Sight

I spy
Rules:
1. I will name a color of an object and you guys will have to
guess what the object is. (only things in the room)
2. To keep this game short we will give each object 4
guesses.

Why did we play I Spy?

Eye coordination, depth perception, visual skill,and visual
thinking are developed while playing.
 Anatomy of the eye
● Iris - a muscle in the eye that controls the amount light that enters
the eye
● Retina - converts light into electrical impulse which the brain can
recognize
● Rod and cones - cones are used for bright light and rods are used for
dim light
● Lacrimal gland - the gland which is releases fluid in the eye to
lubricate the eye
● Lens - a transparent structure that sits behind the iris which
focuses light into the retina
● Cornea - protective outlier of the eye the dome in front of the eye
● Optic nerve - second cranial nerve receives optical signals and
sends them to the brain
● Vitreous body - the clear inner part of the eye that maintains the
round eyeball shape
 How does sight work
● When light hits the retina, cells called photoreceptors turn
the light into electrical signals. These electrical signals
travel from the retina through the optic nerve to the brain.
Then the brain turns the signals into images.
● The visible light is the segment of electro spectrum that
the human eye can see.
● Light bends depends on how the curved the lens is and the
material it’s made out of.
This is an example of
when light hits our lens
and creates a image in our
heads
 Importance of Sight
Our sight is important because we need to be able to see our
surroundings, know where we are, see other people, and even see
what we are about to eat. Sight is a physical entity meaning that it
is a sensory experience in which light reflects off of shapes and
objects and then the eye focuses on this light. Once the eye
focuses on the light, signals will then be sent to the brain and then
will transform into images. Our body relies on sight to help decide
if a food or drink is good because even though we have a taste
sense, the taste sense is considered to be a weak sense
 Eye Reflex
Rules:
1. I will take out a object as quick as possible and
you will have to guess what it is in under a
minute of having it out.
2. If we are to pull something out you will have to
use either the technical or scientific name. (ex.
If it’s a bone then name which bone it is.)
3. If you fail to guess what it is then no one gets a
point.
Why did we do this exercise?

This exercise is to practice how fast your eyes can take a object
and process it in your brain.
 Differences of eyes and sight between
species (cat eyes, goat eyes, etc)
● Depending on the eye of the animal and how its positioned it can reveal a lot
of about the animal.
● Animals with slit pupils are ambush predators the slits are perfect for judging
distances from a potential prey.
● Rounder pupils are typically predators that chase down their prey and are
typically found in taller predators.
● In prey its common for them to have horizontal pupils. For the prey to have
the ability to see predators from longer distances.
● The position matters in the eyes in certain animals with eyes positioned say
to the side have more visibility.
● Some animals like chameleons can operate their eyes independently from
one another.
 Color Blindness
● Color Blindness occurs when there is a problem with the pigments in
the cones (nerve cells of the eye that sense color). . Most color
blindness is due to a genetic problem
●
If just ONE pigment is missing, you may have trouble telling the
difference between red and green (the most common type of color
blindness)
● If another color pigment is missing, blue-yellow color blindness
occurs.
● Achromatopsia: The most severe type of color blindness. This is a
rare condition in which a person cannot see any color, only shades
of gray
Optical Illusions
 Optical Illusions
● Optical illusions happen when our brain and eyes try to speak to each
other in a simple language but the interpretation gets mixed up

● EX. If you view an image and it looks like it is moving, in reality it’s that
our eyes sensed something (like the image) and then our eyes
incorrectly tell our brain that something is moving when the image
actually isn’t.
 Depth Perception
● Depth perception is the ability to see things in three dimensions (ex.
length, width and depth), and to judge how far away an object is. This is
also referred to as stereopsis. Depth perception is able to happen
through a process called “convergence”

● Convergence: when your eyes view different images and your brain
brings them together to form a single image.

● In order to have depth perception you need to have binocular vision (be
able to see from both eyes). This is why those with monocular vision
lack strong depth perception.
 Eye Pathology
Eye pathology, or the ophthalmic pathology, is basically the focus on eye
diseases like pink eye for example but also details about something called
conjunctivitis which basically consists of viral, bacterial, and allergic.
Another example is the glaucoma which basically damages the optic nerve
of the eye due to raised pressure of the optic nerve which could lead it to not
being able to carry visual information to the brain which could also lead to
blindness and etc. what the ophthalmologist would usually do is they would
examine the diseased tissue macroscopically, which is also called a gross
examination. They would then study tissues to provide a precise diagnosis of
the disease that the carrier may have. The examination mainly composes of
the diagnosis of the eye and ocular adnexal tissues which are removed
surgically
 How Ophthalmic diagnostics Works
One of the many techniques that Ophthalmologist use is something called
Ophthalmic diagnostics. People with decreased vision, halos or glare from
lights, eye pain, double vision, etc. are obviously in major risk of worsening
their eyes so how the ophthalmic diagnostics would work is essentially help
diagnose and find ways to treat certain eye conditions. Ophthalmic
diagnostics is actually a fluorescent substance, also known as disclosing
agents, that is applied on the surface of the eye to visualize the damage that
was done to the cornea or any other parts of the eye. The fluorescent dye
would be combined with anesthetic medications to numb the eye and
prevent any pain during treatment procedures and whatnot. Fun fact is that
the anesthetic basically blocks the nerves in the eye from sending pain
signals to the brain
Eye pathology
 Glasses
● Glasses or contact lenses correct vision because they
allow the eye to focus light in the right spot on the retina
— the spot that produces the clearest image.
● While glasses correct vision problems like
nearsightedness, farsightedness, and astigmatism, they
cause our eyesight to deteriorate.
● A refraction eye exam helps your eye doctor figure out
what prescription you need for glasses or contact lenses
● As of 2020 164 million American adults wear glasses
 Eye Exams
1. Eye Chart Exam- a measure of the clarity of your vision
2. Swinging flashlight test-The way the pupils dilate and constrict in response to light can
reveal a lot about the health of the eyes and the body
3. Cover test-This test measures how well the eyes work together
4. Confrontation Visual Field Test-a quick check of your field of vision, including your central
and peripheral vision
5. Color Blindness- test your ability to distinguish shades of red from shades of green, or blues
from yellows
6. Refraction-a subjective test to measure nearsightedness, farsightedness, astigmatism
(irregularity in the curvature of the cornea that can cause vision to be blurry), and/or
presbyopia.
7. Slit lamp exam- magnifies the eye many times and illuminates it with a bright light so
individual structures can be examine. This will reveal any defects or diseases of the eyes
8. Appalachian tonometry- a method for measuring fluid pressure, or intraocular pressure (IOP),
which can indicate the risk of developing glaucoma.
Color Blindness
 How does
Technology affect our sight?
With the advancement in technologies and availability in smart devices and
other OLED/LCD screens, we start to wonder if it can have any negative
impacts on our health? A common question in today's society is, does
technology damage our eyesight? In retrospect yes, it can damage your
eyesight. The worst times include nighttime use of any technology and
staring at a screen for a long period of time leading to retina damage.
According to the American Macular Degeneration Foundation, ¨blue light
coming from LED devices can damage the retina and lead to macular
degeneration¨. AMD (age-related macular degeneration) damages a patient's
central vision which is acceraltered with the use of LED devices.
 How does
Technology affect our sight?
While daytime use of technology is acceptable,
nighttime use of any blue LED screens can lead
to accelerated macular degeneration because
of the amount of high intensity blue light being
absorbed by the retinas. While blue light
absorption of 380-500 nm is normal during the
daytime, increased nighttime use of technology
can not only damage our eyesight but suppress
our production of melatonin and throw off our
circadian rhythm.
 Eye perception
Eye Perception is the ability to perceive a form and find it hidden your surrounding

Did you find the changes

that were made to the
classroom?