5G NSA and

Multiple Access
 5G Challenges
What are 5G Challenges ?
✓ Frequency Band : C-Band Spectrum availability and clean from interference
✓ 5G Devices : Limited and pricy 5G devices
✓ Transmission Capacity : Fiber GPON or E-Band access upgraded to 10G
✓ Tower Load : Massive MIMO 64T64R with heavy load
✓ Clock Synchronization : GPS available or not in legacy network
✓ Limited Use Cases : Focus on eMBB initial deployment, limited use cases.
✓ Investment : Network investment & pandemic covid19.

Motorola moto z4 LG V50 ThinQ 5G Samsung Galaxy S10 5G Galaxy Note10+ 5G Samsung Galaxy Fold ZTE Axon 10 Pro Huawei Mate X Huawei Mate 20 X 5G

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#KarantinaWilayah Xiaomi Mi MIX 3 5G OPPO Reno 5G OnePlus 7 Pro 5G Energizer Power Max P8100S Alcatel 7 5G
 New 5G Phones (2020) https://www.gsmarena.com/

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 5G Motivation and Driver

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 Future Potential Use Cases

• Extreme Mobile Broadband that delivers Multi Gigabytes of bandwidth on demand

• Massive machine-type communication that connects billions of sensors and machines
• Critical machine-type communication that allows for the immediate, synchronous eye-hand feedback that enables
remote control over robots

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 5G Starts from 3GPP Release 15

The 5G air interface, also known as NR (New Radio), is 3GPP’s solution to meet the ITU-R (International Telecommunication Union – Radiocommunication),
and in particular the 5G Working Party, defined minimum requirements for a 5G or IMT (International Mobile Telecommunications) 2020 network.
3GPP have defined a phased approach to 5G, referred to as 5G Phase 1 and 5G Phase 2. These are defined in 3GPP Release 15 and Release 16 respectively.
The early focus for 5G Phase 1 is eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband) data services and some URLLC (Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications) support.
5G Phase 2 is planning to complete the IMT-2020 requirements with various enhancements, as well as support for MIoT (Massive Internet of Things).
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 Key Performance Comparison Between 4G and 5G

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 5G key technology components

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 5G Standalone (SA) and Non-standalone (NSA)

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 5G network architecture terminology

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 5G Network architecture

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 5G Network architecture options in 3GPP Release 15
5G System can be deployed as a standalone solution without LTE. This approach is called Option 2 in 3GPP. 5G
can also use non-standalone solution with dual connectivity to LTE. That approach is called Option 3. The very
first 5G networks must use Option 3 because it is available in 3GPP 6 months before Option 2.

Dual connectivity has also other benefits: it allows to combine LTE and 5G data rates together and it allows to
reuse existing Evolved Packet Core (EPC). Option 2 with 5G core network enables new end-to-end services
including low latency. Option 2 allows lower latency and faster setup time than dual connectivity solution where
LTE protocols are used. 3GPP Standards will bring also the option to connect LTE eNodeB to 5G core network
with Options 7 and 4.

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 Option 3 Varian

Option 3 is a dual connectivity deployment with E-UTRA as the anchor Radio Access Technology (RAT) and NR as
the secondary RAT in a non-standalone configuration based on the existing EPC.
Both 5G base stations (gNodeB) and LTE base stations (eNodeB) are connected to the EPC. The control plane
goes via LTE. There are 3 possible variants as displayed on the slide. The option 3X seems favored by most
operators for enhanced mobile broadband.
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 Data flow in options 3, 3A and 3X

In Option 3a: there is user plane In Option 3x, the gNodeB is the In Option 3, the eNodeB is the data split anchor:
traffic split at core network: EPC data split anchor : The user plane there is a Master Node split: EPC establishes the
establishes separate bearers to goes via both eNodeB and gNodeB bearer to Master LTE eNodeB, then Master LTE
LTE and 5G with bearer split at gNodeB. ENodeB splits the bearer for forwarding packets
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 LTE NR Carrier Aggregation
DC (Dual Connectivity)
– A UE in RRC_CONNECTED is configured with Dual Connectivity when
configured with a Master and a Secondary Cell Group
› PCell (Primary Cell)
– The cell, operating on the primary frequency, in which the UE either performs
the initial connection establishment procedure or initiates the connection re-
establishment procedure, or the cell indicated as the primary cell in the
handover procedure
› SCell (Secondary Cell)
– A cell, operating on a secondary frequency, which may be configured once
an RRC connection is established and which may be used to provide
additional radio resources
› MCG (Master Cell Group)
– For a UE not configured with DC, the MCG comprises all serving cells. For a
UE configured with DC, the MCG concerns a subset of the serving cells
comprising of the PCell and zero or more secondary cells
› SCG (Secondary Cell Group)
– For a UE configured with DC, the subset of serving cells not part of the
MCG, i.e. comprising of the PSCell and zero or more other secondary cells
› PSCell (Primary Secondary Cell)
– The SCG cell in which the UE is instructed to perform random access when
performing the SCG change procedure
› SpCell (Special Cell)
– For Dual Connectivity operation the

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 LTE NR Carrier Aggregation

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 Parameter Setting
Parameter Name Sample Value Nokia Huawei Ericsson

qciTabXNSA3x.NSA3xBearer CellQciPara.NsaDcDefaultBear
Data Split Policy Selection SCG_SPLIT_BEARER -
Allowed erMod
qciTabXNSA3x.dlDataSplitM gNBPdcpParamGroup.DlDataP
Downlink Data Split Policy in Option 3x Dynamically Transferred -
ode dcpSplitMode

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 Sample LTE + NR Throughput

PDCP and Application

throughput only visible
NR Throughput in NR which is
aggregated from LTE +
NR lower layer (RLC)

LTE Throughput

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 Stand-Alone Versus Non-Stand Alone

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 5G SA System architecture

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 5G Core architecture - Service based representation

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 5G Logo ?

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 SIB2 ::upperLayerIndication-r15
SIB2

primaryUpperLayerInd Count of Cells

OFF 180 All discrepancy already rectified

ON 5589
Grand Total 5769

On this sample case 5G service is not available once UE camp on L700 cells.

Connected
EUtranCellFDDId primaryUpperLayerInd Idle Mode
Mode
L1800C1-A ON
L1800C1-B ON
L1800C1-C ON
L1800C2-A ON
5G Icon 5G Icon
L1800C2-B ON
appearing appearing
L1800C2-C ON
L2100-A ON
L2100-B ON
L2100-C ON
L700-A OFF
L700-B OFF No 5G Service No 5G Service
L700-C OFF
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 Parameter Mapping

Parameter Name Sample Value Nokia Huawei Ericsson

upperLayerIndication SIB. NSADCMGMTCONFIG. Upper EUtranCellFDD.

ON
broadcast in SIB2 primPlmnUpperLayerIndicationR15 Layer Indication Switch primaryUpperLayerInd

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Multiple Access,
Recourse Block,
Numerology
and BWP
 5G Definition of frequency ranges

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 3GPP-defined 5G Frequency Ranges and Bands

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 SUL and SDL

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 SUL and SDL

Supplementary downlink or Uplink allow the bonding of unpaired spectrum with FDD or TDD bands, to
significantly enhance NR network capacity and users experience. This provides an efficient way of using
spectrum because consumption rich content and other data heavy applications is asymmetric.

Additionally, to improve UL coverage for high frequency scenarios, Supplementary Uplink (SUL) can be
configured as shown the slide. With SUL, the UE is configured with 2 uplinks for one Downlink of the same
cell.

In conjunction with a UL/DL carrier pair (FDD band) or a bidirectional carrier (TDD band), a UE may be
configured with additional, supplemental uplink. Supplemental uplink differs from the aggregated uplink in
that the UE may be scheduled to transmit either on the supplemental uplink or on the uplink of the carrier
being supplemented, but not on both at the same time.

Parameter Name Sample Nokia Huawei Ericsson

Activate Supplemental UL OFF/ON NRCELL.actSUL NRDUCellAlgoSwitch.UlDlDecouplingSwitch -

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 Main 5G spectrum options in different markets globally

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 Parameter Mapping

Parameter Name Sample Nokia Huawei Ericsson

Frequency Band n78 NRCELL.freqBandIndicatorNR NRDUCell.FrequencyBand NRSectorCarrier.frequencyDL/NRCellDU.bandListManual

Downlink Bandwidth 100Mhz NRCELL.chBw NRDUCell.DlBandwidth NRSectorCarrier.bSChannelBwDL

Downlink NARFCN 643334 NRCELL.nrarfcn NRDUCell.DlNarfcn NRSectorCarrier.arfcnDL

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 Overview-NR Air Interface Resources
Numerology (system parameters): refers to subcarrier spacing (SCS) in an NR system and related
parameters, such as the symbol length and CP length.

Time-domain CP
Basic scheduling unit
resources
Symbol length Slot Subframe Frame

1 slot = 14 symbols 1 subframe = 1 ms 1 frame = 10 ms

The SCS determines
1 frame = 10 subframes
Numerology the symbol length
One or more BWPs can be
and slot length. 1 RB = 12 subcarriers 1 RBG = 2 to 16 RBs 1 BWP = Multiple RBs/RBGs configured in one carrier.

SCS RB RBG BWP Carrier

Frequency-domain Data channel/control channel scheduling unit

resources

REG CCE
Existed in LTE
Unchanged in NR
1 REG = 1 PRB 1 CCE = 6 REGs
Existed in LTE
Enhanced in NR
Space-domain resources Codeword Layer Antenna port
Added in NR

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 NR Multiple access

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 NR Multiple access

In the 5G, the multiple access scheme for the NR physical layer is a combination of : OFDMA (orthogonal frequency-
division multiple access), TDMA (Time-division multiple access), and SDMA (Space Division Multiple Access).
Remember: The multiple access is about separation of radio resources for users in the cell.
• OFDMA is based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) ; the
transmission to/from different UEs uses mutually orthogonal frequency assignments. With granularity in
frequency domain assignment equal to one resource block consisting of 12 subcarriers as illustrated by this grid
given on the slide.
• TDMA is based on the transmission to/from different UEs with separation in time. The granularity in the time
domain is equal one slot consisting of 14 OFDM symbols, or 2, 4, 7 OFDM symbols within one mini-slot. The
physical length of one slot ranges from 0.125ms to 1ms depending on the sub-carrier spacing.
• The SDMA , also known as multi-user MIMO, is referring to the possibility to transmit to/from multiple users
using the same time-frequency resource as part of the advanced-antenna capabilities.

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 OFDM-based waveforms

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 OFDM-based waveforms

Briefly, OFDM is block transmission of N symbols in parallel on N orthogonal sinusoidal time-limited waveforms. Each
sinusoidal frequency is called a subcarrier (or tone) since one modulation symbol is mapped to one waveform per
OFDM symbol time.
Each subcarrier is 15 kilo Hertz in bandwidth as in LTE eUTRAN but in NR Multiple sub-carrier spacings are supported
including 15kHz, 30kHz, 60kHz and 120kHz for data. The inter-subcarrier spacing is equally distributed over the
channel. At the center frequency of each subcarrier, all the other subcarriers go to zero amplitude. One can think of
this as all talking at once, but when I want to talk, all the other subcarriers go to zero when I filter it. With the right
filter, I can get the information clearly without interference.

In 3GPP Release 15, CP-OFDM is applied for both downlink and uplink and DFT-spread OFDM can also be configured
for uplink especially for low power device (e.g. IoT)

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 Scalable Numorology

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 Channel Bandwidth

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 NR Frame Structure

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 NR Frame Structure Architecture

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 NR Cyclic Prefix (CP)
⚫ CP function:
– To eliminate inter-channel interference (ICI) caused by multipath ⚫ CP length for different SCS values:
propagation.
Symbol Period T(s) 512  2 −  extended cyclic prefix
Attitude  
Symbol N Symbol N+1 N CP ,l = 144  2 −  + 16 normal cyclic prefix, l = 0 or l = 7  2 
Cyclic Prefix
Bit Period T(b) 144  2 −  normal cyclic prefix, l  0 and l  7  2 


One OFDM symbol

T(g)
Tcp = Ncp  Tc
Symbol Period T(s)
time

⚫ NR CP design principle: Parameter SCS CP

– Same overhead as that in LTE, ensuring aligned symbols btw different µ (kHz) (µs)
SCS values and the reference numerology (15 kHz). 0 15 TCP: 5.2 µs for l = 0 or 7; 4.69 µs for others

1 30 TCP: 2.86 µs for l = 0 or 14; 2.34 µs for others

TCP: 1.69 µs for l = 0 or 28; 1.17 µs for others

2 60
Extended TCP: 4.17 µs

3 120 TCP: 1.11 µs for l = 0 or 56; 0.59 µs for others

4 240 TCP: 0.81 µs for l = 0 or 112; 0.29 µs for others

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 NR Cyclic Prefix (CP) for SCS 15Khz

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 Slot and Mini-Slot (there is no formal term yet from 3GPP spec)

Each subframe consists of an OFDM sub-carrier spacing dependent number of slots. Each slot consists of 14
OFDM symbols. The Slot is transmitted within a transmission time interval (TTI). Different numerologies lead to
different slot lengths, ranging from 1 msat 15 kHz sub-carrier spacing to 0.125 msat 120 kHz sub-carrier spacing,
enabling shorter TTIs. The slot is the basic transmission unit at which most physical channels and signals repeat;
however, slots can be complemented by mini-slot-based transmissions (referred to as Type B scheduling in NR) to
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 Slot and Mini-Slot

A mini-slot can start at any OFDM symbol and can have a variable length; mini-slot lengths of 2, 4, or 7 symbols
have been defined in the standard so far. This provides fast transmission opportunities, for example, URLLC
traffic that is not restricted by slot boundaries. Thus, mini-slots provide a viable solution to low-latency
transmissions irrespective of sub-carrier spacing. In the example of resource allocation shown on the slide, you
can see a Mini-slot of 4 OFDM symbols allocated to URLLC User Equipment : one symbol in red to carry the
PDCCH and 3 symbols (orange) for data traffic transmission.
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 Bandwidth Part Overview

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 Motivation for BWP

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 Bandwidth part definition

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 Motivation

Why NR introduced Bandwidth parts ?

Well, the answer is simple: The main reason for introduction of Bandwidth part concept is optimization
bandwidth that UE needs to monitor. It is used to optimize UE operations in frequency domain. NR allows for
device-side receiver-bandwidth adaptation as a means to reduce the device energy consumption. Hence, NR
defines so-called bandwidth parts that indicate the bandwidth over which a device is currently assumed to
receive transmissions of a certain numerology.
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 BWP Use Cases

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 BWP Use Cases

There are mainly four uses cases of Bandwidth part operation. They are summarized in this Figure:
1. Support of UEs with capability smaller than network carrier : single dedicated Bandwidth part configured on a
serving cell
2. Load balancing on a network carrier : multiple dedicated Bandwidth parts configured on a serving cell, of the
same size and multiplexed in the frequency domain.
3. For power saving : multiple dedicated Bandwidth parts are configured on a serving cell, one wide and one
narrow (properly nested)
4. RRC configuration change : multiple dedicated Bandwidth parts configured on a serving cell, could be of the
same size, each differently configured (e.g. numerology, time-domain resource allocation)

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 BWP Calculation
How BWP location and bandwidth is specified in RRC ?

The location (starting position and the bandwidth of a BWP is specified in RRC parameter called locationAndBandwidth and this parameter is specified as RIV that can be
calculated according to the following specification.

< 38.213-12 Bandwidth part operation > states as follows :

a first PRB and a number of contiguous PRBs by higher layer parameter locationAndBandwidth that is interpreted as RIV according to TS 38.214, setting , and the
first PRB is a PRB offset relative to the PRB indicated by higher layer parameters offsetToCarrier and subcarrierSpacing

Combining the two specification mentioned above, would

come up with some examples as shown below. All these
examples are based on the assumption that RB_start = 0,
BWP takes up the maximum RB for the specified channel
bandwidth and subcarrierspacing = 30 Khz, FR1

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 RIV Decoding Example

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 BWP Sample

Initial BWP
RB number = 48
RB Start = 59

=275 * (48-1) + 59 = 12984

First Active BWP

RB number = 162
RB Start = 0

=275 * (275-162+1) + (275-1-0) = 31624

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 BWP Parameter

Parameter Name Sample Value Nokia Huawei Ericsson

BWP Power Saving Switch BWP Power Saving Switch:Off - NRDUCellUePwrSaving. BwpPwrSavingSw -

BWP2_SWITCH: When this option is selected, certain UEs work on the BWP2. In this case, certain RB resources cannot be used because the
UEs cannot be flexibly distributed in the cell, wasting radio resources. To maintain the optimal throughput on the network side, it is
recommended that this option be deselected. When this option is deselected, UEs in the cell cannot enter the BWP2 mode and cannot save
power using BWP.

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 DL-UL Configuration

There are two types of self-contained slots:

• DL-dominant and UL-dominant.DL-dominant slotUplink control

signals or sounding reference signals (SRSs) can still be
transmitted, which shortens the downlink feedback delay.
• UL-dominant slotDownlink control signals can still be
transmitted, which shortens the uplink scheduling delay

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 DL-UL Configuration

Note:

• GP: indicates the number of GP symbols between uplink and downlink data transmission.

• 4:1 (DDDSU)
• It indicates 3 downlink timeslots, 1 self-contained slot, and 1 uplink timeslot. D, S, and U are
short for downlink timeslot, self-contained slot, and uplink timeslot, respectively. For details on
the self-contained slot, see 6 Self-contained Frame Structure.

• 8:2 (DDDDDDDSUU)
• It indicates 7 downlink timeslots, 1 self-contained slot, and 2 uplink timeslots.

• x or y: (indicating the configuration period)

• Its value range is as follows: {0.5, 0.625, 1, 1.25, 2, 2.5, 5, 10} ms

• The period of 0.625 ms is used only when the subcarrier spacing is 120 kHz. The periods of 1.25
ms and 2.5 ms are used when the subcarrier spacing is higher than 60 kHz and 30 kHz,
respectively.

• x1 or x3 (indicating the number of downlink timeslots)

• Its value range is as follows: {0, 1, ..., number of timeslots within a configuration period}

• y1 or y3 (indicating the number of uplink timeslots)

• Its value range is as follows: {0, 1, ..., number of timeslots within a configuration period}

• x2 or x4 (indicating the number of downlink symbols following downlink timeslots)

• Its value range is as follows: {0, 1, ..., 13}.

5G Indo for Cov19 • y2 or y4 (indicating the number of uplink symbols before uplink timeslots)
#KarantinaWilayah • Its value range is as follows: {0, 1, ..., 13}.
 DL-UL Configuration

Example of the Slot Configuration 4_1_DDDSU Example of the Slot Configuration 8_2_DDDDDDDSUU
If NRDUCell.SlotAssignment is set If NRDUCell.SlotAssignment is set
to 4_1_DDDSU and NRDUCell.SlotStructure is set to SS2, the to 8_2_DDDDDDDSUU and NRDUCell.SlotStructure is set
values of parameters x, x1, x2, y2, and y1 for SS2 timeslot format to SS56, a 5 ms period includes 10 timeslots (the corresponding
are 2.5, 3, 10, 2, and 1, respectively, as shown in Figure 7-1. subcarrier spacing is 30 kHz). Figure 7-2 shows the 10
timeslots, including 7 downlink timeslots, 1 self-contained slot,
and 2 uplink timeslots.

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 Coexistence with TDD

• When NRDUCell.SlotAssignment is set to 8_2_DDDDDDDSUU, the slot configuration can be aligned with
LTE TDD (with a timeslot structure of DSUDD) to avoid adjacent-frequency interference or interference caused
by coexistence.

• To ensure network synchronization, you can reconfigure these

parameters: NRDUCell.SlotAssignment, NRDUCell.SlotStructure, and GNODEBPARAM.FrameOffset on
the NR side; Cell.SubframeAssignment, Cell.SpecialSubframePatterns,
and ENodeBFrameOffset.TddFrameOffset on the LTE side.

• The current version allows the slot assignment of 8:2 (DDDDDDDSUU) and slot structure SS54 supported in
the NR network to map to the uplink-downlink subframe configuration SA2 (DSUDD) and special subframe
configuration SSP7 in the LTE network. 3 ms is delayed for the NR network or is advanced for the LTE network,
as shown in Figure 7-3. In an NR/LTE TDD dual-mode network, the TddFrameOffset parameter can be set to a
value ranging from 0 to 122343 and from 275943 to 307200.

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 Sample Parameter

%%/*1879683805*/LST NRDUCELL:;%% %%/*1879683823*/LST GNODEBPARAM:;%%

RETCODE = 0 Operation succeeded. RETCODE = 0 Operation succeeded.

List NR DU Cell Display gNodeBParam

--------------- -------------------
NR DU Cell ID = 1 Frame Offset
Frame Offset(Ts) = 92160
NR DU Cell Name = NAA597A1
Duplex Mode = TDD SNR Threshold for AOA Measurement(0.01dB) = -800
Cell ID = 1 X2-U Transmission Type = Through Internal Network
Physical Cell ID = 78
PCI & Band
Frequency Band = n78
Uplink NARFCN Configuration Indicator = Not Configure
Uplink NARFCN = NULL
Downlink NARFCN = 636666
Uplink Bandwidth = 100 MHz Freq & Bandwidth
Downlink Bandwidth = 100 MHz
Cell Radius(m) = 5000
Subcarrier Spacing(KHz) = 30 Subcarrier spacing & CP
Cyclic Prefix Length = Normal Cyclic Prefix
NR DU Cell Activate State = Activated
Slot Assignment = Slot Assignment 8:2 Slot Assignment & Structure
Slot Structure = Slot Structure 54
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 Sanple TDD Configuration
Vendor A Vendor B Vendor C
tdd-UL-DL-ConfigurationCommon tdd-UL-DL-ConfigurationCommon tdd-UL-DL-ConfigurationCommon
. referenceSubcarrierSpacing: 1 ( kHz30) . referenceSubcarrierSpacing: 1 ( kHz30) referenceSubcarrierSpacing:kHz30 (1)
. pattern1 . pattern1 pattern1
dl-UL-TransmissionPeriodicity: 4 ( ms2) dl-UL-TransmissionPeriodicity: 6 ( ms5) dl-UL-TransmissionPeriodicity:ms5 (6)
nrofDownlinkSlots: 3 nrofDownlinkSlots: 3 nrofDownlinkSlots:0x7 (7)
nrofDownlinkSymbols: 3 nrofDownlinkSymbols: 6 nrofDownlinkSymbols:0x6 (6)
nrofUplinkSlots: 2 nrofUplinkSlots: 2 nrofUplinkSlots:0x2 (2)
nrofUplinkSymbols: 3 nrofUplinkSymbols: 4 nrofUplinkSymbols:0x4 (4)

✓ Slot synchronization need to be considered in border location between vendor A/B with Vendor C.
✓ Following sample for one of solution by aligning the patter using frame offset.

D D D S U U D D D D D D D S U U D D D D
Without Fame Offset
D D D D D D D S U U D D D D D D D S U U

D D D S U U D D D D D D D S U U D D D D
With Fame Offset
D D D D D D D S U U D D D D D D D S U U

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 Parameter Mapping

Parameter Name Sample Nokia Huawei Ericsson

Subcarrier Spacing 30 Khz NRCELLGRP.scs NRDUCell.SubcarrierSpacing NRCellDU.subCarrierSpacing/ofdmNumerology

Slot Assignment Slot Assignment 8:2 NRCELL.tddFrameStructure NRDUCell.SlotAssignment NRCellDU.tddUlDlPattern

Slot Structure Slot Structure 54 NRCELL.frameStructureType NRDUCell.SlotStructure NRCellDU.tddSpecialSlotPattern

Cyclic Prefix Length Normal Cyclic Prefix - NRDUCell.CyclicPrefixLength -

Frame Offset 92160 - gNodeBParam.FrameOffset NRCellCU.absFrameStartOffset

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