIST

Resistors:
5 11<12 R1-R5
1 8-way 4kf27 SIL array R6
1 101«.
2lin. stereo
potentiometer P1

Capacitors:
1 1nF Cl
1 2nF2 C2
1 100pF C3
1 100µF 16V radial C4
4 100iF C5-C8

Semiconductors:
2 74HCT123 Cl ;1C2
1 7805 IC3
1 74HCT32 IC4
1 74I-CT574 'CS

Miscellaneous:
1 25-way sub-D plug for
PCB mounting K1
1 40-way box header K2
1 Printed circuit board 910133

booster is connected to the printer via aCen-

tronics extension cable. The booster should,
of course, be located as close as possible to
the PC.
The ACK/BUSY timing of the booster is
simple to adjust. Initially, turn Pi fully clock-
wise (maximum resistance). Next, send a
fairly long file to your printer, and while the
printing is going on turn Pi anti-clockwise
until you see the first errors appear. Turn Pi
clockwise again until the errors disappear.
This is the best setting of the delay, which
Fig. 3. Single-sided printed circuit board for the project. should not be made larger than strictly
necessary to prevent too low adata transfer
board. The last parts to be fitted before in- is fitted with an IDC socket (to mate with the speed.
serting the ICs are the dual-gang (stereo) pin header on the board), and the other with
potentiometer, Pi, and the connectors, Ki an IDC-type 36-way Centronics ('blue rib-
and K2. bon') connector. The PC is connected to the
The printer is connected via a short booster via an RS232 cable without swapped
length of 40-way flatcable, one end of which TxD/ RxD wires (pins 2 and 3), while the

BMW
Inmarsat to develop global paging standard. It is designed to provide a The system will provide for conven-
via satellite higher degree of penetration into urban tional tone paging, as well as alpha-
Business executives and professionals areas than would normally be achieved numeric messages and various forms of
on the move will have access to aglobal by purely line-of-sight mobile satellite data. to be displayed on a small LCD
satellite paging service using pocket- services. screen. A variety of receiver models are
size receivers, as early as 1994. Inmarsat, a 64-nation cooperative, expected to be available—from pocket-
Designed to operate via the Inmarsat operates asystem of geostationary satel- sized stand-alone units, to those inte-
satellite system, the pagers will enable lites to provide global mobile telephone, grated into briefcase-sized Inmarsat-C or
mobile users on land to receive messages telex, facsimile and data services to ma- -M satcom terminals, and receivers de-
no matter where they are in the world. ritime, aeronautical and land mobile signed for installation on commercial ve-
This will enable travelling executives, users all over the world. hicles. With satellite pagers integrated
journalists and couriers to be contacted The decision on paging follows a into their Inmarsat briefcase satcoms ter-
by their offices. series of technical and commercial minals, subscribers can be paged and ad-
Although wide terrestrial paging ser- studies and experiments over the last vised to call their offices, even if their
vices are available in many countries, couple of years. This new service is de- terminals are turned off.
including some that involve use of satel- signed to complement existing and International Maritime Satellite Or-
lites for inter-system connections, the In- planned terrestrial paging systems by ganization (Inmarsat), 40 Melton
marsat satellite paging service will be providing a very wide area of coverage Street, London NW1 2EQ. Telephone:
the first global, direct paging service via at affordable prices through the Inmarsat (071) 728 1000. Fax: (071) 728 1044.
satellite, operating to asingle worldwide global satellite network.

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 42

FM TUNER
PART 1: RF FRONT END, IF AMPLIFIER
AND DEMODULATOR

An FM tuner is described
whose specifications
challenge those of the best
receivers available on the
market. A ready-made
tuner module is used to
prevent problems with
building and adjusting RF
circuitry, and the receiver
is synthesizer controlled
by a80C32-based
microprocessor circuit.

Design by H. Reelsen must not be allowed to enter the sensitive RF quency. The FD12 tuner module has asepar-
and AF circuits, where they cause inter- ate, buffered output for the VCO (voltage-
ference. controlled oscillator) signal, so that it does

S YNTHESIZER control of FM receivers is

quire common these days, and even low-
Figure 1shows an overview of the build-
ing blocks that go into the making of the FM
not need to be modified for the connection of
the synthesizer.
priced tuners offer alot of technology in this tuner. The RF front end is formed by ahigh- The IF (intermediate frequency) amplifier
respect. Whilst the performance and ease of quality, ready-made and pre-aligned tuner is marked by excellent high-signal beha-
control of such radios is quite reasonable, Type FD12. The tuning voltage is furnished viour and selectivity. Four high-quality
their design is almost invariably based on by asynthesizer with keypad control. The quartz filters are used in combination with
many compromises struck up to keep the microcontroller used in the synthesizer two amplifier stages.
price tag attractive. This not only applies to allows up to 99 preset frequencies to be The limiter and demodulator functions
the design, but also to the materials used: stored—more than the maximum number of are combined in asingle IC, the TDA1576
plastic enclosures, asingle, low-quality, PCB stations that would 'fit' in the VHF FM from Philips Components. Interestingly, this
to hold all the components, simple front ends broadcast band (87 MHz to 108 MHz). A IC is also found in many high-end FM re-
that suffer from cross-modulation, and IF large, bright, LED readout indicates the ceivers, of which some have been designated
(intermediate frequency) amplifiers based preset number as well as the station fre- 'reference receiver' for comparative tests. A
on ceramic filters.
Building your own FM tuner allows high
quality components to be used throughout
the design, while the total outlay remains
within reason. Since synthesizer ICs used in PS-Slenal

professional communication receivers are

now available on the component market,
4 e e-
there should be no reason to design asyn-
t l 5

TDA 1576
2quartz elMre 2 quartz niter. moduattor TDA 1578

thesizer with, say, mediocre performance. FD12

LIMITER L C
circuit STEREO
STEREO

DECODER RS 15V

The synthesizer used in the present FM tuner Fronl end ,•••• as,
Dernoduleto Mu 0 •
ton ng)

is controlled by a microcontroller from

Inters MCS51 family, with the program
stored in an EPROM. This allows the tuner AFC

software to be modified, if necessary.

ampliner

DODO keytwerd ONO

DODD
U tune

Overview DODO
mimosa...am

L+
UCO output 10.

synthesiser

In contrast to much mass-produced equip- 0000 ODE SELECT A

ODE SELECT 0 1063850

ment, home-made electronics can be de- image rodering

signed to consist of separate modules (i.e.,

p.a., stereo
• 32V normal operation

PCBs), each with its own function. Although PS11

touch key.
mode » NV

this introduces wiring as apotential prob- • 5v 92000S

lem, modular construction is amust where

digital and analogue technology meet. In the
case of the tuner, it will be obvious that the
digital signals produced in the synthesizer Fig. 1. Overview of the functional blocks that make up the FM tuner.

ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992 WorldRadioHistory

 FM TUNER -PART 1
43

special feature of the present FM tuner is the

automatic tuning of the resonant circuit used
in the demodulator. This ensures very low
distortion.
The stereo decoder is based on another control control
Philips IC, the TDA1578. A phase correction Internal' 0
13
filter is used to achieve the highest possible 16
channel separation coupled with low distor- external 0
tion.
U61
A TDA3810 is used in the AF output
stage. As an option, this IC is capable of mixer

widening the stereo image and turning IF

output
10
mono into pseudo-stereo. Normally, how-
ever, the IC will be used as astraight, high-
t
ion: m :ma:ma
quality, AF amplifier only that supplies a preamp
17 UB1
low-impedance output signal.
• 4- -I
UCO

No adjustments?
VCO
VCO buffer output

Deciding to use high-quality components to

build an FM tuner is one thing, building and
adjusting RF circuitry quite another if you 1:1:1UB2
lack both experience and suitable test equip-
ment. The FM tuner described here is de-
signed such that adjustment is reduced to a o U

emitter follower
minimum, and possible with simple equip-
ment. First and foremost, aready-made front
end is used to eliminate all problems many
of you would face when frequencies up to 920005-1-11

150 MHz or so are involved.

The IF amplifier is a potentially bigger Fig. 2. Block diagram of the heart of the receiver, the FD12 FM tuner module.

Fig. 3. Internal diagram of the FD12 tuner module.

WorldRadioHistory ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992

13

NOISIA3131 (INV ORIVH

WorldRadioHistory
Fig. 4. Circuit diagram of the FM tuner — from the antenna input to the stereo line outputs.
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 FM TUNER -PART 1
45

problem, as it is hard to design anything that selectivity and pass-band characteristics head-end stations. Later, the production of
does not need to be adjusted in some way. could be achieved by using two pairs of the FD12 was taken over by asmaller com-
Even ceramic filters still require additional quartz filters with an amplifier in between. pany, Restek. The block diagram in Fig. 2
tuned circuits to optimize the image rejec- This means that the IF amplifier has no tuned shows that the FD12 has a controlled RF
tion and the pass-band characteristic. These circuits at all, and, thus, no adjustment prestage based on adual-gate MOSFET and
adjustments normally call for a swept-fre- points. four tuned circuits with dual varicaps (vari-
quency generator. Furthermore, ceramic fil- Since the distortion of the demodulator able capacitance diodes) Type BB204. The
ters are really unsuitable for use in depends mainly on the linearity of the quad- antenna input is 75-S2 unbalanced as custom-
high-quality receivers. rature tuned circuit, adjustment is inevitable ary on FM tuners. The extensive preampli-
Although four-pole and six-pole L-C fil- at this point (the use of aceramic resonator fier and the double balanced mixer give the
ters with low ripple and constant group in ahigh-end design like this is out of the tuner very good specifications in regard of
delay times are acertain way to achieve good question). Here, a two-section L-C filter is its noise figure and large signal behaviour.
sound reproduction, their adjustment re- used to ensure the lowest possible distortion The noise figure is about 4 dB at avoltage
quires special RF laboratory equipment and level. Adjustment of this filter is made easy gain of 40 dB, while the tuner can handle RF
alot of knowhow. Although many designers by an on-board 10.7-MHz quartz crystal os- input levels up to 1Vrms (in fact, the oscilla-
are enthusiastic about the 6-pole filters pro- cillator which is used as an RF signal gener- tor was found to be hardly detuned at an
duced by Toko, it should ne noted that these ator. Also, there is the previously mentioned input voltage of 2Vrms).
devices are difficult to obtain in small quan- automatic tuning facility that takes care of The tuning voltage for the five tuned cir-
tities, and still require fine tuning. The only the demodulator fine tuning. This circuit cuits is buffered by an internal emitter fol-
remaining alternative is, therefore, the also ensures good long-term stability, and lower. To make sure that the full tuning
quartz filter, which is generally applied in prevents drift caused by temperature range can be covered (3.8 V to 27 V at pin 15
professional receivers. Quartz filters do not changes. The control automatically corrects of the module), the supply voltage for the
come cheap, but ensure very high selectivity deviations and tolerances, so that the distor- emitter follower must be about 30 V (pin 14).
and low pass-band ripple, without the need tion level remains low even after long The normal supply voltage of the FD12 is
of adjustment (provided they are terminated periods of use. 20 V (pins 6and 17) at acurrent consump-
correctly). As far as selectivity is concerned, tion of about 26 rnA.
the present tuner could make do with two The IF signal is filtered at abandwidth of
FD12 front end
quartz filters, provided an L-C filter is used 300 kHz by atuned circuit at the output of
for the image rejection. This, however, intro- This FM tuner module was originally de- the FD12. The IF signal is available at pin 9of
duces and adjustment point, which was signed by Valvo (Philips Components Ger- the module. The optimum termination im-
found undesirable. many) some ten years ago, and marketed for pedance of the IF output is 330 Si
Fortunately, the required image rejection, high-quality receiver concepts such as cable

Fig. 5a. Track side copper layout of the PCB for the FM tuner.

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 46 R.1)1() ND TELEVISION

Circuit description introduced by QF1 and QF2. The two stages synthesizer controlled, the AFC circuit con-
are nearly identical, and their input and out- tained in the TDA1576 can be used for adif-
The circuit diagram of the RF board is given put impedance is defined accurately by the ferent purpose. When Fli is tuned exactly to
in Fig. 4. The circuit shown comprises every- rather strong feedback created by emitter re- 10.7 MHz (centre frequency), and when
thing from the antenna input to the stereo sistors R13 and R17. After passing through there is no modulation, the difference volt-
outputs, and includes a simple regulated the second pair of quartz filters, QF3 and age between pin 8and pin 9of ICI is 0V. The
power supply with two output voltages. QF4, the IF signal reaches the level and the sign of the difference voltage is
proportional to the deviation from the centre
IF amplifier Demodulator frequency. Normally, this is used to imple-
The IF output signal at pin 9 of the FD12 The FM demodulator is based on the ment automatic frequency control (AFC) via
tuner module is fed to the first IF amplifier, TDA1576 limiter /quadrature detector from the tuning voltage circuit. Here, however, a
a bipolar transistor Type BFT66. The Philips Components. This IC also provides a synthesizer affords the required frequency
BFT66 is alow-noise type normally applied field strength meter driver, which is essen- stability, so that an AFC is not required. This
in low-noise antenna amplifiers because of tially alinear to logarithmic converter. This means that avoltage other than 0V between
its excellent linearity and large signal beha- subcircuit is capable of driving amoving coil pins 8and 9indicates that the tuned circuit
viour. The output of the previously men- meter, Mi, directly. of the quadrature demodulator is detwied.
tioned 10.7-MHz test signal oscillator is In the design of an FM tuner it is import- This drift may be caused by ageing, tempera-
coupled lightly (1.8 pF) to the IF output of ant that signal limiting (clipping as aresult ture changes, or simply by an incorrect
the RF module. The test oscillator is enabled of overloading) does not occur at any stage centre frequency setting. In practice, it was
by fitting juniper 'C'. When the oscillator is before the limiter proper. This means that found that demodulator detwiing, however
not in use, the IF output signal is hardly both the front end and the IF amplifier must small, causes an increase in distortion from a
loaded because of the light coupling via C2. have excellent large signal behaviour. The very low level (0.05%) to 1to 2%, which is
The output of the first IF amplifier is limiter contained in the TDA1576 works well unacceptable.
matched to the first quartz filter, Qn, aType at small signal levels already, and, more im- Opamp IC6 converts the AFC difference
TQF2599 from Toyocom. Like the FD12 and portantly, entirely symmetrically. This is im- voltage into atuning voltage for dual van-
the BFT66, this component was originally portant to achieve good AM suppression cap Di (a BB204). This keeps the quadrature
designed for use in cable head-end stations. (most interference picked up by the antenna inductor centred at 10.7 MHz. As with al-
QF1 is coupled to QF2 via amatching resis- or induced in the receiver will be of the AM most any frequency control system, there are
tor, R7. Each filter block contains two quartz type). limits to what can be corrected as far as the
crystals. The phase shifting circuit to complement tuning is concerned. This means that the
Transistors T2 and T3 form an amplifier the quadrature demodulator is formed by quadrature inductors, Fli and F12, have to be
that serves to compensate the insertion loss two L-C filters, Eh and F12. Since the tuner is adjusted to enable the tuning system to

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0 0 0 ºziLsè 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Fig. 5b. Component mounting plan.

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 FM TUNER -PART 1
47

COMPONENTS LIST

Resistors: 1 180k12 R37 1 4p.F7 25 V C70

2 3312 R1;Fi9 2 1MS2 R27; R28 5 10p.F 25 V radial C28;C43;C50;C58:
2 15S1 R48;R53 1 10k12 preset H P2 C59
5 6812 R3;R17;R20;R26; 1 251(0 preset H P1 1 10pF 63 V radial C17
R75 3 100pF 25 V radial C38;C51;C52
3 15on R13;R22;R74 Capacitors: 1 100i.LF 3C V radial C18
1 27012 R41 1 1pF8 C2 1 220pF 25 V C67
2 330S2 R7;R18 10 10pF C4-C7;C11-C14;
2 47on R2;R6 C22;C23 Semiconductors:
2 56012 R69;R70 1 33pF C61 1 BB204B D1
6 11(12 R5;R12;R16;R19; 1 56pF C74 1 1N4004 D2
R30;R32 2 100p= C25;C26 2 BC550 T5.T6
2 11(122 R46;R47 1 120pF C24 2 BF199 TaT3
2 1k125 R8;R76 1 150pF C27 1 BF324 T4
2 lkS28 R51;R52 1 220pF C71 1 BFT66 Ti
1 2k/22 R73 1 270pF C62 7815 IC5
3 21e27 R40;R67;R68 1 470pF C34 L.M317 IC4
1 3k/23 R4 1 560pF C72 TDA1576 IC1
2 3k/29 R21;R31 1 680pF C73 TDA1578A IC2
2 41e27 R11;R15 1 1nF C33 TDA3810 IC3
7 10k12 R25;R33;R62-R65; 2 inFE C46;C47 TL081 IC6
R79 1 2nF2 C63
1 11k121% R56 2 3nF3 C44;C45 Inductore.
1 121(12 R66 5 4nF7 C1C8;C9;C35; 1 1m1-1 L1
3 15kD R24;R49;R50 C64 2 39mH L3;L4
2 16k12 1% R54;R58 1 10nF C57 1 1p1-1 L2
3 18k12 R61;R77;R78 2 15nF C54;œ5
1 20k121% R59 1 22nF C56 Miscellaneous:
2 22k12 R55;R57 2 33nF C31;C53 2 214KCS-10115X (Toko) F11;FI2
2 27k0 R10;R14 4 47nF C3;C15;C16;C60 1 10.7MHz quartz crysta! Q1
1 391(/2 R36 8 100nF C19;C20;C21;C37; 4 10.7MHz quartz crystal
5 47K2 R23;R39;R42;R43; C39;C40;C41;C68 filter TOF2599 (Toyocom) QF1-C)F4
R44 4 220nF C29;C36;C42;C69 1 FM tuner FD12 TUN1
1 68k12 R34 1 330nF C32 1 Heat-sink SK104/40mm
6 1001(12 R29;R38;R45;R60; 4 470nF C10;C30;C48;C49 1 Printed circuit board 920005-1
R71;R72 2 11.1F solid C65;C66
1 i5olça =R35

work. For this, we make use of the on-board Preset P2 serves to set the centre fre- nal and splitting it into two. Mode selection
quartz-controlled 10.7-MHz test oscillator, quency of PLL (phase locked loop) for the re- is effected via inputs 'A' and 'B' on the tuner
which can be enabled (for the adjustment covery of the 38 kHz subcarrier. When more board.
only) by fitting jumper 'C'. than 3V is applied to the MONO input of the The TDA3810 will normally be used as a
The demodulated MPX (multiplex) sig- TDA1578, the decoder switches from stereo straight amplifier with anoise level specifi-
nal is superimposed on the AFC difference to mono. Similarly, it is possible to control cation that is to CD player standards. The
voltage. It consists of the mono signal (sum the mute function of the IC via aswitching other two modes, image widening and
of L+R) and everything else contained in the voltage applied to the MUTE terminal of the pseudo stereo, are more fanciful, and not rec-
FM baseband spectrum: board. The mute function affords noise-free ommended for high-end use. The pseudo
the 19-kHz pilot carrier for the demodu- on and off switching of the audio output sig- stereo mode, however, may be used occa-
lation of the stereo difference signal (Lqt) and nal. It may be controlled manually, by the sionally to give an interesting'touch' to pop
the control of the mono/stereo indicator; synthesizer, or by asignal strength measure- music. Our advice is to try it out and see if
the two sidebands of the stereo difference ment circuit. you lace the effect. If you don't, there is al-
signal, which is modulated on a (sup- The state of the stereo and mute circuits ways the 'straight stereo' mode to return to.
pressed) 38-kHz carrier; on board the TDA1578 is indicated by two
any special service signals in the base- LEDs connected to the respective open-col-
The printed circuit board
band, like RDS at 57 kHz (suppressed car- lector outputs of the IC.
rier). The de-emphasis is implemented in the Although the construction and adjustment
feedback networks of the output amplifier, of the tuner board are discussed in part 3of
An RDS decoder is readily connected to R49-014 and R50-055. Series resonance tuned this article, the track side copper layout and
pin 8of the TDA1576, since this supplies the circuits L3-C47 and L4-C46 are fitted at out- the component mounting plan are already
full baseband spectrum. puts of the stereo decoder to provide addi- given here (see Fig. 5). The board is single-
tional suppression of the 19-kHz pilot signal. sided, and easily completed as no 'difficult'
Stereo decoder RF construction is involved. The tuner is
The stereo decoder, IC, is driven from pin 8 AF output amplifier mounted vertically on solder pins. Note that
of the demodulator via aphase shift com- The audio output driver Type TDA3810 has the antenna cable is connected to two solder
pensation network that consists of R32, Li, three modes of operation: (1) normal AF am- terminals on the board, i.e, not direct to the
C72-C73, Pl and C71. The channel separation plifier; (2) stereo image widening by adding tuner.
may be optimized by adjusting the preset, a50% inverted version of one channel to the
Pi. A channel separation of 40 dB is achieved other; (3) pseudo stereo by applying fre-
with Pt set to the centre of its travel. quency-dependent phase shift to amono sig-
WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 48

ADC/DAC AND I/O FOR I

2C BUS

This article discusses acompact interface that allows PC users to

communicate with I
2C compatible ICs and circuits. The interface

comprises an I/O port and a combined 8-bit analogue-to-digital and

digital-to-analogue converter. Also, system software is described
that brings Iiife lo the I
2C PC insertion card described last month.

Design by J. Ruffell

A S promised last month, this article 0* Driver initialisation

..tackles the software necessary to con- 1 Media check
MAIN SPECIFICATIONS
trol the I2C interface for PCs (Ref. 1). This de- 2 Build BIOS parameter block
vice driver is basically an extension of the 3 I/O control read
disk operating system (DOS) implemented 4* Read • Controlled via I
2C bus

on the PC, and contains all the routines 5 Non-destructive read • 4analogue inputs (256 steps)
necessary to write and read I C codes to and
2 6 Input status
• 1analogue output (256 steps)
from ICs connected to any I 2C bus system. 7 Erase input buffers
The device driver has been written to com- 8* Write • 8I/O lines (bidirectional)
ply with the protocols drawn up by Philips 9* Write and verify • Up to 8boards on one I
2C bus
for the I2C bus. 10 Output status
Device drivers are used at several levels • Adjustable ADC/DAC reference
11 Erase output buffers
in aPC. Examples of device drivers include voltage
12* I/O control write
'software handles' for the screen, the printer, 13* Open device • Complete with MSDOS
the RAM disk, and the keyboard, to mention 14* Close device compatible device driver
but afew. There are basically two types of 15 Removable media
• Source code available in
device driver: block drivers and character 16* Output until busy
assembler, Pascal and C
drivers. Block drivers are used for media
such as disk drives, while character drivers The routines marked with an asterisk are im-
are used for the screen, the keyboard and, in plemented in the present I C device driver,
2
this case, the I2C bus. Any device driver is an which is written in machine language, and aspects are advised to print the source file for
extension of the DOS, and is invariably available on adiskette (along with the source close analysis. Further information on device
called via the DOS. According to the DOS file) supplied through our Readers Services. drivers for PCs, and machine code pro-
specification, adevice driver can contain up A full description of the operation of the de- gramming, may be found in the many books
to 17 routines (i.e., not all of these need to be vice driver is beyond the scope of this article, and other publications that have been writ-
implemented). They are: and readers interested in the programming ten on these subjects.
WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 ADC/DAC AND 110 FOR I
2C BUS
49

5V 5V
K2 K3 +5V
00

miL
C7-4)
- C2
• I=1
5V R6 R5 R4
:00n mam, MIffl•

16V
o o o
16
K1

13 INT
0 0- PO INT
4 R2
0 0- P1 14
5 IC1 SCL 33012
0 0- P2
7 8 7 15 SDA
0 0-
9 10
P3 SDA 33012 Ø el
• -0 0 P4 R3
11 12 10 PCF
•- 0 0- P5 8574 AO
13 14 11 2
• 0 0-4 P6 Al
15 16 12
0 0- P7 2

MIM
MOM

5V

5V e 5V 0
JP1 Uext
• • • •
-00 O
AB
:100n
o

ZX
16 R16

JC:1-1 R13 15
10012 02 AINO AOUT
11 R12 2 R14
0—I 10012 • AIN1
12 R11 3 162 SCL 33012
øj100 • AIN2
13 R10 4
0 ---110012 • AIN3 SDA 33012
D5 D7 PCF P1
R15 5k
8591 14 2V8...4V1 MT
AO VREF
TL431CLP 11 R17
• Al OSC
CNI
D6 D8 A2
• 1 2 3 4 5 6 EXT AGND
8x 1N47-
4481.- C5

nun°
11
12 13
R1
100n 33p
10V

Will TL431CLP
910131 -II -11

Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the I

2C extension card, which contains an I/O port and an 8-bit ADC/DAC.

Installation mentioned in the datasheets, because aclock assembler as well as in the higher pro-
of 7.16 MHz is used instead of the more gramming languages C and Pascal.
The device driver disk contains the assem- usual 8MHz. Parameter y can take the fol-
bled file I2CDRIV.SYS, which may be placed lowing values:
in the root directory of the PC. Next, the
Hardware
CONFIG.SYS file has to modified by adding 0: fsci, =81 kHz The circuit diagram of the ADC/DAC and
the line 1: fsci =40 kHz I/O card for the I 2C bus is shown in Fig. 1.
2: fsci, =9.8 kHz The main components in the circuit are the
device =I2CDRIV.SYS 3: fsoi, = 1.3 kHz PCF8574 I/O port and the PCF8591
ADC/DAC. These I 2C compatible building
You may type two parameters after The default values for parameters B and C blocks prove that interface circuits with I 2C
'I2CDRIV.SYS': B:xxxx and/or C:y, where are 300H and 9.8 kHz respectively. control can be kept very simple indeed. The
When the PC is switched on or reset, it 8-bit I/O port is simplicity itself. Its eight
xxx is the base address of the I C insertion
2 reads the new CONFIG.SYS file, and from I/O lines may be linked to external digital
card. This address is set to avalue between then on recognizes all routines that support devices via connector Ki. Address lines AO,
300 H and 3FEli with the aid of DIP switches. the I2C interface. That is when the real work Al and A2 are connected to the positive sup-
can begin. ply line via pull-up resistors. Three switches
y is acode that selects the clock frequency, Useful for your own software experi- in DIP switch block Si are used to set the pro-
SCL, used on the IC bus. The available clock
2 ments, the example programs on the diskette grammable part of the I/O address of the IC.
frequencies deviate slightly from the those illustrate the use of the I
2C driver routines in The DIP switch allows up to eight PCF8574s
WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 50 COMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS

to be used simultaneously via the I C bus.

2

As with all I
2C devices, the addresses are

partly fixed in the ICs. The two ICs on the

present card are addressed as follows:
13 INTERRUPT
INT • LP FILTER
PCF8574: 0100 A2 Al AO R/W LOGIC
PCF8574
PCF8591: 1001 A2 Al AO R/W
AO
2
In both cases, the first four bits cannot be Al
• PO
changed by the user. The next three bits can A2
5
• P1
be set on the DIP switches, and the last bit se- •
6
SCL 14
lects between reading and writing of data. INPUT 12c Bus • P2
7
SOA c 15 FILTER CONTROL
Read operations are enabled when R/W is SHIFT
88
I/O • P3
REGISTER PORTS
'1', write operations when R/W is '0'. As re- • 9 ▪ P4
10
gards the device driver routines found on P5
11
the diskette, it is assumed that all DIP swit- • P6
12
ches are closed, which means that the I/O P7

port and the ADC/DAC are located at the

address pairs 40H-41H and 90H-91 H respec- write pulse
tively. If other address pairs are set on the 16 read pulse
switches, the software requires to be POWER-ON
RESET
changed accordingly. Given that the
example files have acopious amount of com-
ment, this should not cause problems.
The quasi-bidirectional I/O port Type 910131 -2 -12

PCF8574, of which the block diagram is

shown in Fig. 2, has only one read/write reg- Fig. 2. Block diagram of the PCF8574 I
2C compatible I/O port.

ister. Depending on the application, this de-

vice allows its output lines to be used as
input lines. The output lines have acurrent
sink and source specification of 25 mA and
0.4 inA respectively. If aport line is to be
used as an input, it is first made logic '1'.
Next, the level of the 'output line' is read
back to see if it is still at '1'. If not, it is appar-
ently pulled low (i.e,, held at '0') by an exter-
nal device. Thus, the low level supplied by
an external device to the port line overrides
the previously programmed '1', and is so
recognized by the software. The open-drain
outputs allow this to be done with impunity.
The circuit around the PCF8591
ADC /DAC is far more complex than that
around the I/O IC. The analogue inputs of
the ADC/DAC are protected against over-
voltages by resistor-diode combinations R11)-
R13 and Di-Ds. Here, too, the three address
inputs are connected to DIP switches that en-
able the variable part of the address to be set
by the user. The external voltage reference is
set up around precision zener diode D9, a
TLC431CLP. Resistors Ri, R16, R17 and Pl are
used to set areference voltage between 2.8 V
and 4.1 V. The user may set the value in this
range required for the desired A-D/D-A
step size. One step corresponds to Uí/ 256.
Capacitors C4 and Cs serve to suppress noise
on the reference voltage. Jumper JP1 allows
the ADC /DAC to be fed with an external ref- Fig. 3. The combined ADC/DAC Type PCF8591 is afairly complex integrated circuit. An
erence voltage, which may be useful in cer- external voltage reference allows the conversion step size of the ADC and the DAC to be set
tain cases when there is adanger of accurate as required.
measurements being spoilt by noise on the 5-
V supply. For most applications, however, figuration of the analogue inputs (either two voltage that appears at output of the DAC.
an external reference will not be required. differential inputs, or four ordinary inputs), The output voltage increment equals
Figure 3shows the block diagram of the and in addition switches the analogue out- Ure f/256. This means that avalue of '00' re-
I2C compatible ADC /DAC. Because it has put on and off. The low nibble selects one of sults in 0V at the output, and '255' in an out-
many more possibilities, the PCF8591 is four A-D inputs, and may be used to enable put voltage of 255xUre f/256.
more complex to control than the PCF8574. the auto-increment flag. The reading back of ADC output values
Apart from data bytes, the converter IC re- The third byte, sent to the IC after the ad- is performed in aslightly different manner.
quires acontrol byte to determine anumber dress byte and the control byte, is stored in An A-D conversion cycle is started on the
of settings as shown in Fig. 4. The highest the DAC register. Next, the previously positive-going edge of the acknowledge
nibble in the control byte determines the con- stored value is converted into an analogue pulse, which is returned to the master device
WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 ADC/DAC AND I/O FOR I
2C BUS

after the converter has been set to 'read'

MSB LSB
mode with the aid of aread command. The
IC performs another A-to-D conversion o X X CONTROL BYTE

cycle while it sends the data resulting from

the previous conversion. At the start of the A!O CHANNEL NUMBER:

conversion, the voltage level at the selected 00 channel 0

01 channel 1
input is sampled and subsequently con- 10 channel 2
verted into an 8-bit binary code. Input volt- 11 channel 3

ages supplied by a differential input are AUTOINCREMENT FLAG:

converted into an 8-bit two's complement (switched on if 1)
code. The result is stored in the data register
of the ADC, from which it can be trans- — ANALOGUE INPUT PROGRAMMING:

mitted. When the auto-increment flag is ac- 00 Four single ended inputs

tuated, the next input is selected. In this AINO channel 0

AIN1 channel 1
manner, all inputs are selected in succession. AIN2 channel 2
AIN3 channel 3

Construction 01 Three differential inputs

AINO
The ADC /DAC and I/O extension is easy to channel 0
build on the printed circuit board of which
AIN1
the copper side layout and the component channel 1

mounting plan are shown in Fig. 6. The 6- AIN2

way miniature DIN-style connectors enable channel 2
AI N3
the extension card to be readily connected to
the I C interface in the PC. In principle, only
2
10 Single ended and differential mixed
one of the two mini-DIN sockets needs to be AINO channel 0
fitted on the board. The second socket is re- AIN1 channel 1
AIN2
quired only if further I 2C boards are to be channel 2
AIN3
connected to form achain. If anumber of I 2C

extensions are fitted into acommon enclo-

sure, there is, of course, no objection against
A t>
11 Two differential inputs

omitting the connectors, and using perma- AINO channel 0

nent wiring instead. The +5-V, ground, SCL, AIN2

SDA and INT lines of the units are then con- channel 1
AIN3
nected from board to board.
The pinning of connector Ki is such that ANALOGUE OUTPUT ENABLE FLAG

(analogue output active if 1)

it can be linked direct to the 'Measurement
amplifier' described last month (Ref. 2). All 910131 -2-14
that is required to implement computer con-
trol on this amplifier is ashort length of flat Fig. 4. Bit functions in the control byte sent to the PCF8591.
cable to link it to the ADC on the present
board. By studying the source code of the
test program 'ADIO', you will notice that the
combination of the ADC and the measure-
ment amplifier is readily turned into an
autoranging measurement system. begin (. TestADDA .1
Ctrl:-GetControlByte(1); (-Load control byte with optiona 11
The reference voltage is set to the re- Address(ADA_Addr); I-Because the R/W bit LSB ADA Addr)
quired value by adjusting preset Pi and equals zero, the PCF8591 enters the
write-mode. Therefore, the next trans-
measuring the voltage across C5 with adigi- mitted byte is interpreted as a
control byte, I
tal multimeter. Since the program 'ADIO' on write(bus,Ctr1); f-Transmit control byte.)
with AD do (-The next bytes sent to the PCF8591
the diskette is based on areference voltage of would be stored in the DAC register.
But at this point, we switch to
4.0 V, it is advisable to set this value initially. read-mode...)

Later, other values may be chosen, provided read(Bus,Dummy,Data[0],Data(1),Data(2),Data(31); (-/2CDRIV.SYS now

generates a repeated start (same
the relevant statements in the program are address, but with R/W 1) and reads
five AD-conversion bytes from the
changed accordingly. PCF8591. This is done by using the
channel auto-increment function of
That completes the construction and ad- the chip. The first read byte (Dummy)
is the convertion result code of the
justment of the I 2C extension card, which is previous cycle! We are not interested
in that sample, so it is thrown away.)
then ready to be tested. Testing is done in a
'hands-on' way with the aid of a well-do- write(bus,Ctrl,AD Data[Chan3]); I-I2CDRIV.SYS generates a repeated
start condition; same address, but
cumented test program, of which a Turbo with R/W O. Thus, the PCF8591 is
in write.:mode again and expects a
Pascal and aCversion is available on the dis- control byte and one or more data-
bytes. All databytes are stored in
kette. Both versions of the test program cycle the DAC-register, but the analogue
output voltage is always calculated
through anumber of routines, including one from the previous DAC-register
that reads the levels at I/O port lines b4 to b7, contents.)

and copies these to outputs b0 to b3. To run for Channel:Chan0 to Chan3 do

Showvoltage(Channel,AD.Data(Channel));
the test, force port lines b4 to b7 logic high ShowVoltage(4,AD.Data(Chan31);
end; 1. TestADDA *)
with the aid of 10-ka pull-up resistors. Con-
nect push-buttons that switch to ground to
the same lines. Connect four LEDs between
the b0 to b3 output lines and +5 V via 33042
series resistors. Run the test program, and Fig. 5. Extract from the I
2C device driver listing. This source code is written in Turbo
check that one of the LEDs lights when the Pascal.
WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
EI COMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS

COMPONENTS LIST

Resistors:
7 10kí Fil ;R4-R9
5 330S2 R2;R3;R14;
R15;R16
4 10012 R10;R13
1 11(02 R17
1 51(..Q multiturn preset Pl

Capacitors:
3 100nF Cl;C3;C4
1 10µF 16V C2
1 33µF 10V C5

Semiconductors:
8 1N4148 D1-D8
1 TL431CLP* DS
1 PCF8574* 'Cl
1 PCF8591* IC2

Miscellaneous:
1 16-way header, angled,
with side latches K1
9 6-way mini-DIN socket for
PCB mounting K2;K3
7 6-way mini-DIN plug
2m (approx.) 6-wire cable
1 6-way DIP switch Si
I Printed circuit board 910131-2
1 Control software on disk
(MSDOS) ESS1671

Suggested supplier: C-I Electronics, P.O.

Bo:,22089, 6363 AS Nuth, Holland. Fax:
45 241877.

corresponding push-button is pressed.

The ADC /DAC is tested similarly. The
program reads the voltage levels at the anal-

Fig. 6. Track side layout and component mounting plan of the PCB designed for the
pc ogue inputs ID, II, 12 and 13, and puts the
extension card. Six-way mini-DIN connectors are used to connect I
2C boards to the
12c level of 13 on output 00.
interface fitted in the PC. If the circuit passes the above tests, it is
ready for use with your own applications. II

Reference:
1. 12C interface for PCs", Elektor Electronics
USA, February 1992.
2. "Measurement amplifier", Elektor Elec-
tronics USA, February 1992.

Fig. 7. This demonstration set-up shows

how different modules can work with asingle
interface. The display driver shown will be
discussed in afuture publication.

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 8751 EMULATOR
This article describes hardware and
software that together form a
powerful development system for the
popular 8751 microcontroller from
Intel.

Design by O. Bailleux

T HE microcontroller emulator described Clearly, this makes the emulator apowerful

here allows you to develop and debug and indispensable tool for all of you who, at
8751 application circuits with aminimum of acertain stage, are 'confronted' with a8751
effort. The emulator is has two main connec- application.
tions: one to the serial port of aPC, and an-
other to the IC socket reserved for the 8751 in
General remarks None the less, the file READ.ME on the dis-
the target system. The combination of the
PC, the software that runs on it, and the emu- This article does not aim at discussing or kette supplied in relation to the present emu-
lator allows you to even introducing all the hardware and soft- lator contains some basic information on the
ware aspects of the 8751 microcontroller, 8751.
- download, modify, and upload 8751 since this field is covered adequately by the
programs; Microcontroller Handbook from Intel. As re-
- erase and program a8751; gards practical programming of the 8751, the
- put breakpoints in programs; '8051/8032 assembler course' published in
- display register and memory contents; this magazine will be very useful to follow MAIN CHARACTERISTICS
run programs in single step mode; (the 8032, 8051 and 8751 are all devices from
- modify the contents of certain registers. Inters MCS52 family of microcontrollers). • Rea-time 8751 emulator

• Clock frequency: 8 MHz

• All I/O ports available

• All internal interrupt sources

available
• Powered by target circuit

• 9,6C0 baud serial link to PC

• Breakpoirt analysis and
single-step mode

• Internal register aid internal

RAM cortents displayed and
available for editing

• Symbolic assembler for 8751

• Full-screen editor with error
location facility

• Binary or Intel-hex output files

• Hard copy of formatted source

program

Limitations:
• Monochp mode only (internal
program memory no external
data memory)
• I/O bits P3.6 and P3.7 reserved
for system

• Register 0 banks only

• System software uses 12 stack

locations

• Masked interrupts during

breakpoint processing
Fig. 1. Basic structure of a microcontroller system. ICs are available that combine all the
functions shown here.

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
54 COMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS

•.5V 5V
5V
5V

CI

î-
P2.0 23 IC3 .L1 100n
P1.0 PO 0
26
100n P1.1 P0.1 25 127
PI 2 P0.2 VPP PG15
40 \LAO 10
42.3 26 \.LAO 10
P1.3 PO 3 AO IC \LAI 9
35 P6.0 \LAI Al
Pee P1.4 PO4 Al
PO 1 PIA PO 5 \LA2 sA2 LR2 A2
-37 P
•C \•••`';
. 20
.-21 LA3 7 co A3 00
PO 2 PIA PO 6 A3 ICS
3 EA/VP PO 3 PI 7 IC2 PO,?
10 A07:: DO 00
2 LAO
LA4 IC 4 01
W.LM 6
DI
LA5 AA 13
._ M e.• 56
35 01 02 AS 02
Socket 1
P0.4
P50 P2.0
2
02
IC3
02
s LA2 LAS
LAR
AS 4
RAM 01
P0.5 _Alf_pDll
3 9 LAO A6 EPROM 03
° ,

A:
51 P2.1 73
03 03 LAI 04
150.6 A7
33 Me

P3.7 II 4 MO 12 LAI 17 ADIM A

63 P52 CPU p2.2 04
.6 74 04 AA 25
P0.7 32
15 LA3 04 27C64 62256
We 5.3 P23 MC OS 18 AD9 24 W51
40 24 OR 40 06
'SES 44 373 16 LAI A9 Alo 21
P1.0 05 06 07
3 770 g : p,

A10 07
' /
1 . .3 4

A10 21
30
ALE/i5 19 LA7 A10
P1.1 P25 07 07 All 23 All
114 All \Al2.
P3.1 11 P1 2 P5 P28 O00 A2 2 Ala
TOO P1.7 47 9 Al2
10 MID P1 3 P57 P2.7 \à/3
11 II Al3
5
PI 4 64 Al4
PI 5N/P" 22 P4.0 ALE/P 22 I4 120
PI 5 ,P4.1 21 63 •14. WE
PA1 PSEN
P1 5 20 2214 27
em 2 63
re771- 17 P1.7 2, p2o \ Z P4.3 19 80C451 3
36
6 F
P3\
1 IC6e
P4.3 We
7
P2.0
- (8751) 22 P2.1 \\"" TXD
P21
1 33
TI IC7e
32
23 P2.2 N/".0 RXD
P22
24 P2 3\ P60 IC6b
P2.3
25 p3,4\
4A-4°

BFLAG P61
=:::0\
6.01
RESET P2.4
26 Pz.s\ 1- P62
0\. IC I
P2.5 58
27 P2.6 \ 2_ P6.3 ICI 13
P26 59 \
28 P2 7N./ PI' 34 INTO P6.4 V
P2.7 \..../ P3.3 5 wi 60 P
-r-
S. 01 02 P65
61p
22 P*1,
. L0 119 11 8 I RESET PI 6
.
1, 765/1/P Pe 7 ••5V
62 1 .1. 5V
o
do®
49 SO

JIŒ
SV
Cl C11
C11 KI

al
27p
(D
27p Ca
13 Cl IC6 IC7 v.
X1 815511 TOO 'IT " 1700n?
" EL ct- IC8

1,1v, .zumçz7ezzzzes=2a
‘.
P4.1
P40 12
TIRO T1OUT
13
3
MAX232
t moor
4
1,21,

11/„.
TOCAR
ICI =74HC786
ctx o ICE =7411C7013 ClÇ C2.
EMI IC7 =74FIC732
;ten V.
C18

1:1>
D 3 C14 IC9 = 4013
s 2 S.

-I-
SV

220018 -12
1N4148

Fig. 2. Circuit diagram of the 8751 emulator. Note that some of the ports of the 80C451 are not used.

The 8751 is a microcontroller that inte- a program memory, a data memory, and
grates: input/output devices. The elements that - an EPROM with astart-up program;
form the system are interconnected by an ad- a32-KByte RAM to hold the system
an 8-bit microprocessor; dress bus, adata bus and acontrol bus. Since routines and the user program being
- aRAM of 128 bytes; the 8751 microcontroller works in 'mono- developed;
48-bit parallel I/O ports; chip' mode, it has all of the above elements amemory switching device with two
- 1serial communication port; internally. Only the four 8-bit ports can be states:
2programmable timers; accessed by external devices. Emulating a start state: the EPROM is located at
2external interrupt lines. 8751 thus calls for adevice capable of: address 000H, and the RAM at ad-
dress 8000H
The 8-bit (256-byte) addressable range of the - running object code from RAM instead execute state: the RAM is at 0000H
8751 is divided into two parts: of ROM-this is necessary to allow and the EPROM at 8000H;
user RAM between 00H and 7FH: this changes to the program to be made aTTL compatible (pseudo-RS232) serial
contains registers RO to R7 (00H to rapidly; interface for the connection the PC.
07H), and the system stack. A sub- - providing four input/output ports as
range of 16 addresses is bit-addressable. well as the basic hardware environ- The initialization procedure consists of the
- control register range between 80H and ment of the 8751; following steps:
FFH: this range can be accessed by di- - providing an instruction set that is com-
rect addressing only, and contains the patible with that of the 8751. 1. Initialization (reset), and start phase.
I/O ports, the timer control registers, EPROM-based program executed from ad-
and anumber of other special functions. The Type 80C451 meets all these require- dress 0000H.
ments beautifully, and is used here to emu-
late a 8751. The pinning of this device is 2. A routine in the start-up EPROM that
Principle of operation
given in Fig. 3. sends the system program code from the PC
As illustrated by Fig. 1, a microprocessor The emulator based on the 80C451 con- to the emulator RAM. This is done via the
system generally consists of microprocessor, sists basically of: serial link, and with the aid a simplified

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 8751 EMULATOR El

Fig. 4. Internal structure of the 80C451 microcontroller.

the system software copies the current con- READ. ME additional information
tents of the registers and the internal RAM of
the 8751 into abuffer formed by the external The user or the control program can access
RAM of the emulator, at 7000H. Next, the the emulator only while astatic or dynamic
Fig. 3. Pinning of the 80C451 microcon- remote control subroutine is called. breakpoint is being processed. The location
troller (courtesy Signetics). of abreakpoint is determined by the user by
7. The system software switches to the exter- inserting it in the source code. The control
transfer protocol. nal emulator RAM, and causes the execution program calculates the corresponding ad-
of the user program to continue, until the dress, saves the three bytes of opcode found
3. A routine in the start-up EPROM actuates next breakpoint is encountered. At this there, and replaces them with an instruction
a(reserved) I/O bit, which causes the system stage, it is not possible to re-initialize the that calls up the breakpoint handler. After a
to switch to switch to the 'run' (program ex- 8751 via the PC, or run anew user program. number of manipulations, the initial condi-
ecution) stage, and in addition generates a tions are restored, and we can progress to the
reset. 8. The contents of the buffer starting at next breakpoint.
7000H (which may have been modified in In single-step mode, the control program,
4. The system program starts at address the mean time by the control program) are while executing the breakpoint routine,
0000H, it duplicates itself, and runs again reloaded into the internal RAM and the reg- automatically places adynamic breakpoint
from the upper part of the RAM at 7800H. isters, and the breakpoint routine is ended. after the next instruction. In single-step
From that location, it arranges the communi- The user program is continued up to the next mode you can see exactly what happens to
cation with the PC with the aid of a data breakpoint. the register contents as the program evolves.
transfer routine that allows the PC to A powerful debugging aid!
- issue asoftware reset to the microcon- The key of the system is formed by the
troller; remote control routine, which enables the
Hardware
read the emulator RAM; control software to modify the user program
- modify the emulator RAM; and the contents of the registers in the 8751. At the heart of the emulator circuit (Fig. 2) is
- modify the stack pointer; This function makes it possible to set break- the Type SC80C451 microcontroller from
- upload anew user program; points (temporarily), which are particularly Signetics, the North-American branch of
- start or continue the execution of auser useful in single-step mode. Philips Components. Its internal structure is
program. given in Fig. 4. By taking aclose look at the
block diagram, it becomes clear that the
Software
5. The program that runs on the PC arranges 80C451 is an extended version of the 80051,
the control of the emulator. Initially, it sends The software for the emulator is supplied on with three additional I/O ports (which gives
the user program object code to the emulator a51/ -inch 360 KByte MSDOS formatted dis-
4 atotal of six), and four additional I/O con-
for the purpose of testing. This program will kette, and consists of the following files: trol lines.
contain at least one breakpoint, which calls The 80C451 has no internal ROM, and fet-
up asubroutine in the system software that DEV.EXE programming environment ches its instructions from an external ROM
stops the program execution. CONFIG.EMU configuration file or EPROM. The microcontroller offers
SYS8751.C51 initialization file 128 bytes of RAM, and the DIP version used
6. The user program is executed until a SYS8751.A51 source code of initialization here has no fewer than six 8-bit ports and one
breakpoint is encountered. At that location, file 4-bit port. The 80C451 is capable of address-
WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
56 COMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS

li s)

P easeeb
* °
\

MF---0/ "—CB

M ene-œ3—r a \ w
eroose 0 40
--•
-- --030
/ _,, 0

o 0 01— \3 r .p

o
( 1112/-1

Fig. 5. Track layouts (component side and solder side) and component overlay of the double-sided, through-plated printed circuit board.
WorldRadioHistory
EI,EKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 8751 EMULATOR

COMPONENTS LIST

Resistors:
1 150f1 R1
3 101(52 R2;R4;R5
1 1001d1 R3

Capacitors:
9 100nF C1-C9
7 10µF 16V radial C10;C13-C18
2 27pF C11;C12

Semiconductors:
I 1N4148 D1
1 74HCT86 'Cl
1 SC80C451CCN64
(Signetics) IC2
1 74HC373 IC3
1 27C64 (ESS6051) IC4
1 62256 LC5
1 74HCTO8 IC6
1 74HCT32 IC7
1 MAX232 (Maxim) 'CS
1 4013 IC9

Miscellaneous:
1 9-way female sub-0
connector of PCB mounting K1
1 push-button n.o. Si
1 8MHz quartz crystal X1
Construction The +goes to pin 40 (+), and the —to pins 9
1 64-pin strip to make IC socket and pin 20 of the DIL socket on the emulator
1 40-way IC socket with The availability of aready-made, through- board. Next, run the program DEV.EXE on
turned pins H8
plated printed circuit board (Fig. 5) makes the PC, and check that the error message
2 40-way IOC style DIP header
the construction of the 8751 emulator rela- "Emulator not connected -- PRESS ANY
1 length of 40-way flatcable
tively simple. A number of passive compo- KEY TO CONTINUE" does not appear.
1 enclosure; approx. dimensions:
nents are fitted upright. Due attention At this stage, it should be possible to
92x146x28mm.
should be paid to the orientation of the ICs emulate the example program (see the syn-
1 printed circuit board 920019
on the board, since they are not all mounted tax requirements mentioned in READ.ME),
1 control program on disk ESS6051
with the same direction. Naturally, the same without the need of inserting the DIP plug
goes for the orientation of the electrolytic ca- into the 8751 socket in the target system. If
pacitors and the diode. this works, remove the temporary 5-V sup-
The push-button, Si, may be fitted on to ply connections, and plug the 40-way DIP
Mg 64 Kbytes of ROM, and an equal amount the enclosure, and is connected to the appro- header into the socket on the emulator
of RAM. The current consumption of the de- priate pins on the board. board. Insert the DIP header at the other end
vice is only about 24 mA at asupply voltage The SC80C451 is best fitted into asocket of the cable into the 8751 socket on your tar-
of 5 V and a clock frequency of 12 MHz, made from two 32-pin strips. The RAM and get system board. Power up the application
3inA in stand-by mode, and about 50 µA in the EPROM are also fitted in IC sockets. before switching on the PC.
the power-down ('sleep') mode. SOCKET1 is best made from a good Programs may be edited and assembled
The mask-programmable ROM version quality 40-pin IC socket. The connection to even when the emulator is not connected or
of the 80C451, the SC83C451, has 4KBytes of the 8751 socket in the target system is then powered. The configuration file, CON-
ROM. Both the 80C451 and the SC83C451 readily made via ashort length of flatcable FIG.EMU, contains only two characters. The
have two16-bit timers/counters. Their inter- fitted with a40-way IDC-style DIP header at first is an M (for the monochrome Hercules
rupt structure allows two priority levels to either end. Unfortunately, the pins of these video adapter) or aC (for the colour video
be implemented. DIP headers are pretty fragile, so take care adapters CGA, EGA and VGA). The second
The presence of aserial I/O port in the not to break one, or the whole header is use- character selects the serial port, and is either
80C451 allows a UART (universal asyn- less. a1for COM1:, or a2for COM2:. If necessary,
chronous receiver/transmitter) with true The completed printed circuit board is edit the configuration file using any ASCII
duplex operation to be realized quite easily. built into asuitable enclosure. A slot is cut in compatible word processor. On the disk sup-
Alternatively, the serial I/O port may be one of the sides to allow the 40-way flatcable plied through the Readers Services, the con-
used to extend the functions of the I/0 lines, to pass. figuration is set to colour and COM1:.
or to set up an inter-processor communica- The main program, DEV.EXE, is menu-
tion system. driven, and uses the arrow keys to make se-
The stand-by and the power-down
Practical use
lections. If you have the emulator powered
modes can be entered via software. In stand- Initially, the application (target) circuit and up and connected to the target system at this
by mode, the CPU proper is halted, while the the PC are switched off. Note that the emula- stage, press switch St before running
RAM, the timers, the serial port and the in- tor is normally powered by the target circuit. DEV.EXE.
terrupt system continue to function. In the Connect COM1: or COM2: of the PC to the Finally, READ.ME contains more infor-
power-down mode, the clock oscillator is emulator via an RS232 cable (the serial port mation on the operation of the serial data
disabled, which causes all functions to be selection is made in the file CONFIG.EMU as link between the PC and the emulator. •
switched off, but the RAM contents to be re- discussed below).
tained. Do not connect the application circuit as
yet. Connect a5-V supply to the emulator.
WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
58

A 555-BASED RAMP GENERATOR

by R.G. Evans

W
HILST developing asimple scanning
receiver, aneed occurred for aramp
generator to provide a varying voltage to
apply to the varicap diodes fitted to the vari-
able frequency oscillator (VCO). Referring to
various literature suggested that aunijunc-
tion transistor (UJT) could be used to pro-
duce areasonable 'sawtooth' waveform that
would do the job. The circuit found provided
aramp upwards from about 1 /Vcc only, and
2

in this case did not provide asufficient range

of voltage (and, therefore, scan) on the re-
ceiver. Since all the UJT circuit was doing
was allowing a capacitor to charge/dis-
charge (and was, therefore, not linear any-
way), thoughts turned to other methods,
hopefully cheaper and more flexible.
The ubiquitous 555 integrated circuit was
chosen and put to work in acircuit based on
an early application note (1976!). This circuit user, but in this instance is about 0.1 Hz. swings almost between the supply rails can
provided a linear charge/time graph, but The output on pin 3is capable of sourcing be obtained.
allowed an output voltage swing between or sinking 200 mA, and switches nearly to The 555-based circuit was found to pro-
1/3Vcc and 7/3Vcc only. Once again this proved the supply rails under no-load conditions. vide the required voltage for the varicaps in
insufficient for the required scan range. This alternating high and low voltage is used the scanner. All this for less than the price of
Thinking of ways to extend this led to the de- to charge and discharge a relatively large a suitable unijunction transistor, I hope
sign shown in Fig. 1. The 555 is connected as electrolytic capacitor via a 10-ka resistor. many of you will find ause for this handy
an astable with a mark/space ratio of 2:1 The result is aconversion of the rectangular little circuit. It certainly solved my problems
(unfortunately 1:1 can not be achieved with- output wave of the 555 into awaveform de- with the scanning receiver.
out additional external components) The fre- scribed by an e—function. By careful choice of
quency of operation can be selected by the the resistor and capacitor values, voltage

GHz surface-mount mixer Computer-assisted electronic logic

Avantek Inc. has introduced the indus- NEWS training programme
LOGIC is the English-language version
try's first high-performance, high-fre-
quency broadband double-balanced of a software package from Fitec
mixer in a true low-profile surface- (France) aimed at perfecting and evalua-
mount package. This means that amicro- ting your skills in working with logic
wave system engineer can now electronic circuits. The courseware,
effectively replace mixers in connec- which consists of atraining manual and
torized packages (typical dimensions of software for the IBM PC, enables you to
0.6x0.8 inches)) with a surface-mount master the basic principles behind awide
component. This mixer is one of the last variety of logic circuits, and check your
critical microwave components to progress as the various subjects are
become available in a surface-mount presented. Each section of the train-
package, a major breakthrough in the yourself course is based on three mo-
miniaturization of microwave circuitry. dules: (1) lesson on theory; (2)
The PPM-1852L is adouble-balanced explanatory examples taken from every-
mixer spanning the frequency range of 5 day applications; (3) tests to check your
to 18 GHz on the RF and LO ports, with specifications are guaranteed over the — knowledge. The program that runs on the
the DC-coupled IF port covering DC to 55°C to +85°C temperature range. PC supports the material presented in the
1 GHz. The LO power requirement is training manual, and comes on three
+10 dBm. Maximum conversion loss is Datasheets and additional informa- 31/ -inch diskettes. Among the subjects
2

8 dB, conversion loss vs. frequency is tion on this new device are available tackled during the course are decimal
flat to within ±2 dB, and the VSWRs at through and hexadecimal encoding, flip-flops,
the LO and RF ports are 3.5:1 and 2.5:1, Avantek Inc., M/S M82, 481 Cotton- adders and subtractors, multiplexers and
worst case in the band. This mixer fea- wood Drive, Milpitas, CA 95035, USA. demultiplexers, counters and registers.
tures typical unit-to-unit phase match Telephone: (408) 943-3038. In Europe, Fitec, 52-54 Avenue du 8 mai 1945,
within 5°, and amplitude match within call Avantek's UK offices at (0276) F-95200 Sarcelles, France. Telephone:
0.5 dB. The minimum and maximum 685753. +33 39 923290. Fax: +33 39 921764.
WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 59

technique is discussed in detail. For exam-

NEW BOOKS
THE LOUDSPEAKER DESIGN
COOKBOOK, 4th ed. ple, did you know that, contrary to its name,
By Vance Dickason the bandpass enclosure has substantial out-
ISBN 0-96241-91-7-6 put outside of its range and therefore should
142 pages—illustrated be used with an appropriate adjunct elec-
Price $29.95 plus $2 shipping isoftcoveri tronic filter?
Reviewed by David W. Davenport
Without adoubt, the book most reached for
Illustrate the Differences
when Iroll up my sleeves to get serious about
designing a new speaker system is Vance Ihate to close achapter on asour note, but
Dickason's Loudspeaker Design Cookbook. Iwas disappointed with the section on the
I'm not alone in this; the cookbook has been aperiodic enclosure. To be fair, this type of
around for over 14 years and is now avail- enclosure has not benefitted from arigorous
able in its fourth edition. The extensive analysis by Thiele or Small. Thus, treatment
changes in this latest edition are pretty of the aperiodic enclosure was left wanting
evenly split between material on new sub- in comparison to the very thorough, analyt-
jects and additions to existing subjects. A ical material on the closed-box enclosure.
new chapter covers drivers, as well as sec- The third chapter, "Vented Box Low-Fre-
tions on types of enclosures not mentioned quency Systems," is arepeat of the second—
in earlier editions. Another first is the exten- the complete story. It starts with a short
sive use of computer-aided design tech- history, and discusses driver Q and enclosure
niques to illustrate many characteristics of response. Of course, because you can't con-
sealed and vented enclosures. trol the Q in avented design the way you can
perienced designers may want to study the in asealed box, the objectives are different.
Study the Diagrams LEAP diagrams to acquire general insight. The discussion on woofer selection initi-
ated in the previous chapter is expanded upon
It seems that every book on loudspeakers to include determining what kind of en-
Did You Know?
has a chapter titled "How Loudspeakers closure would be best for your driver. The
Work." The flavor here is alittle different For example, Ihave never read abetter por- vented box design is associated with align-
from the others however. It focuses on a trayal of the the trade-off between damping ments; aterm that is bandied about without
view that will be of most interest to those and power-handling ability. The chapter is really considering what it means. The intro-
of us wanting to build loudspeaker systems. not all theory—for implementing adesign duction to the alignments in this chapter is
For example, almost afull page is spent on you are given the option of using formulas as good as any Ihave seen. Dickason very
discussing the significance of overhang and or the complete set of Q tables, which are effectively uses computer simulation to il-
underhang in voice coils. included. The effects of parameter variances lustrate the differences between the various
In addition to the in-depth treatment of the are covered. In addition to the basic ones, alignments as well as other factors, including
gap geometry, the section on motor system formulas are included to determine efficiency vent length.
delves into the phenomenon of program cur- and output power limitation.
rent in the coil causing back EMF, and there- Iwas glad to see examples—they are often
An Excellent Argument
fore modulation, of the magnetic field. This needed to clear up nagging questions. As an
leads into adiscussion on shorted turns and additional assist to designers, guidance is pro- This was amonumental effort resulting in
why they are used. vided for selecting adriver. To top it off, the pages and pages of graphs. But it was worth
The section on the diaphragm covers such effects of thermal deviation are handled, as it—you can see how each parameter is af-
things as modes of resonance in acone, and well as an extended section on enclosure fill- fected by the different alignments. The ex-
how directivity changes with frequency, as ing. After this thorough treatment of the bas- pected sections on determining box size,
well as the effect of cone shape on the sound ics of a"simple" closed box enclosure, more losses, and vent dimension are complete and
of the driver. It has more than you want to advanced material is introduced. to the point. The pages of tables that are
know about dust caps. Coverage of the sus- The section on electronically assisted needed to design vented enclosures are all
pension system is limited to the surround closed-box systems points out some of the pit- here along with welcome examples on us-
and the spider—what more is there? falls in an apparently attractive approach to ing these charts.
The chapter on "Closed-Box Low Fre- aclosed-box system design. You can read ma- Iam pleased to see Dickason endorses a
quency Systems" provides all you need terial on mass-loading modifications, as well practice that is very important, and not at
about designing Infinite Baffle and Air as considerations of designing aloudspeaker all emphasized by many texts on enclosure
(Acoustic) Suspension loudspeaker systems. containing compound woofer systems. design. That is: to re-measure the driver pa-
As you might expect, it begins with an in- Iaccepted reviewing the fourth LDC be- rameters in asample enclosure that is rep-
depth discussion of enclosure response and cause Iwas looking forward to new material resentative of the final design.
driver Q, including the meaning of Q and a on bandpass enclosures. And Iwas not dis- His in-depth discussion of vent geometry
description of typical sounds of different Qs. appointed—the treatment is exceptional. In- considers, among many other things, the
Here Dickason draws on his own vast ex- stead of considering the bandpass enclosure ever-present temptation to go to asmaller
perience using LEAP 4.0 (Loudspeaker En- to be atype of its own, it is addressed here vent to shorten it, and demonstrates the pit-
closure Analysis Program by Audio Teknol- as aclosed-box system—with the addition of falls of the vent being too small. This section
ogy, Inc.), and introduces its use extensive- an acoustic filter in series with the front also addresses coupling between the vent and
ly in modeling enclosures. Although the ex- radiation of the driver. There's more to it driver as well as between multiple vents. As
amples shown are for aparticular driver, ex- than just a few tables and formulas—the in the chapter on sealed boxes, dual woofers
WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
60

and electronically assisted alignments are Pros and Cons

covered. Bandpass enclosures are revisited,
this time with avented rear enclosure.
NEW BOOKS Isuspect that there isn't aperson reading this
"Passive Radiator Low-Frequency System" review who, one, doesn't already have adog-
covers basic passive radiator design based on eared third edition of LDC sitting on the
vented design, with the addition of material workbench and who, two, is wondering
needed to determine parameters of the pass- what's so new in this one.
ive radiator substituting for the vent. It in- It's difficult to say what's different in this
cludes aconvenient set of figures showing one as it's almost twice as large. Ihave men-
differences between avented box design and tioned the introductory chapter, "How
passive radiator design. Loudspeakers Work," and what amounts to
Apassive radiator bandpass enclosure sec- awhole new chapter on the bandpass en-
tion presents an excellent argument as to why types. It discusses the pros and cons, and closure; but these are only part of the story.
the front enclosure of a bandpass design then goes on to give the formulas for calcu- The most significant improvement in this
should be apassive radiator rather than a lating the values for all of these filters. You edition is the extensive use of computer-
vented box. No, I'll not spill the beans here— may be surprised to learn that the first-order aided analysis to illustrate points of design.
you'll have to read it to see for yourself. And Butterworths are not the simple, universally Iliterally spent hours going over the LEAP
all in this chapter is not rosy: Ithought the acceptable solution that many have thought. diagrams, not because Ihad to in order to
discussion on dual woofer formats for aug- It is as thorough acoverage of filters as Ihave prepare this review, but because Iwas fasci-
mented passive radiators was confusing. It seen—clearly written, complete, and concise. nated by what Icould see and learn.
is probably moot because Isuspect not many This chapter is not exclusively theory with- Don't get me wrong—the book is not per-
of us will build one of these beasties anyway. out any practical examples however. Rather, fect. It cries for a section introducing test
it lays down some rules and offers examples equipment and tools including Audio Preci-
of how to meet them. sion, MLSSA, FFT analyzer, and LEAP 4.0.
Theory Using Examples
Saying that these things are beyond the scope
Iwas disappointed in the chapter on "Trans- of this book is begging the question. The
Good Alternatives
mission Line Low-Frequency Systems." It results are there, showing the power of these
covers the material needed to design atrans- Dickason recommends something that I tools. Isimply would have liked to know
mission line, but in comparison to the pre- have believed in for years—begin your net- more about them. Also, several graphic tech-
vious chapters, doesn't employ the same work design project by correcting the imped- niques are coming into vogue for displaying
technical depth I've come to expect from ance of the drivers. Although series notch loudspeaker characteristics and Iwould have
LDC. I guess this demonstrates the still filters, impedance equalization, shelving, liked information on cumulative spectral
evolving nature of transmission line theory. and response shaping are not part of across- decay plot, Wigner Distribution, and energy
The shape and damping chapter is just what over filter, they are crucial in realizing an time curve.
it says—the Olson study in shapes and alot effective crossover. This edition is no longer acompilation of
on bracing and damping. Going from two- to three-way filters is en- advice and appropriate formulas, but has
There's nothing new in the chapter on tering a different domain of complexity. grown into a definitive reference to help
"Mid- and High-Frequency Drivers: Applica- Dickason recommends an electronic filter amateur speaker builders understand their
tion and Enclosures." It discusses placement for three-way systems, and discusses the avocation. Isay "amateur" but Iexpect that
of drivers in order to avoid reflection-caused complexity of them. Iguess the only bone more than afew professionals will find this
frequency aberration, and types of enclo- Ipick with this chapter is that Iwould like to be a handy reference as well.
sures for midranges. There's anew chapter to see much more on electronic crossovers. For the most part, the material is available
on computer-aided loudspeaker-design soft- Everything we have covered thus far elsewhere, but unless you want to wade
ware that contains ashort discussion on avail- assumes that you know quite abit about the through volumes of journal articles and text-
able CAD. It's agood compilation, but there's characteristics of your driver. Some of this books, the fourth edition of LDC fits the bill.
nothing new here. You have read about most data is available from manufacturers; al- Old Colony Sound Lab
of them in these pages already and know though with manufacturing variances, you PO Box 243
what is offered by Old Colony. may want to check the values of your units. Peterborough, NH 03458-0243
"Passive and Active Crossover Networks" One whole chapter covers measuring just
starts with ashort history and moves on to about anything that you can think of associ-
discuss basic crossover theory. The goal of ated with loudspeakers. The list goes on and
any crossover is to provide asmooth transi- on, so Iwon't go through them all, but I
tion between the two drivers. Although the would like to mention afew notable ones.
proof is in the acoustic result, one cannot ig- Ilike the discussion on measuring full-
Issue 1, 1992
nore the electrical characteristics of the range frequency response as it includes three
filters. This chapter covers both. An excellent methods: anechoic, half space, and ground- •A 35W power amp
example of acoustic summation with re- plane. Use of the three methods is discussed, •A control preamp—Part 2
sponse charts from MLSSA that illustrates the as well as some hints in interpreting results. •Centrally located Power
zero-delay plane, demonstrates how on-axis Another topic that I've been interested in Conditioner
response with delay is not the same as sloped- lately, and is well-covered, is the measure- •Reviews of Loudspeaker
Design Cookbook's fourth
baffle combined response. ment of mechanical vibrations in the en-
edition and Audio Anthology
The in-depth treatment of crossover-net- closure. Several techniques are described; Volume 4
work power response shows amplitude, some using inexpensive alternatives to pro- •RACKIT review
phase, and group delay for all popular filter fessional accelerometers.

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
 61

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El2iffEMEIMMUM
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Please supply the following: For PCBs, front panel foils, EPROMs, and cas-
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above, for EACH YEAR desired. A complete set
Economy PSU 910111-F 18.00 12/91 Connect 4 6081 26 00 12/91 8051/8032 1661 13.00 2/92
of indexes for 1979-90 is available for $7.50
CD player 910146-F 20.50 1/92 (1 x 27C64) assembler
postpaid. Also available postpaid:
Measurement 910144-F 15.00 2/92 EMON51 (8051 6091 34.00 2/92 course (IBM)
Digital model train (13 parts) $15.00
amplifier assembler course) A-D/D-A and I/O for 1671 13.00 3/92
BOOKS LC meter 920012-F 19.50 3/92 (1 x 27256) PCbus
The following Elektor books are currently avail- 8751 programmer 7061 70 50 11/90 8051/8032 assembler 1681 13.00 2/92
able from Old Colony Sound: EPROMS/PALS/MICROCONTROLLERS (1 x 8751) course (Atari)
301 Circuits $12.50
PROJECT No. Price Issue DISKETTES PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS
302 Circuits $12.50
303 Circuits $15.95 PROJECT No. Price Issue PROJECT No. Price
Multifunction 561 17.50 2/91 $
304 Circuits $19.95
measurement card Digital model train 109 11.50 2-5,7/89-
Data Sheet Book 2 $16.50 DECEMBER 1991
for PCs
Databook 3 $17.95 4/90 Class-A power amplifier (2) 880092-3 12.80
Databook 4 $17.95 MIDI control unit 570 20.00 6-7/90 Logic analyzer for 111 20.00 10/89 880092-4 12.90
Databook 5: Application Notes $17.95 (1 x 27C64) Atari ST (b/w only) Economy power supply 910111 16.00
Microprocessor Data Book $17.90 Digital model train 572 33.50 2-5,7/89- Computer-controlled 113 20.00 10/89 µ1. programmable filters 910125 11.50
(1 x 2764) 4/90 Teletext decoder Amiga mouse/joystick switch 914078 7.00
Darkroom clock 583 18.50 2/90 Plotter driver (Lewetz) 117 11.50 5-6/88 A musical Christmas present 910157 5.50
Blue heavy-duty Elektor vinyl shelf box Safe solid-state relay 914008 6.50
(1 x 27128) FAX interface, IBM PCs 119 14.00 6/90
(holds 6 issues) $6.00 Slave mains on/off 914072 11.00
Slave indication unit 700 30.00 3/88 RAM extension for 123 10.00 7/89
control Mark-2
WALL CHART for I.T.S. (1 x 8748H) BBC-B
PC Connectors (1/92) EPROM emulator 701 30.00 12/89 EPROM simulator 129 11.50 12/89
JANUARY 1992
$3 postpaid; 2/$5; 5/$10 (1 x 8748H)
RS-232 splitter 1411 11.50 4/90 CD player 910146 14.00
Microcontroller-driven 702 95.00 5,6,9/88 Centronics ADC/DAC 1421 11.50 5/90
FRONT PANEL FOILS Fast, precise thermometer 910081 14.50
power supply Transistor 1431 13.00 5/90 Low-frequency counter
PROJECT No. Price Issue
(1 x 8751) characteristic plot- input board
$ 910149-1 8.50
Video mixer 87304-F 33.00 1-4/90 Autonomous I/O 704 95.00 12/88 ting (Atari ST b/w) display board 910149-2 11.00
The complete 890169-F 15.00 3/91 controller (1 x8751) ROM-copy for BASIC 1441 13.00 9/90 Mini Z80 system 910060 18.00
preamplifier Video mixer (1 x2764) 5861 20.00 1-4/90 Multifunction 1461 13.00 2/91 Prototyping board for 910049 36.00
All solid-state 890170-F1 33.50 12/89 measurement card IBM PCs
Four-sensor 5921 20.00 6/90
preamplifier 890170-F2 18.50 1/90 for PCs Univerasl RCS code 910137 8.00
sunshine recorder
LF/HF signal 890183-F 18.50 12/89 (1 x 27128) 8751 programmer 1471 13.00 11/90 infrared receiver
tracer PT100 thermometer 1481 13.00 11/90 PC-controlled weather 900124-5 17.00
5P-controlled 5941 26.00 10/90
0 meter 900031-F 23.00 4/90 Logic analyzer station (3)
telephone exchange
Budget sweep/ 900040-F 20.00 5/90 software, incl. GAL
(1 x 27128)
function generator IBM 1491 33.00 6/91 FEBRUARY 1992
MIDI program 5961 26.00 4/91
High current 900078-F 28.00 2/91 Atari 1501 33.00 6/91 Audio/video switching unit 910130 20.00
hFE tester changer (1 x 2764)
Plotter driver (Sijtsma) 1541 19.00 9/91 C interface for PCs 910131-1 24.50
Logic analyzer 5971 14.00 1-2,4/91
400W lab 900082-F 35.00 10-11/90 Measurement amplifier 910144 23.00
(IBM interface) PC-controlled weather 1551 13.00 3/91
Mini squarewave generator 910151 9.00
power supply (1 x PAL 16L8) station (1)
RAM extension for 910073 400
Variable AC PSU 900104-F 28.00 6/91 MIDI-to-CV interface 5981 26.00 2/91 PC-controlled weather 1561 13.00 10/91
mini Z80 system
Universal battery 900134-F 11.00 6/91 station (2)
Multifunction I/O 5991 14.00 7-8/91 Switch-mode power supply 920001 7.50
charger I/O interface for Atari 1571 13.00 4/91
for PCs
Milliohmmeter 910004-F 28.00 12/90 (1 x PAL 16L8) Tek/Intel file converter 1581 13.00 4/91
MARCH 1992
Wattmeter 910011-F 16.50 4/91 BM/ video digitizer 1591 19.00 7-8/91
Amiga mouse/ 6001 14.00 12/91 8751 emulator 920019 20.50
joystick switch Timecode interface 1611 13.00 9/91 A-D/D-4 and I/O for 1
1C bus 910131-2 10.50
Digital phase 910045-F 20.00 6/91
(1 x GAL 16V8) RTC for Atari ST 1621 13.00 6/91 AF drive indicator 920016 20.50
meter
Stepper motor board 6011 14.00 6/91 24-bit color extension 1631 19.00 11/91 Centronics line booster 910133 10.00
Timecode 910055-F 15.00 9/91
(1) (1 x 16L8) for video digitizer FM tuner 920005 36.00
interface
8751 emulator incl. 6051 50.00 3/92 PC-controlled weather 1641 13.00 1/92 LC meter 920012 15.00
Digital funct. gen. 910077-F 18.00 10/91 system EPROM station (3) MIDI optical link 920014 10.50

WorldRadioHistory
ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA MARCH 1992
62

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BOOKS FROM ELEKTOR ELECTRONICS USA

301 CIRCUITS MICROPROCESSOR DATA BOOK
This book follows the theme of the first in this series, 300 Circuits (now out of print). It con- This book has come about because of a need by Elektor Electronics engineers, technicians,
tains over 300 assorted circuits first published in the 1979, 1980, 1981 summer issues of and editorial staff of a ready reference work on the most important microprocessors. This
Elektor Electronics. implies that it does not only contain information on the latest devices, such as the transputer,
The circuits range from the simple to the more complex and are described and explained but also on older, well-established types, such as the Z80 and the 6800.
in straightforward language. The book is acomprehensive source of ideas and construction A general description, hardware block schematic, software structure, DC characteristics,
projects for anyone interested in electronics. and instruction sets are given for over 70 microprocessors. To prevent the book from becom-
ISBN 0-905705-12-2 ing unwieldy (and to keep costs down), timing diagrams and AC characteristics have, however,
BKAA11 Price $12.50 been omitted. The detailed information on all manufacturers mentioned will, however, enable
any additional information to be obtained quite readily.
302 CIRCUITS Included in the book are, among others, the 68000 series; the 6502 family; the Z80, 8080,
and 8085; Intel's 8086, 80186, 80188, 80286, and 80386; the NS32XXX series, and the IN-
The popularity of this book is shown by its having been reprinted no fewer than three times.
MOS transputers.
It offers aselection of the most interesting articles from the 1982, 1983, 1984 summer issues
of &Ishtar Electronics. ISBN 0-905705-28-9
BKAA16 Price $17.90
In it you will find circuits for audio and video; car, cycle, and motorcycle; home and garden;
receivers and aerials; hobbies and games; measuring and testing; oscillators and generators;
current sources and power supplies; microcomputers and music electronics; and amiscellany DATABOOK 4: PERIPHERAL CHIPS II
of other interesting subjects. This further volume in Elektor Electronics' Microprocessor Data Book series deals with general
ISBN 0-905705-25-4 peripheral chips that, at least as far as their type-coding is concerned, do not belong to a
BKAA12 Price $12.50 specific family of microprocessors. There are so many of these, however, that only aportion
of them can be dealt with in one book. Those contained in this collection have been chosen
carefully on the basis of their practical application and frequency of use. Complete data are
303 CIRCUITS given for coprocessors from the 80 series (AMD, Cyrix, In', Intel, Weitek); real-time clocks
Like its predecessors, 303 CIRCUITS offers a comprehensive collection of practical ideas,
from MEM, OKI, Statek, National Semiconductor, and Dallas Semiconductor; transmitters
concepts, and developments in the gamut of electronics. Unlike its predecessors, the book and receivers of serial interfaces RS232, 422, 423, 485 from Motorola, Newport Components,
is arranged in 11 subject sections to make it easier for the reader to find that long-sought circuit.
Maxim, Texas Instruments, National Semiconductor, Dallas Semiconductor, and Linear
In well over 300 pages, the book offers 32 Audio and Hi-Fi projects; 14 circuits for Car Technology; UARTS, DUARTS, and QUARTS (i.e., programmable ICs intended for data
and Bicycles; 43 Computer & Microprocessor circuits; 11 Electrophonic projects; 24 HF and transfer); and the CS8221 set of ICs from Chips & Technology that are used in agreat number
VHF circuits; 16 circuits for a number of hobbies and pastimes; 54 projects for Home and of PC mother boards (also included is the data sheet of agAnriated software LIM 4.0 for the
Garden; 29 Power Supply circuits; 29 circuits for Test and Measurement equipment; nine management of the Extended Memory System).
TV and Video projects; as well as 42 Design Ideas. Apart from the actual data, the book contains much other useful information, such as com-
ISBN 0-905705-62-2 parisons between and second sources for all important IC families; addresses of manufac-
BKAA13 Price $15.90 turers and their representatives; and overviews of all peripheral chips (including many that
could not be included in this book) that are available from various manufacturers.
304 CIRCUITS ISBN 0-905705-32-7
The latest in Ektor's famous "300" series, BKAA18 contains 304 innovative circuits and BKAA17 Price $17.95
descriptions broken down as follows: 36 audio/video, 19 high frequency, 36 hobby, 36 home
and garden, 9 music/electrophonics, 32 computer/microprocessor, 19 generator/oscillator, DATABOOK 5: APPLICATION NOTES
33 test and measurement, 30 power supply, 13 car electronics, and 41 miscellaneous. Ar- This book presents a series of application notes and design briefs that cover awide variety
ranged by subject for ease of use. of subjects. Apart from a number of applications related to specific components, the book
ISBN 0-905705-34-3 also includes articles on basic design theory and the practical use of certain components.
BKAA18 Price $19.95 For example, there is an article reprint from Advanced Micro Devices that provides informa-
tion on programming the motion of a stepper motor with the aid of a PAL (programmable
DATA SHEET BOOK 2 array logic). Similarly, an article reprint from Motorola presents an overview of protocols and
Like its predecessor (now out of print), this book offers concise, relevant, and rapidly ac- conventions used for serial communication between computers.
cessible information, which is both practical (e.g., the pin-out of a device) and informative. The application notes complement the theoretical sections by discussing the use of com-
The book contains data on integrated circuits as well as on discrete transistors and diodes. ponents related to current electronics technology. In a number of cases, this technology is
Moreover, it gives an introduction to fast (HCMOS) devices and a review of the new sym- ahead of the practical application, and the product is so new that an application note has
bolic logic as laid down in British Standard BS3939: Section 21 (IEC Standard 617-12). not yet been published by the manufacturer—for examples, Analog Devices' description of
The final part of the book deals with anumber of computer chips, such as memory devices aContinuous Edge Graphics (CEG) digital-to-analog converter (DAC), and that of a NICAM
(including programming information for these) and I/O circuits. This section also includes data (near instantaneous companding audio multiplex) decoder chip developed by Micronas of
on a number of non-digital discrete and integrated devices, such as op amps, as well as Finland. Given the complexity of the practical circuits that could be developed on the basis
on some microprocessor peripherals (e.g., the 6522 VIA, the 6580 ACA, and the 8355A PPI). of these ICs, all the relevant data sheets are included for easy reference. The book also
includes a short list of manufacturers' logos that should be helpful in identifying unknown
ISBN 0-905705-27-0
components, as well as a worldwide address list of manufacturers and distributors/repre-
BKAA14 Price $16.50
sentatives for the products which are discussed.
ISBN 0-905705-33-5
DATABOOK 3: PERIPHERAL CHIPS BKAA24 Price $17.95
This book lists the most important design data of peripheral chips whose type numbers and
functions relate them unambiguously to a microprocessor in the same family. All listed devices
form part of families based on widely used microprocessors or microcontrollers. Their most
evident application will therefore be in conjunction with the agenriated microprocessor. This SPECIALS!
should, however, not be taken to mean that aperipheral cannot be used in another application. BKAAZI1 BKAA11, 12, 13, 18: all 4 for $49.00 (Save $11.85!)
Far from it, as witness the familiar type MC146818A real-time clock and the type MC684,5
cathode-ray tube controller. It deserves a place on the bookshelf of anyone concerned with BKAAZ/2 13KAA14, 15, 16, 17, 24: all 5 for $74.95 (Save $13.30!)
the design, maintenance and servicing of microprocessor-controlled electronic equipment.
BKAAZ/S Complete Elektor library: all 9for $114.95 (Save $34.15!)
ISBN 0-905705-30-0
BKAA15 Price $17.95

These books are all available direct from Elektor Electronics USA through the Readers Services, from a number of bookshops and electronics retailers in the US and
Canada, and from selected bookshops throughout the world. Special prices are those of EEUSA only.

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INDEX OF ADVERTISERS

AIE Corporation 10 Parts Sources 10

All Electronics Corporation 7 Printed Circuit Boards 61
Battery Tech, Inc 9 Software 61
Baylin Publications 10 PC Boards 9 each $12
Capital Electro-Circuits CV Ill Project Pro 10 three or more, $10 each
Computer System Architects CV III Pseudo Corporation 7
Deco Industries 10 Electronics Scene/New Products
EasyTech CV IV All Electronics Corp. 13 Shipping: Postpaid in US.
Kelvin Electronics 10 Analog Devices 12, 13
Meadowlake Corp. CV Ill Audio Teknology, Inc 12 Canada and Caribbean, please add $4 for one, $2
Mondo-tronics 7 Baylin Publications 12 for each additional binder.
Mouser Electronics 9 Eastern Time Designs 13
Overseas, please add $4 per binder.
Ocean State Electronics Corp...CV Il Fieldpiece Instruments 13
Old Colony Sound Lab HPX Somich Engineering 12
Books 6, 61, 62 Logical Systems Corp. 12
EPROMS, Etc 61 MicroMath Scientific Software 13
Front Panel Foils 61 Midland LMR 12
Meek It Kits 45 World Audio Enterprises 13

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EUROPEAN TRANSISTORS aM r- TEST LEAD KIT

Yes, EasyTech will be expanding its range of European devices continuously. This kit is an essential addition to your tool kit, whether you are afield
technician, student or hobbyist. Remember all those occasions when you
Keep watching for the parts you need for your Elektor project.
needed that extra test lead or two!!
IC Peak Ft
Order # Price Polarity Vce (mA) (W MHz Package
BC328 .25 PNP 25 800 0.8 100 TO 92
BC547 .20 NPN 45 100 0.5 300 TO-92
BC549 .20 NPN 30 100 0.5 300 TO-92
BC549C .30 NPN 30 100 0.5 300 TO-92
BC557 .20 PNP 45 100 0.3 150 TO-92
BC558 .20 PNP 25 100 0.3 150 TO-92 TLK1 TL108
(6 Lead Set)
BC639 .45 NPN 80 1000 1 130 TO-92
CONTENTS -TLK1 -BNC to test clips use
BC640 .45 PNP 80 1000 1 50 TO-92
-2 each: BNC to 1each red & black Test Clips
BD139 .55 NPN 60 1000 8 250 TO-126 500 RG58 cable
-1 each: red Banana Plug to red Banana Plug
BD140 .55 PNP 80 1000 8 75 TO-126 -All cables 36"
-1 each: black Banana Plug to black Banana Plug
BD681 1.05 NPN 100 4000 40 1 TO-126 .1 each: red Test Clip to red Banana Plug
BD682 1.05 PNP 100 4000 40 1 TO-126 -1 each: black Test Clip to black Banana Plug
BF199 .95 NPN 25 25 0.23 550 TO-92 Order # Price Description Weight
BF469 .95 NPN 250 50 1.8 60 TO-126 TLK1 19.95 Test Lead Kit 8oz.
BF470 .95 PNP 250 50 1.8 60 TO-126 TL108 6.49 BNC to 2Test Clips 3oz.

ER4 PHOTO ETCHTm Specifications

-Ins. Res.: >10mf2 @ 100Voc
Printed Circuit Kit (Complete) Color
-Max. Volt.: 220Voc
Coded
't•
!‘.*
Use this kit to generate your own 1:1 artwork, then use the *Open Volt.: 100Voc
patented Pos-Negm process to make a photo negative, -Rotat. Torque: 20 to 15 g/cm
sensitize and expose a blank copper board, then develop and
etch it. Like to build magazine projects? Make a film positive Capacitance (pF) O Factor @ Cap
and negative from the magazine PC art illustration, expose Order # 1-9 10+ min. max. 10MHz Color
your sensitized copper board and etch. The magazine page is CVSSA0301 .79 .69 1.5 3.0 >300 Black
not destroyed in this process. No darkroom or camera is CVSSA0701 .79 .69 2.5 7.0 >300 Blue
required. CVSSA1001 .79 .69 2.7 10.0 >300 White
CVSSC2001 .79 .69 4.2 20.0 >300 Red
All necessary materials are included -steel 5" x6" print frame, Pos-Neg film, film processing pack,
yellow filter, 4 oz. negative-acting etch resist, 16 oz. resist developer, blank copper circuit boards,
CVSSE3001 .88 .78 5.5 30.0 >200 Green
dry concentrated etchant, 1:1 resist patterns and tapes, and complete instructions. Shipped via CVSSG5001 .88 .78 8.0 50.0 >200 Orange

C
HES(1 25\77.
UPS ground only.

ER19 - Photo Etch Light Bulb Set (To suit ER4) Mr:YG G r
Why search for the special bulbs you need to expose the Pos-Negou copy film and photo resist
contained in DATAK's ER4 set? This bulb set contains both the 3400°K white light and the 4800°K AC Power
long wave UV content flood-lamps recommended by the manufacturer. Buy this set with your ER4
to insure perfect results every time. Toggle
Order # Price Description Weight Switches
ER4 34.95 PHOTO ETCH ," Printed Circuit Kit (Complete) 3.93 lbs.
ER19 16.45 Exposure Lamps (Light Bulb Set) 5oz. -Mounting Hole: 1/2" El 03

DATAK - REFILLS AND ACCESSORIES= Order 1 1-9 10+ Action Amps Body Terminals Type
E1001 .89 .79 On/Off 3 1.02" x0.55" ....2 (Solder) ....SPST
Order I Price Description Weight E1002 .99 .89 On/Off 3 1.02" x0.55" ....4 (Solder) ....DPST
ER2 7.95 Direct EtchTM Resist Set, 8Sheets, 2Tapes 0.7 oz. E1003 1.19 1.09 On/On 3 1.02" x0.55" ....6 (Solder)....DPDT
ER3 3.49 Dry Concentrated Etchant, 1/4 pound 5.1 oz. E1004 1.49 1.39 On/Off/On .6 1.39" x0.79" 6(Screw) ....DPDT
ERS 7.95 6Sheets 5" x6" Pos-NegTM Film 1.2 oz.
ER6 4.69 Film Process Chemical Pack 5.9 oz.
ER8 4.89 Negative-Acting Resist Developer, 16 oz. 1.25 lbs.

E/-19711
ER9 7.95 2Sheets 8" x11" Pos-Nee Film 1.8 oz.
ER10 13.95 9" x12" Contact Printing Exposure Frame 3lbs.
ER11 4.89 Copper Clad Circuit Boards 2.7 oz.
ER12 7.95 Power Etch Pump (Complete) 11.9 oz.
ER13 3.89 Assorted Donut Pads, 4Sheets 0.5 oz. d
ER14 3.89 DIP, FLAT PACK and SO Pads, 4Sheets 0.4 oz.
2917 Bayview Drive
ER15 1.95 Direct EtchTM Resist Pen 0.4 oz. VISA MasterCard
ER18 4.95 TINNITI. Electroless Bright Tin Plate, 1Pint Size 2.5 oz. Fremont, CA 94538
ER181 17.95 TINNIT",,1/2 Gallon Size (Bulk Pack) 9.3 oz.
ER71 7.95 Negative-Acting Photo Resist Liquid, 4oz. 7.6 oz. Easy Order: 1-800-582-4044
Easy Fax: 1-800-582-1255
KESTEIR
International Fax: 1-510-770-2346
KS4027/4053
-Excellent Wetting
Customer Service: 1-510-770-2345
.N1
«Non-Corrosive Monday -
Friday, lam -5pm (PST)/10am-8pm (EST)
-Non-Conductive COD-No personal checks, US funds ($5.00 Surcharge)
Flux Formula

Features 60% tin, 40% lead alloy, with "44" rosin

KS0415
A unique 62% tin, 36% lead, 2% silver alloy with
rnI USPS UPS Federal Express" fl Airborne
flux. Specifically designed for repairs to a rosin flux core. Specially formulated for Add approx. 5% of total for shipping UPS Ground ($3.00 min.).
electronic components or circuit boards which soldering small, silver-coated surface mount Actual shipping charges based on weight.
are sensitive to excess heat. Also features a components to circuit boards. The .020"
low melting temperature (374°F) and a unique diameter is well-suited for the close spacing of Call or write today for your free copy of our 32 page catalog.
fluxing action. components.
Order* 1-9 10+ Description Gauge Weight California residents, add appropriate sales tax.
21 1lb. 12 month warranty an all EasyTech products.
KS4027 10.95 9.95 60/40 Rosin Cored Solder
30 day money back guarantee.
KS4053 10.95 9.95 60/40 Rosin Cored Solder 18 1lb. We reserve the right to substitute manufacturers.
KS0415 3.45 2.95 Silver Solder 24 1oz. Prices subject to change without notice.

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