S9086-CH-STM-030

REVISION 6

NAVAL SHIPS’ TECHNICAL MANUAL

CHAPTER 074

VOLUME 3 - GAS FREE ENGINEERING

SUPERSEDURE NOTICE: THIS MANUAL SUPERSEDES CHAPTER 074, VOLUME

3, DATED 01 SEPTEMBER 2009 AND ALL CHANGES THERETO.

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: APPROVAL FOR PUBLIC RELEASE: DISTRIBUTION IS UNLIMITED.

PUBLISHED BY DIRECTION OF COMMANDER, NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND.

*0910LP1115226* 1 AUG 2011

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 S9086-CH-STM-030

RECORD OF REVISIONS
REVISION NO. TITLE AND/OR BRIEF DESCRIPTION/PREPARING ACTIVITY DATE
4 PARAGRAPH(S) 074-18.8, 074-18.10, 074-25.2, 074-25.3, 074-25.5, 074- 15 JULY 2003
25.6 AND N.
5 VARIOUS UPDATES. PARAGRAPH(S) 074-18-12.1, 074-18-12.2, 074-18- 01 SEPT 2009
12.3, 074-25.3, 074-25.6 AND N.
6 THE FOLLOWING WAS CHANGED: 1 AUGUST 2011
PARAGRAPH(S) , 074-18.3, 074-18.6, 074-18.7, 074-18.8, 074-18.9,
074-18.10, 074-18.18.2, 074-19.3, 074-19.4, 074-19.6, 074-19.9, 074-19.10,
074-19.11, 074-19.13, 074-19.14, 074-20.4, 074-21.7.2, 074-25.2, 074-25.3,
074-25.4, 074-25.5, 074-25.6, A, G, H, 074-K.7.1, 074-K.8.1, 074-L.2.2,
074-L.3, 074-L.4, 074-L.5 AND M
TABLE(S) 074-19-1. AND 074-L-1.
FIGURE(S) 074-I-1., 074-I-2., 074-I-3., 074-L-1., 074-L-2., 074-L-3.,
074-M-1., 074-M-2. AND 074-M-3.
TMDERS INCORPORATED: R03363-04-0824, R21247-08-LB01, AND
S41718-04-PN04

FOR OPTIMAL VIEWING OF THIS TECHNICAL MANUAL THE PAGE LAYOUT IN ADOBE ACROBAT
READER SHOULD BE SINGLE PAGE. CONTINUOUS PAGE DISPLAY CAN CAUSE PROBLEMS WITH
LINK REFERENCES AND THE BOOKMARKS.

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RECORD OF REVISIONS-2
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 S9086-CH-STM-030

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter/Paragraph Page

074 VOLUME 3
GAS FREE ENGINEERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-1

SECTION 18 GAS FREE ENGINEERING PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . 18-1

074-18.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-1

074-18.2 BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-1

074-18.3 APPLICABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-1

074-18.4 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-1

074-18.5 BASIC PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-2

074-18.6 STAFFING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-2

074-18.7 BASIC AND LEGAL PROVISIONS FOR GAS FREE ENGINEERING TRAINING
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-2

074-18.8 GAS FREE ENGINEERING PERSONNEL (GFEP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-3

074-18.9 GAS FREE ENGINEERING TRAINING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-4

074-18.10 PROGRAM EVALUATION AND RECERTIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-4

074-18.11 CERTIFICATION/RECERTIFICATION RECORDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-5

074-18.12 SHIPBOARD AFLOAT GAS FREE ENGINEER (GFE) AUTHORITY LIMITS . . 18-5
074-18.12.1 SHIPBOARD AFLOAT GFE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-5
074-18.12.2 MARITIME SHORE COMMAND GFE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-6
074-18.12.3 NON-MARITIME SHORE COMMAND GFE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-6

074-18.13 CONTRACTOR OPERATIONS INSIDE U.S. TERRITORIAL WATERS . . . . . . 18-6

074-18.14 CONTRACTOR OPERATIONS OUTSIDE U.S. TERRITORIAL WATERS . . . . . 18-7

074-18.15 NAVY GAS FREE CERTIFICATION AND TEST LOG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-7

074-18.16 RECORDS RETENTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-7

074-18.17 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF GFE PERSONNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-7

074-18.17.1 GFE DUTIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-7
074-18.17.2 GFEA DUTIES (NOT APPLICABLE TO SUBMARINES). . . . . . . . . . 18-8
074-18.17.3 GFEPO DUTIES (NOT APPLICABLE TO SUBMARINES). . . . . . . . . 18-8
074-18.17.4 POST-FIRE ATMOSPHERIC TESTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-8

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074-18.18 RESPONSIBILITIES FOR GAS FREE ENGINEERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-9

074-18.18.1 NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND (NAVSEA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-9
074-18.18.2 CHIEF OF NAVAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING (CNET). . . . . . . . . 18-9
074-18.18.3 BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY (BUMED). . . . . . . . . . . . 18-9
074-18.18.4 COMMANDING OFFICER (CO). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-9
074-18.18.5 DEPARTMENT HEADS, DIVISION OFFICERS AND PETTY OFFICERS.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-9
074-18.18.6 OFFICERS AND PETTY OFFICERS IN CHARGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-9
074-18.18.7 OPERATING PERSONNEL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-10

074-18.19 REPORTING OMISSIONS OR ERRORS IN MANUALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-10

SECTION 19 GAS FREE ENGINEERING PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-1

074-19.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-1

074-19.2 NEED FOR GAS FREEING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-1

074-19.3 SOURCES OF CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-1

074-19.4 ENTRY AND WORK RESTRICTIONS FOR CONFINED SPACES . . . . . . . . . 19-2

074-19.5 WORKING ALONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-3

074-19.6 EXPOSURE LEVELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-3

074-19.7 PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-4

074-19.8 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-4

074-19.9 BREATHABLE AIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-4

074-19.10 ACCESS TO HAZARDOUS SPACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-4

074-19.11 TESTING PROCEDURES AND RESULTING RESTRICTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . 19-5

074-19.12 PERIODIC AND CONTINUOUS TESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-7

074-19.13 CONDITIONS FOR CLASSIFYING CONFINED SPACES AS IDLH . . . . . . . . 19-7

074-19.14 IDLH SPACE ENTRY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-8

074-19.15 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTRY AND WORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-12

SECTION 20 NAVY GAS FREE CERTIFICATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-1

074-20.1 NAVY GAS FREE CERTIFICATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-1

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074-20.2 SPACES INITIALLY CERTIFIED BY GFEPO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-1

074-20.3 SPACES INITIALLY CERTIFIED BY GFE/GFEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-1

074-20.4 SPACES DELEGATED BY GFE/GFEA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-1

074-20.5 CERTIFICATE ISSUANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-2

074-20.6 CERTIFICATION AND TEST LOG USAGE AND CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . 20-2

074-20.7 DEFINITIONS FOR EXISTING CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-7

074-20.8 DISTRIBUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-8

074-20.9 RETESTING AND RECERTIFYING SPACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-9

074-20.10 SIGNAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-9

SECTION 21 VENTILATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-1

074-21.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-1

074-21.2 BASIC VENTILATION OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-1

074-21.3 VENTILATION BEFORE ENTRY OR WORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-1

074-21.4 VENTILATION TYPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-2

074-21.4.1 GENERAL VENTILATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-2
074-21.4.2 CALCULATING GENERAL VENTILATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-2
074-21.4.3 LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-2
074-21.4.4 DILUTION VENTILATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-3

074-21.5 VENTILATING FLAMMABLE ATMOSPHERES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-3

074-21.6 VENTILATION SYSTEM COMPONENT PLACEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-3

074-21.6.1 INLET LOCATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-3
074-21.6.2 EXHAUST OUTLET LOCATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-3
074-21.6.3 DUCT LOCATIONS FOR CONTAMINANTS LIGHTER OR HEAVIER
THAN AIR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-3
074-21.6.4 BLOWING VERSUS DRAWING AIR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-4
074-21.6.5 FAN LOCATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-4
074-21.6.6 DUCTING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-6

074-21.7 VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIFIC OPERATIONS . . . . . . . . . 21-6

074-21.7.1 VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING, CUTTING,
BURNING AND BRAZING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-6
074-21.7.2 LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-6
074-21.7.3 TOXIC METALS VENTILATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-6

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074-21.7.4 DILUTION VENTILATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-7

074-21.7.4.1 Dilution Ventilation Volume Formula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-7
074-21.7.4.2 Dilution Ventilation Velocity Formula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-7
074-21.7.5 VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS FOR PAINTING, COATINGS AND
USE OF SOLVENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-8
074-21.7.6 DILUTION FOR SPRAY PAINTING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-8

074-21.8 DILUTION TO LEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-8

074-21.9 DILUTION VENTILATION FLOW RATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-9

SECTION 22 HOT WORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-1

074-22.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-1

074-22.2 HOT WORK DEFINED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-1

074-22.3 CLEANING AND VENTILATING FOR HOT WORK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-1

074-22.4 FIRE WATCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-2

074-22.5 FIRE EXTINGUISHING EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-2

074-22.6 HOT WORK LOCATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-3

074-22.6.1 BOUNDARY SPACES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-3
074-22.6.2 PIPES, TUBES, COILS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-3
074-22.6.3 HOT WORK ON CLOSED CONTAINERS OR STRUCTURES. . . . . . . 22-3
074-22.6.4 HOT WORK NEAR PRESERVATIVE COATINGS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-3
074-22.6.5 HOT WORK NEAR DAMAGED SURFACES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-4
074-22.6.6 HOT WORK NEAR PRESSURIZED SYSTEMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-4
074-22.6.7 HOT WORK NEAR INSULATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-4
074-22.6.8 HOT WORK NEAR AMMUNITION AND EXPLOSIVES. . . . . . . . . . 22-5

074-22.7 HAZARDOUS BY-PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-5

074-22.8 GAS WELDING AND CUTTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-5

074-22.8.1 COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-5
074-22.8.2 GAS WELDING AND CUTTING EQUIPMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-5
074-22.8.3 GAS SUPPLIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-5

074-22.9 ELECTRIC ARC PROCESSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-5

074-22.9.1 ELECTRIC ARC UNITS OR MACHINES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-6
074-22.9.2 ELECTRIC ARC EQUIPMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-6
074-22.9.3 ELECTRODE HOLDERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-6
074-22.9.4 INERT GAS WELDING PROCESSES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22-6

SECTION 23 SPACE CLEANING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-1

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074-23.1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-1

074-23.2 COLD WORK DEFINED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-1

074-23.3 GAS FREE ENGINEERING REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-1

074-23.4 GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-1

074-23.5 CLEANING METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-2

074-23.6 STEAM CLEANING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23-2

SECTION 24 INERTING, PRESSING-UP AND STEAM BLANKETING . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-1

074-24.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-1

074-24.2 RESTRICTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-1

074-24.3 GAS INERTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-1

074-24.3.1 INERTING PRECAUTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-1
074-24.3.2 EXHAUST VENTILATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-2
074-24.3.3 GAS INERTING GENERAL PROCEDURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-2

074-24.4 PRESSING-UP RESTRICTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-3

074-24.5 STEAM BLANKETING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-4

074-24.6 STEAM BLANKETING REQUIREMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-4

SECTION 25 EMERGENCY RESCUE PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-1

074-25.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-1

074-25.2 RESPONSIBILITIES OF RESCUE PERSONNEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-1

074-25.3 EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-2

074-25.4 ENTRY PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-3

074-25.5 RESCUE PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-4

074-25.6 ATTENDING TO VICTIMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-5

074-25.7 RESCUE PERSONNEL TRAINING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25-6

SECTION 26 POST-FIRE ATMOSPHERIC TESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-1

074-26.1 POST-FIRE ATMOSPHERIC TESTING ON SURFACE SHIPS . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-1

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074-26.2 POST-FIRE ATMOSPHERIC TESTING ON SUBMARINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-1

074-26.3 LOCATIONS FOR ATMOSPHERIC TESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-2

074-26.3.1 GENERAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-3
074-26.3.2 SMALL FIRES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-3
074-26.3.3 GROWING FIRES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-3
074-26.3.4 LARGE FIRES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-3

SECTION 27 NAVY GAS FREE INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-1

074-27.1 APPROVED INSTRUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-1

074-27.2 INSTRUMENT LIMITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-1

074-27.3 CALIBRATION AND MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-2

074-27.4 FOUR GAS ANALYZER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-2

074-27.5 EXCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-3

074-27.6 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-3

074-27.7 FOUR GAS ANALYZER KIT COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-4

074-27.7.1 ANALYZER UNIT (INSTRUMENT). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-4
074-27.7.2 REMOTE SAMPLING EQUIPMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-4
074-27.7.3 BATTERY CHARGER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-4
074-27.7.4 SPECIAL TOOLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-5
074-27.7.5 PROTECTIVE SHEATH AND MOUNTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-5
074-27.7.6 MANUFACTURER’S COMMERCIAL TECHNICAL
MANUAL (REFERENCE MANUAL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-5
074-27.7.7 FOUR GAS ANALYZER KIT CARRYING CASE. . . . . . . . 27-5

074-27.8 CALIBRATION KIT COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-5

074-27.9 USE OF THE FOUR GAS ANALYZER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-5

074-27.9.1 PRE-CHECK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-5
074-27.9.2 TURN ON/OFF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-5
074-27.9.3 OPERATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-5
074-27.9.4 METHODS OF SAMPLING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-6

074-27.10 ACCURACY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-6

074-27.11 RANGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-6

074-27.12 ALARM CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-6

074-27.13 CALIBRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-6

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 S9086-CH-STM-030

TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued

Chapter/Paragraph Page

074-27.14 MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27-7

A GAS FREE ENGINEERING INFORMATION SOURCES (SHIPBOARD) . . . A-1

B INTRODUCTION TO SHIPBOARD GAS FREE ENGINEERING . . . . . . . . B-1

C SAMPLE GAS FREE ENGINEERING NOTEBOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1

074-C.1 PURPOSE OF NOTEBOOK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1

074-C.2 NOTEBOOK CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1

D NAVY GAS FREE CERTIFICATION AND TEST LOG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1

E (NEW) SHIPBOARD HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES AND

COMPARTMENTS IDENTIFICATION TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1

F HOW TO READ MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-1

G PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMITS (PEL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1

H GAS FREE ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT REFERENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . H-1

I APPROVED GFE SIGNAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1

J METRIC CONVERSION CHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-1

K PORTABLE GAS FREE INSTRUMENT CERTIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . K-1

074-K.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-1

074-K.2 CLASS I LOCATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-1

074-K.3 CLASS I, DIVISION 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-1

074-K.4 GROUPS A - D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-1

074-K.5 NRTLs CERTIFIED BY OSHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-2

074-K.6 GAS FREE INSTRUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-3

074-K.7 AUTHORIZED GAS FREE INSTRUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-3

074-K.8 PARTS MANUFACTURERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-3

L CHEMICAL DETECTION TUBES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-1

074-L.1 PURPOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-1

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S9086-CH-STM-030

TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued

Chapter/Paragraph Page

074-L.2 SYSTEM COMPONENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-1

074-L.2.1 DETECTOR TUBE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-1
074-L.2.2 PUMP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-2
074-L.2.3 CALIBRATED SCALES AND COLOR STANDARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . L-2
074-L.2.4 LONG-TERM DETECTOR TUBE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-3

074-L.3 THE TESTING PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-3

074-L.4 CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF DETECTOR TUBE SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . L-4

074-L.5 PROPER DISPOSAL OF DETECTOR TUBES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-4

M HOISTING EQUIPMENT - RESCUE DAVIT SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-1

074-M.1 OVERVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-1

074-M.2 DESCRIPTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-1

074-M.2.1 WINCH ASSEMBLY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-1
074-M.2.2 POLE HOIST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-2
074-M.2.3 TRIPOD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-3
074-M.2.4 POWER DRILL KIT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-4

074-M.3 OPERATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-4

N INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N-1

viii
 S9086-CH-STM-030

LIST OF TABLES

Table Title Page

074-19-1. ANSI REQUIREMENTS FOR BREATHABLE AIR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-4

074-26-1. TOXIC GAS EXPOSURE LIMITS FROM THE SUBMARINE ATMOSPHERE

CONTROL MANUAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26-2

074-E-1. HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE IDENTIFICATION TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1

074-E-2. SHIPBOARD COMPARTMENT HAZARDOUS IDENTIFICATION TABLE . . . . E-2

074-J-1. METRIC CONVERSION CHART . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-1

074-L-1. Toxic Vapor Detection Tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-5

ix
S9086-CH-STM-030

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Title Page

074-19-1 Gas Free Engineering Flow Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-13

074-20-1. Navy Gas Free Certification and Test Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20-3

074-21-1. Ventilation Component Placement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-5

074-21-2. Duct Diameter Opening Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-8

074-21-3. LELs/Vapor Volume of Some Commonly Used Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-10

074-D-1. NAVY GAS FREE CERTIFICATION AND TEST LOG (Sheet 1 of 2) . . . . . . . D-1

074-D-1. NAVY GAS FREE CERTIFICATION AND TEST LOG (Sheet 2 of 2) . . . . . . . D-2

074-F-1. DOD Hazardous Materials Information System (Sheet 1 of 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-3

074-F-1. DOD Hazardous Materials Information System (Sheet 2 of 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-4

074-F-1. DOD Hazardous Materials Information System (Sheet 3 of 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-5

074-F-1. DOD Hazardous Materials Information System (Sheet 4 of 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-6

074-F-1. DOD Hazardous Materials Information System (Sheet 5 of 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-7

074-I-1. Shipboard Compartment Identified IDLH by GFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1

074-I-2. Shipboard Compartment Requires GFE Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2

074-I-3. Shipboard Compartment Cleared by GFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-3

074-K-1. UL Trademarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-4

074-K-2. Factory Mutual Trademarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-5

074-L-1. Chemical Detector Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-2

074-L-2. Rapid Opening Time Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-5

074-L-3. 30 Minute Leak Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-5

074-M-1. Winch Assembly with Crank Arm or Power Drill with Power Drive Overload Clutch
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-2

074-M-2. Pole Hoist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-3

074-M-3. Tripod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-4

x
 S9086-CH-STM-030

CHAPTER 074

VOLUME 3
GAS FREE ENGINEERING

SECTION 18
GAS FREE ENGINEERING PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS

074-18.1 INTRODUCTION

Entry into, or work in or on confined spaces may cause fires, explosions, injury, illness or death. Hazards
result from flammable or explosive materials or atmospheres, toxic materials or atmospheres, or oxygen-depleted
or -enriched atmospheres. If not normally inhabited, such confined spaces shall be considered unsafe for entry or
work until they have been tested and issued the required Navy Gas Free Certification and Test Log (see NSTM
Chapter 074, Volume 3, Section 20). Definitions necessary for using NSTM Chapter 074, Volume 3, are in the
Glossary.

074-18.2 BACKGROUND

The U.S. Navy has long practiced the science of gas free engineering (GFE) to protect life and U.S. govern-
ment property. In 1970, the Occupational Safety and Health Act, PL 91-596, was signed into law to establish
regulations and standards which govern occupational safety and health matters including gas free engineering.
These regulations and standards are specified in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR), Title 29 for many
aspects of gas free engineering. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducts
research and prepares recommendations for safety and health standards in support of OSHA. Department of
Defense Occupational Safety and Health Program Instruction, DOD 6055.1 and Navy Occupational Safety and
Health (NAVOSH) Program Manual Instruction, OPNAVINST 5100.19 (series), provide overall guidance to con-
duct gas free engineering programs. Additional sources of written information are listed in Appendix A, Gas Free
Engineering Information Sources (Shipboard).

074-18.3 APPLICABILITY

The information and procedures in this volume apply to all Naval surface ships and submarines. For shore
operations (including ship overhaul and repair at Naval Shore Facilities) NAVSEA S6470-AA-SAF-010, U.S.
Navy Gas Free Engineering Program is the applicable volume. When in a private shipyard, 29CFR1915 is the
applicable reference. COMFLTFORCOMINST 4790.3, Joint Fleet Maintenance Manual (JFMM), Volume IV,
Chapter 25, should be the first point of reference when in port, as it will guide Gas Free Engineering personnel
to the correct governing documents. Although NSTM Chapter 074, Volume 3 does not apply directly to diving
operations (which are conducted in accordance with NAVSEA 0994-LP-0021-9010 and -9020, Navy Diving
Manual), the intent of this gas free engineering program shall be implemented insofar as practicable.

074-18.4 SCOPE

This manual provides policy, information, guidance and the minimum requirements for gas free engineering
aboard Naval ships afloat. However, it cannot cover all conceivable operations and conditions. All personnel
involved, therefore, shall understand the underlying intent and principles so that in unusual circumstances, appro-
priate procedures to protect personnel and the ship can be followed.

74-18-1
S9086-CH-STM-030

074-18.5 BASIC PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS

A gas free engineering program shall, at a minimum, include:

a. Observance and enforcement of the procedures specified herein for all applicable confined space entry or
work.
b. Staffing of the gas free engineering program with sufficient trained, qualified and certified personnel.
c. Procedures for contacting and utilizing gas free services personnel.
d. Inspection of operations for compliance with this volume.
e. Equipping the gas free engineering program with sufficient operable calibrated test instruments.
f. Training of ship’s force to recognize hazards and safety precautions for confined spaces. Training shall include
procedures for requesting gas free services and procedures for helping shipmates in an emergency.
g. Documentation by required records and logs.

074-18.6 STAFFING
All Navy surface ships shall be adequately staffed with personnel trained, qualified and certified in accor-
dance with paragraph 074-18.9 to perform gas free engineering services. At a minimum, each ship shall have:

a. One person properly trained, qualified, and certified as a shipboard (afloat) gas free engineer (GFE).
b. When specified by the commanding officer (CO), one person trained, qualified, and certified as a gas free
engineer assistant (GFEA) to perform duties as specified by the GFE; and
c. A sufficient number of gas free engineering petty officers (GFEPOs), trained, qualified, and certified to meet
the workload requirements of the particular ship, to include at a minimum, one GFEPO per ship’s inport
emergency team (IET), one per Damage Control Repair Station (DCRS), and one on the At Sea Fire Party.
In addition to the GFE staff, the fire marshal(s) (FM[s]) is assigned specific hot work duties. These respon-
sibilities are set forth in NTTP 3-20.31.
On submarines, the medical department representative (MDR) serves as the GFE and shall be trained and
qualified in accordance with paragraph 074-18.9 to perform gas free engineering services. The MDR’s GFE ser-
vices are strictly limited to underway periods. In port GFE services must be obtained from the supporting Naval
Maritime Facility (NMF) Regional Maintenance Center (RMC). If in port without a supporting NMF, the MDR
may check spaces gas free only for submarine personnel. The MDR shall not, under any circumstances, provide
gas free services to DOD or contractor civilian personnel in port. NMF GFE personnel may provide GFE ser-
vices for DOD personnel as outlined in paragraph 074-18.12.1.

074-18.7 BASIC AND LEGAL PROVISIONS FOR GAS FREE ENGINEERING TRAINING
The training and qualification requirements for gas free engineering personnel are the result of careful evalu-
ation of the following factors:

a. Normal extent of confined space entry and work aboard surface ships
b. Knowledge, experience and capabilities required to recognize, evaluate and control gas free engineering haz-
ards.
c. Requirements of Public Law 91-596, Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHAct) of 1970.

74-18-2
 S9086-CH-STM-030

d. Full understanding of the operation, precautions and limitations of equipment to be worn or used in the space,
including:
1. Personnel protective equipment (PPE)
2. Safety equipment
3. Confined spaces understanding
Shore activity gas free engineering personnel qualification requirements are contained in NAVSEA S6470-
AA-SAF-010, U.S. Navy Gas Free Engineering Program. Gas free engineering personnel shall be utilized only
for the category for which they have been certified except as authorized herein. An introduction to gas free engi-
neering is included as Appendix B. This appendix may be made into view graphs for use with training courses.

074-18.8 GAS FREE ENGINEERING PERSONNEL (GFEP)

GFEP are defined as the GFE, the GFEA and GFEPO(s). The GFE is responsible for establishing and admin-
istering the overall shipboard GFE program consistent with the requirements of this volume and with other per-
tinent safety, health and fire protection standards.
The GFEA and GFEPOs shall perform the duties and responsibilities specified herein as assigned by the
shipboard GFE. Detailed duties and responsibilities of the GFE, GFEA, and GFEPO are set forth in paragraph
074-18.17. The FM has specific hot work duties, set forth in Sections 19 and 22 of this volume. The full respon-
sibilities of the FM are set forth in NTTP 3-20.31.

The categories of shipboard GFEP, with required qualifications for certification, are as follows:

a. GFE, shipboard (surface afloat). The GFE shall be a chief petty officer or above and shall have satisfactorily
completed the formal gas free engineering (afloat) training course specified in paragraph 074-18.9. The GFE
shall also complete 40 hours of practical on-the-job training (OJT) under the supervision of an official GFE
aboard ship or at a maritime shore activity. The GFE shall be certified by the CO, by means of a written let-
ter of designation placed in the member’s service record following the successful completion of training and
practical requirements.

The CO may waive the 40-hour OJT requirement provided the candidate has
graduated from an approved GFE training site within the last 36 months and the
unit does not have a qualified GFE on board. This waiver must be in writing in
the Letter of Designation.

b. GFEA, shipboard (surface afloat). The GFEA shall be an E-6 or above, shall have satisfactorily completed the
formal GFE (afloat) training course specified in paragraph 074-18.9.a or 074-18.9.c, and have written autho-
rization from the ship’s CO to perform gas free engineering functions in the form of a written letter of desig-
nation placed in the member’s service record.

c. GFEPO (surface afloat). The GFEPO shall be an E-4 or above and shall have satisfactorily completed the for-
mal training course specified in paragraph 074-18.9.a. Upon finishing the course, the GFEPO shall complete
the applicable gas free engineering sections of the current Personnel Qualifications Statement (PQS) for, Gas
Free Engineering Petty Officer, NAVEDTRA 43704, Watchstation 316, Gas Free Petty Officer, under the
supervision of the shipboard GFE. GFEPO(s) shall have written authorization from the ship’s CO to perform

74-18-3
S9086-CH-STM-030

gas free engineering functions also in the form of a written letter of designation placed in the member’s ser-
vice record. This provides the ship’s crew the ability to go to a greater number of duty sections with quali-
fied personnel.
d. FM(s). The FM(s) shall have completed the applicable portions of current emergency party PQS, Gas Free
Engineering Petty Officer, NAVEDTRA 43704 and have written authorization from the ship’s CO to perform
duties also in the form of a written letter of designation placed in the member’s service record.
e. GFE (subsurface afloat). The GFE (subsurface afloat) shall meet the requirements for acceptance into and sat-
isfactorily complete, the Naval Undersea Medical Institute (NUMI) Nuclear Submarine Medicine Course
specified in paragraph 074-18.9.b.
All GFEP shall be trained in emergency rescue procedures and gas free engineering procedures and tech-
niques, as outlined in Section 25 and in Basic Life Support (BLS); cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) per the
requirements of the American Heart Association or Military Training Network.

074-18.9 GAS FREE ENGINEERING TRAINING

All ship’s personnel shall receive GFE familiarization during shipboard indoctrination and annually thereaf-
ter. Division officers shall arrange with the gas free engineer for personnel and training aids to conduct this train-
ing. Appendix B of NSTM Chapter 074, Volume 3 may be used. Records of such training shall be maintained
by the GFE. Three official training courses have been established for gas free engineering personnel.

a. Course title - ″Gas Free Engineer and Gas Free Engineering Petty Officer for Surface (Afloat) Operations″,
Course K-495-0051.
b. Course title - ″Submarine Force Independent Duty Corpsman″, NUMI course at Naval Submarine Base, New
London, Groton, CT.
c. Course title - ″Damage Control Assistant/ Senior Enlisted (DCASE)″ Course, A-4G-1111, Surface Warfare
Officers School Command, Learning Sites San Deigo, CA, and Norfolk, VA ″, (An integral part of this train-
ing course is instruction for certification as a GFE).

Refer to the CANTRAC for specific course availability dates and locations of
schools.

074-18.10 PROGRAM EVALUATION AND RECERTIFICATION

The CO shall require the safety officer to evaluate the gas free engineering program at least annually. The
evaluation shall include recertification of GFE personnel. The checklist in the NAVSEA Damage Control Web-
site, (www.dcfpnavymil.org) , in the Library under Gas Free Engineering may be used. Both the safety officer
and the GFE shall maintain copies of the annual evaluation. The safety officer shall not be the GFE. Prior to
recertification, GFE personnel shall meet the following requirements:

a. GFEP to be recertified shall demonstrate that they have satisfactorily engaged in gas free engineering during
the year (issue at least 10 certificates).

74-18-4
 S9086-CH-STM-030

b. Before recertification, personnel who have not actively engaged in gas free engineering (as defined above)
shall complete a minimum of five gas-free evolutions OJT to refresh their gas free engineering skills under
the direct supervision of a certified GFE.
c. If the foregoing recertification methods are not feasible, GFEP may be recertified based on a practical exer-
cise in conjunction with an oral or written examination, both of which sufficiently demonstrate capability.
d. Prior to recertification all GFEP shall complete refresher training in emergency rescue procedures.
e. Periodicity of BLS CPR refresher training shall be in accordance with the requirements of the American Heart
or Military Training Networks. The safety officer shall ensure that this program is evaluated for compliance
and effectiveness annually.

074-18.11 CERTIFICATION/RECERTIFICATION RECORDS

074-18.11.1 Certification/recertification letters for assigned GFEP shall be recorded in the individual’s military
service record and copies maintained in the GFE’s notebook defined in Appendix C.

074-18.12 SHIPBOARD AFLOAT GAS FREE ENGINEER (GFE) AUTHORITY LIMITS

Shipboard GFE operations are to be limited to U.S. Naval vessels. The following authority limits and restric-
tions shall apply when assigning ship force Navy personnel to afloat gas free engineering (GFE) operations.

074-18.12.1 SHIPBOARD AFLOAT GFE.

a. When underway the ship force Afloat GFEs:

1). Are authorized to conduct gas free engineering services, including cold and hot work for all military per-
sonnel aboard ship.
2). Are authorized to conduct only cold work gas free engineering services for DOD civilian personnel aboard
ship.
(a). The only exceptions to this are certain situations concerning civilian contractors outside U.S. territo-
rial waters, addressed in paragraph 074-18.14.
b. When in port (not underway) the ship force Afloat GFEs:
1). Are authorized to conduct gas free services for assigned Ships Force personnel, but shall utilize a NMF
GFE or NFPA Marine Chemist to certify hot work operations within, on or immediately adjacent (through
heat transfer spark, or hot slag contact) to the following spaces:
(a). Spaces that contain or last contained combustible or flammable liquidsor gases.
(b). Tanks that contain or last contained combustible or flammable liquids or gases.
(c). Pipelines, heating coils, pump fittings, or other accessories connected to spaces that contain or last
contained combustible or flammable liquids or gases.
2). Are authorized to conduct gas free services for entry by uniformed naval personnel not assigned to the
ship in order for them to conduct assessments, inspections, and to help develop repair work packages as
long as the personnel are briefed, understand, and follow the content, rules and guidance of the Afloat GFE
certificate for the space before and during entry.
3). Are NOT authorized to conduct any gas free services for DOD civilian or contractor personnel. DOD
civilian and contractor personnel are required to follow the guidance of their NMF GFE or NFPA Marine
Chemist.

74-18-5
S9086-CH-STM-030

4). Are authorized to act as a Navy Competent Person with the written approval of the NMF GFE at the NMF
(e.g., Naval Shipyard, Regional Maintenance Center, or Intermediate Maintenance Activity).
c. To ensure awareness and coordination between activities working on the ship, ship’s force Afloat GFEs are
required to consult with the appropriate NMF GFE and/or NFPA Marine Chemist before conducting any gas
free services. The ship Afloat GFE shall follow any guidance provided by the NMF GFE and/or NFPA Marine
Chemist. Ship’s Force will not conduct gas free certifications for hot work where DOD civilians or contrac-
tors are working in the same confined and/or poorly ventilated enclosed space.

074-18.12.2 MARITIME SHORE COMMAND GFE. A maritime shore command’s GFE or competent person
is authorized to conduct gas free services (within their authority) for shipboard afloat operations or environments
if needed.

074-18.12.3 NON-MARITIME SHORE COMMAND GFE. A non-maritime shore command’s personnel are
NOT authorized to conduct gas free services for shipboard afloat operations or environments, except where they
have been specifically trained IAW NAVSEA S6470-AA-SAF-010 for such operations.

074-18.13 CONTRACTOR OPERATIONS INSIDE U.S. TERRITORIAL WATERS

Contractor operations which involve confined space entry or work are governed by 29 CFR 1915 for mari-
time operations. When contractor personnel perform work aboard Navy ships, the following provisions shall be
observed:

a. When performing maritime operations, the contractor shall provide a National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA)
-certified marine chemist, certified industrial hygienist or other qualified or competent person, as appropriate,
under the provisions of 29 CFR 1915. If a marine chemist is not reasonably available, the contractor may pro-
vide a qualified alternate person as recommended by the Officer in Charge, Marine Inspection, U.S. Coast
Guard, under the provisions of 29 CFR 1915.
b. When in U.S. territorial waters, there are no legal provisions for Navy GFEP to perform GFE services for
contractor operations. Therefore, Navy GFEP shall not certify spaces for contractor operations or personnel,
except where failure to do so would create an extreme emergency for personnel and property and increase
potential liability. All such cases must be authorized by the CO and the service to be performed personally
conducted or supervised by the GFE.
c. To protect Navy personnel, ships and facilities, the CO shall, in all cases of contractor operations aboard Navy
ships, ensure that the contracting officer invokes or has invoked requirements for contractor gas free person-
nel and operations which shall meet the requirements of 29 CFR 1915.
d. Supervisor of Shipbuilding, Conversion and Repair and ship’s force personnel may occupy spaces concur-
rently with contractor personnel for the purpose of monitoring contract performance or inspections based
solely upon appropriate contractor representative declaration that the space is gas free. In such cases, Navy
gas free engineering services (to declare the space gas free per paragraph 074-18.13.e, below) are not required
but may be provided at the discretion of the CO. All other concurrent Navy and contractor work in the space
must comply with the provision of paragraph 074-18.13.e.
e. When Navy and contractor personnel are to conduct work in a space at the same time, both the Navy GFE
and the appropriate contractor representative shall declare the space gas free in accordance with applicable
requirements. The contractor shall be informed of the Navy GFE’s findings. However, despite such gas free-
ing and subsequent notification by Navy personnel, the contractor shall be informed that the contractor retains
legal obligation for inspections and tests and for safety of contractor personnel.

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074-18.14 CONTRACTOR OPERATIONS OUTSIDE U.S. TERRITORIAL WATERS

When outside U.S. territorial waters, Navy GFE personnel may perform services and certify compartments
on U.S. Navy ships commensurate with their qualifications (i.e., GFE/GFEA/GFEPO) for the following catego-
ries of contractor personnel:

a. U.S. contractor personnel when at sea or in port outside U.S. territorial waters, provided that the contractor’s
competent person is not reasonably available.
b. Non-U.S. contractor personnel when at sea or in port outside U.S. territorial waters, provided that the host
nation’s competent person or alternate qualified person is not reasonably available and provided that doing so
does not violate the host nation’s laws, regulations, treaty agreements or contract provisions.

074-18.15 NAVY GAS FREE CERTIFICATION AND TEST LOG

The Navy Gas Free Certification and Test Log, as required by Section 20, NSTM Chapter 074, Volume 3,
and illustrated in Appendix D, shall be issued and maintained for each confined space that is inspected or tested.

074-18.16 RECORDS RETENTION

All Navy Gas Free Certification and Test Log forms shall be maintained by the ship for a period of twelve
months from completion date of the specific job for which they were generated. In addition, a Gas Free Engi-
neering Notebook shall be maintained in accordance with Appendix C.

074-18.17 DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF GFE PERSONNEL

GFE personnel shall perform those functions set forth below.

074-18.17.1 GFE DUTIES. The GFE shall be responsible for establishing and administering the gas free engi-
neering program (paragraph 074-18.5) to include the following:

a. Ensure that required instruments, in sufficient quantity to meet the requirements of ship gas free operations,
are procured, maintained and calibrated.
b. Ensure that all shipboard GFE personnel are properly trained, PQS qualified and certified by the CO in the
following:
1 Proper gas free engineering procedures
2 Proper use and field calibration of instruments
3 Selection, issue and maintenance of personnel protective equipment (PPE)
4 Selection, issue and maintenance of respiratory protection equipment from the respiratory protection officer
(RPO)
5 Applicable emergency procedures for the specific ship.
c. Ensure that personnel and training aids are available to the division officers to conduct shipboard gas free
engineering training and understand confined spaces.
d. Provide for:
1 Evaluation and testing of confined spaces
2 Preparation, issuance and posting of gas free engineering certificates which indicate the conditions in con-
fined spaces

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3 Control measures required for the specific space and operation

e. Establish requirements for cleaning, ventilating, inerting, pressing-up or other treatments which may be
required for confined spaces.
f. Ensure that proper procedures are followed before, during and after hot work in, on or adjoining confined
spaces.
g. Observe, as needed, operations to verify that personnel do not work alone (paragraph 074-19.5).
h. Review emergency rescue procedures and ensure that appropriate personnel know how to perform such pro-
cedures.
i. Ensure that work is stopped and all personnel are removed from a space if an unsafe condition is detected or
suspected.
j. Notify the CO (or the appropriate department head or division officer) when any hazardous situation has been
confirmed, including any cases of work stoppage or personnel evacuation.
k. Maintain gas free documentation as required, including the Navy Gas Free Certification and Test Log, Form
OPNAV 5100/16(5-91) (Appendix D).
l. Develop and maintain a gas free engineering notebook. See Appendix C for guidance.
m. Conduct tests of confined spaces as required herein.
n. Conduct tests for shipboard compartments that are involved with hazardous environments caused as a result
of a casualty.

074-18.17.2 GFEA DUTIES (NOT APPLICABLE TO SUBMARINES). When assigned, the GFEA shall per-
form the same duties as the GFE, and as detailed in paragraph 074-18.17.1.

074-18.17.3 GFEPO DUTIES (NOT APPLICABLE TO SUBMARINES). GFEPOs shall:

a. Conduct tests of confined spaces as required by this manual and as prescribed and directed by the GFE.
b. Ensure that gas free engineering certificates are correctly issued, posted, maintained and updated and that all
requirements are properly observed.
c. Stop all work and require all personnel to evacuate a confined space when an unsafe condition is detected or
suspected; immediately notify the GFE and the officer or petty officer in charge of the operation.
d. Maintain, field calibrate and properly utilize required test instruments.
e. Provide emergency support as required.
f. Provide personnel briefings before entry or work as directed by the GFE/GFEA.
g. Ensure that personnel do not enter or work alone or unobserved in hazardous operations or environments in
confined spaces.
h. Make log entries and perform other record-keeping duties as prescribed by the GFE.

074-18.17.4 POST-FIRE ATMOSPHERIC TESTS. Shipboard personnel authorized to conduct post-fire atmo-
spheric tests for the purpose of certifying the space safe for personnel are the GFE, the GFEAs or the GFEPOs.
Post-fire atmospheric testing is covered in Section 26.

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074-18.18 RESPONSIBILITIES FOR GAS FREE ENGINEERING

The following is a description of supervisory responsibilities for GFE personnel.

074-18.18.1 NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND (NAVSEA). NAVSEA, under the direction of the Chief of
Naval Operations (CNO), exercises general supervision over, and provides technical support for, the Navy GFE
program for Naval ships afloat.

074-18.18.2 CHIEF OF NAVAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING (CNET). CNET establishes the curriculum
for afloat GFE courses. Curricula shall meet the requirements of NSTM Chapter 074, Volume 3, 29 CFR 1915,
COMFLTFORCOMINST 4790.3 (JFMM), and OPNAVINST 5100.19(series).

074-18.18.3 BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY (BUMED). Provides assistance and concurrent
authority in the administration of policy, procedures and curricula developed within the scope of submarine gas
free engineering.

074-18.18.4 COMMANDING OFFICER (CO). The CO, consistent with U.S. Navy regulations and directives
from higher authority, is solely responsible for the safety and health of personnel and the protection of property
within his command. The CO must establish and be responsible for a comprehensive gas free engineering pro-
gram which meets the intent and specific requirements of this volume. It is also the CO’s responsibility to require
that other participating agencies (including contractors) conduct their operations in accordance with applicable
laws and standards. The absence of a requirement in this volume or the cited reference does not necessarily indi-
cate that no safeguards are required. If no existing standard or regulation applies or if interpretation is necessary,
the CO shall submit to Commander, NAVSEA 03, full details while taking necessary action to control the iden-
tified or suspected hazard.

074-18.18.5 DEPARTMENT HEADS, DIVISION OFFICERS AND PETTY OFFICERS. Department heads,
division officers, petty officers and others who control spaces, operations or personnel covered herein shall ensure
that:

a. The provisions, procedures and requirements contained in this volume are fully met.

b. GFE personnel perform prescribed inspections and tests, apply all required controls and certify spaces safe or
unsafe for entry and proposed operations.

074-18.18.6 OFFICERS AND PETTY OFFICERS IN CHARGE. Officers and petty officers in charge of entry,
work in or on confined spaces shall be familiar with the applicable provisions of this volume. They shall act upon
potential hazards in areas and operations under their control and shall:

a. Explain to all personnel under their immediate supervision possible hazards and necessary precautions for
proposed operations.

b. Strictly enforce the safety, health and fire protection requirements of this volume and pertinent referenced
standards and regulations.

c. Report promptly to their immediate superiors any unsafe conditions or procedures and, if necessary, cease all
operations until the situation has been corrected.

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074-18.18.7 OPERATING PERSONNEL. All personnel entering or working in or on confined spaces are
responsible for understanding and observing the applicable safety, health and fire protection regulations. Further,
all personnel shall:

a. Report any unsafe condition, procedure or equipment to their immediate supervisors.

b. Warn personnel who are endangered by improper operating procedures.
c. Report to their superior any injury or health problem occurring in the course of duty or affecting the safe per-
formance of duties.

074-18.19 REPORTING OMISSIONS OR ERRORS IN MANUALS

Report all errors, omissions, discrepancies and suggestions for improvements to NAVSEA technical manuals
to the Naval Sea Data Support Activity (NSDSA), Naval Ship Weapon Systems Engineering Station (Code 5700),
Port Hueneme, CA 93043, on NAVSEA Technical Manual Deficiency/Evaluation Report, Form NAVSEA 4160/1.
Three copies of the form are included at the end of this volume. All comments will be thoroughly investigated
and originators will be advised of the resulting action. Additional copies of Form NAVSEA 4160/1 may be req-
uisitioned from Naval Publications and Form Center (NAVPUBFORMCEN), Philadelphia, PA 19120.

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SECTION 19
GAS FREE ENGINEERING PROCEDURES

074-19.1 INTRODUCTION
Section 19 contains information and requirements for the conduct of gas free engineering procedures. Nec-
essary definitions are included in the Glossary. For additional guidance, a sample gas free engineering notebook
with example checklists is provided in Appendix C.

074-19.2 NEED FOR GAS FREEING

Personnel entering, or working in or on confined spaces may encounter hazards, including:

a. Lack of sufficient oxygen to support life

b. Excessive levels of oxygen which increase the danger of fire or explosions
c. Presence of flammable or explosive atmospheres or materials; and
d. Presence of toxic atmospheres or materials
Because hazards are not always readily apparent, nor detectable by odor or sight, it is imperative to test for
hazardous conditions prior to entering confined spaces.

074-19.3 SOURCES OF CONFINED SPACE HAZARDS

Many factors need to be evaluated before entry into, or work in or on confined spaces. Such evaluations shall
include, at a minimum:

a. Whether present or previous contents have introduced flammables, toxicants or oxygen-depletion or

-enrichment. For example:
1 Spaces containing organic materials such as fruits, vegetables, natural lines or standing sea water will
potentially deplete the oxygen and further deteriorate into hydrogen sulfide and, potentially, methane.
2 Rust is a good indicator of potential oxygen deficiencies and hydrogen gas buildup.
3 Spaces which have been painted and immediately closed, or freshly painted spaces, can cause oxygen defi-
ciency and produce other potentially toxic gases or vapors.
b. Whether the location and configuration of the space (including restricted access, obstructions or remoteness)
may inhibit or interfere with movement, ventilation, escape, rescue or fire fighting.
c. Whether the types of operations to be conducted within the space can produce toxicants, flammables, oxygen-
depletion or -enrichment or ignition sources.
d. Whether fixed equipment (i.e., piping systems, conduits, ducts, machinery or pressurized lines) within the
space are potentially hazardous.

Caustic substances can react with aluminum to produce a chemical reaction

which creates hydrogen as a by-product.

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S9086-CH-STM-030

e. Whether there are other hazards, such as slippery surfaces, restricted walkways or ladders, poor illumination
or hazardous materials present.
f. Whether the contents or the nature of the boundary spaces may result in fires or explosions because of the
work being done in the space.
g. Whether environmental conditions may contribute to confined space hazards.

Elevated ambient temperature may cause accelerated vaporization, seepage or

leakage of volatile solvents.
h. Whether additional hazards may be created by work interruptions (i.e., creation of a hazardous atmosphere
from direct vaporization of solvents or from solvent-soaked rags), welding or cutting torches that have
remained in the space or securing of space ventilation during the interruption. Appendix E provides a list of
common shipboard material sources which can produce off gas hazards. It also lists the gas hazards and meth-
ods of detection to be used. Atmospheric hazards can be introduced into confined spaces by products (fuels,
gases), processes (welding, spray painting, solvent cleaning, etc), and forms of reactivity (such as the forma-
tion of hydrogen sulfide from organic decay or the consumption of oxygen due to decomposition of material
or rust).

074-19.4 ENTRY AND WORK RESTRICTIONS FOR CONFINED SPACES

All confined spaces shall be considered hazardous. Entry into, or work in or on such spaces is restricted as
specified on the posted gas free certificate. The Navy Gas Free Certification and Test Log is described in Section
20 and illustrated in Appendix D. Results of gas free tests may dictate further restrictions. (See paragraph
074-19.13). The following shall apply to confined spaces:

a. Entry by non-GFE personnel or work in confined spaces is prohibited until such spaces have been inspected,
tested and certified safe for entry or work, or both.
b. Entry into, or hot work in or on fuel tanks, spaces in which fuel tank vents terminate, piping or equipment
servicing such spaces or other confined spaces known to contain flammable fuels or fuel vapors is permitted
only if approved by the CO for each occasion. Treat tanks as IDLH and follow procedures in paragraph
074-19.14.

Eductors located in remote spaces, such as pump rooms, if activated, can remove
all breathing air, making the space immediately dangerous to life or health
(IDLH). Ensure sufficient make-up air is provided and the space has adequate
oxygen prior to entry in all eductor-equipped remote spaces.
c. Use only approved, intrinsically safe, spark-proof or explosive proof equipment when oxygen-enriched atmo-
spheres or flammable or explosive vapors, gases or materials are present. Control all other potential ignition
sources and provide adequate fire protection measures for the specific exposure.
d. When materials and conditions within the space introduce flammables, toxicants or unsafe oxygen levels,

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 S9086-CH-STM-030

identify and remove the cause or source of the contamination by cleaning, flushing and draining, tagging out,
isolating or plugging and ventilating before entry or work. Maintain adequate ventilation for the duration of
the work.

e. When operations such as spray finishing, interior coating, welding, cutting or solvent cleaning can introduce
flammables, toxicants or oxygen abnormalities within the space, observe the following restrictions:
1 When toxic or flammable atmospheres or materials or oxygen-deficient or -enriched atmospheres are present
or may be introduced into the space, provide general ventilation, dilution ventilation, local exhaust ventila-
tion or a combination thereof in accordance with Section 21. Additional requirements for spray painting and
solvent cleaning may be found in NSTM Chapter 631, Volume 2 - Preservation of Ships in Service Sur-
face Preparation and Painting.
2 When toxic atmospheres or materials are present or may be introduced in the space, personnel shall wear
NIOSH-approved respiratory protective equipment (regardless of ventilation) and any other required per-
sonnel protective equipment (PPE). To help determine the correct PPE for the hazard involved, refer to
paragraph 074-19.7, OPNAVINST 5100.19 (series), NSTM Chapter 077, Personnel Protection Equip-
ment, Hazardous Material User’s Guide (HUG) and the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSS). A guide for
reading an MSDS is found in Appendix F.
3 When flammable materials, gases, vapors or oxygen-enriched atmospheres are present or may be introduced
into the space, use only approved, intrinsically safe, spark-proof or explosive-proof equipment and control
all potential ignition sources.

074-19.5 WORKING ALONE

Personnel in any confined space shall always work with an observer or an outside attendant. Maintain com-
munication between personnel outside the space and personnel entering or working inside. The type of commu-
nication (such as voice or signal line) and the frequency of contact (continuous or periodic check) shall be deter-
mined by the GFE/GFEA based on the nature of the space, operations and degree of hazard.

074-19.6 EXPOSURE LEVELS

Exposure limits of contaminants may be expressed in many different ways. For most contaminants, a safe
exposure limit is based upon an 8 hour time-weighted average (TWA) calculation such as OSHA’s permissible
exposure limits (PELs) and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists’ (ACGIH) threshold
limit values (TLVs). The PELs, published in the “Z Tables” of 29 CFR 1910, have been law since the Occupa-
tional Safety and Health Act of 1970 and are replicated in Appendix G of this manual. Because the ACGIH is
not a US Government body, their TLVs are recognized internationally.

OSHA, as an additional control for toxic atmospheres, imposes “action levels,” which is one-half the PEL
or TLV. Marine Chemists and Navy GFEs usually will not permit entry once the readings reach this level. Besides
TWA-based levels, exposure to contaminants may be expressed as short-term exposure limits (STEL), ceilings
(C), and immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH). See Glossary for definitions.

Personnel exposure to toxic materials shall not exceed permissible exposure limits (PELs) specified in
Appendix G, Permissible Exposure Limits, without the use of NIOSH-approved respiratory devices appropriate
for the toxicants present or expected from planned evolutions. Exhaust ventilation is required even with respira-
tory protective devices. Exposure to toxic materials in excess of NIOSH IDLH levels requires extra levels of pre-
cautions and should only occur when absolutely necessary. The Commanding Officer’s approval is required when
entering IDLH spaces in accordance with procedures outlined in paragraph 074-19.14.

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074-19.7 PERSONNEL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

Supervisors of personnel entering or working in confined spaces shall ensure the use of PPE appropriate to
the operation, exposure and expected hazards. The GFE shall enforce PPE use by GFE personnel. PPE shall be
available when needed, maintained in good condition, and cleaned daily after contact with irritants, caustics or
toxic materials (such as fuels or sludge). For more detailed information concerning PPE and other GFEP equip-
ment, refer to Appendix H.

074-19.8 RESPIRATORY PROTECTION

Only NIOSH-approved respirators shall be utilized for GFE operations. All exposures or potential exposures
must be carefully evaluated before proper respiratory protective devices can be selected. Such evaluation shall
include, at a minimum:

a. Atmosphere as a whole, i.e., whether or not space is IDLH.

b. Oxygen level
c. Types of contaminants present or likely to be present or generated (mists, fumes or vapors)
d. Concentrations of contaminants
e. Appropriate exposure limits of contaminants: threshold limit value (TLV), permissible exposure limits (PEL),
threshold limit value ceiling (TLVC). See Glossary for definitions.

074-19.9 BREATHABLE AIR

Provide breathable air according to the following guidelines:

a. Compressed breathable air supplied to respiratory protective devices such as a self-contained breathing appa-
ratus (SCBA), shall, at a minimum, meet the Compressed Gas Association (CGA) G-7.1 requirements for
Grade D (compressor source air) breathable air. The requirements for Grade D breathable air are shown in
Table 074-19-1.
b. Air intakes for blowers, compressors or ventilation makeup air shall be placed so that vapors, exhaust gases,
particular matter and other contaminants will not be drawn into the systems or into confined spaces.

Table 074-19-1. ANSI REQUIREMENTS FOR BREATHABLE AIR

Component Grade D (compressor air) Breathable Air
Oxygen (by volume) percent 19.5 to 23.5
Carbon dioxide (by volume) 1,000 ppm maximum
Carbon monoxide (by volume) 10 ppm maximum
Oil (weight/volume) 5 mg/m3 maximum
Moisture (weight/volume) 20 mg/m3 maximum

074-19.10 ACCESS TO HAZARDOUS SPACES

Provide more than one means of access to a confined space having a hazardous atmosphere, or in which
ongoing work may generate a hazardous atmosphere (except where the structure or configuration of the space
makes this impractical), as follows:

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a. Multiple access spaces. If a ventilation duct blocks one access to a multiple access confined space, ensure that
at least two other accesses are kept clear for immediate use.

b. Single access spaces. Breakaway ducting shall be used whenever ducting restricts entry into a single access
confined space, with a possibly hazardous atmosphere. In addition, the structure, arrangement or configuration
of the ventilation duct partially or completely blocks access, personnel working inside the space shall wear
NIOSH-approved SCBAs or Escape SCBAs, safety belts and lifelines. Station an attendant outside the space
to render aid in an emergency. In addition, follow the emergency procedure requirements of Section 25.

074-19.11 TESTING PROCEDURES AND RESULTING RESTRICTIONS

The testing and examination of a confined space shall consist of certain routine steps. Some multi-gas detec-
tors can conduct all or some of these steps simultaneously. The steps are as follows:

a. Initial testing shall be performed from outside the space by drop test or by insertion of sample probes or hoses.

b. First, test for oxygen content using an approved oxygen meter. The normal oxygen level of ambient air at sea
level is 20.9 percent. Oxygen levels less than 19.5 percent will be considered unsafe and require the use of an
Escape SCBA, for further testing inside the space. Oxygen levels less than 19.5 percent or greater than 22
percent shall be considered as IDLH.

Any reading other then 20.9 percent (+/- 0.3 percent) should be investigated.
Since the oxygen indicator measures in percent by volume, a 1% drop in read-
ing from 20.9% to 19.9% (while being legally safe for workers) could indicate
the presence of 1% (10,000 ppm) of a toxic contaminant.

c. Second, test for combustible vapors or gases with an approved combustible gas indicator. Concentrations of
ten percent or greater of the LEL shall render the atmosphere IDLH.

Although concentrations below ten percent of the lower explosive limit (LEL)
may not present a flammability hazards, it may still present a toxic hazard. Con-
sider a substance (Benzene) with an LEL of 1.2% by volume (equivalent to
12,000 ppm). A CGI reading of 10% of the LEL would equate to 1,200 ppm, and
even a “safe” reading of 1% of the LEL would be equivalent to 120 ppm. With
a PEL of 1 ppm and TLV of 0.5 ppm, one can easily see the toxic hazard present.
Also, it shall be considered evidence of potentially unsafe conditions due to the
many variables with testing instruments and the difficulty of obtaining accurate
readings.

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Many combustible gas indicators function by indicating a circuit imbalance. This

imbalance is created by combustion within the meter and requires proper oxygen
levels in the sample. Combustible gas indicators of this type are affected by
atmospheres that are oxygen-deficient or oxygen-enriched. The oxygen require-
ment is a further reason for testing oxygen first.

d. Third, test for toxicants according to the nature of the space and its contents, use or operations product, pro-
cesses, and reactivity. Common toxicants aboard ship include hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monox-
ide and carbon dioxide. PELs for these and other substances may be found in Appendix G of this manual.

e. When more than one hazardous substance is present and their toxicologic effects are similar, the following
additive effects formula applies to the mixture.

When using the following equation, all concentrations must be PELs. Do not mix
PELs and STELs together in the same equation.

Where air is analyzed for each component, the PEL of the mixture =
C1/T1 + C2/T2 + C3/T3 =
C = measured concentrations of substances
T = PEL of the substance
If the sum of these fractions is one or less, the PEL of the mixture is not exceeded. If the sum exceeds one,
the PEL of the mixture has been exceeded.
EXAMPLE: Air contains 400 ppm of carbon dioxide (PEL = 5,000 ppm), 5 ppm carbon monoxide (PEL =
50 ppm) and 9 ppm hydrogen sulfide (PEL = 10 ppm).
400/5,000 + 5/50 + 9/10 = 0.08 + 0.1 + 0.9 = 1.08
The PEL of the mixture is exceeded.

f. When initial tests indicate deviations from normal oxygen levels or the presence of flammables or toxicants,
prohibit personnel entry. Flush or drain and ventilate to remove flammables and toxicants and provide proper
oxygen levels. Regardless of initial drop test results, at least two complete air changes are required prior to
entry. This may circulate previously undetectable hazards (i.e. heavy gases such as hydrogen sulfide or hydro-
carbons). After the required number of air changes, conduct a second drop test to test for additional hazards
that may have been stirred up.

All fuel tanks, chemical tanks, sewage system tanks (including all piping associ-
ated with these systems) or similar high hazard areas shall be treated as IDLH

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Warning - precedes
regardless of test readings until the tank/area has been emptied, cleaned and ven-
tilated to remove contaminants and is certified as Safe for Personnel by the GFE/
GFEA.

g. When follow-up/retesting shows that the atmosphere in the space is not IDLH and personnel need to enter the
space (i.e., to plug piping, close valves or to clean), the following restrictions shall apply:
1. The GFE/GFEA shall authorize each entry into spaces that contain flammable, toxic, oxygen-deficient or
oxygen-enriched atmospheres.
2. Continuous ventilation of the space shall be maintained.
3. The GFE/GFEA shall personally specify the respiratory protection, personnel protective clothing, intrinsi-
cally safe, spark-proof or explosion-proof equipment and tools, fire extinguishing equipment and emer-
gency rescue provisions necessary for safe entry and work.

h. When follow-up/retesting shows that the atmosphere in the space is IDLH, repair personnel may enter only as
authorized by paragraph 074-19.14. Procedures for entering IDLH spaces for emergency work or rescue are
provided in Section 25.

i. After the second drop test, the GFE/GFEA shall enter the space (with appropriate respiratory protection and
safety measures in place) to conduct an in-space atmospheric test and a visual inspection.

074-19.12 PERIODIC AND CONTINUOUS TESTING

To maintain safe conditions during the following types of operations, the atmosphere shall be periodically or
continuously tested as directed by the GFE/GFEA named on the certificate:

a. Hot work that has the potential for generating toxic fumes.

b. Hot work in the presence of hazards such as preservatives, seepage of flammables from seams or rivets or
flammables trapped in blisters.

c. Application of preservatives, paints, epoxies, adhesives or other substances that may produce toxic or flam-
mable vapors. Refer to NSTM Chapter 631, Volume 2.

d. Cleaning operations such as sludge removal which release toxic or flammable vapors.

e. Any similar operations or conditions (i.e., daytime elevated ambient temperatures may cause accelerated
vaporization or flash point, seepage or leakage of volatile substances) that may produce or release toxic, flam-
mable, oxygen-enriched or asphyxiating atmospheres or materials into the space or may ignite any flammable
atmosphere or material present.

074-19.13 CONDITIONS FOR CLASSIFYING CONFINED SPACES AS IDLH

Observing the precautions in Section 25 is essential. A confined space classified as IDLH is one in which the
atmosphere meets one or more of the following conditions:

a. Flammable vapors at a concentration of ten percent or greater of the lower explosive limit (LEL).

b. Oxygen content less than 19.5 percent by volume or greater than 22 percent by volume.

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The IDLH for submarines underway, due to the difference in the partial pressure
of oxygen, is less than 16.5 percent by volume.
c. Presence of toxicants above NIOSH IDLH limits. (See Appendix G.)

074-19.14 IDLH SPACE ENTRY

Entry into IDLH spaces is authorized only under emergency conditions. Only the CO can authorize opening
and entry into IDLH spaces. Specific exceptions and clarifications for entry into a known IDLH atmosphere space
are provided in paragraph 074-19.14.h. The following precautions must be observed for entry into IDLH spaces.

a. The atmospheric testing plan must be approved by the GFE or in his absence the GFEA. The purpose of this
planning is to:
1. Determine which type of respirators will be worn by personnel entering the space. When supplied air res-
pirators (SARs)/SCBAs are used, the number of reserve or spare bottles to support the testing shall be
determined. Refer to NSTM Chapter 077 for guidance on the number of spare bottles required. Currently
there are only two approved systems/devices approved for IDLH entry. The SAR/SCBA System can
always be used for IDLH entry. Firefighting SCBAs can be used for entry and/or rescue if all the follow-
ing conditions are true:

When in doubt use the SAR/SCBA System for entry, failure to use the correct
respiratory can lead to injury or death.

(a). Compartment to be inspected is only one space removed from non-IDLH atmosphere and the
obstacles in the space can be navigated without removing firefighter’s SCBA.
(b). Time required to reach the furthest point and conduct testing is less than 20% of a fully charged
45-minute SCBA firefighter’s SCBA capacity, approximately 3,600 psig remaining or 9 minutes. (30-
minute firefighter’s SCBAs are prohibited.)
(c). Vertical entry is limited to two decks in height and complies with limitation (a).
(d). Purpose for entry is to inspect, certify, take measurements, or as a first responder in a rescue. Res-
cues require immediate notification CO and the movement of appropriate equipment to scene.
2. When supplied air respirators SAR/SCBA System is used, the number of reserve or spare bottles to sup-
port the mission shall be determined. Refer to NSTM Chapter 077 for guidance on the SAR/SCBA Sys-
tem and the number of spare bottles required.
2. Define the survey route and locations in the space where atmospheric sampling will be conducted.
3. Identify obstacles in the space which could impede testing or which are safety hazards, such as the deck
contour, deck beams, moisture or fluids on the deck, height to the overhead and pipe runs in the space.
Ship’s plans and damage control plates can be used to determine the structural characteristics of the space.
4. Determine the test equipment required for atmospheric testing and the safety equipment required to sup-
port personnel in the space. This equipment, which must be intrinsically safe, may include a combustible

74-19-8
 S9086-CH-STM-030

gas indicator, oxygen monitor and portable explosion-proof lighting. Additionally, the order in which this
equipment is brought into the space should be determined.

When conducting atmospheric testing in an IDLH space, the person deployed

inside the IDLH space shall maintain two-way communication at all times with
a person deployed outside the space at the entrance. Communications may be by
voice, phone, radio or by messenger.
5. Establish the means for communicating between personnel in the space and attendants. For larger spaces
or ones which have obstacles which can impede testing or are safety hazards, phones, radios or a mes-
senger should be used to pass information and testing progress between test personnel in the space and
attendant personnel outside the space.
6. Determine the number of personnel needed in the space to conduct testing.
7. Determine the amount of time personnel must be inside the space to conduct testing.
8. Maintain continuous testing of the atmosphere in the space, as set forth in paragraph 074-19.13.
9. Establish a plan to rescue personnel from the space should they become incapacitated during the testing.
Refer to Section 25 for guidance in developing a rescue plan.
10. The medical department representative (MDR) shall be informed and requested to be ready to respond
immediately in case of an emergency. In addition, the following personnel shall be informed before the
work starts and after it completes:
(a). When underway: The damage control assistant (DCA), the engineering officer of the watch (EOOW),
cognizant department head and officer of the deck (OOD).
(b). When inport: The command duty officer (CDO), duty engineer, cognizant department head, OOD,
FM and damage control central (DC central).

b. The GFE/GFEA shall conduct a briefing of the personnel who support the gas free evolution. The briefing will
detail the testing plan, rescue plan, ventilation plan, obstacles impeding testing or rescue, safety precautions
and personnel assignments.

c. Personnel required to conduct or support atmospheric testing and a description of each person’s responsibili-
ties are listed below:
1. GFE - GFE (or GFEA, in the absence of the GFE) directs the entry operation at the access to the IDLH
space.
2. GFEP - performs the atmospheric testing in the space.
3. Master at Arms - assists the GFE in management of personnel in the vicinity of the IDLH space.
4. Messenger - enters the space with the GFEP when necessary, assists the GFEP by carrying test and sup-
port equipment and passes information between the GFEP and attendants, when required.
5. Attendants - personnel stationed outside the space at the access who support test personnel. Attendants’
responsibilities include:
(a). Maintaining communications with personnel conducting atmospheric testing within the space.
(b). Maintaining communications with DC central.
(c). Monitoring the breathing air supply to personnel conducting atmospheric testing if the SAR/SCBA
System is used. One attendant shall be assigned for each breathing air supply manifold enclosure.

74-19-9
S9086-CH-STM-030

(d). Tending the air hose (if a SAR/SCBA System is used), the safety line and the communication lines (if
used) for personnel in the space.

Space permitting, each person inside the IDLH space shall have one attendant at
the space access to tend that person’s air hose and lines. At a minimum, two
attendants shall be located at the space access.

The safety line shall be 1/2-inch diameter (or larger) nylon line (length deter-
mined by size of space) and attached to the harness with a snap hook.
(e). Erect and man hoisting equipment in case personnel must be retrieved vertically from the space.
6. Rescuers - Rescue personnel shall be stationed near the access to the IDLH space wearing (in standby) the
respiratory protection specified for IDLH spaces. Rescue personnel shall be ready to enter the IDLH atmo-
sphere as directed by the GFE/GFEA in the event that the atmospheric testing personnel within the space
require assistance. The first rescuers comprise the initial response team, which includes the investigator and
one rescue. The number of required rescuers shall be determined by the GFE/GFEA. If rescue personnel
are required to enter the IDLH space at least one additional rescuer shall be stationed near the access to the
IDLH space wearing (in standby) the respiratory protection specified for IDLH spaces.
7. DC central phone talker - a support person stationed in DC central who maintains communication with the
attendant phone talker. Additionally, the phone talker passes status to the quarterdeck or bridge to expedite
call-away of rescue personnel if directed by the GFE/GFEA. Other shipboard radio communications may
be used if so equipped.
8. MDR - advises the GFE/GFEA regarding aid to the victim and continues aid once the victim is removed
from the space.
9. Electrician - provides assistance as directed by the GFE/GFEA.
d. The GFEP shall assemble and check the equipment required for atmospheric testing of the space. The equip-
ment to be used will include:
1. Respiratory equipment worn by all personnel who enter the IDLH atmosphere. SAR/SCBA is used, Pri-
mary Air Supply Packs (PASPs), Reserve Air Supply Packs (RASPs), and at least four airline Escape
SCBAs with hose sections for each shall be available at the scene. One PASP shall be used for entry and
one shall be utilized as a back-up unit for potential use during rescue.
2. Safety harnesses with attached safety lines and intrinsically safe communication devices.
3. Intrinsically safe inspection and support equipment, such as combustible gas indicator, oxygen monitor and
portable explosion-proof lighting.

Use of emergency escape breathing device(s) (EEBDs) in the rescue operation

must be authorized by the GFE/GFEA. EEBDs shall not be used in atmospheres

74-19-10
 S9086-CH-STM-030

Warning - precedes
which are potentially explosive or if the victim must be transported on a stretcher
(EEBDs interfere with stretcher head support).
4. Rescue equipment, such as EEBDs, hoisting equipment and stretcher. Prior to entry, erect and man hoist-
ing equipment for retrieving personnel vertically from the space.
e. Personnel who enter IDLH spaces shall be equipped with:
1. A full face pressure demand Escape SCBA (part of the SAR/SCBA System). The backup cylinder shall
have a rated air supply of 15 minutes. The SAR/SCBA System is described in NSTM Chapter 077.
2. In some circumstances, a full face pressure demand Firefighting SCBA. Firefighting SCBAs can be used
for entry and/or rescue if all the following conditions are true:
(a). Compartment to be inspected is only one space removed from non-IDLH atmosphere and the obstacles
in the space can be navigated without removing firefighter’s SCBA.
(b). Time required to reach the furthest point and conduct testing is less than 20% of a fully charged
45-minute SCBA firefighter’s SCBA capacity, approximately 3,600 psig or 9 minutes. (30-minute fire-
fighter’s SCBAs are prohibited)
(c). Vertical entry is limited to two decks in height and complies with limitation (a).
(d). Purpose for entry is to inspect, certify, take measurements, or as a first responder in a rescue. Rescues
require immediate notification of CO and the movement of appropriate equipment to scene.

Submarines use SCBAs or EABs when underway. In port, GFE is provided by

IMA.
3. Safety harnesses with attached safety lines.
4. A means of communicating with attendant personnel at the entrance to the space. Communications can be
by visual signals, phone or radio communications or by using a messenger to enter the space and commu-
nicate with personnel in the space and then pass information to attendant personnel.

Equipment carried into the space must be tethered to entry personnel to prevent
loss of or damage to the equipment.
f. Attendant personnel shall be continuously posted immediately outside the access to the space while person-
nel are within the space. Space permitting, there shall be one attendant for each person entering the space. At
a minimum, at least two attendants shall be located at the space access. An additional attendant shall maintain
a continuous breathing air supply if a SAR/SCBA System is used.

g. During the period that personnel are inside the IDLH space, the GFE/GFEA shall maintain the initial response
team (an investigator and one rescuer) near the space and in constant contact with the attendant at the access.
If these rescue personnel must enter the IDLH atmosphere, there must be a least one additional rescuer sta-
tioned near the access to the IDLH space. Rescue personnel shall maintain the respiratory protection equip-
ment in standby and not enter the space until directed by the GFE/GFEA. Refer to Section 25 for rescue pro-
cedures.

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S9086-CH-STM-030

h. The following spaces will always be considered to contain IDLH atmospheres until the space has been thor-
oughly cleaned and tested: CHT tanks and all system piping; fuel tanks (all types) and all system piping;
chemical tanks (such as dry cleaning fluid tanks) and all system piping; AFFF concentrate piping. These tanks
or systems may only be opened and entered under non-emergent conditions for the following specific situa-
tions. CO’s authorizing signature is required on the space opening request and the gas free certificate for each
occasion. All IDLH space opening and entry requirements of paragraph 074-19.14 must be observed.
1 CHT tanks may be opened for the purpose of visual inspection from the opening without tank entry. Cam-
era equipment or other remote probes may be lowered through the opening.
2 Equipment in CHT and fuel tanks that are accessible from outside of the tank via inspection or flanged
openings may be removed from the tank without having to clean and test the space. Once the opening has
been closed or temporarily closed with a secure cover, the space adjacent to the tank opening may be tested
for safe atmosphere and IDLH requirements relaxed by the GFE.
3 IDLH restrictions will be in effect when initially breaking into the CHT or fuel system piping for the pur-
pose of making system repairs. IDLH restrictions may be relaxed by the GFE after the atmosphere in the
space where the work is being performed has been tested as safe.
4 CHT piping in the vicinity of commodes, urinals, sinks and showers are not considered IDLH upstream of
the water traps and where vented continuously through plumbing vents.
5 AFFF system piping may contain hazardous concentrations of hydrogen sulfide. IDLH requirements must
be followed for initial opening of AFFF concentrate piping.
6 Fuel tanks designated by PMS or the Type Commander to be inspected or worked on during a scheduled
availability may be entered by ship’s force personnel during the period immediately prior to the availabil-
ity in support of pre-arrival inspections, tank cleaning and fuel consolidation. Entry into fuel tanks desig-
nated by PMS shall be authorized by the CO following the provisions of the applicable PMS card. Entry
into IDLH shall be in accordance with paragraph 074-19.14 using a SAR/SCBA System only.
7 Personnel may enter fuel tanks for the purpose of removing damaged tank level indicators (TLI), conduct-
ing minor TLI repairs in place and for clearing fouled sounding tubes.
i. Personnel entering fuel tanks must wear Escape SCBAs, chemical resistant coveralls, gloves and foot cover-
ing for all entries. This restriction is in effect until the tank has been cleaned per the requirements of the ref-
erences in paragraph 074-23.5 below. Due to a present lack of adequate instrumentation to conduct toxic gas
measurement of JP-5, JP-8 and DFM vapors, the GFE can only certify the tank as gas free and safe for entry
without Escape SCBA and protective clothing if there is no residual fuel present, all sludge, blisters or scales
that have held fuel have been removed per paragraph 074-22.6.5 and all atmospheric tests are within safe lim-
its.
j. Additional requirements for emergent entry or repairs to CHT tanks and piping are located in NSTM Chap-
ter 593, Pollution Control. Additional information on fuel tank entry and cleaning requirements are located
in NSTM Chapter 541, Petroleum Fuel Storage, Use and Testing and NAVSEA MIL-HDBK-291 (SH),
Military Handbook, Cargo Tank Cleaning.

074-19.15 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ENTRY AND WORK

Figure 074-19-1, Gas Free Engineering Flow Chart, illustrates the general conditions which may be encoun-
tered on initial testing of confined spaces and those which may be caused by operations within the space which
may introduce hazards into the space. Figure 074-19-1 addresses only general conditions to illustrate basic gas
free testing and certification procedures in four paths and does not attempt to cover special requirements or con-
siderations relating to items such as hot work, tag out, blanking-off, isolation and cleaning procedures. Specific
requirements for initial testing and certification, retesting and updating certificates are contained in Section 20.

74-19-12
 S9086-CH-STM-030

Figure 074-19-1 Gas Free Engineering Flow Chart

74-19-13 / (19-14 Blank)

19-14
@@FIpgtype@@BLANK@@!FIpgtype@@
 S9086-CH-STM-030

SECTION 20
NAVY GAS FREE CERTIFICATES

074-20.1 NAVY GAS FREE CERTIFICATES

074-20.1.1 Upon completion of testing, a Navy Gas Free Engineering Certification and Test Log (Appendix D)
shall be issued. This certificate shall indicate the conditions existing at the time the certificate was issued, any
requirements necessary to maintain the conditions within the space and any restrictions upon operations to be
conducted within the space.

074-20.2 SPACES INITIALLY CERTIFIED BY GFEPO

The GFEPO may issue certificates for initial entry and work, as follows:

a. Entry into and cold work in spaces that do not contain, or have not contained, toxic or flammable materials.
b. Hot work in or on spaces or items not described in paragraph 074-20.3.c through paragraph 074-20.3.g.
c. Operations which do not naturally generate toxic levels above the permissible exposure limit (PEL), flam-
mables equal to or above ten percent of lower explosive limit (LEL) or result in oxygen levels below 19.5
percent or greater than 22 percent.

074-20.3 SPACES INITIALLY CERTIFIED BY GFE/GFEA

The GFE/GFEA will issue certifications for entry or work or both based on tests and inspections personally
conducted by the GFE/GFEA for the following:

a. Initial certification and recertification, which includes testing of a confined space that contains or has previ-
ously contained toxic or flammable materials.
b. Initial certification and recertification, which includes testing boundary spaces that contain or have previously
contained toxic or flammable materials.
c. Hot work in spaces or on the boundary of spaces which contain or have contained flammables or toxicants.
d. Hot work on connections (i.e., pipes, coils, pumps or fittings) to spaces described in paragraph 074-20-3.c.
above.
e. Hot work in machinery rooms, engine rooms, catapults, bilges and similar areas where flammable or pressur-
ized systems are likely to be present.
f. Hot work on, or adjacent to, any system or the pipe lines, coils, pumps or fittings servicing any system which
contains flammables or toxicants or is pressurized in normal operation.
g. Hot work on hollow structures such as drums, jacketed vessels, booms, skegs, pipes or bitts.
h. Operations that generate or have the potential to generate toxic levels above PEL, flammables at or above ten
percent of the LEL or result in oxygen levels below 19.5 percent or above 22 percent.

074-20.4 SPACES DELEGATED BY GFE/GFEA

The GFE/GFEA may delegate to GFEPOs responsibility for initial tests and recertification of spaces as indi-
cated in paragraph 074-20.3, if all of the following conditions exist:

74-20-1
S9086-CH-STM-030

a. Written approval of the CO (in the individual’s Letter of Designation).

b. Operations involved are of a repetitive, routine nature.

c. Spaces and operations involve no highly toxic or highly flammable materials such as those found in sewage
systems, fuel tanks or similar spaces.

d. Testing and certifying procedures are clearly established by the GFE/GFEA in the ship’s gas free instruction.

e. The GFE/GFEA has determined that the GFEPOs to whom duties are delegated are, by virtue of training and
experience, properly qualified to perform the specific tasks delegated.

074-20.5 CERTIFICATE ISSUANCE

The Navy Gas Free Certification and Test Log, OPNAV 5100/16 (5-91) (Stock Number 0107-LF-011-
7400), shall be used to record initial certification, gas free-related hot work, test results and recertification. The
following are conditions under which a Navy Gas Free Certification and Test Log shall be issued:

a. Certificates for entry into, or work in or on confined spaces shall be issued immediately before entry or work.
Test results shall be satisfactory before a certificate for entry or work is issued. When testing indicates haz-
ardous conditions, stop all work and remove personnel from the space. Notify the GFE/GFEA and the appro-
priate supervisor immediately. Stop entry and work until all unsafe conditions have been corrected or con-
trolled and the space has been retested and recertified.

b. The certificate duration shall not exceed a maximum period of eight hours (or less as specified by the GFE/
GFEA) in the initial certification blocks (block instructions 5-8). The certificate may be extended for two
additional eight-hour blocks of time for a total of 24 hours maximum per certificate by use of the recertifica-
tion blocks (block instructions 49-52 and 64-67). All certificates must be closed out after a maximum of 24
hours and an entirely new certificate with a new serial number must be written to continue operations that
exceed 24 hours.

c. Spaces shall be retested and recertified in accordance with paragraph 074-20.9.

d. When the space is left unmanned and unsupervised (such as breaks, lunch periods or watch changes) the space
shall be retested and recertified before entry into or work on the space.

e. When contaminating operations will be conducted within the space, periodic or continuous tests which the
GFE/GFEA finds appropriate shall be conducted.

f. For contaminating operations such as spray painting, welding or solvent cleaning within a confined space, the
certificate shall specify applicable requirements such as ventilation, PPE, respiratory protection, intrinsically
safe, spark-proof or explosive-proof equipment and suitable fire protection equipment.

g. When initial testing indicates that ventilation or cleaning, or both are required to remove contaminants from
a space, a certificate shall be issued and shall specify any precautions for the cleaning process, including ven-
tilation requirements, personnel protective clothing or respiratory protection.

074-20.6 CERTIFICATION AND TEST LOG USAGE AND CONTENTS

The Navy Gas Free Certification and Test Log (also known as the Navy gas free certificate), illustrated in
Figure 074-20-1 and Appendix D, contains the following categories:

74-20-2
 S9086-CH-STM-030

Figure 074-20-1. Navy Gas Free Certification and Test Log

74-20-3
S9086-CH-STM-030

Figure 074-20-1. Navy Gas Free Certification and Test Log (Cont’d)

74-20-4
 S9086-CH-STM-030

1. Serial # (block 1)
2. Initial Certification (blocks 2 to 13)
3. Gas Free Related Hot Work (blocks 14-18 and 36-37)
4. Test Results (blocks 19-28, 38-43 and 53-58)
5. Existing Conditions (blocks 29-33, 44-48 and 59-63)
6. Recertification (49-52 and 64-67).
This certification and Test Log is a multi-use document. This certificate shall be used for all gas free evolu-
tions, hot work having gas free requirements and as a log for record keeping purposes. For gas free evolutions,
all blocks except those pertaining to hot work shall be utilized. For hot work having gas free requirements, all
blocks shall be utilized.
The completed (original or legible copy) certificate shall be maintained as a legal document for 12 months.
Prior to signing by the GFE/GFEA, all blocks pertaining to a particular evolution shall be completed (N/A if not
applicable).
Block Instructions:

1. Serial # - locally assigned number. Begin serial numbers with the last two digits of the current calendar
year, then use a dash mark and five additional digits starting with 00001 for the first serial number of the
calendar year, i.e., 97-00001. On January first of 1998, start serial numbers over, i.e., 98-00001.
2. Ship/Unit/Activity - name, cleaning, welding, cutting, etc.
3. Item/Compartment/Space - specific equipment, compartment number and name of space, if applicable.
4. Type of Operation to be Conducted - i.e., cleaning, welding, cutting, etc.
5. Initial Date of Test, Hour - time test was conducted, i.e., 1600.
6. Initial Date of Test, Date - date test was conducted, i.e., 1996 May 07.
7. Initial Expiration, Hour - hour certification expires, i.e., 2300.
8. Initial Expiration, Date - date certification expires, i.e., 1996 May 07.
9. Ventilation Required: Yes/No - circle appropriate response.
10. Type - type of ventilation required, if Yes, is circled.
11. Inerted Gas - type of gas used in space/tank, if appropriate.
12. Pressed Up With - type of liquid used to press up space/tank, if appropriate.
13. Requirements/Conclusions/Prescribed Precautions/Instructions - any specific comments to set limitations
or to clarify the certificate. Include all pertinent safety precautions, i.e., supplied-air respirators required,
special clothing, etc.
14. Locations - specific location(s) of assigned fire watches.
15. Print Name/Date - fire watch name and date.
16. Hot Work Operator Signature - signature of person performing the hot work.
17. Hot Work Supervisor - signature of person designated as task supervisor.
18. Fire Marshal - signature of the ship’s FM.

74-20-5
S9086-CH-STM-030

Use highest reading obtained in space for blocks 19-28, 38-43, 53-58.
19. Oxygen - oxygen as a percent for initial test.
20. Combustible Gas - combustible gas as a percent for initial test.
21. Toxic Type - indicate the name of toxic being tested.
22. Toxic Type, Initial Test - indicate result of test.
23-28. Toxic Type, Initial Test - same as 21 and 22.
29-33. Existing Conditions, Initial Test - check appropriate block as indicated by above tests.
34. GFE Personnel Signature - signature of GFE.
35. CO Signature - signature of CO, if required by ship’s instructions.
36. Time Secured - time fire watch secured and left area.
37. Signature - signature of fire watch according to final checkup note.
38. Oxygen, 1st Retest - same as 19.
39. Combustible Gas - same as 20.
40. Toxic - same as 22.
41. Toxic - same as 24.
42. Toxic - same as 26.
43. Toxic - same as 28.
44-48. Existing Conditions, 1st Retest - same as 29-33.
49. 1st Retest/Update, Time - time of 1st retest/update, i.e., 0100.
50. 1st Retest/Update, Date - date of 1st retest/update, i.e., 1996 May 08.
51. 1st Retest/Update, Expires - time and expiration of 1st retest/update, i.e., 0300/1997 May 08.
52. GFE Personnel Signature - signature of gas free person doing 1st retest/update.
53. Oxygen - same as 19.
54. Combustible Gas - same as 20.
55. Toxic - same as 22.
56. Toxic - same as 24.
57. Toxic - same as 26.
58. Toxic - same as 28.
59-63. Existing Conditions, 2nd Retest - same as 29-33.
64. 2nd Retest/Update, Time - same as 49.
65. 2nd Retest/Update, Date - same as 50.
66. 2nd Retest/Update, Expires - same as 51.

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 S9086-CH-STM-030

67. GFE Personnel Signature - same as 52.

074-20.7 DEFINITIONS FOR EXISTING CONDITIONS

Following are the acceptable definitions for existing conditions found at the time gas free evolutions are con-
ducted:

a. NOT SAFE FOR PERSONNEL/NOT SAFE FOR HOT WORK.When this category is marked on the gas
free certificate:
1. There is danger of poisoning due to toxic materials, vapors or gases present or likely to evolve under pre-
vailing conditions, or danger of suffocation due to oxygen deficiencies.
2. There is danger of fire or explosion due to the presence of flammable or explosive materials, vapors or
gases or oxygen-enrichment present or likely to evolve under prevailing conditions.
3. There is danger of fire, explosion or toxic hazards in the presence of hot work due to the existence of flam-
mables, explosive or reactive residues, vapors, gases or oxygen-enrichment.
4. There is danger of fire, explosion or toxic hazards in the presence of hot work as a result of unclean or
improperly protected boundary spaces.
b. NOT SAFE FOR PERSONNEL WITHOUT PROTECTION/NOT SAFE FOR HOT WORK. This cat-
egory is marked on the gas free certificate to provide a provisional approval for entry (for cleaning, valve
closing or other procedure) when conditions are as follows:
1. Toxic materials, vapors or gases may be present or may evolve in the space, but at levels less than IDLH
and within the approved capacity of prescribed respiratory protective devices and other PPE.
2. Flammable vapors may be present or may evolve but at levels less than ten percent of the LEL and where
controls can be installed to maintain levels below ten percent of the LEL.
3. There is danger of fire, explosion or excessive toxic levels in the presence of hot work in the space or from
boundary spaces which have not been protected as required.
4. Hot work is prohibited in the space or in the boundary spaces for which a provisional certificate is issued.

c. SAFE FOR PERSONNEL/NOT SAFE FOR HOT WORK. When this category is marked on the gas free
certificate for a space:
1. Toxic materials, vapors or gases do not or are not likely to exceed PEL; oxygen content is Safe for Per-
sonnel (19.5 percent to 22 percent).
2. There is danger of fire or explosion or excessive toxicants in the presence of hot work due to flammable
or explosive materials, vapors or gases in the space.
3. There is danger of fire, explosion or excessive toxicants in the presence of hot work due to boundary spaces
which have not been protected as required.

d. SAFE FOR PERSONNEL/SAFE FOR HOT WORK. When this category is marked on the gas free certifi-
cate:
1. Toxic materials, vapors or gases do not or are not likely to exceed PEL; oxygen levels are Safe for Per-
sonnel (19.5 percent to 22 percent).
2. All flammable materials, vapors or gases have been removed, are not likely to evolve or are controllable
by ventilation.
3. All surrounding boundary spaces have been protected as required.

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S9086-CH-STM-030

e. INERTED - NOT SAFE FOR PERSONNEL INSIDE/SAFE FOR HOT WORK OUTSIDE. When this
category is marked on the gas free certificate:
1. An inert medium has been introduced into the space, in the required concentration to achieve a nonflam-
mable atmosphere, and will be maintained continuously to ensure proper inert atmospheres.
2. Oxygen levels in the space will not support combustion or life.

The oxygen level in an inert space shall be monitored to maintain not more than
one percent oxygen in the space.
3. Required measures have been taken to isolate the space and ensure that isolation is maintained until the
inerting medium is removed. Block 11 of the gas free certificate, as illustrated in Figure 074-20-1, shall
contain the type of gas used to inert the space.

Resort to pressing-up only in emergencies when spaces cannot be cleaned and

gas freed normally, as described in Section 23, and cannot be gas inerted, as
described in paragraph 074-24.3.

f. PRESSED-UP WITH - NOT SAFE FOR PERSONNEL INSIDE/SAFE FOR HOT WORK OUTSIDE.
When this category is marked on the gas free certificate, the space is pressed-up to eliminate flammable atmo-
spheres. Block 12 of the gas free certificate, as illustrated in Figure 074-20-1, shall contain the type of liquid
used to press-up with. This indicates that:
1 The space has been entirely filled with non-hazardous liquid, usually water.
2 Means have been provided to verify the liquid level and the absence of air or vapor pockets.
3 Boundary spaces have been protected as required.

074-20.8 DISTRIBUTION

Distribution of gas free engineering certificates is as follows:

a. The original shall be retained for GFE’s files.

b. One legible copy shall be posted at all other access areas which are open or readily accessible to personnel.

c. One legible copy shall be posted at the main entrance or most commonly used access to the space.

d. One legible copy shall be provided to the department or division requesting the gas free service.

e. One legible copy shall be provided to DC Central.

f. One copy shall be provided to the OOD.

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 S9086-CH-STM-030

074-20.9 RETESTING AND RECERTIFYING SPACES

When there may be a significant change in the conditions within a confined space, the space shall be retested
and recertified. The results of retesting will be written on the original and all copies of the certificate. The GFE/
GFEA may determine that a new certificate is required before entry or work. Such changes may include:

a. Entry or work delay after issue of certificate.

b. Expiration of the time limit of the certificate without any retesting and updating of the certificate.
c. Detection of hazards sufficient to warrant stopping operations and removing personnel.
d. Introduction into the space of new operations or materials that were not noted on the initial certificate.
e. Closing the space during temporary shutdown and reopening the space for resumption of work.
f. Securing the ventilation system within a space during temporary work shutdown.
g. Increases in temperature may cause combustible or flammable liquid to volatize at a faster rate.
h. Ship movement.

074-20.10 SIGNAGE
The GFE/GFEA may elect to post appropriate signs to identify the following three types of confined spaces:

a. IDLH (red, black & white diamond grid with black and white letters)
b. Spaces for which gas-free certificate is required for entry (red, black & white diamond grid with black and
white letters)
c. Spaces for which a gas-free certificate is not required for entry (green background with white lettering).
Examples of approved signage are shown in Appendix I and are available as open purchase from 3-M Cor-
poration.

74-20-9 / (20-10 Blank)

20-10
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 S9086-CH-STM-030

SECTION 21
VENTILATION

074-21.1 INTRODUCTION

Flammable, toxic or oxygen-deficient or -enriched atmospheres in confined spaces are a consequence of

inadequate natural or mechanical ventilation. Temporary ventilation using portable fans or blowers can limit haz-
ards to an acceptable level. Ship configuration, availability of portable blowers and duct limits can restrict ven-
tilation. Because of these limitations, protect personnel with appropriate respiratory equipment even when venti-
lation is provided.

074-21.2 BASIC VENTILATION OBJECTIVES

The objectives of ventilation are to:

a. Remove contaminated air (flammable or toxic) from the space, limit flammable atmospheres to ten percent or
less of the LEL and limit toxic concentrations to the PEL.

b. Capture and remove contaminants generated by operations within the space or dilute such airborne contami-
nants to safe concentration levels.

c. Provide fresh, breathable air for health and general comfort.

Ventilation evaluation must compare ventilation system capacity with the atmosphere of the space. This sec-
tion sets forth minimum requirements and provides additional ventilation guidance for confined spaces. Ventila-
tion provided for any given operation (even though it may be less than the levels prescribed in this section) is
acceptable if test and evaluation show prescribed levels of clean breathable air and appropriate levels of flam-
mables.

074-21.3 VENTILATION BEFORE ENTRY OR WORK

Prior to any ventilation, the GFE must determine if the space presents an upper
explosive limit (UEL) danger. Explosimeters will not be able to determine UEL
reliably. This determination shall be made prior to access by checking DC plates
or ship’s drawings, as appropriate, for fuel sources (i.e., JP-5, DFM, sewage pip-
ing, fuel tank tops) and heat sources such as steam lines. If a UEL condition or
the potential exists, have appropriate firefighting assets standing by. Proceed with
caution. Secure the heat or fuel source as the situation dictates and rig grounded
exhaust ventilation.

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S9086-CH-STM-030

There will be a minimum of two air changes prior to entry into a confined space
unless installed ventilation is in operation.
Confined spaces shall be ventilated before entry or work, until flammable atmospheres are less than ten per-
cent of the LEL, toxic atmospheres are controlled and oxygen content is as required by NSTM Chapter 074,
Volume 3, Section 20.

074-21.4 VENTILATION TYPES

Ventilation requirements for entry into and work in confined spaces are dependent upon the nature of the
space, the contents and the operations to be conducted within the space. For purposes of gas free engineering,
requirements will be considered for general ventilation, dilution ventilation and local exhaust ventilation. Opera-
tions conducted within a confined space may require the application of a single type of ventilation such as gen-
eral ventilation or may require the application of two types such as general ventilation combined with a local
exhaust system.

074-21.4.1 GENERAL VENTILATION. General ventilation may be utilized in a confined space to provide
uncontaminated air for breathing and to maintain general comfort of personnel. It may also be used to maintain
concentrations of toxic and flammable atmospheres at acceptable levels where the sources of such contaminants
are small and evolution of airborne contaminants is low. The accepted practice and the required level established
by the Naval Bureau of Medicine and Surgery for general ventilation is one complete air change every three
minutes. Therefore, a 30,000 cubic-foot space requires a general ventilation rate of 10,000 cubic feet per minute
(ft3 /min).

074-21.4.2 CALCULATING GENERAL VENTILATION. General ventilation is calculated as follows:

1. Find volume of the space (H x W x L = Vol) as expressed in cubic feet.

2. Divide volume of space by capacity of blower (vol/number of blowers) which is the maximum amount of time
to complete one air change of the space, to derive an answer of how many blowers will be required to meet
the general ventilation requirement.
3. Divide the minutes as derived from step 2 above by the number 3 (Time/3 = number of blowers) which is the
maximum amount of time to complete one air change of the space, to derive an answer of how many blow-
ers will be required to meet the general ventilation requirement.
4. If the final answer is expressed as a decimal or fraction, then you must round up to the next whole number.
This will be how many blowers will be required to meet general ventilation requirements. Calculation
example:
a. The space is 20 ft x 35 ft x 10 ft - 7,000 ft3
b. The blower to be used is rated at 2,000 cubic feet per minute; 7,000 ft3 divided by 2,000 CFM = 3.5 (min)
c. Next, 3.5 (min) divided by 3 (gen. vent. reqs) = 1.166 (# blowers)
d. Next, round up 1.166 (# blowers) to the next whole number. Final answer should be ″2″ blowers.

074-21.4.3 LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION. Local exhaust systems contain an exhaust intake (duct open-
ing or hood) positioned 6 to 10 inches from the work which generates airborne contaminants. For local exhaust

74-21-2
 S9086-CH-STM-030

to be effective, the part of the work zone farthest from the exhaust inlet needs an airflow of 100 linear ft/min
toward the exhaust inlet. This arrangement captures airborne contaminants as they are generated, draws them into
the system duct work and removes them. Local exhaust systems are most effective for removing airborne con-
taminants generated from operations such as welding or localized solvent cleaning.

074-21.4.4 DILUTION VENTILATION. Dilution ventilation is established by using portable ventilation equip-
ment. By drawing air out of the space and replacing the stagnant air with fresh air drawn in by natural air cir-
culation, the contaminated air within the space may be diluted to a safe level. Dilution ventilation is not as effec-
tive in contaminant control as local exhaust ventilation but may be required for certain types of operations (i.e.,
spray finishing) which cannot be effectively controlled with a local exhaust system. Dilution ventilation require-
ments may be calculated based on the airborne contaminant generation rate, the required level or percentage of
LEL and the LEL of the contaminant involved. (See paragraph 074-21.8) In shipboard (afloat) operations, dilu-
tion ventilation will generally be used for the control of flammable, oxygen-deficient or -enriched atmospheres
rather than for control of toxicants because too much air will be required to dilute toxicants to PEL. Dilution
ventilation may require the use of supplied air respiratory protection when toxics are being generated.

074-21.5 VENTILATING FLAMMABLE ATMOSPHERES

Fans, blowers, motors and other such equipment utilized to ventilate atmospheres containing flammable or
explosive vapors, fumes, mists or dusts shall be approved, explosion-proof equipment or intrinsically safe equip-
ment, such as portable blowers jet air movers or steam eductors. Equipment shall be bonded and grounded to
control static electricity accumulation and discharges. Additional guidance for fans and ventilation can be found
in NSTM Chapter 512, Fans.

074-21.6 VENTILATION SYSTEM COMPONENT PLACEMENT

Good ventilation systems provide clean, breathable makeup air to replace contaminated air. Correct and
incorrect ventilation component placement is shown in Figure 074-21-1. Additional guidance for fans and venti-
lation can be found in NSTM Chapter 512, Fans.

074-21.6.1 INLET LOCATION. The placement of exhaust duct inlets and make-up air inlets is extremely
important to achieve proper air distribution in a confined space. Do not place an exhaust fan in the top of a deep,
single-opening confined space (where makeup air enters through the same opening) which can cause short cir-
cuiting, when the fan exhausts most of the make-up air as soon as it enters. Improve the distribution of air by
extending a duct to the exhaust inlet from the bottom or back of the space. Air distribution and circulation will
be improved when air entry and exhaust are accomplished through separate openings. Where make-up air and
exhaust move through the same opening (such as a doorway), provide ducting to carry exhaust air away from the
inlet and to prevent recirculation of contaminated air.

074-21.6.2 EXHAUST OUTLET LOCATIONS. Always vent exhaust outlets carrying flammable or toxicants
to the exterior of the ship where airborne contaminants can disperse. Prohibit the placement of exhaust outlets
where exhaust air could contaminate adjacent spaces, accumulate or pocket in low areas or expose personnel to
dangerous atmospheres. Additional blowers may be positioned separately near the exhaust outlet to assist in the
dispersion of gases into the atmosphere and the blowing of exhausted contaminated gases away from personnel
and ventilation make-up air inlets.

074-21.6.3 DUCT LOCATIONS FOR CONTAMINANTS LIGHTER OR HEAVIER THAN AIR. Airborne
contaminants which are lighter or heavier than air tend to accumulate to dangerous levels in the highest or low-
est areas, respectively, of a confined space. Such concentrations affect the placement of exhaust and makeup air

74-21-3
S9086-CH-STM-030

vents. When airborne contaminants are heavier than air, place the exhaust inlet near the bottom of the space and
the make-up air inlet at the top of the space. When contaminants are lighter than air, or elevated temperatures
cause contaminants to rise, reverse the placement, with the exhaust inlet at the top of the space and the makeup
air inlet at the bottom. The ventilation system will thus capture and remove the airborne contaminants at the point
of greatest concentration with the least dispersal of the airborne contaminants. See Figure 074-21-1, views 6 and
7.

074-21.6.4 BLOWING VERSUS DRAWING AIR.

Never blow air into a space which contains flammable or toxic particles or atmo-
spheres.

Blowing air into a space agitates, evaporates and disperses the airborne contaminants. Blowing air into a
space also forces uncontrolled airborne contaminants from the space through any available openings and may
contaminate adjacent areas. Drawing air from the space may be less efficient but it controls particle capture and
removal. Air may be blown into a space only when no flammable or toxic materials are present or are being gen-
erated by the work process and ventilation is required only to provide clean, respirable air for breathing and gen-
eral comfort.

074-21.6.5 FAN LOCATION. Exhaust fans or blowers shall be located in a duct outlet on the weather deck,
whenever possible, so the exhaust ducts within the ship are under negative pressure. Locating fans or blowers at
the exhaust inlet will result in a positive pressure on exhaust ducts and potential leakage of flammable or toxic
atmospheres into other ship spaces. See Figure 074-21-1, view 8. Duct work, located on the interior of the ship,
can be sealed at all connections by using duct tape wrapped three times (minimum) to prevent separation of con-
nections or the leakage of toxic gases into the interior of the ship at the connections.

74-21-4
 S9086-CH-STM-030

Figure 074-21-1. Ventilation Component Placement

74-21-5
S9086-CH-STM-030

074-21.6.6 DUCTING. The size, type and length of ducting used affects the air movement capacity of fans and
blowers. Navy standard portable ventilation ducting (i.e., 8 inch or 10 inch trunk/vent hoses) has a high coeffi-
cient of friction; this severely limits ducting lengths. Increasing the length of the duct reduces the air velocity in
the duct and increases the pressure loss due to friction. No more than three 15-foot sections of hose assembly/
air duct should be used with each fan, but a longer system may be contrived by arranging two or more fans with
tubing in series.
A duct air flow velocity of 2,000 to 4,000 feet per minute (ft/min) will capture the contaminants and mini-
mize friction loss, fan loss, noise and reduce the possibility of residue settling in the ducting.
See NSTM Chapter 512, Fans, for additional guidance in the selection and use of fans and ducting.

074-21.7 VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS FOR SPECIFIC OPERATIONS

Ventilation minimums for certain operations are provided for guidance. Observing minimum ventilation
requirements does not necessarily eliminate flammable or toxic hazards. The effect of ventilation on flammables,
toxicants and breathable air may be determined only by studying actual samples of the atmosphere within the
space. For example, dilution ventilation may be used to maintain flammable vapors at a concentration of less than
ten percent of the LEL but the ventilation may not be sufficient to dilute the airborne contaminant to acceptable
personnel exposure levels. In such cases, ventilation shall control flammable vapor concentrations, while
approved respiratory protective devices protect personnel from toxic exposures. The GFE, GFEA or GFEPO shall
perform tests, measurements, samples and evaluations appropriate to the nature of the operation and the airborne
contaminants.

074-21.7.1 VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS FOR WELDING, CUTTING, BURNING AND BRAZING.

Ducting shall be flexible, noncombustible and free of combustible residue. For additional ventilation requirements
refer to paragraph 074-21.7.3.

074-21.7.2 LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION. Welding, cutting, burning, brazing or similar operations con-
ducted within confined spaces require local exhaust ventilation, whenever possible, to capture and remove air-
borne contaminants. For local exhaust to be effective, the part of the work zone farthest from the exhaust inlet
needs an airflow of 100 linear ft/min toward the exhaust inlet. Capture velocities decrease drastically as the dis-
tance increases between the exhaust inlet at the point of operation and the exhaust outlet. Use flanged exhaust
inlets which are approximately 25 percent more efficient than unflanged inlets.

Always supply personnel with NIOSH-approved respiratory protection equip-

ment (for example, SCBA or SAR/SCBA) for working with highly toxic mate-
rials since even slight ventilation system trouble may result in significant person-
nel exposure. OPNAVINST 5100.19 (series), NAVOSH Program Manual for
Forces Afloat, provides detailed information.

074-21.7.3 TOXIC METALS VENTILATION. Highly toxic metals, or certain other materials, may require
greater supply and exhaust airflows to capture airborne contaminants. These precautions apply to such known
toxic metals, materials and processes as fluorine compounds, zinc, lead, mercury, beryllium, cadmium, iron pow-
der, halogenated hydrocarbons, cleaning and degreasing compounds, stainless steel welding involving chemical
flux and gas shielded arc welding.

74-21-6
 S9086-CH-STM-030

074-21.7.4 DILUTION VENTILATION. When effective local exhaust ventilation is impossible due to the
nature of the space or other factors, provide dilution ventilation. Dilution ventilation seldom protects the welder
completely because of the uneven production of airborne contaminants, unknown amount of contaminant gener-
ated and high volumes of dilution air required. Dilution ventilation does, however, provide a controlled means of
diluting, collecting and removing contaminated air from the space. Ensure that adjacent areas and spaces are pro-
tected and that exhaust discharges are filtered if necessary and dispersed to the exterior of the ship.

074-21.7.4.1 Dilution Ventilation Volume Formula. Estimated dilution ventilation volume needs as follows:

Allowing one air change every 3 minutes but not less than:

a. 2,000 cubic feet per minute (ft3 /min) per welder, if a 5/32 inch or 3/16 inch rod is used.

b. 3,500 ft3 /min per welder, if a 1/4 inch rod is used.

c. 4,500 ft3 /min per welder, if a 3/8 inch rod is used.

Example: Welding is to be done in a tank that is 15 feet by 20 feet by 9 feet with one welder using a 5/32
inch rod. The material to be welded is steel. To calculate the volume required for one air change every 3 min-
utes, in ft3 /min:

Dilution ventilation volume

= Volume of the space/3 minutes

= 15’ x 20’ x 9’/3 minutes

= 2,700 ft3 /3 minutes

= 900 ft3 /minute

However, due to the 5/32 inch welding rod being used, the minimum dilution air flow volume in this case is
2,000 ft3 /min. Thus, two 1,000 ft3 /min portable fans with individual exhaust ducts will be required to exhaust
air and remove fumes and hazardous gases generated. The duct will extend into the space as shown in Figure
074-21-1, views 2 and 3. If the space has two access openings, the arrangement for makeup air, shown in Figure
074-21-1, view 3, is preferred.

074-21.7.4.2 Dilution Ventilation Velocity Formula. An example of the velocity formula follows:

The face velocity at each of the 8-inch exhaust ducts, required to maintain a 2,000 ft3 /min exhaust rate
required in paragraph 074-21.7.4.1, will be:

Q = Dilution volume flow rate in ft3 /min required per blower.

A = Area of the duct opening, in square feet (Areas for common duct diameters are listed in Figure 074-21-1).
V = Face velocity of air at duct inlet
Q = AV
V = Q/A
V = (1,000 ft3 /min) /0.35 sq ft

74-21-7
S9086-CH-STM-030

Figure 074-21-2. Duct Diameter Opening Area

V = (approx.) 2,860 ft/min at each exhaust duct inlet
Thus, air flow measurement at the face of each duct is approximately 2,860 ft3 /min to maintain one complete air
change every three minutes.

If actual measured air velocity at each exhaust duct inlet opening is less than
2,860 ft3 /min, a larger capacity portable fan may be used, or the length of
exhaust duct can be reduced until a velocity of 2,860 ft3 /min is attained.

074-21.7.5 VENTILATION REQUIREMENTS FOR PAINTING, COATINGS AND USE OF SOLVENTS.

Paint and preservative coating removers, cleaning solvents, liquid vehicles for paints, preservative coatings and
similar materials are frequently toxic and flammable. When these materials are used in confined spaces, ventila-
tion will be required to control the hazards. Generally, airborne contaminants from these operations are dispersed
over a wide area rather then at a single point; therefore, local exhaust ventilation is not effective. Use dilution
ventilation to ensure that adjacent areas are protected and that exhaust discharges are filtered to remove and dis-
perse airborne contaminants to the outside atmosphere. Refer to NSTM Chapter 631, Volume 2, Preservation
of Ships in Service, Surface Preparation and Painting, for further guidance.

Because it is difficult to assess whether ventilation has diluted the atmosphere to

the PEL, equip personnel with NIOSH-approved respiratory devices (paragraph
074-19.8). Refer to OPNAVINST 5100.19 (series) for list of appropriate respira-
tors.

074-21.7.6 DILUTION FOR SPRAY PAINTING. In operations such as spray painting, flammable concentra-
tions will exist at some point within the cone-shaped spray emanating from the spray nozzle. These concentra-
tions are not cause to discontinue operations. Rather, determine the effect of dilution ventilation on the total
atmosphere within the space. Where flammable concentrations exist at significant distances outside the spray
cone, take the actions described in paragraph 074-21.7.5.

074-21.8 DILUTION TO LEL

Ventilation shall dilute contaminants to ten percent or less of the LEL for the material involved. Ventilate
continuously during operations and afterward until flammable materials have evaporated and the space is gas free.
Test as necessary to monitor the conditions within the space during operations. When concentrations of flam-

74-21-8
 S9086-CH-STM-030

mable vapors reach or exceed ten percent of the LEL, stop operations until ventilation deficiencies have been
corrected. Conduct final test of the space after the ventilation system has been secured for at least ten minutes.
In addition, the final test shall include a toxic test for carbon monoxide.

074-21.9 DILUTION VENTILATION FLOW RATES

Flow rates for dilution ventilation to maintain exposure levels at ten percent of the LEL shall be calculated
by this formula:
Q = (C(100-LEL))/LEL x Vv x gal/min
X % of solvents expressed as a decimal
Q = Dilution volume flow rate in cubic feet per minute (ft3 /min or cfm).
C = 10 (C is a constant used to limit the flammable atmosphere to ten percent of the LEL.)
LEL = Lower Explosive Limit. The LEL’s for typical solvents used in paints, preservative coatings and cleaning
compounds are given in Figure 074-21-3, LEL’s and Vapor Volume of Some Commonly Used Solvents.
Vv = Vapor volume in cubic feet of vapor per 1 gallon of liquid. The Vv values for typical solvents used in paints,
preservative coatings and cleaning compounds are given in Figure 074-21-3.
Gal/min = Number of gallons of solvent used per minute.
% of solvents = Amount of different solvents which make up a particular paint.
Example: A paint containing 8 percent xylene (o) and 45 percent toluene as carrier solvents is used at the rate of
1 gallon every 5 minutes.
O xylene
/min
x % of solvents expressed as a decimal
= (10(100-1.0))/1.0 x 26.4 ft3 /1 gal
x 1 gal x 0.080 xylene/5 min
= 990 x 26.4 ft3 x 0.016/min
= (approx.) 418 ft3 /min
Q toluene
= (C(100-LEL))/LEL x Vv x gal/min
x % of solvent
= (10(100-1.4))/1.4 x 30.4 ft3 /1 gal
x 1 gal x 0.45 toluene/5 min
= 704.3 x 30.4 ft3 x 0.090/min
= (approx.) 1,927 ft3 /min
Total required
= Xylene + Toluene
= 418 ft3 /min + 1,927 ft3 /min
= 2,345 ft3 /min

74-21-9
S9086-CH-STM-030

Figure 074-21-3. LELs/Vapor Volume of Some Commonly Used Solvents

74-21-10
 S9086-CH-STM-030

Thus explosion-proof blowers may be used to exhaust air from the space to achieve the ten percent LEL
requirement. To minimize pressure loss, air turbulence and noise in the duct, five 8-inch-diameter ducts will be
used. The 8-inch ducts will extend into the space as shown in Figure 074-21-1, views 2 and 3. If the space has
two access openings, the arrangement for makeup air shown in Figure 074-21-1, view 3, is preferred.

The control of flammable atmospheres to ten percent of the LEL shall be deter-
mined by direct measurement of the atmosphere using approved instruments.

74-21-11 / (21-12 Blank)

21-12
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 S9086-CH-STM-030

SECTION 22
HOT WORK

074-22.1 INTRODUCTION

Section 22 applies to all hot work performed in confined spaces, machinery rooms, catapult rooms, bilges
and other locations proximate to flammable atmospheres (i.e., near fuel tank vents and sounding tubes). This sec-
tion also applies to hot work performed on closed structures or containers such as pipes, drums, ducts, tubes,
jacketed vessels and similar items. When hot work involves inerting, pressing-up or steam blanketing, refer to
Section 24.

Requirements for general hot work or spark producing operations performed in open or well-ventilated areas
are located in NSTM Chapter 074, Volume 1 and OPNAVINST 5100.19 (series). These operations generally do
not require gas free engineering and are allowed by issuance of a Hot Work Permit by a FM, vice the gas free
certificate issued by a GFE/GFEA. The FM will refer hot work requests to the GFE/GFEA when inspection
shows gas free engineering may be required.

074-22.2 HOT WORK DEFINED

When open flame or heat-producing work such as welding, cutting or brazing is

to be conducted, the worksite is to be inspected by the GFE or FM regardless of
location, paragraph 074-22.2 notwithstanding.

Hot work in the context of gas free engineering includes:

a. Flame heating, welding, torch cutting, brazing or carbon arc gouging.

b. Any operation producing temperatures of 204.4°C (400°F) or higher. Temperatures are shown as degrees cen-
tigrade. Metric Conversion Charts are provided in Appendix J.

c. Any operation occurring in the presence of flammable materials or in a flammable atmosphere which requires
the use or presence of an ignition source. Examples of such work include spark-producing or arc-producing
tools or equipment, static discharge, friction, open flames or embers, impact, non-explosion-proof equipment
such as lights, fixtures or motors.

074-22.3 CLEANING AND VENTILATING FOR HOT WORK

Before hot work is begun in a confined space, the space shall be tested, inspected, emptied of flammable
cargo, cleaned and ventilated as required by this publication and certified Safe for Hot Work. Extraneous flam-
mable or combustible materials such as scrap wood, paper, ropes or rags shall be removed from the space. Com-
bustible materials that cannot be removed shall be adequately protected. Ventilation ducting shall be made of
noncombustible metal, of flexible construction and free from hazardous combustible residues. See Section 21 for
specific ventilation procedures.

74-22-1
S9086-CH-STM-030

074-22.4 FIRE WATCH

When open flame or heat-producing work such as welding, cutting or brazing is to be conducted in the
absence of combustible materials or flammable residues, establish a trained fire watch at the worksite. When hot
work may transmit fire hazards to other spaces by overheating the connecting deck, overhead or bulkhead, pro-
vide fire watches on both sides of the hot deck, overhead or bulkhead. Fire watch communications will enable
the fire watch to report hazardous conditions on the opposite side of separating structures and provide a signal
to stop hot work. Fire watches on both sides of the separating structure shall have, and know how to use, fire
extinguishing equipment suitable to the exposure. Fire watches shall be equipped with PPE as required for the
operation being conducted (i.e., goggles or helmet, NIOSH-approved respiratory protection equipment, fire
retarding clothing). After completion of the hot work operation, fire watches shall remain on station for a mini-
mum of 30 minutes, ensure the area is cool to the touch and that no smoldering embers remain. Refer to NSTM
Chapter 074, Volume 1, Welding and Allied Processes for definition, classes of hot work, fire watch require-
ments, training and fire prevention cautions.

074-22.5 FIRE EXTINGUISHING EQUIPMENT

Fire extinguishing equipment shall be provided which is suitable for the nature and amount of flammables or
combustibles present.

Never use vaporizing liquid extinguishers in confined spaces.

a. Use Purple-K-Powder (PKP), carbon dioxide (CO2) and AFFF extinguishers only after determining that the
extinguisher is appropriate for the exposure. Also determine whether the displacement of oxygen by discharge
of CO2 into the space is likely to cause a hazard to personnel.
b. Water extinguishers or firehoses equipped with vari-nozzles, fog nozzles or fog applicators are the most suit-
able fire extinguishing equipment for hot work in the presence of ordinary (Class A) combustible material, or
flammable residues, coatings or insulation.
c. Evaluate fire extinguishing equipment for:
1. Ability to suppress the fire.
2. Hazards that the extinguishing agent might create in the space.
3. Capacity of the equipment compared to the fire potential. Firehoses equipped with a vari-nozzle, fog nozzle
or applicator or portable fire extinguishers are acceptable. The nature of the space or ship may restrict
selection of fire equipment.

Class A combustibles are those which leave embers and must therefore be cooled
throughout the entire mass (NSTM Chapter 555, Volume 1, Surface Ship Fire-
fighting).

74-22-2
 S9086-CH-STM-030

074-22.6 HOT WORK LOCATIONS

Prior to beginning hot work, an assessment of potential hazards must be made at each location. The follow-
ing, although not all-inclusive, provides guidance regarding what hazards to expect.

074-22.6.1 BOUNDARY SPACES. When hot work is to be performed on fuel tanks, associated vent spaces or
other spaces containing flammables (i.e., paint lockers, flammable liquid storerooms), the adjacent spaces above,
below and on all sides (boundary spaces) shall first be inspected and tested, cleaned and ventilated or inerted as
appropriate, then certified Safe for Hot Work.

074-22.6.2 PIPES, TUBES, COILS. Hollow connections to a space can present the same hazards as the space
itself.

a. Pipes, tubes, coils or similar items which service, enter or exit a confined space shall be flushed, blown, purged
or otherwise cleaned and certified Safe for Hot Work before the performance of hot work on such items. If
not so treated and certified, the certificate for the space shall be marked Not Safe for Hot Work.
b. Valves to pipes, tubes or similar items shall be closed, the pipes blanked off and tagged out, following the
provisions of the Ship’s Tagout Bill, to prevent inadvertent discharge or backflow of materials into the space.

074-22.6.3 HOT WORK ON CLOSED CONTAINERS OR STRUCTURES. Prior to beginning hotwork on

hollow structures, drums, containers, jacketed vessels or similar items, the items shall be cleaned, flushed, purged,
inerted, filled with water or otherwise made safe. The items shall be inspected, cleaned, tested and certified before
performing hot work. Items which are closed and subject to pressure build-up from any application of heat shall
be vented to relieve any pressures created by the hot work. The method of venting shall be selected to prevent
ignition or explosion during the venting process. When vent holes must be drilled, the requirements of paragraph
074-24.3.1 shall be followed.

074-22.6.4 HOT WORK NEAR PRESERVATIVE COATINGS. Characteristics of a particular coating deter-
mine the procedures and precautions for hot work near that coating.

a. Flammable Coatings. Flammable coating hot work requirements are as follows:

1. Determine the flammability of coatings before starting hot work by referring to NSTM Chapter 631,
MSDS’s and other written documentation, as needed. Remove combustible coatings from the hot work area
to a distance sufficient to prevent ignition or offgassing (from temperature increase), at least 4 inches on all
sides from the outer edge of the hot work.
2. When stripping flammable coatings, never use a flame or other type of heating device which allows the
coating to be heated to a temperature resulting in the production of smoke.
3. Test continuously for flammable atmospheres during hot work. Where significant offgassing is detected,
stop hot work and further strip the coating. Start artificial cooling methods, such as wetting down, to pre-
vent temperature increases in the unstripped areas.
4. Shield flammable coatings from slag or sparks in the area of the hot work. Wet down surrounding areas or
cover with netted fire retarding cloth conforming to MIL-C-24576, if appropriate.
5. Ventilate in accordance with Section 21.
6. At a minimum, keep a 1-1/2 inch firehose with a vari-nozzle, fog nozzle or fog applicator in the immedi-
ate vicinity, charged and ready for instant use, except where prohibited by nature of the space or ship.
b. Before hot work, strip any coatings which become toxic when heated to at least four inches beyond the area

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that will be heated. Equip personnel with airline respirators approved by NIOSH or equivalent respiratory
protection in accordance with OPNAVINST 5100.19 (series). Ventilate in accordance with Section 21 to
remove toxic vapors or fumes from the space.

074-22.6.5 HOT WORK NEAR DAMAGED SURFACES. Tank walls and coating deformities may carry toxi-
cants and other hazards.

Blisters, scales and similar formations inside tanks that have held flammable materials may, even after clean-
ing and ventilating, hold flammable residues. Plan hot work carefully, considering the following:

a. Ascertain whether any previous tank contents may have left hazardous residues.

b. Assess the possibility of a surface flash which would involve the entire space.

c. Clean scales or blisters:

1. Remove scales or blisters which contain highly flammable residues (flashpoint 37.8°C [100°F] such as
gasoline or JP-4 fuel) from the entire space before hot work.
2. Clean away scales or blisters containing less flammable residues (flashpoint above 37.8°C [100°F] such as
fuel oil or JP-5 fuel) to a distance of four inches on all sides from the outer edge of the hot work. In all
cases, the area cleaned shall be sufficient to prevent offgassing from surrounding areas and to prevent igni-
tion of residues.
3. Clean or protect areas below the hot work; use screens, devices to capture sparks and slag, fire retarding
cloth conforming to MIL-C-24576 or similar measures.

d. Wet down areas around hot work to reduce the residue vaporization and to prevent small fires and flashes.

e. Assign fire watches with equipment to extinguish any resulting fire (see paragraph 074-22.4).

074-22.6.6 HOT WORK NEAR PRESSURIZED SYSTEMS.

When subjected to high temperatures, hydraulic fluid can decompose and pro-
duce highly toxic by-products. Noncombustible insulation such as fiberglass may
have combustible backing or adhesive materials.

Before beginning hot work, depressurize nearby pressurized systems (such as hydraulics or Freon). Protect
piping, fittings, valves and other system components from contact with flames, arcs, hot slag or sparks. Clean
space and remove contaminants (and substances such as hydraulic fluid) before hot work.

074-22.6.7 HOT WORK NEAR INSULATION. Conduct hot work carefully near combustible insulation. All
submarine anti-sweat hull insulation materials will burn and will produce highly toxic and irritating combustible
gases. Some insulation materials may be ignited by welding slag or other short-duration exposure to ignition
sources. Foam insulation materials are particularly likely to ignite and generate toxic combustion products. The
following are procedures for hot work near insulation:

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Insulation may contain asbestos. Removal of asbestos insulation from the area of
hot work shall be conducted in accordance with OPNAVINST 5100.19 (series).

a. Remove insulation from the area of hot work.

b. Wet down non-removable insulation with water then cover the insulation with water-soaked, fire-retarding
cloth.
c. Station a fire watch with a charged 1-1/2 inch firehose, ready for use in the immediate area.

074-22.6.8 HOT WORK NEAR AMMUNITION AND EXPLOSIVES. Hot work in the area of magazines or
near ammunition or explosives shall follow provisions of NAVSEA OP-4, Ammunition Afloat.

074-22.7 HAZARDOUS BY-PRODUCTS

Welding, cutting or burning in the presence of certain materials (such as hydraulic fluids, Freons, chlorinated
solvents or halons) or heating such materials can cause decomposition and produce hazardous by-products.
Ensure that hot work is not conducted on or near such materials. Keep welding or cutting operations which pro-
duce high levels of ultraviolet radiation at least 200 feet from exposed chlorinated solvents.

074-22.8 GAS WELDING AND CUTTING

The following shall be observed when performing gas welding or cutting operations:

074-22.8.1 COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS. Transport, handle and store compressed gas cylinders in
accordance with OPNAVINST 5100.19 (series) and applicable NSTM chapters. Keep compressed gas cylinders,
or gas manifolds used in welding and cutting operations, out of confined spaces. Place gas cylinders or gas mani-
folds outside the space in open air, away from any fire, explosion or emergency situation. Station an attendant,
who shall, in an emergency, immediately turn off the gas supply from the compressed gas cylinders or manifolds.

074-22.8.2 GAS WELDING AND CUTTING EQUIPMENT. Inspect, test, operate and maintain gas welding
and cutting equipment such as hoses, connections and torches following procedures outlined in applicable NSTM
chapters. Remove torches and hoses from the space at work-crew change and at night. Remove open-ended hoses
immediately after disconnecting torches or other devices from the hose.

074-22.8.3 GAS SUPPLIES. Turn off gas supplies at the cylinder or manifold outside the space when equip-
ment is unattended or unused for substantial periods of time, such as at breaks, lunch periods, work-crew changes
or overnight.

074-22.9 ELECTRIC ARC PROCESSES

The following shall be observed when performing hot work using electric arc units or machines:

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074-22.9.1 ELECTRIC ARC UNITS OR MACHINES. Keep electric arc units or machines outside the con-
fined space. Station an attendant with the unit to disconnect the power source in an emergency.

074-22.9.2 ELECTRIC ARC EQUIPMENT. Inspect, test, operate and maintain electric arc equipment follow-
ing the provisions of applicable NSTM chapters.

074-22.9.3 ELECTRODE HOLDERS. When electrode holders are left unattended, such as at breaks or during
lunch periods, remove the electrodes from their holders. Place holders in a safe location and open the power
switch to the equipment. If unattended for longer periods, such as overnight, remove electrode holders, cables
and other equipment from the space and disconnect the power supply to the equipment.

074-22.9.4 INERT GAS WELDING PROCESSES. When using inert gases for welding, supply sufficient ven-
tilation to the confined space. Remove inert gases discharged into the space during the operations and provide
adequate makeup air. Inspect hoses, connections and fittings for leaks. Position inert compressed gas sources out-
side the space and turn off at the source when equipment is unattended even for short periods. If unattended for
extended periods, such as overnight, remove and disconnect the hoses and torch equipment and turn off the gas
supply at the source.

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SECTION 23
SPACE CLEANING

074-23.1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE

This section sets forth information, guidance and requirements for cold work and cleaning in confined spaces.
Cleaning is often required before hot work is approved in tanks and voids. Cleaning may disturb residues and
sludges in cargo and sewage tanks releasing toxic or flammable gases or vapors, or both.

074-23.2 COLD WORK DEFINED

Operations which involve only inspections, cleaning or minor repair where no hot work will be conducted.
Examples are space inspections, spray painting, chemical cleaning and the use of any strippers, thinners, paints
or cleaners that produce vapors.

074-23.3 GAS FREE ENGINEERING REQUIREMENTS

The GFE/GFEA seldom conducts or supervises cold work in cleaning of confined spaces. Such functions are
the responsibility of operations or maintenance personnel. However, the GFE/GFEA shall know the various
cleaning methods for given circumstances in order to evaluate hazards which may develop during or after clean-
ing. The GFE/GFEA is responsible for the following aspects of space cleaning operations:

a. Testing, evaluation and certification of the space safe for entry.

b. Specifying requirements for entry and cleaning including ventilation controls, personnel protective equipment
and non-sparking tools.
c. Testing and evaluation of the space during cleaning as deemed necessary.
d. Collaboration, when necessary, with cleaning personnel to determine the safest and most effective cleaning
method.

074-23.4 GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Observe the following safety and health practices for confined space cleaning:

a. Personnel entering spaces to conduct gas free testing or cleaning operations shall wear protective clothing and
equipment adequate for the exposure.
b. Personnel exposed to contaminants during cleaning shall follow good hygiene practice, including wearing
clean clothing each day and showering after such work. Personnel exposed to unknown contaminants will
contact the medical department for decontamination procedures.
c. Personnel protective clothing and equipment shall be cleaned and maintained in good operating condition.
d. Sludge disturbed after initial tests may release toxic or flammable vapors. Contact with the sludge may also
expose personnel to toxic contaminants. Protect personnel who enter such spaces where sludge may contain
trapped toxic or flammable materials.
e. Precautions for other hazards such as slipping, tripping or falling, electrical hazards or low overheads or lad-
ders shall be consistent with OPNAVINST 5100.19 (series) and good safety practices, with personnel protec-
tive clothing and equipment specified by the GFE/GFEA.

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074-23.5 CLEANING METHODS

Many effective methods and techniques may be used to clean a confined space. No single method will suf-
fice for all possible conditions. The method of cleaning is dependent upon the nature of the space and the mate-
rial in the space. The following technical manuals provide guidance for cleaning operations.

a. Fuel Tanks (Shipboard). NAVSEA MIL-HDBK-291(SH), Military Handbook, Cargo Tank Cleaning.
b. CHT tanks, NSTM Chapter 593, Pollution Control.
c. The appropriate NSTM chapter (refer to NSTM Chapter 001, General, for chapter list or technical publica-
tion) for the system or equipment involved (i.e., boilers, condensers or fuel tanks).

074-23.6 STEAM CLEANING

Steam cleaning is the most effective method for cleaning tanks used for low flashpoint hydrocarbon fuels
(such as gasoline) and solvents. Steam cleaning removes materials which have permeated seams, scales, blisters
or concrete. Observe the following precautions when steam cleaning:

a. Temperatures of tank walls during steam cleaning must not be allowed to exceed 110°C (230°F). Excessive
temperatures may cause buckling of walls, warping or cracking of structures, and may also dangerously over-
heat flammable or combustible materials within boundary spaces.
b. In cases where steam cleaning may damage tanks, use other cleaning methods. (Other methods may be less
effective in cleaning tank lines or coatings which contain solvents or fuels, such as gasoline, and may leave
residual contamination).
c. Hatches and vent covers in the space should be opened to allow adequate venting during steam cleaning and
to prevent excessive pressure build-up.
d. Steam jets may produce static build-up and discharge. Keep steam jets out of spaces which contain flammable
vapor concentrations above ten percent of the lower explosive limit (LEL).

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SECTION 24
INERTING, PRESSING-UP AND STEAM BLANKETING

074-24.1 INTRODUCTION
Section 24 sets forth the requirements for inerting, pressing-up and steam blanketing. These techniques to
achieve safety within a space for the purpose of performing hot work on exterior boundaries are less desirable
than cleaning and gas freeing the space as described in Section 19, Section 21 and Section 23.

074-24.2 RESTRICTIONS

Inerting, pressing-up and steam blanketing are permissible only under emergency
conditions or when normal cleaning and gas freeing of the confined space are
impossible and only under the direction of the GFE/GFEA.
Hot work may be permitted on the exterior boundary of a space which has been inerted, pressed-up or steam
blanketed as specified herein and only under the following conditions:

a. The CO shall determine whether the material to be hot worked can withstand the process without structural
failure. Deteriorated structures may be so thin or damaged that they will split or burn through.

b. Inerting, pressing-up and steam blanketing are prohibited on spaces containing highly volatile materials such
as gasoline, JP-4 fuel or similar materials with flashpoints of 37.8°C (100°F) or less.
c. The space shall be able to be totally isolated from other tanks or spaces, including all interconnecting pipe-
lines and common vents.
d. The working area outside the space shall be certified and maintained Safe for Personnel/Safe for Hot Work.

e. The displaced vapor/air mixture and inerting medium (gas, liquid, steam/vapor mixtures) can be disposed of
safely.

f. Before spaces such as fuel tanks are inerted or pressed-up, the tank shall be leak tested using established air
test schedules or equivalent.

074-24.3 GAS INERTING

Inerting involves replacing oxygen/vapor mixture in the space with inert or non-flammable gas so that the
resulting atmosphere will not support combustion. For additional information on installed systems, refer to
NSTM Chapter 542, Gasoline and JP-5 Fuel Systems.

074-24.3.1 INERTING PRECAUTIONS. The oxygen level which supports combustion varies with the con-
taminant present and the inerting medium. For a space to be fully inerted, the oxygen level shall be reduced to
less than one percent. Due to its expansion ratio and freedom from static discharges, dry nitrogen gas is the pre-
ferred medium for inerting.

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Nitrogen heated to 482.2°C (900°F) becomes nitrogen dioxide, which is toxic.

a. Liquid levels in the space shall permit free distribution of the inerting gas. Adjust liquid level to allow a mini-
mum space of 12 inches between the top of the liquid and the lowest edges of any structural members or
baffles.
b. Pockets of vapor may collect between structural members or on the high side of slanting tanks which will
restrict even distribution of the inerting gas. Eliminate all such vapor and air pockets by drilling a vent hole
in the structure at each location of trapped vapor and air. Use air-powered tools and a coolant such as water
for such drilling. After venting the pocket and testing the exhaust from the hole or the desired inertness, plug
the hole.

Particles of freezing compressed carbon dioxide (CO2) generate static electricity

which can discharge and ignite a flammable atmosphere. Therefore, the use of
CO2 portable fire extinguishers for the purpose of inerting tanks or containers
that contain or have contained hydrocarbon products is prohibited.
c. When compressed CO2 is used as an inerting medium, a too-rapid discharge rate can cause the gas to freeze,
creating excessive turbulence and uneven distribution. When using CO2 as an inerting medium, the following
shall apply:
1. Use bulk, non-compressed, low-pressure CO2 whenever possible.
2. Introduce compressed, high-pressure CO2 only through an expansion manifold or receiver.
3. Control flow rate to prevent rapid, freezing discharge.

074-24.3.2 EXHAUST VENTILATION. Vent all gases from a space to the outside atmosphere both during and
after the inerting process. When tank vents do not discharge to the outside, attach fittings and vent hose to pro-
vide such ventings. When atmospheric conditions slow the dispersion of exhausted gases, use an explosion-proof
blower. Ensure that vented gases do not drift into other spaces, compartments or low areas.

074-24.3.3 GAS INERTING GENERAL PROCEDURES. Observe the following general procedures for inert-
ing a space with gas:

a. Satisfy all conditions stated in paragraph 074-24.2.

b. Adjust tank liquid, if necessary, to provide at least 12 inches of free space between the liquid surface and the
lowest edge of any structural members or baffles.
c. Isolate the tank, including all interconnecting vents, pipes and similar items.
d. Calculate the volume of free air or vapor space above the liquid. From this volume, determine the amount of
inerting gas required for the initial injection. To allow uneven distribution and diffusion, the volume of the

74-24-2
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initial gas injection should equal the volume of the free tank space. Compressed gases may be converted from
pounds (lbs) to cubic feet (cf) for purposes of this calculation, as follows:
1 lb carbon dioxide = 8.75 cf and
1 lb nitrogen = 13.75 cf. Where non-compressed gas is used, a flow meter may be used to determine the
quantity of gas injected into the space.
e. Install the necessary fittings for injection of the inerting gas and venting of vapor/air mixtures. Gases heavier
than air, such as CO2, need an inerting gas inlet at the bottom of the space to be inerted (within six inches
above the liquid surface), and a vent at the top of the space. Gases lighter than air, such as nitrogen, need the
inlet placed higher than the outlet. Inlets and outlets should be spaced as far apart as possible.
f. Inject the inerting gas. Test for oxygen content at the vent. Continue injecting until there is a consistent oxy-
gen reading of less than one percent at the vent. Close the vent and allow 30 minutes for diffusion of the
inerting gas. After 30 minutes, retest the oxygen content at the vent. If the oxygen content is more than one
percent, close the vent and inject inerting gas until a detectable pressure is present within the space. Never
exceed the pressure rating of the space. Pressure for inerting should not exceed one pound per square inch
gauge (lb/in2 g).
g. Treat vapor pockets as indicated in paragraph 074-24.3.1.b.
h. Monitor pressure on the space continuously during hot work. If the pressure rises, stop work. Find and cor-
rect the cause of the pressure rise before resuming hot work.
i. If a positive pressure cannot be applied and maintained because of the nature of the space, a continuous flow
of inerting gas should be injected through the space. Test continuously at the vent.
j. Upon completion of hot work, allow sufficient time for all affected surfaces to cool to normal temperatures.
The inerting medium should be vented to the outside atmosphere.

074-24.4 PRESSING-UP RESTRICTIONS

Resort to pressing-up only in emergencies when spaces cannot be cleaned and

gas freed normally, as described in Section 23 or cannot be gas inerted as
described in paragraph 074-24.3.3.
Pressing-up is a means of displacing flammable vapor/air mixtures from a space by completely filling the
space with liquid. In addition to the general restrictions of paragraph 074-24.2, observe the following specific
restrictions for pressing-up operations:

a. Pump as much flammable or combustible liquid as possible from the tank or space to be pressed-up.
b. Press-up the tank or space with water only.
c. Restrict hot work to an area at least 12 inches below the water level. Residual fuels in the tank will, in most
cases, rise to the top of the water used for pressing-up. Prevent hot work on the tank top or on areas above
the water level where residual fuels may be present. For hot work closer to the tank top, pump residual fuel
out and continue pressing-up with water until only water remains.
d. Drill vent holes for any suspected vapor or air pockets as described in paragraph 074-24.3.1. After drilling,
continue pressing-up until the pocket is filled with water.

74-24-3
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e. Ensure that the strength of the tank walls is not exceeded.

074-24.5 STEAM BLANKETING

Steam blanketing is a method of making the outer boundaries of a space Safe For Hot Work by using steam
to displace and carry off flammable vapor/air mixtures within the space. Steam blanketing is not practical as an
alternative either to cleaning and gas freeing the space as required in Section 23 or to gas inerting as described
in paragraph 074-24.3. Steam blanketing can be effectively used for closed items (such as rudders or skegs) which
may contain flammable rust inhibitors or coatings.

074-24.6 STEAM BLANKETING REQUIREMENTS

The following requirements apply to steam blanketing operations:

a. Satisfy the conditions specified in paragraph 074-24.2.

b. Examine surrounding compartments and spaces to determine that a rise in temperature from the steaming
operations will not create a hazard or cause damage to the compartment or its contents.
c. Adjust liquid level, if any, to provide at least 12 inches of free space between the liquid surface and the low-
est edge of any beam or structural member, then close the space.
d. Place the steam inlet at the top of the vapor space, and the outlet within six inches of the liquid level or bot-
tom of the vapor space, since steam is lighter than air.
e. Install a steam pressure gauge near the steam inlet. Monitor pressure within the space continuously through-
out the steam blanketing process. Should pressure within the space rise above one pound per square inch
gauge (lb/in2 g), secure steam inlet valve. Locate and correct the cause for the pressure rise before steaming
is continued.
f. Introduce the steam well in advance of hot work operations (approximately 3 hours) and continue throughout
the entire operations.

Test at the outlet to ensure that no flammable vapor/air mixtures are present
before commencing hot work.
g. Steam must be visible during operations. If the steam becomes too dry to be visible, inject water into the steam
inlet line until the steam is again visible. Stop hot work until the cause for the lack of visible vapor in the
steam outlet has been determined and corrected.
h. Drill vent holes as described in paragraph 074-24.3.1.b to remove any suspected flammable vapor/air pockets.
i. Monitor temperatures of space walls and boundaries; maintain tank wall or boundary space temperatures at no
more than 110°C (230°F).

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SECTION 25
EMERGENCY RESCUE PROCEDURES

074-25.1 INTRODUCTION
The following procedures apply to emergency rescue of personnel from confined spaces aboard ship. These
procedures can also be applied to rescue during a planned shipboard gas free engineering evolution.

074-25.2 RESPONSIBILITIES OF RESCUE PERSONNEL

A description of each person’s responsibilities is listed below:

a. GFE (or GFEA in the absence of the GFE) - directs the rescue operation at the access to the confined space
in accordance with the rescue plan. The GFE coordinates the entire operation and is the focal point of com-
munications, instructions and information. The GFE responds to requests for equipment, relays medical infor-
mation, etc.
b. Primary Rescue Team - consists of two rescue personnel: the investigator and one rescuer. This team is the
first rescue team to enter the confined space and is responsible for initial contact, assessment and safe removal
of the victim(s) from the space. The investigator directs the rescue within the space and communicates
requests for assistance to the GFE/GFEA.
c. Secondary Rescuer(s) - Secondary rescue personnel shall be stationed near the access to the confined space
wearing the respiratory protection specified in paragraph 074-25.3. Secondary rescue personnel shall be ready
to enter the space as directed by the GFE/GFEA in the event that the primary rescue team requires assistance.
Secondary rescuers shall be capable of assuming the responsibilities of the primary rescue team should the
need arise. The number of required secondary rescuers shall be determined by the GFE/GFEA based on the
investigator’s assessment of the situation and the most appropriate means for removing the victim(s) from the
space. If secondary rescue personnel must enter the confined space, there must be at least one additional
standby rescuer stationed near the access to the space wearing (in standby) the respiratory protection specified
for confined spaces.
d. Attendants - personnel stationed near the access to the space, who perform the following tasks:
1. Assist the personnel in donning safety harnesses, lines and respiratory equipment.
2. Tend safety lines and air hoses from Escape SCBA, if used.
3. Monitor supply air to personnel inside space, and replace air bottles as required to maintain a continuous
supply of air, if SARs/SCBA System is used.
4. Establish and maintain communications with personnel as specified in the established rescue plan.
5. In the event of a casualty, alert appropriate personnel as specified in the established rescue plan.
6. Erect and man the hoisting equipment if it is necessary to vertically retrieve personnel from a confined
space. Space permitting there shall be one attendant for each rescue person who enters the space. This
attendant is responsible for tending the rescue person’s air hose, safety line and communication lines, if
used. The number of attendants required and the specific responsibilities of each attendant shall be deter-
mined by the GFE/GFEA, based on the requirements of the situation (such as the number of victims to be
rescued and space constraints).
e. Master at Arms - assists the GFE/GFEA in management of personnel and crowd control in the vicinity of the
confined space.
f. MDR - advises the GFE/GFEA regarding medical aid in the event there is a victim(s) in the space and con-

74-25-1
S9086-CH-STM-030

tinues aid once the victim(s) is removed from the space. The MDR shall also monitor the victim’s use ofother
emergency breathing equipment and advise the GFE/GFEA when replacement is required.
g. Electrician - provides assistance as directed by the GFE/GFEA.
h. DC central phone talker - maintains communications with the scene and the bridge or quarterdeck. Addition-
ally, this person directs personnel or equipment to the scene as requested by the GFE/GFEA.
i. OOD - maintains communications with DC central on the current status of the operation and provides addi-
tional assistance as directed by the GFE/GFEA.

074-25.3 EQUIPMENT
The following equipment shall be used to support personnel rescue from the confined space:

Equipment carried into space must be tethered to personnel to prevent loss of or

damage to the equipment.

a. Respiratory equipment worn by all personnel who enter the confined space. If SARs/SCBA SAR/SCBA Sys-
tem is used, two Primary Air Supply Packs (PASPs), Reserve Air Supply Packs (RASPs), and at least four
airline Escape SCBAs with hose sections for each shall be available at the scene.
b. Safety harnesses with attached safety lines.

Because of time required to don safety harness, it should be among first equip-
ment to arrive at the scene.

The safety line shall be 1/2 inch diameter (or larger) nylon line (length deter-
mined by size of space) and attached to the harness with a snap hook.
c. Intrinsically safe communication devices (such as radios or sound powered phones) to be worn by personnel
entering the confined space.
d. Medical equipment including stretcher(s), and the MDR’s first aid kit.
e. Hoisting equipment, such as the Rescue Davit System (RDS) used on large decks, for removing personnel
vertically from confined spaces more than five feet deep. See Appendix M for description of the RDS.
f. Intrinsically safe inspection and support equipment, such as a combustible gas indicator, oxygen monitor and
portable explosion-proof lighting (flash lights, chemical lights).

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g. Personnel protective clothing, such as gloves, boots, helmets and coveralls, as determined by the GFE/GFEA.

074-25.4 ENTRY PROCEDURES

When personnel must enter a confined space for emergency operations, including emergency repairs, utilize
the IDLH Space Emergency Entry Checklist found in Appendix C and the following requirements apply:

a. Prior to confined space entry, the GFE/GFEA shall develop an entry plan, to the extent practical. In emergency
situations, a written plan may not be possible; however, the following items shall be considered prior to entry:
1. Determine which type of respirators will be worn by personnel entering the space. If SAR/SCBA is used,
the number of RASPs to support the entry shall be determined.
2. Identify obstacles in the space which could impede entry, operations or which are safety hazards, such as
the deck contour, deck beams, moisture or fluids on the deck, height to the overhead and pipe runs in the
space.
3. Determine the equipment required for the emergency operations and the safety equipment required to sup-
port personnel in the space. This equipment, which must be intrinsically safe, may include a combustible
gas indicator, oxygen monitor and portable explosion-proof lighting. Additionally, the order in which this
equipment is to be brought into the space should be determined.
4. Establish the means for communicating between personnel in the space and attendants. For larger spaces
or ones with obstacles which can impede testing or are safety hazards, radios, sound powered phones or a
messenger should be used to pass information and testing progress between test personnel in the space and
attendant personnel outside space.
5. Determine the number of personnel needed in the space and the amount of time personnel must be inside
the space to conduct the emergency operations.
6. Establish a plan to rescue personnel from the space should they become incapacitated during the testing.
Refer to paragraph 074-25.5 for guidance in developing a rescue plan.
7. Inform the MDR and request that the MDR be ready to respond immediately in case of personnel emer-
gency.
8. Inform the following personnel prior to and upon completion of the confined space entry:
(a). When underway: the DCA, the EOOW, cognizant department head and OOD.
(b). When in port: the CDO, duty engineer, cognizant department head, the OOD, FM and DC central.

b. The GFE/GFEA shall brief the personnel who conduct and support the space entry. The briefing will detail the
entry and rescue plans, including obstacles impeding operations or rescue, safety precautions and personnel
assignments.

c. Attendant personnel shall be continuously posted immediately outside the access to the space while person-
nel are within the space.

d. During the period that personnel are inside the confined space, the GFE/GFEA shall ensure the secondary res-
cue team (an investigator and one rescuer) is on standby near the space access. When these rescue personnel
must enter the confined space, there must be at least one additional rescuer on standby near the access to the
confined space.

Rescue personnel shall maintain the respiratory protection equipment on standby and not enter the space until
directed by the GFE/GFEA. Refer to paragraph 074-25.5 for rescue procedures.

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074-25.5 RESCUE PROCEDURES

The procedures for entering the space to rescue victim(s) follow:

Rescue personnel shall enter the confined space only when directed by the GFE/
GFEA.

a. The primary rescue team shall don safety harnesses and safety lines with the assistance of the attendant(s).
b. The primary rescue team shall don the respiratory equipment in standby mode with the assistance of atten-
dants(s).
c. The primary rescue team shall check operation of all communications equipment.
d. The GFE/GFEA shall assess the situation and determine if a potentially explosive atmosphere may be present
inside the confined space.

To ensure the safety of rescue personnel, a rescue team shall always consist of at
least two rescuers inside the space.

If any problems arise with the respiratory equipment, rescue personnel being
supplied breathing air shall exit the space immediately. If equipped with an
Escape SCBA, activate the backup air supply (if necessary), activate the backup
air supply, disconnect the supply air hose only if it is impeding escape from the
space, and exit the space immediately. Rescue personnel may re-enter the space
after the problem has been resolved, breathing air is restored and the backup air
supply is fully charged.
e. When directed by the GFE/GFEA, the primary rescue team shall activate their air supply and enter the space,
equipped with explosion-proof lighting, communications for each victim. Before entering the space, each per-
son shall ensure that air is being supplied to the facepiece.
f. When inside the space, the investigator shall locate the victim(s), assess the situation and identify any poten-
tial hazards to the rescue operation. During the rescue operation, the investigator shall update the GFE/GFEA
regarding the status of the rescue and request any required assistance.
g. Secondary rescuers, equipped with respiratory equipment, harnesses and safety lines shall enter the space
when directed by the GFE/GFEA. If these rescue personnel must enter the confined space, there must be at
least one additional rescuer stationed near the access to the confined space wearing (in standby) the respira-
tory protection specified for spaces.

74-25-4
 S9086-CH-STM-030

h. The GFE/GFEA shall direct, as appropriate:

1 The electrician to check, deenergize or energize ship’s circuits to assist with rescue.
2 Attendant personnel to erect and man hoisting equipment at the access in order to remove victim(s) from
the space.
i. The GFE/GFEA shall request DC Central to provide additional equipment and personnel as required to assist
with the rescue.
j. The GFE/GFEA shall report the status of rescue efforts to DC Central. DC Central shall relay these reports to
the bridge or the quarterdeck, as appropriate.

074-25.6 ATTENDING TO VICTIMS

The procedure for rescue of personnel from the space shall be as follows:

a. The primary rescue team shall locate the victim(s), and determine if the victim(s) is alert.
b. Once it is established that the victim is being provided an adequate supply of air for breathing, the investiga-
tor may check the victim for broken bones and lacerations. The purpose of this check is to determine whether
first aid must be administered while the victim is in the space.
c. If it cannot be established that the victim is being provided an adequate supply of air for breathing, the pri-
ority of the investigator and rescuer(s) shall be to provide another source of breathing air for the victim.
EEBDs can be used only if victim is conscious and use of EEBD is not prohibited in space. Without the use
of the EEBD, three options are available:
1. Removing the victim(s) from the confined space.

If SCBA is used on the victim, the SCBA cylinder and harness assembly shall
not be placed on top of the victim. If the victim is dragged or carried, the cylin-
der/harness shall be carried by one of the rescuers. If the victim is transported on
a stretcher, the cylinder/harness shall be secured to the stretcher at knee level
after the victim has been secured to the stretcher.

If it is requested that a SCBA air supply be provided for the victim(s), an atten-
dant shall activate the air supply to the facepiece and check that adequate breath-
ing air can be provided to the facepiece before it is brought into the space.
2. Providing the victim with a positive pressure SCBA air supply, or
3. Providing the victim with an oxygen bottle breathing mask from the medical representative (non explosive
atmosphere only)..
d. The investigator shall make the determination to remove the victim(s) from the space or provide the victim
with breathing air based on the following considerations:
1. Estimated time victim has been in space without air.

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S9086-CH-STM-030

2. The nature and severity of the victim’s injuries and the risk of jeopardizing the life of the victim during
transport.
3. The time required to transport the victim to a fresh air environment.

If a harness is used to hoist the victim from the space, the hoist line shall be
connected to a Y-bridle attached to the harness shoulder straps.

Rescuers should not attempt to remove victim(s) from the space by pulling vic-
tim(s)’ safety line(s). Safety lines can be used to assist in vertical lifts of the vic-
tim when it has been established that such lifts will not injure the victim.
e. The victim should be transported out of the space by the quickest means which does not aggravate injuries
and permits continued breathing air supply. Alternatives which should be considered are dragging the victim
across the deck, use of a stretcher or the firefighter’s carry. If it is necessary to hoist the victim out of the
space, either a stretcher or a safety harness can be used. The selection should be based on the time required,
the victim’s injuries and the supply air to the victim from the respiratory equipment being used.
f. When hoisting a victim from the space with a stretcher or harness, the rescuers in the space shall maintain
communications with the attendant hoist operators so they can direct the hoisting operation.

074-25.7 RESCUE PERSONNEL TRAINING

The GFE/GFEA is responsible for supervising, planning and training personnel participating in confined
space rescue. This training shall be in accordance with the procedures provided in this section. Training shall
include the following:

a. Designation of specific responsibilities of each person.

b. Proper use and maintenance of equipment.
c. Training/drills performed at least semi-annually to maintain proficiency of personnel in the performance of
their duties.

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 S9086-CH-STM-030

SECTION 26
POST-FIRE ATMOSPHERIC TESTING

074-26.1 POST-FIRE ATMOSPHERIC TESTING ON SURFACE SHIPS

Post-fire atmospheric testing is performed by the GFE/GFEA and designated assistants. Tests may be con-
ducted by GFEPOs with results evaluated by the GFE/GFEA. If GFEP are assigned other duties in the at-sea and
inport emergency organization, those duties should not interfere with their ability to perform testing during the
casualty. Testing should commence as soon as possible in surrounding areas in order to move smoke or toxic gas
boundaries inward as soon as possible. All spaces should be desmoked before atmospheric testing is started
because oxygen analyzers do not operate reliably if the sensor is exposed to excessive moisture or is in contact
with post-fire atmospheric particulates. Also, combustible gas analyzers will not operate reliably in a Halon
atmosphere or oxygen deficient atmosphere. One series of atmospheric tests in sequence for oxygen, combustible
gases and toxic gases is required. The level of oxygen shall be between 19.5 percent and 22 percent, combustible
gases shall be less than 10 percent of the LEL and all toxic gases below their PELs before the space is certified
safe for personnel. Ventilating and retesting is only required if initial test results are unsatisfactory. This guidance
is applicable for all classes of fire. Toxic testing for Class A and Class C fires is the same except that hydrocar-
bon tests are not required. Hydrocarbons are present with flammable liquids. Hydrogen chloride (HCL) is a
by-product of burned polyvinyl chloride cable jacketing. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is present when vinyl nitrile
rubber water piping insulation is burned. Hydrogen fluoride results from the decomposition of Halon 1301. If the
space may have been contaminated by chemical, biological or radiological (CBR) agents, testing for CBR con-
tamination should be conducted in accordance with NSTM Chapter 470, and NWP 3-20.45.

074-26.2 POST-FIRE ATMOSPHERIC TESTING ON SUBMARINES

The purpose of post-fire atmospheric testing is to certify the atmosphere as safe, which includes safe for
breathing without respiratory protection. After the fire is extinguished, the area is first desmoked. Then a series
of tests are conducted in the compartment in the following order: oxygen level, flammable gases, toxic gases. As
previously noted in paragraph 074-26.1, if all three factors are achieved, the space is certified for entry. All spaces
should be desmoked before atmospheric testing is started because oxygen analyzers do not operate reliably if the
sensor is exposed to excessive moisture or is in contact with post-fire atmospheric particulates. Also, combustible
gas analyzers will not operate reliably in oxygen deficient atmospheres. If a particular location fails a test, only
that location must be retested for the failed test. Additional ventilation and retesting is required only if initial test
results are unsatisfactory. This guidance is applicable to all classes of fire. For a satisfactory test series:

a. Oxygen concentrations shall be as specified in NAVSEA S9510-AB-ATM-010(U), Nuclear Powered Sub-

marine Atmosphere Control Manual.

b. Combustible gas concentrations shall be less than ten percent of the LEL.

c. Toxic gas concentrations shall be acceptable as specified in NAVSEA S9510-AB-ATM-010(U), Nuclear

Powered Submarine Atmosphere Control Manual. For a Class A or C fire, the toxic gas series shall include
carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2 ). The toxic gas series shall include HCL and HCN when
materials which produce these gases have been involved in the fire. For a Class B fire, an additional toxic gas
test for hydrocarbons is required. HCL is produced when polyvinyl chloride electric cable jacketing is burned.
Hydrogen is produced when vinyl nitrile rubber submarine hull insulation or chilled water piping insulation
is burned. Test for other toxic gases when their presence is suspected. Toxic gas concentrations on submarines
shall be below the exposure limit as specified in NAVSEA S9510-AB-ATM-010(U) (see Table 074-26-1). Use
of 90-day exposure limits is recommended.

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S9086-CH-STM-030

Table 074-26-1. TOXIC GAS EXPOSURE LIMITS FROM THE

SUBMARINE ATMOSPHERE CONTROL MANUAL
Chemical Name 90-Day Limit 24-Hour Limit 1-Hour Limit Other Limits
Carbon monoxide (CO) 20 ppm 50 ppm 400 ppm
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 0.05% 4% 4%
Hydrocarbons
(a) Total aromatics (less 10 mg/m3
benzene)
(b) Total aliphatics (less 60 mg/m3
methane)
Hydrogen chloride (HCL) 0.5 ppm 20 ppm 20 ppm
i.e., hydrochloric acid
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) 4.7 ppm (STEL)
i.e., hydrocyanic acid
NOTE: The Submarine Atmosphere Control Manual currently lists no exposure limit for HCN; however, there is a
short term exposure limit (STEL) of 4.7 ppm for 15 minutes

If the one-hour (emergency) or 24-hour exposure limit is used to permit removal

of emergency air breathing (EAB) masks, duration of crew exposure should not
exceed the designated period of time.

When more than one toxic gas is present, the cumulative effects of the gases may
be hazardous even though the concentration of each gas is below the exposure
limit.

Do not use the submarine central atmospheric monitoring system (CAMS) until
it has been determined there are no acid gases, such as HCL, present. Acid gases
will damage the CAMS. The CAMS may be used for post-fire atmospheric test-
ing when it is ensured that no acid gases are present.

074-26.3 LOCATIONS FOR ATMOSPHERIC TESTING

Test locations are determined by the GFE/GFEA or other authorized personnel. The following guidance is
provided to aid in determining appropriate locations. However, additional test locations may be needed depend-
ing on specific conditions. This guidance does not replace the good judgment of knowledgeable test personnel.

74-26-2
 S9086-CH-STM-030

074-26.3.1 GENERAL. During a fire, combustible or toxic gases spread with smoke and heat. Fire gases ini-
tially rise due to their buoyancy from being hotter than surrounding air. However, as fire gases cool and mix with
surrounding air, particularly outside the fire space, they spread through the ship with normal air currents. Gener-
ally, atmospheric testing should be conducted in the fire space and at locations high, center and low in the affected
water-tight compartment since some gases are lighter or heavier than air and may accumulate high or low. The
rate of ventilation air changes will vary for different ship locations. Extra ventilation and testing may be required
for locations or spaces which have a low ventilation rate since they can maintain hazardous concentrations of
flammable or toxic gases. Residual light smoke is a sign of a poorly ventilated location and indicates the need
for additional ventilation and testing.

074-26.3.2 SMALL FIRES. When a small fire (such as a waste can or localized electric fire) is extinguished
quickly, there is little fire damage and light smoke which does not spread beyond the fire space. In this case, the
spread of toxic gases is probably minimal. Therefore, a single test series at one location in the fire space may be
adequate and overboard desmoking may not be necessary. The need for testing will be determined by qualified
personnel in charge.

074-26.3.3 GROWING FIRES. In the event of a growing fire where smoke spreads beyond the original fire
space, a single test site is not sufficient even when the ventilation system remains undamaged. After desmoking,
atmospheric tests should be conducted in a least one site in the fire space (i.e., fire area) and at sites high, cen-
ter and low in the water-tight compartment. Other atmospheric test series should be conducted on each level
adjacent to the fire area. (This would result in four test sites in a three-level compartment). Additional sites should
be tested where poor ventilation and gas accumulation is suspected.

074-26.3.4 LARGE FIRES. When a large fire damages the ventilation system or extensive partially-burned
material remains, (including the results of a Class B fire) extensive post-fire atmospheric testing will probably be
required. A damaged ventilation system will result in poorer air replacement and a greater likelihood of local
pockets of smoke and gases. Large surfaces of partially-burned material or unburned flammable liquids will result
in continued formation of hazardous gases and vapors after the fire. Locations for atmospheric testing should
include the four corners and center of each level. In areas where low ventilation and gas accumulation are sus-
pected, additional ventilation and testing should be conducted.

74-26-3 / (26-4 Blank)

26-4
@@FIpgtype@@BLANK@@!FIpgtype@@
 S9086-CH-STM-030

SECTION 27
NAVY GAS FREE INSTRUMENTATION

074-27.1 APPROVED INSTRUMENTS

The GFE/GFEA is responsible for all GFE instrumentation and its usage. The GFE/GFEA shall ensure that
all necessary and suitable instruments and equipment are readily available and properly maintained and stowed.
There is no current requirement to stow additional instrumentation in each repair station for use by the repair
party since such stowage incurs added maintenance and shelf-life-expiration replacement costs. Only gas free
equipment that complies with OSHA shall be used to provide GFE services. (Approval seals are placed on all
equipment that complies with OSHA standards.) Additional information on approval seals and a list of gas free
equipment available in the stock system is contained in Appendix K. At a minimum, instruments for testing shall
include the following:

a. Oxygen content
b. Combustible atmospheres
c. Toxic atmospheres - capability to test for expected and potential toxicants
d. Maintenance of prescribed air flow.
Portable gas free detection instruments and their stock numbers listed in Appendix K; chemical detection
tubes are listed in Appendix L.

Ships and activities having unlisted instruments which perform the required test-
ing functions satisfactorily should not replace such instruments solely on the
basis of their absence from Appendix K and Appendix L.

074-27.2 INSTRUMENT LIMITATIONS

Many instruments presently available for gas free testing have limitations which may affect the accuracy of
the test results. Examples of such limitations include:

a. Combustible gas indicators that function by a circuit imbalance (created by combustion of the sample inside
the instrument) will not function correctly in oxygen deficient or -enriched atmospheres.
b. Each instrument is designed and built to function correctly or safely in certain classes of hazardous atmo-
spheres. A combustible gas indicator designed for use only in a Class I, Division 1, Group D atmosphere (see
Appendix K, for definitions) may be unsafe to use in Group A or B atmospheres such as acetylene or hydro-
gen.
c. Certain contaminants present in the atmosphere may interfere with the function of the instrument and directly
affect its accuracy. Therefore, readings must be adjusted to correct for the presence of such materials. Other
materials may poison the sensors or filaments of the instrument and produce false readings or instrument fail-
ure.
d. Changes of altitude or atmospheric pressure can affect the performance of certain instruments, requiring that
the instruments be calibrated for existing conditions.

74-27-1
S9086-CH-STM-030

e. EMI resulting from the use of portable radios in close proximity to explosimeters, oxygen indicators and four
gas analyzers can cause erratic or lower than normal readings of the instruments.
f. Relative humidity can affect the performance and accuracy of instruments. Humidity greater than 95 percent
may result in significantly degraded performance.
Gas free engineering personnel shall be thoroughly trained in the use of all instruments applicable to their
operations and shall consult and observe manufacturers’ instructions and directions regarding capabilities and
limitations of the instruments. Instruments shall be used only for their designed purpose and within the limita-
tions specified by the manufacturer.

074-27.3 CALIBRATION AND MAINTENANCE

In order to avoid possible serious injury to personnel, it is imperative to follow

manufacturers’ procedures and requirements when operating portable gas free
instruments.
Instruments shall be calibrated and maintained in good operating condition, to include:

a. Each portable instrument is calibrated using the manufacturer’s factory-selected calibration gas (such as meth-
ane) to obtain that instrument’s reading. This reading shall be compared with the instrument’s appropriate
conversion charts/curves to obtain actual concentration for a specific contaminant gas.
b. A sufficient supply of spare parts (i.e., flashback arresters, filters and filaments) will be kept on hand to avoid
excessive downtime for repairs. Perishable parts (i.e., batteries, sensors and operational check kits) shall be
stocked, replenished and issued consistent with shelf-life limitations.
c. Instruments shall be calibrated in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions and maintenance requirement
cards (MRCs) immediately before each use. If instruments fail to respond, or respond incorrectly to known
calibration conditions, they shall be removed from service, tagged as defective and either referred to an
appropriate repair facility or returned to the manufacturer for repair.

The Navy’s METCAL program no longer requires periodic testing and calibra-
tion of portable gas free equipment.

074-27.4 FOUR GAS ANALYZER

The current Navy standard shipboard four gas analyzer is the BIOSYSTEMS PhD Ultra, P/N 35-30102NU.
It is available, with other components described below, as a kit under NSN 4240-LL-TRP-8965. The calibration
kit is BIOSYSTEMS P/N 54-05-K0502, NSN 4240-LL-TRP-5533. Other analyzers meeting the requirements of
Appendix K may also be used. The portable, battery-powered four gas analyzer is used to monitor and to alarm
on preset concentrations of combustible gases, oxygen, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. The operator can
mount the instrument on the chest or the waist. In either location, the operator can simultaneously see all four
gas concentrations and any visual alarms. The primary alarm is an audible alarm, the visual alarm is a back-up

74-27-2
 S9086-CH-STM-030

alarm for high noise environments. The four gas analyzer is water, shock and EMI resistant. The four gas ana-
lyzer is composed of two kits, the analyzer kit and the calibration check kit, which contain all components nec-
essary for shipboard use of this equipment. The manufacturer’s reference manual includes all information neces-
sary for use. Appendix K provides Navy-specific operating requirements and safety precautions repeated here for
emphasis. Basic operating procedures are provided as an overview.

074-27.5 EXCLUSIONS
The four gas analyzer is not currently authorized for use in measuring hydrogen to support nuclear propul-
sion plant casualty procedures or to support monitoring of submarine propulsion battery hydrogen release. In
addition the four gas analyzer shall not be used to measure the toxicity of hydrocarbon gas because the range and
scale (percentage of LEL as opposed to ppm or mg/cubic meter) are not appropriate for this measurement.

074-27.6 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

The four gas analyzer is designed to detect gases which could cause death by suffocation or toxicity or which
could cause explosions. Due to hazards involved, the four gas analyzer shall be operated and serviced only by
qualified personnel. Personnel operating the four gas analyzer shall read and understand the manufacturer’s ref-
erence manual prior to operating or servicing. The following safety precautions are repeated for review and com-
pliance:

a. Any rapid up-scale reading followed by a declining or erratic reading may indicate a gas concentration
beyond upper scale limit which may be hazardous.
b. Accuracy of the analyzer unit should be checked with known concentration calibration gas before any daily
period of use.
c. The four gas analyzer has been designed for the detection of oxygen deficiencies, flammable gas and toxic
vapor levels. An alarm condition indicating the presence of one or more of these potentially life threatening
hazards should be taken very seriously. In the event of an alarm condition, it is important to follow estab-
lished procedures. The safest course of action is to immediately leave the affected area and return only after
further testing together with appropriate safety procedures, determines that the area is once again safe for
entry.
d. Do not store or leave the four gas analyzer with the battery pack removed.
e. The four gas analyzer is designed to turn itself on whenever a battery pack is removed or replaced. This is
to ensure that in the event of an interruption of power the analyzer unit is not accidentally turned off. Any
time a battery pack is momentarily removed or replaced with another, it will be necessary to manually turn
the analyzer unit off if it is not going to be put to immediate use.
f. An optional alkaline battery pack is available for the BIOSYSTEMS PhD Ultra multigas detector. Do not use
an alkaline battery pack other than BIOSYSTEMS P/N 35-921 with the BIOSYSTEMS PhD Ultra. Use of
other battery packs will compromise the analyzer unit’s intrinsic safety and could ignite an explosive atmo-
sphere.
g. Only fully assembled alkaline battery packs may be removed or replaced while the analyzer unit is being used
in a hazardous location. Alkaline battery packs shall not be opened and alkaline batteries shall not be replaced
while the battery pack is located in a hazardous atmosphere.
h. When the four gas analyzer displays the message, ″Needs Cal″, it should not be put back into service or used
until the accuracy of any affected sensor has been verified by exposure to the appropriate known concentra-
tion gas test.

74-27-3
S9086-CH-STM-030

i. Do not locate the four gas analyzer in a hazardous location while being recharged. Likewise, if the NICAD
battery pack is being recharged separately from the instrument, the four gas analyzer charger must not be
located in a hazardous area. (The four gas analyzer is classified by Underwriters Laboratories and the Cana-
dian Standards Association as intrinsically safe for use in Class I, Division I, Groups A, B, C and D hazard-
ous locations. This classification is voided if the four gas analyzer is connected to the battery charger in a
hazardous area.)
j. Hand-aspirated remote sampling provides continuous gas reading only so long as the bulb is being squeezed.
k. Never operate the sample draw pump unless the hose and probe assembly are attached. The sample probe
handle contains replaceable filters designed to block moisture and remove particulate contaminants. If the
pump is operated without the probe assembly in place, contaminants may cause damage to the pump.
l. Do not insert the sample draw tube and probe into a fluid.
m. Check the accuracy of the four gas analyzer immediately following any known exposure to contaminants by
testing with known concentration test gas. This accuracy check should be performed prior to further use. (See
Manufacturer’s Reference Manual, paragraph 3.1.1.1, paragraph 3.1.1.2 and paragraph 3.1.1.3.).
n. After a combustible sensor alarm condition has occurred, locate the analyzer in a fresh air environment prior
to turning the analyzer on. Auto zero adjustment may be made only when the analyzer unit is located in air
that is known to be fresh. Accuracy of the combustible gas sensor should be verified by exposure to known
concentration test gas before further use.

074-27.7 FOUR GAS ANALYZER KIT COMPONENTS

The following components are included as part of the four gas analyzer kit:

074-27.7.1 ANALYZER UNIT (INSTRUMENT). The analyzer unit is required to be portable, lightweight and
sufficiently rugged for shipboard use. Battery powered with NICAD battery pack, it will operate for eight hours
after an eight-hour charge. It will operate for up to 12 hours if fully charged. Key features include an alarm light,
battery pack, sensor compartment, four sensors, sensor cover and a backlit liquid crystal diode (LCD) display
which can be read in red light conditions. In addition, the unit includes single button operation, a belt clip and a
recessed battery charger connector. The four gas analyzer unit may be used in either the local mode, sampling in
the diffusion mode or in the remote mode. The four gas analyzer unit stores up to 60 hours of monitoring data.
Ships are not provided with the interface or software for downloading this data. The data may be downloaded if
it is necessary to review conditions associated with casualties.

074-27.7.2 REMOTE SAMPLING EQUIPMENT. The four gas analyzer kit includes both a hand pump (aspi-
rator bulb) and a battery-powered motor driven pump. The motor-driven pump is powered from the analyzer
unit’s battery. Both pumps can be used with the remote sampling tube and sampling probe provided with the kit.
There are two lengths of remote sampling tubing approximately 19 and 33 feet, and fittings to connect the hoses
together. This is long enough to reach the bottom of deep tanks and access trunks. The sampling probe mounts
a filter and a water barrier to protect the instrument from damage to the pump and sensors, in the event water or
particles are sucked into the remote sampling tube. Both pumps include an adaptor which slides onto the ana-
lyzer unit over the sensor cover.

074-27.7.3 BATTERY CHARGER. The four gas analyzer unit slips into the included NICAD battery charger
to recharge the batteries. The battery pack can also be removed from the unit and inserted into the charger for
independent charging. The charger is powered from a 110 VAC adaptor.

74-27-4
 S9086-CH-STM-030

074-27.7.4 SPECIAL TOOLS. The only special tool required is a screwdriver for use in removing the sensor
cover.

074-27.7.5 PROTECTIVE SHEATH AND MOUNTS. The four gas analyzer unit fits into a protective leather
sheath. The sheath includes rings to attach the chest/shoulder mount strap. The belt mount clip is included on the
unit itself. When wearing on the belt, it is recommended that the user don the device using a utility belt. It is also
recommended that, when not worn on the belt, the unit be held with the chest/shoulder strap around the neck, to
prevent dropping the unit.

074-27.7.6 MANUFACTURER’S COMMERCIAL TECHNICAL MANUAL (REFERENCE MANUAL).

Each four gas analyzer kit includes the manufacturer’s reference manual.

074-27.7.7 FOUR GAS ANALYZER KIT CARRYING CASE. The case holds all components of the four gas
analyzer kit. Foam cushioning is included to protect the components. The case has a rigid shell and is water
resistant.

074-27.8 CALIBRATION KIT COMPONENTS

The four gas analyzer calibration kit has the following components:

a. Calibration Gas Cylinder - A single cylinder contains all gases necessary for calibration.
b. Fittings - All fittings necessary for attachment to the analyzer unit, flow regulation and flow indication.

c. Carry Case - The case contains all components of the calibration kit.

074-27.9 USE OF THE FOUR GAS ANALYZER

The following paragraphs describe the steps necessary for operation of the four gas analyzer:

074-27.9.1 PRE-CHECK. Prior to daily operation, the four gas analyzer unit shall be calibrated using the
manufacturer’s calibration gas. Refer to the manufacturer’s technical manual for calibration procedures. In addi-
tion to the calibration check, the operator shall ensure the battery is charged and all components are in good con-
dition. The sampling probe shall be visually inspected to verify that the water barrier, filter and ″O″ ring are in
place.

074-27.9.2 TURN ON/OFF. The large black push-button on top of the analyzer unit is the Mode button.
Depressing the button once turns the instrument on. Holding the Mode button down for three seconds turns the
analyzer unit off.

074-27.9.3 OPERATION. After the analyzer unit is activated, a self-check is performed which lights up the
display, sounds the alarm, identifies the sensors and tests the on-board computer. While there are several display
options, the instrument should be set to show the current numerical readings. The Mode button can be used to
display the current instantaneous readings, the peak readings since the analyzer unit was activated, a 15 minute
time weighted average (TWA) (for comparison against the STEL) and a projected eight hour TWA (for compari-
son against the PEL). Additional operations information is contained in the manufacturer’s technical manual.

74-27-5
S9086-CH-STM-030

074-27.9.4 METHODS OF SAMPLING. If the instrument is to be carried into the atmosphere to be monitored,
the analyzer unit can measure gas concentration by diffusion. No pumps or sensing tube are required. The sen-
sors are directly exposed to the atmosphere being measured. When remote sensing is required either the hand
aspirator or the motor driven pump may be used. When using the hand aspirator, squeeze the bulb one time for
each foot of hose (i.e., five squeezes for five feet of hose). When using the motor driven pump, wait two or three
minutes for the sample to reach the sensors, then wait for the reading to stabilize at a constant value.

074-27.10 ACCURACY
After being calibrated, the analyzer is capable of measuring true gas concentration within the following tol-
erances:

Oxygen: +/- 0.5% by volume over the full range

Combustible gas: +/- 5.0% LEL or 10% of the gas concentration, whichever is greater
Carbon monoxide: +/- 5.0 ppm or 10% of the carbon monoxide concentration, whichever is greater
Hydrogen sulfide: +/- 5.0 ppm or 10% of the hydrogen sulfide concentration, whichever is greater

074-27.11 RANGES

Oxygen: 0-25% by volume

Combustible gas: 0-99% LEL
Carbon monoxide: 0-200 ppm
Hydrogen sulfide: 0-20 ppm

074-27.12 ALARM CONDITIONS

074-27.12.1 The analyzer unit is factory set to alarm at the following instantaneous gas concentration levels:

Low oxygen: 19.5%

High oxygen: 22.0%
Combustible gas: 10% LEL and above
Carbon monoxide: 35 ppm and above
Hydrogen sulfide: 10 ppm and above
The combustible gas and oxygen limits are set as required by federal law in 29 CFR 1915. The analyzer unit
is set to alarm when instantaneous toxic gas levels reach the PEL, even though federal regulations allow eight
hour exposure at the PEL.

074-27.13 CALIBRATION
The four gas analyzer has been designed for easy calibration without the use of manual adjustments. The
analyzer must be calibrated before each day’s use.

74-27-6
 S9086-CH-STM-030

a. Pressing the Mode button three times within two seconds will place the instrument in the Auto-Calibration
Mode. Adjustments are made automatically by again pressing the Mode button. Auto-calibration is a two step
procedure.
1. In the first step the four gas analyzer is taken to an area where the atmosphere is fresh and a Zero adjust-
ment is made automatically by pressing the Mode button.
2. The second step is the sensor response or Span calibration adjustment. In this step the sensors are exposed
to a known concentration of calibration gas. If necessary, the sensitivity or Span can be adjusted automati-
cally. Use of these procedures for calibration is reserved for authorized personnel only.
b. Calibration procedures are discussed in detail in Chapter 3 of the manufacturer’s Reference Manual.
c. The four gas analyzer does not require calibration by metrology labs. The flow indicator used with the cali-
bration does not require calibration, but must be replaced when it fails.

074-27.14 MAINTENANCE
The Planned Maintenance System (PMS) provides required maintenance procedures. Additionally:

a. PMS is to be performed by a qualified GFE.

b. The components of the analyzer kit shall be inspected before each day’s use. The inspection shall include a
visual check of the sampling probe to ensure the water barrier, particle filter and ″O″ ring are installed. This
can be done without disassembling the probe because the probe is made of clear plastic. The inspection shall
also include a check of the expiration date on the calibration gas cylinder. Do not use a calibration gas cylin-
der which is beyond the marked expiration date.

74-27-7 / (27-8 Blank)

27-8
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 S9086-CH-STM-030

APPENDIX A

GAS FREE ENGINEERING INFORMATION SOURCES (SHIPBOARD)

1. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Industrial Ventilation Manual

2. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, ″Threshold Limit Values For Chemical Sub-
stances and Physical Agents″
3. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Z86.1-1989
4. 29 CFR 1910, Occupational Safety and Health Standards (General Industry)
5. 29 CFR 1915, Safety and Health Regulations For Maritime Employment
6. 29 CFR 1926, Safety and Health Regulations For Construction
7. 29 CFR 1960, Basic Program Elements For Federal Employee Occupational Safety and Health Programs
8. Compressed Gas Association, Inc., Pamphlet G-7, Compressed Air For Human Respiration
9. Compressed Gas Association, Inc., Pamphlet G-7.1, Commodity Specification For Air
10. DOD Instruction 6050.5 DOD Hazardous Material Information System (HMIS). (The HMIS is distributed to
all ships and is maintained by the safety officer. Hazardous components, physical properties, recommended
safety, handling and storage procedures and proper spill response procedures are presented for each mate-
rial.)
11. MIL-HDBK 200, Quality Surveillance Handbook for Fuels and Lubricants
12. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Publication 306, Control of Gas Hazards on Vessels
13. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Publication 325M, Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable Liq-
uids, Gases and Volatile Solids
14. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) NFPA No. 70, Chapter 5, National Electrical Code
15. NAVAIR INSTRUCTION 10340 (series), Maintaining Quality and Limiting Contamination of Aircraft Fuels
16. NAVEDTRA 10301, Aviation Boatswain’s Mate F-3 and -2 Rate Training Manual
17. NAVEDTRA 10304, Aviation Boatswain’s Mate F-1 and -C Rate Training Manual
18. NAVSEA S9086-VZ-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 651 (Super 9340), Commissary Equipment
19. NAVSEA 0901-LP-500-0005, Auxiliary Steam Turbines
20. NAVSEA 0920-LP-103-2010, Shipboard Level Maintenance, Probe Refueling Hardware
21. NAVSEA 0955-LP-026-8010, Double Probe Fueling System
22. NAVSEA 5100.3, (series) Mercury, Mercury Compounds and Components Containing Mercury or Mercury
Compounds; Control of
23. NAVSEA MIL-HDBK-291(SH), Military Handbook, Cargo Tank Cleaning
24. NAVSEA OP-4, Volume 1, Ammunition Afloat
25. NAVSEA OP-5, Volume 1, Ammunition and Explosives Ashore
26. NAVSEA S6470-AA-SAF-010, U.S. Navy Gas Free Engineering Program Ashore

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27. NAVSEA S9542-AA-MMO-010, Operation and Maintenance Procedures for Shipboard Aviation JP-5 Fuel
Systems (Surface Ships)
28. NAVSEA S9593-A7-PLN-010, Shipboard Hazardous Materials/Hazardous Waste Management Plan
29. NAVSEA S9593-A9-PLN-010, Hazardous Material/Hazardous Waste Spill Contingency Plan
30. NAVSEA S9593-A9-PLN-010, Hazardous Materials/Hazardous Waste Spill Prevention, Control and Coun-
termeasures (SPCC) Plan
31. NAVSEA S59593-A1-MAN-010, Shipboard Management Guide for Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB’s)
32. NAVSEA S9086-CL-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 077, Personal Protection Equipment
33. NAVSEA S9086-CH-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 074, Volume 1, Welding and Allied Processes
34. NAVSEA S9086-CN-STM-020, NSTM Chapter 079, Volume 2, Damage Control - Practical Damage Control
35. NAVSEA S9086-CN-STM-030, NSTM Chapter 079, Volume 3, Damage Control, Engineering Casualty
Control
36. NAVSEA S9086-CZ-STM-000, NSTM Chapter 090, Inspections, Tests, Records and Reports
37. NAVSEA S9086-GY-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 221, Boilers
38. NAVSEA S9086-G1-STM-020, NSTM Chapter 223, Volume 2, Submarine Storage Batteries Silver-Zinc
Batteries
39. NAVSEA S9086-H7-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 262, Lubricating Oils, Greases, Specialty Lubricants and
Lubrication Systems
40. NAVSEA S9086-KR-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 313, Portable Storage and Dry Batteries
41. NAVSEA S9086-QH-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 470, Shipboard BW/CW Defense and Countermeasures
42. NAVSEA S9086-RH-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 503, Pumps
43. NAVSEA S9086-RJ-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 504, Pressure, Temperature and Other Mechanical and Elec-
tromechanical Measuring Instruments
44. NAVSEA S9086-RK-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 505, Piping Systems
45. NAVSEA S9086-RW-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 516, Refrigeration Systems
46. NAVSEA S9086-SN-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 541, Ship Fuel and Fuel System
47. NAVSEA S9086-SP-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 542, Gasoline and JP-5 Fuel Systems
48. NAVSEA S9086-SX-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 550, Industrial Gases: Generating, Handling, and Storage
49. NAVSEA S9086-SY-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 551, Compressed Air Plants and Systems
50. NAVSEA S9086-S2-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 554, Forced-Draft Blowers
51. NAVSEA S9086-S3-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 555, Volume 1, Surface Ship Firefighting
52. NAVSEA S9086-S3-STM-020, NSTM Chapter 555, Volume 2, Submarine Firefighting
53. NAVSEA S9086-T8-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 593, Pollution Control
54. NAVSEA S9086-VD-STM-020, NSTM Chapter 631, Volume 2, Preservation of Ships in Service - Surface
Preparation and Painting
55. NAVSEA S9086-V4-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 655, Laundry
56. NAVSEA S9806-G9-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 231, Propulsion and SSTG Steam Turbines

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57. NAVSEA S9806-HB-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 233, Diesel Engines

58. NAVSEA S9806-HC-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 234, Marine Gas Turbines
59. NAVSEA S9806-HY-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 254, Condensers, Heat Exchangers and Air Ejectors
60. NAVSEA S9806-RQ-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 510, Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning Systems for
Surface Ships
61. NAVSEA S9806-RS-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 512, Fans
62. NAVSEA S9806-WK-STM-010, NSTM Chapter 670, Stowage, Handling and Disposal of Hazardous Gen-
eral Use Consumables
63. NAVSEA S9510-AB-ATM-010 (U), Volume 1, Nuclear Powered Submarine Atmosphere Control Manual
64. NIOSH Certified Equipment List (current edition), Department of Health and Human Services
65. NIOSH Publication 80-100 (January 1986), NIOSH ALERT: Request for Assistance in Preventing Occupa-
tional Fatalities in Confined Spaces.
66. NIOSH Publication 80-106 (December 1979), NIOSH, Criteria for a Recommended Standard, Working In
Confined Spaces
67. NIOSH Publication 87-113, NIOSH, A Guide to Safety in Confined Spaces
68. NTTP 3-20.31, Surface Ship Survivability
69. OPNAVINST 3120.32 (series), Ships’ Organization and Regulation Manual (SORM)
70. OPNAVINST 5090.1 (series), Environmental and Natural Resources Protection Manual
71. OPNAVINST 5100.19 (series), Occupational Safety and Health (NAVOSH) Program Manual for Forces
Afloat

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APPENDIX B

INTRODUCTION TO SHIPBOARD GAS FREE ENGINEERING

This appendix has been included to provide outline materials for teaching the basics of gas free engineering.
Since this material can be used to make viewgraphs, there are no document titles, figure names, or page numbers
on the following pages of Appendix B.

There are 12 viewgraphs which are listed below in the correct sequence:

1. Introduction to Shipboard Gas Free Engineering

2. Confined Spaces

3. Potential Hazards Exist From Environmental Factors Throughout the Ship-Oxygen Hazards

4. Potential Hazards Exist From Environmental Factors Throughout the Ship-Oxygen Hazards (Continued)

5. Potential Hazards Exist From Environmental Factors Throughout the Ship-Explosive Hazards

6. Potential Hazards Exist From Environmental Factors Throughout the Ship-Explosive Hazards (Continued)

7. Potential Hazards Exist From Environmental Factors Throughout the Ship-Toxic Hazards

8. Potential Hazards Exist From Environmental Factors Throughout the Ship-Toxic Hazards (Continued)-Gases
Include:

9. Potential Hazards Exist From Environmental Factors Throughout the Ship-Toxic Hazards (Continued)-Vapor
Hazards Include:

10. Instruments to Detect Hazards

11. Training and Proper Procedures Will Protect Against Hazards-Gas Free Engineering Procedure

12. Training and Proper Procedures Will Protect Against Hazards-Procedures to Help Shipmates in an Emer-
gency

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APPENDIX C

SAMPLE GAS FREE ENGINEERING NOTEBOOK

074-C.1 PURPOSE OF NOTEBOOK

The information contained in this appendix is presented as an example for creating a ship-specific gas free
engineering notebook. The purpose of the notebook is to provide a ready reference for shipboard gas free per-
sonnel who may need such information when NSTM Chapter 074, Volume 3 is not readily available or when
ship-specific details not covered in NSTM Chapter 074, Volume 3 are required.

074-C.2 NOTEBOOK CONTENTS

The shipboard gas free engineering notebook should contain ship-specific data, modeled after the examples
provided herein. The contents should be organized as follows:

a. Ship’s Gas Free Instruction. Page C-2

b. Section for Active Gas Free Chits. Page C-25

c. Section for Inactive Gas Free Chits. Page C-26

d. Gas Free Engineering Procedural Working Guide. Page C-27

e. IDLH Space Emergency Entry Checklist. Page C-29

f. Closed Compartment Opening Request Form. Page C-30

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APPENDIX D

NAVY GAS FREE CERTIFICATION AND TEST LOG

The Navy Gas Free Certification and Test Log is provided here as Appendix D. The certificate shall be
ordered from the stock system using the form number and NSN, which are OPNAV 5100/16 (5-91), NSN 0107-
LF-011-7400. They are issued in pads of 100. Continuation page may be reproduced locally.

Figure 074-D-1. NAVY GAS FREE CERTIFICATION AND TEST LOG (Sheet 1 of 2)

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Figure 074-D-1. NAVY GAS FREE CERTIFICATION AND TEST LOG (Sheet 2 of 2)

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APPENDIX E

(NEW) SHIPBOARD HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES AND COMPARTMENTS IDENTIFICATION

TABLES
Appendix E presents two tables which provide guidance for identifying hazardous atmospheres and compart-
ments aboard ship. While the data is not to be considered exhaustive, it is representative of those items and com-
partments aboard most ships which present off-gas hazards. Table 074-E-1 below identifies gas hazards for typi-
cal shipboard materials, along with a list of proper detecting devices of those gas hazards.

Table 074-E-1. HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE IDENTIFICATION TABLE

SOURCE OF MATERIAL GAS HAZARD DETECTION DEVICE
Acid Hydrochloric Acid Hydrochloric Acid Tube
Acrylic Plastics Hydrogen Cyanide Hydrocyanic Acid Tube
Adhesives
AFFF Systems Hydrogen Sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide Detector
Alcohols Ethylene Oxide 4-Gas Analyzer
Anaerobic Materials Hydrogen Sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide Detector
Antifreeze
AVGAS Octane Hydrocarbons 2 Tube
Batteries Hydrogen Gas/Sulfuric Acid Mist/ Hydrogen/4-Gas Analyzer
Sulfur Gases/Carbon Dioxide
Bulkhead Preserving Compounds Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide Tube
Calcium Carbide Acetylene 4-Gas Analyzer
Cellulose (Paper) Formaldehyde Formaldehyde Activation Tube
Chillwater Insulation, burnt Hydrogen Cyanide Hydrocyanic Acid Tube
Chlorine Laundry Bleach Calcium Hypochlorite Chlorine Tube
Class ″A″ Fire Post Fire (See Section 26) Instruments and Tubes
Class ″B″ Fire Post Fire (See Section 26) Instruments and Tubes
Class ″C″ Fire Post Fire (See Section 26) Instruments and Tubes
Class ″D″ Fire Post Fire (See Section 26) Instruments and Tubes
Cleaning Gear Methane 4-Gas Analyzer
Complete Combustion Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Tube
Cotton Acrolin
Diesel Fuel Benzene 4-Gas Analyzer
Diesel Fuel Marine (DFM) Octane Hydrocarbons 2 Tube/4-Gas Analyzer
Dry Ice Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Tube
Electrolysis in Seawater Hydrochloric Acid Hydrochloric Acid Tube
Ether Ether 4-Gas Analyzer
FF System Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Tube
Freon, Halogens Phosgene/Chlorine/Reduced 02 Phosgene Tube/02 Analyzer
Freon, heated Hydrogen Fluoride/Reduced 02 Hydrogen Fluoride Tube/02 Analyzer
Halon 1301 decomposition/installed FF Hydrogen Fluoride/Reduced 02 Hydrogen Fluoride Tube/02 Analyzer
agent
Halon, Freon Hydrogen Bromide/Reduced 02 Hydrogen Bromide Tube/02 Analyzer
HTH Hydrochloric Acid Hydrochloric Acid Tube
Hydrocarbon Solvents Hydrocarbon Hydrocarbon Tube
Incomplete Combustion Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide Tube
JP Fuels Octane Hydrocarbons 2 Tube/4-Gas Analyzer
Kerosene Benzene 4-Gas Analyzer

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Table 074-E-1. HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE IDENTIFICATION TABLE -

Continued

SOURCE OF MATERIAL GAS HAZARD DETECTION DEVICE

Lagging Hydrogen Cyanide Hydrocyanic Acid Tube
Mercury Mercury Vapor Mercury Vapor Detector
Neoprene (Electrical Insulation) Hydrogen Chloride Hydrochloric Acid Tube
OBA Canisters Elevated Oxygen Concentration 4-Gas Analyzer
Oil-type Paints
Organic Decay Hydrogen Sulfide Methane Hydrogen Sulfide Detector
Explosimeter
Paints/Solvents Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide Tube
Pesticides Petroleum Products
Petroleum Products Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon 2 Tube
Phenolic Resin Binder
Photo Chemicals
Poly Vinyl Chloride Cable Jacketing* Hydrogen Chloride Vinyl Chloride Tube
PVC Cable* Vinyl Chloride Vinyl Chloride Tube
PVC Hydrogen Chloride Hydrochloric Acid Tube
R-12 Plant Refrigerant Phosgen/Freon/Reduced 02 02 Analyzer/Halogen Leak Detector/
Phosgen Tube
Refrigerant R-12 (Freon) Freon Detector
Rubber Sulfur Dioxide
Rubber, organic material Hydrogen Sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide Detector
Rubber tubing, gaskets & seals Sulfur Dioxide Sulfur Dioxide Tube
Rust Hydrogen Explosimeter
Sewage Systems Hydrogen Sulfide Ammonia Hydrogen Sulfide Detector
Teflon Fluorine Gas
Urethane Nitrogen OxidesHydrogen Cyanide Nitrogen Dioxide TubeHydrocyanic
Acid Tube
Urinals Methane None
Vinyl Nitrile Rubber Chilled Water Piping Hydrogen Cyanide Hydrocyanic Acid Tube
Insulation*
Vinyl Nitrile Rubber Submarine Insula- Hydrogen Cyanide Hydrocyanic Acid Tube
tion*
Water Treatment
Welding Arcs Nitrogen Dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide Tube
Wool Hydrogen CyanideCarbon Monox- Hydrocyanic Acid TubeCarbon Monox-
ide ide Tube
*When burned or burning, this material will produce the gas hazard byproduct listed.

Table 074-E-2 provides guidelines for hazardous materials one can expect in the compartments listed below.
Although not a complete list of every hazardous material found aboard every ship, Table 074-E-2 does describe
compartment locations common to all surface ships.

Table 074-E-2. SHIPBOARD COMPARTMENT HAZARDOUS

IDENTIFICATION TABLE
COMPARTMENT LOCATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
AFFF Piping System Hydrogen Sulfide

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Table 074-E-2. SHIPBOARD COMPARTMENT HAZARDOUS

IDENTIFICATION TABLE - Continued

COMPARTMENT LOCATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

After Steering Hydraulic Fluids
Air Conditioning Machinery Room Freon
Anchor Windlass Hydraulic Fluids
Armory Ammunitions/Grenades
Auxiliary Machinery Room (AMR) Freon/Fuel (F-76)/2190 Lube Oil/Flammable Liquids Locker
Battery Charging Room/Compartments Acid Batteries, Hydrogen Gas
Battle Dressing Oxygen Gas Cylinders/Hydrogen Peroxide
Boat Shop/ICE Shop Ether/Lube Oil/Fuel Oil
BT Storeroom Bathythermograph (Lithium Batteries)
CHT Pump/Equipment Rooms Hydrogen Sulfide/Methane/Raw Sewage
CIWS Control Room Hydraulic Fluid
Calcium Hypochlorite Locker Calcium Hypochlorite, Chlorine Gas
Fuel Compartments Cargo Fuel
Gasoline Compartments Gasoline
JP-5 Compartments JP-5
Compressed Gas Cylinder Room Nitrogen/Oxygen/Carbon Dioxide/Halon/Freon
Countermeasures Locker Lithium Hydride
DC Repair Stations (DCRS) PECU Oxygen Gas Cylinders
Diesel Generator Rooms Fuel/Carbon Monoxide/Carbon Dioxide
Dry Cleaning Plant Dry Cleaning Fluids
Electric Shop Hydraulic Oil/Flammable Liquids Locker
Elevator Machinery Room Hydraulic Fluids
Flammable Liquids Issue Room Paints/Thinners/Greases/Oils/Halon 1301/CO2 Extinguishers
Flammable Liquids Storeroom Paints/Wash Primer Pretreatment/Shellac/Polyamide Epoxies/some
Polyurethanes, Urethanes/Cellulose Nitrate Coatings/Aluminum
Paste/Acetone/Butyl Acetate/Ethyl Acetate/Methyl Ethyl Ketone/
Methyl Isobutyl Ketone/Naptha/Lacquer Thinner/Toluene/Turpentine/
Isopropyl Alcohol/Ethyl Alcohol/Butyl Alcohol/Methyl Alcohol/Paint
Issue Locker/Halon 1301/CO2 Extinguishers
Flammable Liquids Locker Paints/Oils/Greases
Fuel Pump/Filter Rooms Fuel/Hydrocarbon Vapors
Generator Room JP-5/Fuel (F-76)/HP-Air Flasks
IC Gyro Room Acid Batteries
Inert Gas Cylinder Storeroom Identified Inert Gas
JP-5 Pump Room JP-5/AC Plant-Freon/HCL/HFL/Phosgene
Laundry and Storeroom Chlorine Gas, Bleach
Loader Drum Room Hydraulic Oil/Nitrogen Gas Cylinder
Log Room Caustic Soda
Lubricating Oils Compartments Lubricating Oils
Main Engine Room(s) (MER) Fuel (F-76)/2190 Lube Oil/23699 Lube Oil/HP Air Flasks/ B+B 3100
Gas Path Cleaner/Flammable Liquids Locker
Medical Spaces/Ward Oxygen Gas Cylinders/Potassium Hydroxide/Isopropyl Alcohol/Tinc-
ture of Benzoin/Hydrogen Peroxide/Silver Nitrate Sticks
Paint Locker Carbon Monoxide/Hydrocarbon Vapors
Reefer and Reefer Machinery Room Freon
Sewage Piping and Holding Compartments Hydrogen Sulfide/Methane/Raw Sewage

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Table 074-E-2. SHIPBOARD COMPARTMENT HAZARDOUS

IDENTIFICATION TABLE - Continued

COMPARTMENT LOCATION HAZARDOUS MATERIALS

Shaft alley 2190 Lube Oil/Freon
Steering Gear Room 2135 Hydraulic Oil
Storerooms - Chemical Calcium Hypochlorite/Hydrochloric Acid/Ammonia
Storerooms - Paper Formaldehyde
Test Lab Propane Cylinders, Reagents
Torpedo Magazine Otto II Fuel/Helium
Towed Array Room ISOBAR
Vacuum, Chemical Holding Tank (VCHT) Hydrogen Sulfide Methane/Raw Sewage
Vertical Launch System Missile Fuel
VOID Compartments Off-gassing from rust
Windlass Machine Room Hydraulic Fluid

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APPENDIX F

HOW TO READ MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS

The Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) is often called the key to hazard communication and is the one place
where you can find all the important information on a given chemical. An MSDS does not have to follow any
specific format but each has to provide the same kind of information. The MSDS format most widely used is the
sample DOD one illustrated as Figure 074-F-1. It is divided into eight sections, described below.
Important: Always be sure that you are using the latest version of an MSDS. The main source to obtain
MSDSs is the DOD Hazardous Material Information System (HMIS) CD-ROM.

THE MSDS - SECTION BY SECTION

SECTION I - General Information
Section I, General Information tells you:

a. The chemical name and stock number

b. The name, address and phone number of the company which makes the chemical
c. The date the MSDS was prepared.
d. The MSDS serial number
e. The Hazardous Characteristic Code
SECTION II - Ingredients/Identity Information
Section II, Ingredients/Identity Information, lists:

a. Hazardous components of a chemical, including mixtures, by both scientific and common names.
b. Recommended safe exposure limits for workers. The most common limits are OSHA’s Permissible Exposure
Limit (PEL) and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists’ (ACGIH) Threshold Limit
Value (TLV).The only time you won’t see the exact chemical identity listed here is if it is a manufacturer’s
″trade secret″. The exposure limits and other hazard and safety information must, however, still be provided.
SECTION III - Physical/Chemical Characteristics
Section III, Physical/Chemical Characteristics, may look very scientific, but the information in the section is
actually very basic and important. It tells you what conditions will change the chemical’s form. For example,
these changes could affect the type and degree of the chemical’s hazard. A chemical with a very high vapor pres-
sure probably needs to be treated differently than one with a low vapor pressure. A high vapor pressure, which
means the chemical evaporates quickly, will require better ventilation, and possibly a respirator and other protec-
tive measures. Here’s what you’ll find in Section III:

a. Boiling point and melting point

b. Vapor pressure, vapor density and evaporation rate
c. Solubility in water and specific gravity
d. Chemical appearance and odor
SECTION IV - Fire and Explosion Hazard Data

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Section IV of the MSDS, Fire and Explosion Hazard Data, is an extremely important section which provides
you with:

a. The chemical’s flash point

b. The chemical’s flammable or explosion limits

c. Extinguishing media

d. Special firefighting procedures

SECTION V - Reactivity Data

Section V, Reactivity Data, shows whether you need to be concerned about what could happen (the reaction)
if the chemical is mixed with air, water or other chemicals. It also explains what conditions and chemicals to
avoid.

SECTION VI - Health Hazard Data

Section VI, Health Hazard Data, delivers crucial information to help keep you safe.

a. Route of entry (inhalation, ingestion, etc.)

b. Type of exposure (acute or chronic)

c. Signs and symptoms of exposure

d. Whether the chemical is a carcinogen (cancer causing)

e. Emergency/first aid procedures

SECTION VII - Precautions for Safe Handling and Use

Section VII, Precautions for Safe Handling and Use, provides instructions for the correct way to handle, store
and dispose of the chemical. There is also information on what to do if the chemical spills, leaks or is released
into the air. Naturally, you need to know this information before you start the job!

SECTION VIII - Control Measures

The final section, Section VIII, is Control Measures. This is where you will find out what type of protective
clothing and equipment to use when working with the chemical. You will also see what type of ventilation is
called for and what work and hygiene practices - such as washing your hands after working with the chemical -
you need to follow to prevent accidental exposure.

You do not have to worry about remembering exactly what information is in what section of an MSDS. What
is important is knowing that the MSDS information can help keep you safe if you use it. Check the MSDS before
you start a job using a hazardous chemical and follow its instructions. Figure 074-F-1 gives an example of an
MSDS included in the DOD Hazardous Materials Information System.

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Figure 074-F-1. DOD Hazardous Materials Information System (Sheet 1 of 5)

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Figure 074-F-1. DOD Hazardous Materials Information System (Sheet 2 of 5)

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Figure 074-F-1. DOD Hazardous Materials Information System (Sheet 3 of 5)

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Figure 074-F-1. DOD Hazardous Materials Information System (Sheet 4 of 5)

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Figure 074-F-1. DOD Hazardous Materials Information System (Sheet 5 of 5)

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APPENDIX G

PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMITS (PEL)

IDLH = Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health. (Data extracted from NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical
Hazards, June 1994)
ND = Indicates that an IDLH has not as yet been determined.
PEL = permissible exposure limits are time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations that must not be exceeded
during any 8-hour work shift of a 40-hour work week. PELs in the table originate from either OSHA (CFR 29)
or Navy OELs (Occupational Exposure Limits), whichever is more stringent per OPNAVINST 5100.19.

Although PELs are based on and similar to the threshold limit values on a time-
weighted average (TLV-TWA) published by the ACGIH, PELs cover a wider
range of substances and are incorporated in the Code of Federal Regulations
(CFR) giving them the force of law.
(C) = Ceiling concentrations which must not be exceeded during any part of the workday.
Ca = Any substance that NIOSH considers to be a potential occupational carcinogen.
ppm = Parts per million parts of air.
mg/m3 = Milligrams per cubic meter of air.

Exposure Limits
Chemical Name PEL IDLH
Acetaldehyde 100 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 2,000 ppm (Ca)
Acetic acid 10 ppm 50 ppm
Acetic anahydride 5 ppm 200 ppm
Acetone 750 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 2,500 ppm (LEL)
Acetonitrile 40 ppm 500 ppm
2- Actylaminofluorene Ca ND (Ca)
Acetylene tetrabromide 1 ppm 8 ppm
Acrolein 0.1 ppm 2 ppm
Acrylamide 0.03 mg/m3 60 mg/m3 (Ca)
Acrylonitrile 2 ppm/10 ppm (C) 85 ppm (Ca)
Aldrin 0.25 mg/m3 25 mg/m3 (Ca)
Allyl alcohol 2 ppm 20 ppm
Allyl chloride 1 ppm 250 ppm
Allyl gycidyl ether 5 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 50 ppm
4-Aminodiphenyl Ca ND (Ca)
2-Aminopyridine 0.5 ppm 5 ppm
Ammonia 50 ppm 300 ppm

74-G-1
S9086-CH-STM-030

Exposure Limits - Continued

Chemical Name PEL IDLH

3
Ammonium sulfamate 10 mg/m per OEL/Abandoned 1,500 mg/m3
PELs
n-Amyl acetate 100 ppm 1,000 ppm
sec-Amyl acetate 125 ppm 1,000 ppm
Aniline and homologs 2 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 100 ppm (Ca)
Anisidine (o- p- isomers) 0.5 mg/m3 50 mg/m3
Antimony and compounds 0.5 mg/m3 50 mg/m3
ANTU 0.3 mg/m3 100 mg/m3
Arsenic 0.010 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 (as As) (Ca)
Arsine 0.05 ppm 3 ppm (Ca)
Asbestos 0.1 Fiber/cm3 ND (Ca)
Azinphos-methyl 0.2 mg/m3 10 mg/m3
Barium (soluable compounds as Ba) 0.5 mg/m3 50 mg/m3
Benzene 1 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 500 ppm (Ca)
Benzidine Ca ND (Ca)
Benzoyl peroxide 5 mg/m3 1,500 mg/m3
Benzyl chloride 1 ppm 10 ppm
Beryllium (and compounds as Be) 0.002 mg/m3 0.005 mg/m3 (C) 4 mg/m3
Boron oxide 10 mg/m3 per OEL/Abandoned 2,000 mg/m3
PELs
Boron trifluoride 1 ppm (C) 25 ppm
Bromine 0.1 ppm 3 ppm
Bromoform 0.5 ppm 850 ppm
1,3-Butadiene 1 ppm per OSHA PEL and OEL/ 2,000 ppm (Ca) (LEL)
Abandoned PELs
2-Butanone 200 ppm 3,000 ppm
2-Butoxyethanol 25 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 700 ppm
n-Butyl acetate 150 ppm 1,700 ppm (LEL)
sec-Butyl acetate 200 ppm 1,700 ppm (LEL)
tert-Butyl acetate 200 ppm 1,500 ppm (LEL)
n-Butyl alcohol 50 ppm (C) per OEL/Abandoned 1,400 ppm (LEL)
PELs
sec-Butyl alcohol 100 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 2,000 ppm
tert-Butyl alcohol 100 ppm 1,600 ppm
n-Butylamine 5 ppm (C) 300 ppm
tert-Butyl chromate 0.1 mg/m3 (C) 15 mg/m3 (as Cr [VI]) (Ca)
n-Butyl glycidyl ether 25 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 250 ppm
n-Butyl mercaptan 0.5 ppm 500 ppm
p-tert-Butyltoluene 10 ppm 100 ppm
Cadmium dust fume 0.005 mg/m3 9 mg/m3 (as Cd) (Ca)
Calcium arsenate 0.002 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 (as As) (Ca)
Calcium oxide 5 mg/m3 25 mg/m3
Camphor (synthetic) 2 mg/m3 200 mg/m3
Carbaryl 5 mg/m3 100 mg/m3
Carbon black 3.5 mg/m3 1,750 mg/m3
Carbon dioxide 5,000 ppm 40,000 ppm
Carbon disulfide 4 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 500 ppm

74-G-2
 S9086-CH-STM-030

Exposure Limits - Continued

Chemical Name PEL IDLH

Carbon monoxide 35 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 1,200 ppm
Carbon tetrachloride 10 to 20 ppm per OEL/Abandoned 200 ppm (Ca)
PELs
Chlordane 0.5 mg/m3 100 mg/m3 (Ca)
Chlorinated camphene 0.5 mg/m3 200 mg/m3 (Ca)
Chlorinated diphenyl oxide 0.5 mg/m3 5 mg/m3
Chlorine 0.5 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 10 ppm
Chlorine dioxide 0.1 ppm 5 ppm
Chlorine trifluoride 0.1 ppm (C) 20 ppm
Chloroacetaldehyde 1 ppm (C3) 45 ppm
Alpha-Chloroacetophenone 0.05 mg/m3 per OEL/Abandoned 15 mg/m3
PELs
Chlorobenzene 75 ppm 1,000 ppm
o-Chlorobenzylidene malononitrile 0.05 ppm (C) 2 mg/m3
Chlorobromomethane 200 ppm 2,000 ppm
Chlorodiphenyl (42% chlorine) 1 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 (Ca)
Chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine) 0.5 mg/m3 5 mg/m3 (Ca)
Chloroform 2 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 500 ppm
bis-Chloromethyl ether Ca ND (Ca)
Chloromethyl methyl Ca ND (Ca)
1-Chloro-1-nitropropane 2 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 100 ppm
Chloropicrin 0.1 ppm 2 ppm
beta- Chloroprene 10 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 300 ppm (Ca)
Chromic acid and chromates 0.1 mg/m3 (C) 15 mg/m3 (as Cr [VI]) (Ca)
Chromium metal (as Cr) 0.5 mg/m3 per OEL/Abandoned 250 mg/m3
PELs
Chromium (II) and (III) compounds 0.5 mg/m3 250 mg/m3 (as Cr [II])25 mg/m3 (as
Cr [III])
Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles 0.2 mg/m3 80 mg/m3 (Ca)
3
Cobalt metal, dust and fume (as Co) 0.05 mg/m per OEL/Abandoned 20 mg/m3
PELs
Copper dusts and mists (as Cu) 1 mg/m3 100 mg/m3
Copper fumes (as Cu) 0.1 mg/m3 100 mg/m3
Cotton dust (raw) 1 mg/m3 100 mg/m3
3
Crag herbicide 10 mg/m per OEL/Abandoned 500 mg/m3
PELs
Cresol (all isomers) 5 ppm 250 ppm
Crotonaldehyde 2 ppm 50 ppm
Cumene 50 ppm 900 ppm (LEL)
Cyanides (as Cn) 5 mg/m3 50 mg/m3
Cyclohexane 300 ppm 1,300 ppm (LEL)
Cyclohexanol 50 ppm 400 ppm
Cyclohexanone 25 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 700 ppm
Cyclohexene 300 ppm 2,000 ppm
Cyclopentadiene 75 ppm 750 ppm
2,4-D 10 mg/m3 100 mg/m3
DDT 1 mg/m3 500 mg/m3 (Ca)

74-G-3
S9086-CH-STM-030

Exposure Limits - Continued

Chemical Name PEL IDLH

3
Decaborane 0.3 mg/m 15 mg/m3
Demeton 0.1 mg/m3 10 mg/m3
Diacetone alcohol 50 ppm 1,800 ppm (LEL)
Diazomethane 0.2 ppm 2 ppm
Diborane 0.1 ppm 15 ppm
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 0.001 oppm ND (Ca)
Dibutyl phosphate 1 ppm 30 ppm
Dibutyl phathalate 5 mg/m3 4,000 mg/m3
o-Dichlorobenzene 50 ppm (C) 200 ppm
p-Dichlorobenzene 75 ppm 150 ppm (Ca)
3,3-Dichlorobenzidine Ca ND (Ca)
Dichlorodifluoromethane 1,000 ppm 15,000 ppm
1,3-Dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin 0.2 mg/m3 5 mg/m3
1,1-Dichloroethane 100 ppm 3,000 ppm
1,2-Dichloroethylene 200 ppm 1,000 ppm
Dichloroethyl ether 5 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 100 ppm (Ca)
Dichloromonofluoromethane 10 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 5,000 ppm
1,1-Dichloro-1-nitroethane 2 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 25 ppm
Dichlorotetrafluoroethane 1000 ppm 15,000 ppm
Dichlorvos 1 mg/m3 100 mg/m3
Dieldrin 0.25 mg/m3 50 mg/m3 (Ca)
Diesel Fuel Marine (DFM) 350 mg/m3 ND
Diethylamine 10 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 200 ppm
2-Diethylaminoethanol 10 ppm 100 ppm
Difluorodibromomethane 100 ppm 2,000 ppm
Digycidyl ether 0.1 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 10 ppm (Ca)
Diisobutyl ketone 25 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 500 ppm
Diisopropylamine 5 ppm 200 ppm
Dimethyl acetamide 10 ppm 300 ppm
Dimethylamine 10 ppm 500 ppm
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene Ca ND (Ca)
Dimethylaniline 5 ppm 100 ppm
Dimethyl-1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichlorethyl 3 mg/m3 200 mg/m3
phosphate
Dimethylformamide 10 ppm 500 ppm
1,1-Dimethylhdrazine 0.5 ppm 15 ppm (Ca)
Dimethylphthalate 5 mg/m3 2,000 mg/m3
Dimethyl Sulfate 0.1 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 7 ppm (Ca)
Dinitrobenzene (all isomers) 1 mg/m3 50 mg/m3
Dinitro-o-cresol 0.2 mg/m3 5 mg/m3
Dinitrotoluene 1.5 mg/m3 50 mg/m3 (Ca)
Dioxane 25 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 500 ppm (Ca)
Diphenyl 0.2 ppm per OSHA PEL & OEL/ 100 mg/m3
Abandoned PELs
Dipropylene glycol methyl ether 100 ppm 600 ppm
Di-sec octyl phthalate 5 mg/m3 5,000 mg/m3 (Ca)
Endrin 0.1 mg/m3 2 mg/m3

74-G-4
 S9086-CH-STM-030

Exposure Limits - Continued

Chemical Name PEL IDLH

Epichlorohydrin 2 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 75 ppm (Ca)
EPN 0.5 mg/m3 5 mg/m3
Ethanolamine 3 ppm 30 ppm
2-Ethoxyethanol 200 ppm 500 ppm
2-Ethoxyethyl acetate 100 ppm 500 ppm
Ethyl acetate 400 ppm 2,000 ppm (LEL)
Ethyl acrylate 5 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 300 ppm (Ca)
Ethylamine 10 ppm 600 ppm
Ethyl benzene 100 ppm 800 ppm
Ethyl bromide 200 ppm 2,000 ppm
Ethyl butyl ketone 50 ppm 1,000 ppm
Ethyl chloride 1,000 ppm 3,800 ppm (LEL)
Ethylene chlorohydrin 1 ppm (C) per OEL/Abandoned 7 ppm
PELs
Ethylenediamine 10 ppm 1,000 ppm
Ethylene dibromide 20 ppm/30 ppm (C) per OSHA PEL 100 ppm
and OEL/Abandoned PELs
Ethylene dichloride 1 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 50 (Ca)
Ethylene glycol 0.2 ppm (C) per OSHA PEL ND
Ethyleneimine Ca 100 ppm (Ca)
Ethylene oxide 1 ppm 800 ppm (Ca)
Ethyl ether 400 ppm 1,900 ppm (LEL)
Ethyl formate 100 ppm 1,500 ppm
Ethyl Mercaptan 0.5 ppm 500 ppm
N-Ethylmorpholine 5 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 100 ppm
Ethyl Silicate 10 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 700 ppm
Ferbam 10 mg/m3 per OEL/Abandoned 800 mg/m3
PELs
Ferrovanadium dust 1 mg/m3 500 mg/m3
Fluorine 0.1 ppm 25 ppm
Fluorotrichloromethane 1,000 ppm 2,000 ppm
Formaldehyde 0.75 ppm 20 ppm (Ca)
Formic acid 5 ppm 30 ppm
Furfural 2 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 100 ppm
Furfuryl alcohol 10 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 75 ppm
Glycidol 25 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 150 ppm
Graphite (natural) 2.5 mg/m3 1,250 mg/m3
Hafnium and compounds (Hf) 0.5 mg/m3 50 mg/m3
Heptachlor 0.5 mg/m3 35 mg/m3 (Ca)
n-Heptane 400 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 750 ppm
Hexachloroethane 1 ppm 300 ppm (C)
Hexachloronaphthalene 0.2 mg/m3 2 mg/m3
n-Hexane 50 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 1,100 ppm (LEL)
2-Hexanone 5 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 1,600 ppm
Hexone 50 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 500 ppm
sec-Hexyl acetate 50 ppm 500 ppm
Hydrazine 0.1 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 50 ppm (Ca)

74-G-5
S9086-CH-STM-030

Exposure Limits - Continued

Chemical Name PEL IDLH

Hydrogen bromide 3 ppm 30 ppm
Hydrogen chloride 5 ppm (C) 50 ppm
Hydrogen cyanide 10 ppm 50 ppm
Hydrogen fluoride 3 ppm 30 ppm
Hydrogen peroxide 1 ppm 75 ppm
Hydrogen selenide 0.05 ppm (as Se) 1 ppm
Hydrogen sulfide 10 ppm 100 ppm
Hydroquinone 2 mg/m3 50 mg/m3
Iodine 0.1 ppm (C) 2 ppm
Iron oxide dust and fume (as Fe) 10 mg/m3 2,500 mg/m3
Isoamyl acetate 100 ppm 1,000 ppm
Isoamyl alcohol- (primary and secondary) 100 ppm 500 ppm
Isobutyl acetate 150 ppm 1,300 ppm (LEL)
Isobutyl alcohol 50 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 1,600 ppm
Isophorone 4 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELsa 200 ppm
Isopropyl acetate 250 ppm 1,800 ppm
Isopropyl alcohol 400 ppm 2,000 ppm (LEL)
Isopropylamine 5 ppm 750 ppm
Isopropyl ether 500 ppm 1,400 ppm (LEL)
Isopropyl glycidyl 50 ppm 400 ppm
JP-5 (see NOTE 1) 350 mg/m3 ND
JP-8 (see NOTE 1) 350 mg/m3 ND
Ketene 0.5 ppm 5 ppm
Lead (as Pb) 0.050 mg/m3 100 mg/m3
Lindane 0.5 mg/m3 50 mg/m3
Lithium hydride 0.025 mg/m3 0.5 mg/m3
L.P.G. 1,000 ppm 2,000 ppm (LEL)
Magnesium oxide 10 mg/m3 per OEL/Abandoned 750 mg/m3
PELs
3
Malathion 10 mg/m per OEL/Abandoned 250 mg/m3
PELs
Maleic anhydride 0.25 ppm 10 mg/m3
Manganese compounds (as Mn) 5 mg/m3 (C) 500 mg/m3
Mercury Vapor (Hg) 0.05 mg/m3 per OEL/Abandoned 10 mg/m3
PELs
Mercury (organo) alkyl compounds Hg) 0.01 mg/m3 2 mg/m3
Mesityl oxide 15 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 1,400 ppm (LEL)
Methoxychlor 10 mg/m3 per OEL/Abandoned 5,000 mg/m3 (Ca)
PELs
Methyl acetate 200 ppm 3,100 ppm (LEL)
Methyl acetylene 1,000 ppm 1,700 ppm (LEL)
Methyl acrylate 10 ppm 250 ppm
Methyial 1,000 ppm 2,200 ppm (LEL)
Methyl alcohol 200 ppm 6000 ppm
Methylamine 10 ppm 100 ppm
Methyl (n-amyl) ketone 100 ppm 800 ppm
Methyl Bromide 5 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 250 ppm (Ca)

74-G-6
 S9086-CH-STM-030

Exposure Limits - Continued

Chemical Name PEL IDLH

Methyl Cellosolve 0.1 ppm 200 ppm
Methyl Chloride 50 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 2,000 ppm (Ca)
Methyl Chloroform 350 ppm 700 ppm
Methylcyclohexanol 50 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 500 ppm
O-Methylcyclohexanone 100 ppm 600 ppm
Methylene bisphenyl isocyanate 0.2 mg/m3 (C) 75 mg/m3
Methylene chloride 25 ppm per OSHA PEL and OEL/ 2,300 ppm (Ca)
Abandoned PELs
Methyl formate 100 ppm 4,500 ppm
5-Methyl-3-heptanone 25 ppm 100 ppm
Methyl hydrazine 0.2 ppm (C) 20 ppm (Ca)
Methyl iodide 2 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 100 ppm (Ca)
Methyl isobutyl carbinol 25 ppm 400 ppm
Methyl isocyanate 0.02 ppm 3 ppm
Methyl mercaptan 0.5 ppm 150 ppm
Methyl methacrylate 100 ppm 1,000 ppm
Alpha-Methyl styrene 50 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 700 ppm
Mica (containing less than 1% Quartz) 3 mg/m3 1,500 mg/m3
Molybdenum (and soluble compounds as 5 mg/m3 1,000 mg/m3
Mo)
Molybdenum (and insoluble compounds 10 mg/m3 per OEL/Abandoned 5,000 mg/m3
as Mo) PELs
Monomethyl aniline 0.5 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 100 ppm
Morpholine 20 ppm 1,400 ppm (LEL)
Naphtha 100 ppm 1,000 ppm (LEL)
Naphthalene 10 ppm 250 ppm
Alpha-Naphthylamine Ca ND (Ca)
Beta-Naphthylamine Ca ND (Ca)
Nickel carbonyl (as Ni) 0.001 ppm 2 ppm
Nickel metal (and other compounds as 1 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 (as Ni) (Ca)
Ni)
Nicotine 0.5 mg/m3 5 mg/m3
Nitric acid 2 ppm 25 ppm
Nitric oxide 25 ppm 100 ppm
p-Nitroaniline 3 mg/m3 per OEL/Abandoned PELs 300 mg/m3
Nitrobenzene 1 ppm 200 ppm
4-Nitrobiphenyl Ca ND (Ca)
P-Nitrochlorobenzene 1 mg/m3 1,000 mg/m3 (Ca)
Nitroethane 100 ppm 1,000 ppm
Nitrogen dioxide 1 ppm / 5 ppm (C) per OEL/Aban- 20 ppm
doned PELs
Nitrogen trifluoride 10 ppm 1,000 ppm
Nitroglycerine 0.2 ppm (C) 75 mg/m3
Nitromethane 100 ppm 750 ppm
1-Nitropropane 25 ppm 1,000 ppm
2-Nitropropane 10 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 100 ppm (Ca)
n-Nitrosodimethylamine Ca ND (Ca)

74-G-7
S9086-CH-STM-030

Exposure Limits - Continued

Chemical Name PEL IDLH

Nitrotoluene 2 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 200 ppm
Octachloronaphthalene 0.1 mg/m3 Unknown
Octane 300 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 1,000 ppm (LEL)
Oil mist (mineral) 5 mg/m3 2,500 mg/m3 (as Os)
Osmium tetroxide 0.002 mg/m3 1 mg/m3
Oxalic acid 1 mg/m3 500 mg/m3
Oxygen difluoride 0.05 ppm (C) per OEL/Abandoned 0.5 ppm
PELs
Ozone 0.1 ppm 5 ppm
Paraquat 0.1 mg/m3 per OEL/Abandoned 1 mg/m3
PELs
Parathion 0.1 mg/m3 10 mg/m3
Pentaborane 0.005 ppm 1 ppm
Pentachloronaphthalene 0.5 mg/m3 Unknown
Pentachlorophenol 0.5 mg/m3 2.5 mg/m3
n-Pentane 500 ppm 1,500 ppm (LEL)
2-Pentanone 200 ppm 1,500 ppm
Perchloromethyl mercaptan 0.1 ppm 10 ppm
Perchloryl fluoride 3 ppm 100 ppm
Petroleum distillates 400 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 1,100 ppm (LEL)
Phenol 5 ppm 250 ppm
p-Phenylene diamine 0.1 mg/m3 25 mg/m3
Phenyl ether (vapor) 1 ppm 100 ppm
Phenyl ether-biphenyl mixture (vapor) 1 ppm 10 ppm
Phenyl glycidyl ether 1 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 100 ppm (Ca)
Phenylhydrazine 5 ppm 15 ppm (Ca)
Phosdrin 0.1 mg/m3 4 ppm
Phosgene 0.1 ppm 2 ppm
Phosphine 0.3 ppm 50 ppm
Phosphoric acid 1 mg/m3 1,000 mg/m3
Phosphorus 0.1 mg/m3 per OEL/Abandoned 200 mg/m3
PELs
Phosphorus pentasulfide 1 mg/m3 250 mg/m3
Phosphorus trichloride 0.2 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 25 ppm
Phosphorus (yellow) 0.1 mg/m3 5 mg/m3
Phthalic anhydride 1 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 60 mg/m3
Picric acid 0.1 mg/m3 75 mg/m3
Pindone 0.1 mg/m3 100 mg/m3
Platinum (soluble salts as Pt) 0.002 mg/m3 ND
3
Portland cement 10 mg/m per OEL/Abandoned 5,000 mg/m3
PELs
Propane 1,000 ppm 2,100 ppm (LEL)
Beta-Propiolactone Ca ND (Ca)
n-Propyl acetate 200 ppm 1,700 ppm
n-Propyl alcohol 200 ppm 800 ppm
n-Propyl nitrate 25 ppm 500 ppm
Propylene dichloride 75 ppm 400 ppm (Ca)

74-G-8
 S9086-CH-STM-030

Exposure Limits - Continued

Chemical Name PEL IDLH

Propylene imine 2 ppm 100 ppm (Ca)
Propylene oxide 20 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 400 ppm (Ca)
Pyrethrum 5 mg/m3 5,000 mg/m3
Pyridine 5 ppm 1,000 ppm
Quinone 0.1 ppm 100 mg/m3
Rhodium (metal fume and insoluble com- 0.1 mg/m3 100 mg/m3
pounds as Rh)
Rhodium (soluble compounds as Rh) 0.001 mg/m3 2 mg/m3
Ronnel 10 mg/m3 300 mg/m3
Rotenone 5 mg/m3 2,500 mg/m3
Selenium compounds (as Se) 0.2 mg/m3 1 mg/m3
Selenium hexafluoride (as Se) 0.05 ppm 2 ppm
Silica amorphous 6 mg/m3 3,000 mg/m3
Silica crystalline 0.05 mg/m3 ND (Ca)
Silver (metal dust and soluble compounds 0.01 mg/m3 10 mg/m3
as Ag)
Soapstone (containing less than 1% 6 mg/m3 3,000 mg/m3
quartz)
Sodium fluoroacetate 0.05 mg/m3 2.5 mg/m3
3
Sodium hydroxide 2 mg/m (C) per OEL/Abandoned 10 mg/m3
PELs
Stibine 0.1 ppm 5 ppm
Stoddard solvent 100 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 20,000 mg/m3
Strychnine 0.15 mg/m3 3 mg/m3
Styrene 50 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 700 ppm
Sulfur dioxide 2 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 100 ppm
Sulfuric acid 1 mg/m3 15 mg/m3
Sulfur monochloride 1 ppm (C) 5 ppm
Sulfur pentafluoride 0.01 ppm (C) per OEL/Abandoned 1 ppm
PELs
Sulfuryl fluoride 5 ppm 200 ppm
2,4,5-T 10 mg/m3 250 mg/m3
Talc 2 mg/m3 1,000 mg/m3
Tantalum 5 mg/m3 2,500 mg/m3 (as Ta)
TEDP 0.2 mg/m3 10 mg/m3
Tellurium and compounds (as Te) 0.1 mg/m3 25 mg/m3
Tellurium hexafluoride 0.02 ppm 1 ppm
TEPP 0.05 mg/m3 5 mg/m3
Terphenyls 0.5 ppm (C) per OEL/Abandoned 500 mg/m3
PELs
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloro- 1,2 - difluoroethane 500 ppm 2,000 ppm
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloro- 2,2 - difluoroethane 500 ppm 2,000 ppm
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane 1 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 100 ppm (Ca)
Tetrachloroethylene 100 ppm 150 ppm (Ca)
Tetrachloronaphthalene 2 mg/m3 Unknown
3
Tetraethyl lead (as Pb) 0.075 mg/m per OSHA PEL and 40 mg/m3
OEL/Abandoned PELs

74-G-9
S9086-CH-STM-030

Exposure Limits - Continued

Chemical Name PEL IDLH

Tetrahydrofuran 200 ppm 2,000 ppm
Tetramethyl lead (as Pb) 0.075 mg/m3 per OSHA PEL and 40 mg/m3
OEL/Abandoned PELs
Tetramethyl succinonitrile 0.5 ppm 5 ppm
Tetranitromethane 1 ppm 4 ppm
Tetryl 1.5 mg/m3 750 mg/m3
Thallium (soluble compounds as Ti) 0.1 mg/m3 15 mg/m3
Thiram 5 mg/m3 100 mg/m3
Tin (inorganic compounds except Oxides 2 mg/m3 100 mg/m3
as Sn)
Tin (organic compounds as Sn) 0.1 mg/m3 per OSHA PEL and 25 mg/m3
OEL/Abandoned PELs
Titanium dioxide 10 mg/m3 per OEL/Abandoned 5,000 mg/m3 (Ca)
PELs
Toluene 100 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 500 ppm
Toluene-2,4-diisocyanate 0.005 ppm per OEL/Abandoned 2.5 ppm (Ca)
PELs
o-Toluidine 5 ppm 50 ppm (Ca)
Tributyl phosphate 0.2 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 30 ppm
1,1,2-Trichloroethane 10 ppm 100 ppm (Ca)
Trichloroethylene 50 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 1,000 ppm (Ca)
Trichloronaphthalene 5 mg/m3 Unknown
1,2,3-Trichloropropane 10 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 100 ppm (Ca)
1,1,2-Trichloro- 1,2,2- trifluoroethane 1,000 ppm 2,000 ppm
Triethylamine 10 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 200 ppm
Trifluorobromomethane 1,000 ppm 40,000 ppm
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 1.5 mg/m3 500 mg/m3
3
Triorthocresyl phosphate 0.1 mg/m 40 mg/m3
Triphenyl phosphate 3 mg/m3 1,000 mg/m3
Turpentine 100 ppm 800 ppm
Uranium (insoluble compounds as U) 0.2 mg/m3 10 mg/m3 (Ca)
Uranium (soluble compounds as U) 0.05 mg/m3 per OSHA PEL and 10 mg/m3 (Ca)
OEL/Abandoned PELs
Vanadium Pentoxide (respirable dust as 0.05 mg/m3 per OEL/Abandoned 35 mg/m3 (as V)
V2O5) PELs
3
Vanadium Pentoxide (respirable fume as 0.05 mg/m per OEL/Abandoned 35 mg/m3
V2O5) PELs
Vinyl chloride 1 ppm / 5 ppm (C) ND (Ca)
Vinyl Toluene 100 ppm 400 ppm
Warfarin 0.1 mg/m3 100 mg/m3
Xylenes (o-,m-,p-isomers) 100 ppm 900 ppm
Xylidine 2 ppm per OEL/Abandoned PELs 50 ppm
3
Yttrium (compounds as Y) 1 mg/m 500 mg/m3 (as Y)
3
Zinc chloride fume 1 mg/m 50 mg/m3
3
Zinc oxide fume 5 mg/m 500 mg/m3
3
Zirconium (compounds as Zr) 5 mg/m 50 mg/m3
NOTE 1 - The PEL is based on the findings of the Navy Occupational Safety and Health (NAVOSH) Standardsd
Update Board.

74-G-10
 S9086-CH-STM-030

APPENDIX H

GAS FREE ENGINEERING EQUIPMENT REFERENCE

The appendix was prepared to assist GFEP as a quick reference for possible gas free equipment and protec-
tive clothing usage. References are available for equipment and clothing stock information such as Affloat Sup-
ply guide Section 1 (http://www.dlis.dla.mil/navy/asg_guide/asp).
Gas Free Engineering Equipment is divided into the following areas:

1. Eye and Face Protection

2. Hand Protection
3. Head Protection
4. Hearing Protection
5. Respiratory Protective Equipment
6. Safety Shoes and Boots
7. Body Protection/Coveralls
8. Miscellaneous Accessories
For more detailed and comprehensive information on equipment items and stock information to GFE, refer
to NAVSEA Damage Control and Personnel Protection webpage, (http://www.dcfpnavymil.org).

74-H-1 / (H-2 Blank)

H-2
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 S9086-CH-STM-030

APPENDIX I

APPROVED GFE SIGNAGE

Figure 074-I-1. Shipboard Compartment Identified IDLH by GFE

74-I-1
S9086-CH-STM-030

Figure 074-I-2. Shipboard Compartment Requires GFE Services

74-I-2
 S9086-CH-STM-030

Figure 074-I-3. Shipboard Compartment Cleared by GFE

74-I-3 / (I-4 Blank)

I-4
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 S9086-CH-STM-030

APPENDIX J

METRIC CONVERSION CHART

Table 074-J-1. METRIC CONVERSION CHART

Celsius-Fahrenheit Conversion
°C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F
-75 -103 40 104 155 311 537.8 1,000
-73.3 -100 43.3 110 160 320 550 1,022
-70 -94 45 113 165 329 593.3 1,100
-67.8 -90 48.9 120 165.6 330 600 1,112
-65 -85 50 122 170 338 648.9 1,200
-62.2 -80 54.4 130 171.1 340 650 1,202
-60 -76 55 131 175 347 700 1,292
-56.7 -70 60 140 176.7 350 704.4 1,300
-55 -67 65 149 180 356 750 1,382
-51.1 -60 65.6 150 182.2 360 760 1,400
-50 -58 70 158 185 365 800 1,472
-45.6 -50 71.1 160 187.8 370 815.6 1,500
-45 -49 75 167 190 374 850 1,562
-40 -40 76.7 170 193.3 380 871.1 1,600
-35 -31 80 176 195 383 900 1,652
-34.4 -30 82.2 180 198.9 390 926.7 1,700
-30 -22 85 185 200 392 950 1,742
-28.9 -20 87.8 190 204.4 400 982.2 1,800
-25 -13 90 194 225 437 1,000 1,832
-23.3 -10 93.3 200 232.2 450 1,037.8 1,900
-20 -4 95 203 250 482 1,050 1,922
-17.8 0 98.9 210 260 500 1,093.3 2,000
-15 5 100 212 275 527 1,100 2,012
-12.2 10 104.4 220 287.8 550 1,148.9 2,100
-10 14 105 221 300 572 1,150 2,102
-6.7 20 110 230 315.6 600 1,200 2,192
-5 23 115 239 325 617 1,204.4 2,200
-1.1 30 115.6 240 343.3 650 1,250 2,282
0 32 120 248 350 662 1,260 2,300
4.4 40 121.1 250 371.1 700 1,300 2,372
5 41 125 257 375 707 1,315.6 2,400
10 50 126.7 260 398.9 750 1,350 2,462
15 59 130 266 400 752 1,371.1 2,500
15.6 60 132.2 270 425 797 1,400 2,552
20 68 135 275 426.7 800 1,426.7 2,600
21.1 70 137.8 280 450 842 1,500 2,732
25 77 140 284 454.4 850 1,537.8 2,800
26.7 80 143.3 290 475 887 1,550 2,822
30 86 145 293 482.2 900 1,593.3 2,900
32.2 90 148.9 300 500 932 1,600 2,912
35 95 150 302 510 950 1,648.9 3,000

74-J-1
S9086-CH-STM-030

Table 074-J-1. METRIC CONVERSION CHART - Continued

Celsius-Fahrenheit Conversion
°C °F °C °F °C °F °C °F
37.8 100 154.4 310 525 977 1,650 3,002

74-J-2
 S9086-CH-STM-030

APPENDIX K

PORTABLE GAS FREE INSTRUMENT CERTIFICATION

074-K.1 INTRODUCTION
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) determines certification standards for instru-
ments which measure the amount of toxic gas to which a worker may be exposed without causing serious health
problems. OSHA standards provide guidance to the manufacturer on how the instrument readings are set and
whether the instrument reads in parts per million (ppm) or percent by volume. OHSA does not, however, certify
individual instruments.

a. Only gas free equipment which is tested by a nationally recognized testing laboratory (NRTL) meets OSHA
standards and thereby receives OSHA approval. These laboratories test portable equipment for ″intrinsic
safety.″ An intrinsically safe instrument is one that will not cause an explosion, even if used in an explosive
atmosphere, either by causing a spark or by giving off excessive heat which could serve as a source of igni-
tion.
b. The gas free instruments used in the Navy shall be certified by an NRTL for Class I, Division I, Groups A,
B, C and D (the classes, divisions and groups are listed in the National Fire Protection Association publica-
tion, NFPA No. 70, Chapter 5, which is the National Electrical Code). Locations are classified according to
the properties of the flammable gases or vapors, which may be present, and the likelihood that a flammable
or combustible concentration or quantity is present.

074-K.2 CLASS I LOCATIONS

Locations in which flammable gases or vapors are or may be present in the air in quantities sufficient to pro-
duce explosive or ignitable mixtures are classified as Class I.

074-K.3 CLASS I, DIVISION 1

Locations in which:

a. Ignitable concentrations of flammable gases or vapors can exist under normal operating conditions; or
b. Ignitable concentration of such gases or vapors may exist frequently because of repair or maintenance opera-
tions of leakage; or
c. Breakdown or faulty operation of equipment or processes might release ignitable concentrations of flammable
gases or vapors.

074-K.4 GROUPS A - D

a. Group A is an atmosphere containing acetylene.

b. Group B is an atmosphere containing hydrogen, fuel and combustible process gases containing more than 30
percent hydrogen by volume, or gases or vapors of equivalent hazard such as:
1. Butadiene
2. Ethylene oxide

74-K-1
S9086-CH-STM-030

3. Propylene oxide
4. Acrolein
c. Group C is an atmosphere containing:
1. Ethyl ether
2. Ethylene
3. Gases or vapors of equivalent hazard.
d. Group D is an atmosphere containing:
1. Acetone
2. Ammonia
3. Benzene
4. Butane
5. Cyclopropane
6. Ethanol
7. Gasoline
8. Hexane
9. Methane
10. Methanol
11. Naphtha
12. Natural gas
13. Propane
14. Gases or vapors of equivalent hazard.
e. The Approval and Certification Center, Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) has indicated the fol-
lowing concerning the relationship between safety approvals and Group D atmospheres cited above:
1. MSHA intrinsic safety approvals are strictly for underground gassy mines and are not considered safe in
Class I, Division I, Group D locations.
2. MSHA-approved equipment is tested for use in areas containing methane (or natural gas) and coal dust.
3. Although methane is a Group D gas, it is not the most easily ignited gas found in Group D. Therefore,
equipment which qualifies for use in the presence of methane is not necessarily safe for use in the presence
of all Group D gases.
4. Similarly, equipment which is safe for use where coal dust is present is not safe for use with other types
of dust which may more easily conduct electricity, which may have a lower layer ignition temperature or
which may have a lower dust cloud minimum ignition energy.
f. Additional classes, divisions and groups which deal with combustible dusts are listed in the National Electri-
cal Code.

074-K.5 NRTLs CERTIFIED BY OSHA

a. The following two laboratories have been temporarily recognized through July 13, 1993, without any product
category specifications:
1. Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL)

74-K-2
 S9086-CH-STM-030

2. Factory Mutual Research Corporation (FMRC).

b. Four laboratories have been recognized by OSHA for certifying certain products or categories of products by
complying with the procedures as outlined in Appendix A of the Code of Federal Regulations, CFR 29 1910.7:
1. MET Electrical Testing Company, Inc. (MET)
2. Dash, Straus and Goodhue, Inc. (DSG)
3. ETL Testing Laboratories, Inc. (ETL)
4. American Gas Association Laboratories (AGA).

074-K.6 GAS FREE INSTRUMENTS

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. and Factory Mutual Research Corporation affix their respective trademarks to
all instruments they approve.

a. UL trademarks include those shown in Figure 074-K-1.

b. Factory Mutual trademarks include those shown in Figure 074-K-2.

074-K.7 AUTHORIZED GAS FREE INSTRUMENTS

074-K.7.1 For more detailed and comprehensive information on authorized gas free instrument, refer to
NAVSEA Damage Control and Personnel Protection webpage, (http://www.dcfpnavymil.org), for a list of autho-
rized gas free instruments currently in the supply system.

074-K.8 PARTS MANUFACTURERS

074-K.8.1 A list of gas free instrument manufacturers, from whom spare parts and accessories can be obtained
on NAVSEA Damage Control and Personnel Protection webpage, (http://www.dcfpnavymil.org).

74-K-3
S9086-CH-STM-030

Figure 074-K-1. UL Trademarks

74-K-4
 S9086-CH-STM-030

Figure 074-K-2. Factory Mutual Trademarks

74-K-5 / (K-6 Blank)

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@@FIpgtype@@BLANK@@!FIpgtype@@
 S9086-CH-STM-030

APPENDIX L

CHEMICAL DETECTION TUBES

074-L.1 PURPOSE

The chemical detector tube system is one of several testing devices available to the GFE for monitoring toxic
gases and vapors. In order to check for contaminants, an air sample is drawn through the tube with a hand pump.
If a contaminant is present, it will react with the chemical reagent in the tube and change color. The color is then
evaluated to determine the contaminant’s level of concentration in the air. Detector tubes are inexpensive, por-
table and easy to use. The tests produce quick results, often within 60 seconds, but gauging the results can be
difficult and requires practice. In the hands of an experienced GFE, however, the detector tube system is a valu-
able tool in monitoring the safety of the atmosphere in the workplace.

074-L.2 SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Chemical detector tube systems consist of a detector tube, a pump, calibrated scales and color standards, as
described below.

074-L.2.1 DETECTOR TUBE. The detector tube is a sealed glass cylinder (see Figure 074-L-1).

a. As gas and vapor are pulled through some detector tubes, it is necessary to initially remove agents that would
interfere with the test. The removal of unwanted gaseous chemicals is accomplished with a precleaning filter.
Most precleaning layers consist of a drying agent designed to remove moisture where humidity is a problem.

b. After removal of potential interfering agents, the indicator layer of the tube reacts with the chemical under
investigation. The reaction causes a discoloration that is proportional to the amount of reactive agent. Gener-
ally, it is possible to indicate the concentration of this substance to a length of the colored band. When a length
of stain indication is not practical, the alternative is a detector tube with the concentration related to the color
density of the stain. Tests that evaluate the color intensity are more subjective because of lighting conditions
and color perception by different personnel. Whereas, tests that evaluate the length of the color stain are more
accurate and consequently preferable.

74-L-1
S9086-CH-STM-030

Figure 074-L-1. Chemical Detector Tube

c. Many types of detector tubes use reagents impregnated in the indicator layer which are unstable and must be
mixed just prior to use of the tube. By placing reagent ampoules inside the detector tube and breaking the
ampoule just prior to use, the chemical instability of such reagents is prevented. With this type of detector
tube, shrink wrap tubing is placed around the section of the detector tube containing the ampoule. Therefore,
when the glass detector tube and ampoule are broken the detector tube still remains intact.
d. The length or density of the color produced is directly related to the concentration of the chemical. Tests that
evaluate color density are more subjective to error because they depend on light conditions which may fluc-
tuate and vary according to the perception of the viewer. Tests that evaluate the length of the colored stain are
more accurate and consequently preferable.

074-L.2.2 PUMP. You may use either a bellows or a piston pump. The manufacturer of the bellows pump
should be compatible with detector tube with which it is used. Bellows pumps simultaneously draw in and mea-
sure the gas volume. They are designed for maximum simplicity and accuracy and can easily be operated with
one hand. The time cycle of strokes depends on the flow resistance of the tube used. A stroke counter is included
on the Accuro bellows pump. Each tube pack contains data indicating the required number of pump strokes. Most
pumps move 100 ml of air sample per stroke. Some piston-type pumps, however, can be set to move less than
100 ml per stroke.

074-L.2.3 CALIBRATED SCALES AND COLOR STANDARDS

a. Detector tubes are calibrated for specific temperature ranges. Unless a relatively large amount of sample air
is tested, or the air temperature is high, tube temperature usually does not affect the results. The temperature
ranges for analyzing most atmospheric chemical levels generally range from 32°F to 125°F.

74-L-2
 S9086-CH-STM-030

b. Detector tubes are calibrated for normal atmospheric pressure, about 50 percent humidity at a specific flow
rate. In some systems an aperature in the pump controls the air flow rate.
c. When contact time between the contaminant and the chemical reagent is different from the calibrated contact
time, the test results will be misleading. Use detector tubes in the field as close to calibration conditions as
possible, paying special attention to the flow rate. Never interchange pumps and tubes from different manu-
facturers because flow characteristics differ from one brand to the next.
d. Certified detector tubes are accurate to ± 35 percent at 1/2 the TLV. This means that they are best used to
establish either that the contaminant level is high and poses a serious problem or that the level is low and
poses no problem. You should not, however, expect extremely precise measurements of the contaminant level.

074-L.2.4 LONG-TERM DETECTOR TUBE. Detector tubes which can be used over an eight-hour period for
a time-weighted average (TWA) are available. These tubes are carried in a special holder clamped to the worker
near his face. Air is drawn through the tube with a low volume pump (i.e., 10 to 20 ml per minute).

074-L.3 THE TESTING PROCESS

Possessing a knowledge of operations, materials used and the products, by-products and wastes produced will
greatly assist in performing and interpreting the tests. It may be helpful to study the chemical reaction and color
change process by preparing gas or vapor mixtures as outlined in the laboratory section of the manufacturer’s
manual.

a. Use tubes only within their specified temperature range and recommended detection level. For example, a tube
set to measure in the 100 - 1000 ppm range would not be suitable for measuring at a 1-ppm level. Perform
the procedures for conducting tests using chemical detector tubes:
1. Break off the ends of the sealed tube; these ends should have relatively large openings.
2. For piston pumps, line up plunger and cylinder according to the index marks on the pump. The plunger
should lock easily into a 100 ml position. The pump should not leak.
3. For bellows pumps, insert the opened tube into the pump head so that the arrow points toward the pump.
The tube must fit tightly in the pump head stopper so that no extra air can be drawn in.
4. If air flow must move only in one direction, hold the tube in the pump according to the directional mark-
ing on the tube (usually an arrow or a dot).
5. Draw an air sample through the tube, pulling it first through the forward layer then the silica gel layer; oth-
erwise, the test will be inaccurate.
6. Evaluate test results. If a contaminant is present the color will change; if the color does not change, the
contaminant’s concentration level is below the tube’s capacity to sense it. Results can be evaluated in one
of several ways:
(a). Measuring the new color’s length in millimeters (mm), then converting this measurement to the level
of concentration it represents.
(b). Reading the concentration level directly from a scale imprinted on the tube.
(c). Comparing the density of the new color with a standard color chart.
b. Reach remote test areas with a sampling line, always placing the sampling line between the tube and the
pump. Do not draw air through the sampling line first because an appreciable amount of gas vapor on the
line’s wall could be lost.
c. Do not reuse tubes. In addition to extra moisture, other contaminants introduced into a tube could affect the
color changing reagent and the silica gel activity and consequently the test results.
d. Refer to Section 074-L.5 for tube disposal procedure. Do not dispose of in an ordinary trash receptable.

74-L-3
S9086-CH-STM-030

074-L.4 CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF DETECTOR TUBE SYSTEMS

Detector tubes are adversely affected by heat, light and age; therefore, store detector tubes in a cool area away
from light, preferably in a refrigerator. Refrigeration will extend the tubes’ shelf-life. Do not carry tubes where
they may be exposed to high temperature. When making a test, remove only enough tubes from storage to com-
plete that test. Tubes are dated and should not be used beyond the expiration date. Maintenance and care of
detector tubes requires the following procedures:

1. Check the detector tube system on a regular basis for proper operation and response. Check the tubes for uni-
formity of structure, particle distribution, pack and color. Do not use tubes with any sign of discoloration.
2. Check pumps for proper operation as outlined in the manufacturer’s instructions. Pumps wear, corrode, clog
and are damaged by use, so also check them regularly for leaks, flow rate and volume delivery. Remove,
examine and clean screens and orifices. Replace corroded or damaged orifices. If pumps require periodic
greasing, use silicon grease rather than petroleum grease, which can attack the Teflon ″O″ rings.
3. Check to see that bellows pumps open freely. Arrestor chains should not be loose, stretched or kinked. Make
sure that sealing screws are tight.
4. Prior to sampling, and when replacing parts, ensure the bellows pump is operating properly by administering
the following tests:
a The Rapid Opening Time Test. The bellows pump is first completely compressed then released with no tube
inserted. The pump should open with no hesitation. If this is not the case, check the rubber bung, filter sieve
and pump head for restrictions such as broken glass or corrosion of the filter sieve. Figure 074-L-2 illus-
trates the rapid opening time test.
b The Leak Test. Used to determine if the pump is sufficiently air tight to draw a proper volume with each
pump stroke, this test is illustrated in Figure 074-L-3. Once an unopened tube is inserted into the bellows
pump (shown in Step One), the open pump is completely compressed (illustrated in Step Two). The Accuro
pump is sufficiently airtight if it remains compressed after 15 minutes. The older style bellows pump must
remain compressed after 30 minutes or if the limit chain is not taut.

074-L.5 PROPER DISPOSAL OF DETECTOR TUBES

Proper disposal of used or expired tubes is as follows:

a. Expired detector tubes must be identified, quantified and recorded on local authorized chain of custody forms
by chemical name and stock number. The expired tubes are packaged for safe transportation and sent to the
Defense Reutilization Marketing Office (DRMO) for disposal. Retain one copy of the chain of custody forms
with signatures from DRMO.
b. Used tubes must be identified, quantified, and recorded on local authorized chain of custody forms by chemi-
cal name, stock number and also a description concerning the atmosphere where each tube was employed. The
purpose for documenting how each tube was used will determine the proper disposal procedure, i.e., minimize
disposal costs. The expired tubes are packaged for safe transportation and sent to the Public Works Center
(PWC) for disposal. Retain one copy of the chain of custody forms with signatures from PWC.

The above procedures may vary from one disposal agent to another depending
on the terms and conditions imposed locally by their permits. Gas free personnel

74-L-4
 S9086-CH-STM-030

are cautioned to confirm the procedures applicable in their local homeports or

ports-of-call for disposal of used/expired tubes.

Figure 074-L-2. Rapid Opening Time Test

Figure 074-L-3. 30 Minute Leak Test

Table 074-L-1. Toxic Vapor Detection Tubes

Manufacturer
Detector Tubes Range of Measurement No. of Strokes National Stock Numbers Order Number
Acetone 100/b* 100 to 12,000 ppm 10 1H 6665-01-010-7958* CH22901
Ammonia 5/a* 5 to 70 ppm 10 1H 6665-01-010-7974* CH20501
Arsine 0.05/a 0.05 to 3 ppm 20 1H 6665-00-769-0942 CH25001
1 to 60 ppm 1
Benzene 0.05* 15 to 420 ppm 20 to 2 1H 6665-00-769-0943* 8101741
0.05 to 1.4mg/L
Carbon dioxide 0. 1%/a* 0.1 to 1.2vol% 5 1H 6665-00-769-0945* CH23501
0.5 to 6 vol% 1
Carbon disulfide 0.04 3 to 95 ppm 15 to l 1H 6665-00-769-0946 8101891
0.01 to 0.3 mg/L

74-L-5
S9086-CH-STM-030

Table 074-L-1. Toxic Vapor Detection Tubes - Continued

Manufacturer
Detector Tubes Range of Measurement No. of Strokes National Stock Numbers Order Number
Carbon monoxide 10/b* 10 to 300 ppm 10 1H 6665-00-769-0949* CH20601
100 to 3,000 ppm 1
Chlorine 0.2/a* 0.2 to 3 ppm 10 1H 6665-00-769-0951* CH24301
2 to 30 ppm 1
Ethylene oxide 25/a 25 to 500 ppm 30 1H 6665-01-102-9485* 6728241
Formaldehyde 0.002 2 to 40 ppm 5 1H 6665-00-769-0952 CH26401
.002 to 0.05 mg/L
Hydrazine 0.25/a* 0.25 to 3 ppm 10 1H 6665-00-140-0886* CH31801
Hydrocarbons 0.1 %/b 0.l to l.3vol% 1H 6665-00-769-0954 CH26101
Hydrocarbon 2 2 to 23 mg/L 1H 6665-01-384-1508 CH25401
Hydrocarbon petroleum 500 to 2,500 ppm 1H 6665-12-193-2113 6730201
Hydrochloric acid* 1 to 10 ppm 10 1H 6665-01-010-7959* CH29501
2 to 20 ppm 5
Hydrocyanic acid 2/a 2 to 30 ppm 10 to 150 5 1H 6665-00-769-0959 CH25701
ppm 1
Hydrogen fluoride 1.5* 1.5 to 15 ppm 20 1H 6665-01-010-7960* CH30301
Hydrogen sulfide 1/c* 1 to 20 ppm 10 1H 6665-01-010-7961* 8101831
10 to 200 ppm 1
Nitrogen dioxide 0.5/c 0.5 to 10 ppm 5 6665-00-488-9467 CH30001
5 to 25 ppm 2
Ozone 0.05/b* 0.05 to 0.7 ppm 10 6630-12-307-3822 6733181
Phosgene 0.05/a* 0.04 to 1.5 ppm 26 to l 1H 6665-01-010-7965* 8101521
Sulphur dioxide 1/a* 1 to 25 ppm 10 1H 6665-01-010-7966* CH31701
Toluene 5/a* 5 to 400 ppm 5 1H 6665-01-073-6527* 8101661
Trichloroethane 50/d* 50 to 600 ppm 2 1H 6665-01-010-7962* CH21101
Trichloroethylene 2/a 2 to 50 ppm 5 1H 6665-01-344-1159 6728541
20 to 200 ppm 3
Trichloroethylene 10/a* 10 to 500 ppm 5 1H6665-01-010-7968* CH24401
Triethylamine 5/a 5 to 60 ppm 5 1H 6665-01-010-7967 6718401
Vinyl chloride 1/a 1 to 10 ppm 20 6665-01-395-5213 8101721
5 to 50 ppm 5

74-L-6
 S9086-CH-STM-030

APPENDIX M

HOISTING EQUIPMENT - RESCUE DAVIT SYSTEM

074-M.1 OVERVIEW.

The Rescue Davit System is a modular system of components for use by large decks to provide rescue-lifting
capability to remove injured or exhausted firefighters or GFE personnel from the bottom of escape trunks or other
confined spaces. The system consists of commercial-off-the-shelf equipment that attaches to an anchorage in the
overhead area of the escape trunk (pole hoist) or a standalone tripod. The winch is operated by a supplied cord-
less power hammer drill and also a crank arm for emergency use or when drill is unavailable.

074-M.2 DESCRIPTION.

The system consists of the following assemblies:

• Winch Assembly

• Tripod Assembly

• Pole Hoist Assembly

• Cordless Power Hammer Drill with Charger

074-M.2.1 WINCH ASSEMBLY. The winch assembly is designed to extend and retract a cable from a drum
for attaching to a person during afloat gas-free or confined space rescue missions. It is used with a Navy-approved
body harness with single point attachment. The winch assembly contains a redundant braking system to hold the
cable in any position. The redundant braking system is designed with an internal ratchet mechanism that engages
the brake when either drive connection is turned. If primary brake system fails an inertial brake system will
engage. As the cable is freewheeling, the speed increases and the inertial brake engages to stop the cable. No
more than 3 feet of cable deploys before the inertial brake engages.

The winch assembly may be operated manually using a crank arm or using a power drill (see Figure
074-M-1) to extend or retract the cable. The crank arm attaches to the FAST (4:1) drive connection for manual
operation. A power drive overload clutch can be attached to the SLOW (9:1) drive connection to use the battery-
powered drill. The assembly includes a lightweight anodized aluminum bracket to attach it to either the pole hoist
or the tripod.

74-M-1
S9086-CH-STM-030

Figure 074-M-1. Winch Assembly with Crank Arm or Power Drill with Power Drive Overload Clutch

The braided stainless steel cable on the winch assembly is 100 feet long and contains a red marker 10 feet
from the end of the cable to warn the operator not to extend more cable. Extending the cable past this red marker
could result in freewheeling.

074-M.2.2 POLE HOIST. The pole hoist is made of lightweight anodized aluminum and is designed for usein
entry/retrieval operations where an overhead anchorage point such as a pad eye or I-beam is present. The pole
hoist uses steel carabiners and anchor tie-offs made of webbed nylon and polyester blend with steel connector
rings to connect to the overhead anchorage point and the pole hoist (see Figure 074-M-2). If anI-beam is present,
the supplied steel I-beam clamp secures to the I-beam providing the anchorage point for the anchor tie-off and
carabiner. The pole hoist is collapsible for portability and stowage and disassembled with attached zinc-plated
steel quick-release pins.

74-M-2
 S9086-CH-STM-030

Figure 074-M-2. Pole Hoist

074-M.2.3 TRIPOD. The tripod is made of lightweight anodized aluminum and is designed for use inentry/re-
trieval operations over an edge or where no overhead anchorage point is present (see Figure 074-M-3).The tri-
pod uses two persons standing on the rear leg extensions as counterweight. Like the pole hoist, the tripod is col-
lapsible for portability and stowage and is assembled with attached zinc-plated steel quick-release pins.

74-M-3
S9086-CH-STM-030

Figure 074-M-3. Tripod

074-M.2.4 POWER DRILL KIT. The Hilti®UH240-A Power Hammer Drill Kit contains a cordless hammer-
drill with rubber-padded side grip for use by right or left-handed persons to provide a securehold. The kit also
includes two B24/3.0 nickel-metal hydride batteries and a C7/36-ACS fan-cooled battery charger in a hard plas-
tic toolbox. The drill has three speeds, operating up to 1,950 revolutions per minute and also has 15 torque
adjustment settings. The forward/reverse switch is equipped with an interlock to prevent switching directions
while the drill is running.
The charger has 200 watts of output power and can fully recharge a battery in about 30 minutes. The charger
recharges batteries in refresh mode and ensures all cells are fully charged; conventional chargers will stop charg-
ing as soon as the first cells are fully charged.

074-M.3 OPERATION.
Follow all operating instructions located in the Rescue Davit System Technical Manual, S5090-BY-OMP-
010.

74-M-4
 S9086-CH-STM-030

APPENDIX N

INDEX

Subject Paragraph Number

A
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) 074-19.9a
Approved Instruments 074-27.1
B
Boundary Spaces See Hot Work
Bureau of Medicine and Surgery (BUMED) 074-18.18.3
C
Certification and Test Log 074-18.15, 074-20.1, Appendix D,
Appendix C (Appendix A Encs. 3, 5)
Contents/Usage 074-20.6, Appendix C (Appendix A7c,
Appendix B, Appendix C)
Distribution 074-18.16, 074-20.8
Issuance 074-20.1, 074-20.5
Responsibilities 074-18.18
Retesting/Recertification 074-20.9
Signage 074-20.10
Testing Procedures 074-19.11
Chemlites Appendix H
Chief of Naval Education and Training (CNET) 074-18.18.2
Cold Work 074-23.2, Appendix C (A5c, Encs. 2, 4,
7)
Commanding Officer (CO) 074-18.18.4, Appendix C (A6a)
Confined Spaces
Access Appendix C (A5a, F)
Breathable Air 074-19.9
Classified IDLH 074-19.13
Cleaning 074-23.5, 074-23.6
Entry/Work Restrictions 074-19.4, 074-19.14, 074-19.15
Existing Conditions 074-20.7, Appendix C (A5j)
Exposure Levels 074-19.6, Appendix G
Officers/Petty Officers in Charge 074-18.18.6
Safety Notations Appendix C (A5j)
Sources of Hazards 074-19.3, 074-23.4, Appendix E
Testing/Retesting 074-19.11, 074-19.12, 074-20.9
Working Alone 074-19.5
Contractor Operations
Inside Territorial Waters 074-18.13
Outside Territorial Waters 074-18.14
D
Components 074-L.2
Disposal 074-L.5
Maintenance 074-L.4
Scales and Colors 074-L.2.3
Testing Process 074-L.3

74-N-1
S9086-CH-STM-030

Subject Paragraph Number

Dilution Ventilation 074-21.7.4, 074-21.4.4
Flow Rates 074-21.9
Spray Painting 074-21.7.6
To LEL 074-21.8
Velocity Formula 074-21.7.4.2
Volume Formula 074-21.7.4.1
Ducting 074-21.6.3, 074-21.6.6
Blowing Versus Drawing Air/Fans 074-21.6.4
Contaminants Lighter or Heavier Than Air 074-21.6.3
Diameters 074-21.7.4.2
Inlet Location 074-21.6.1
Outlet Location 074-21.6.2
E
Exhaust Ventilation 074-24.3.2
Local 074-21.4.3, 074-21.7.2
Outlet Locations 074-21.6.2
F
Fans See Ducting
Fire Extinguishing Equipment 074-22.5
Fires See Post-Fire Atmospheric Tests
Fire Watch 074-22.4
Four Gas Analyzer 074-27.4
Accuracy 074-27.10
Alarm Conditions 074-27.12
Calibration 074-27.3, 074-27-8, 074-27.13
Carrying Case 074-27.8.e
Instrument Limitations 074-27.2
Kit Components 074-27.7
Maintenance 074-27.14
Manual 074-27.7.6
Ranges 074-27.11
Safety Precautions 074-27.6
Use of 074-27.5, 074-27.9
G
Gas Free Engineer
Certification 074-18.11
Designation Letters Appendix C (A Enc. 9)
Duties 074-18.17.1, Appendix C (Appendix
A6c)
Non-Maritime Shore Activities 074-18.12.2
Requirements 074-23.3
Gas Free Engineer Assistant (GFEA) 074-18.17.2, 074-20.3, 074-20.4,
Appendix C (Appendix A Enc. 10)
Gas Free Engineering 074-18.18
Equipment Appendix H
Instruments 074-27.1 to 074-27.3, Appendix K
Information Sources Appendix A
Instruction Appendix C (Appendix A)
Notebook Appendix C

74-N-2
 S9086-CH-STM-030

Subject Paragraph Number

Personnel 074-18.18.7, 074-18.8, 074-18.12
Procedural Working guide Appendix C
Requirements 074-18.5, 074-18.10
Training 074-18.7, 074-18.9, Appendix C (A9)
Gas Free Engineering Personnel 074-18.8, 074-18.12, 074-18.18.5.b
Authority Limits 074-18.12
Certification/Recertification 074-18.11
Duties 074-18.17, Appendix C (Appendix A6)
Training Certification Appendix C (Appendix A Encs. 9 to 11)
Gas Free Engineering Petty Officer 074-18.17.3, 074-20.2, Appendix C
(Appendix A Enc. 11)
H
Hazardous Spaces 074-19.10
Hot Work 074-22.2, Appendix C (Appendix A5b)
Ammunition/Explosives 074-22.6.8
Boundary Spaces 074-22.6.1
Cleaning and Ventilating 074-22.3
Closed Containers/Structures 074-22.6.3
Damaged Surfaces 074-22.6.5
Hazardous By-products 074-22.7
Insulation 074-22.6.7
Locations 074-22.6
Permits Appendix C (Appendix A Encs. 4, 6, 12)
Pipes/Tubes/Coils 074-22.6.2
Preservative Coatings 074-22.6.4
Pressurized Systems 074-22.6.6
Requirements Appendix C (Appendix A Encs. 1, 13)
Restrictions 074-24.2
I
IDLH See Immediately Dangerous to Life or
Health
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Appendix C (A5i)
Exposure Limits Appendix G
Space Entry 074-19.13, 074-19.14, Appendix C
(Appendix E)
Industrial Hygiene Paint Inspection Checklist Appendix C (Appendix A Enc. 14)
Inerting
Personnel Safety 074-20.7.e
Precautions 074-24.3.1
Procedures 074-24.3.3
Restrictions 074-24.2
Welding Processes 074-22.9.4
L
LEL See Lower Explosive Limit
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) 074-21.8, Appendix C (Appendix A5h)
M
Manufacturer’s Commercial Technical Manual 074-27.7.6
Maritime Shore Activity GFE 074-18.12.3
N

74-N-3
S9086-CH-STM-030

Subject Paragraph Number

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 074-18.2
Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratories (NRTLs) 074-K.1, 074-K.5, 074-K.6
Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) 074-18.18.1
Navy Occupational Safety and Health (NAVOSH) 074-18.2
O
Occupational Safety and Health Act 074-18.2
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) 074-K.1, 074-K.5
P
Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) Appendix G
Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) 074-19.7
Body Appendix H
Eye and Face Appendix H
Hand Appendix H
Head Appendix H
Hearing Appendix H
Respiratory 074-19.8, Appendix H
Shoes/Boots Appendix H
Post-Fire Atmospheric Tests 074-18.17.4, Appendix C Appendix A
Enc. 8)
Fires 074-26.3.1
Locations 074-26.3
Submarines 074-26.2
Surface Ships 074-26.1
Pressing-up
Personnel Safety 074-20.7.f
Restrictions 074-24.4
R
Records, Gas Free 074-18.11
Rescue
Entry 074-25.4
Equipment 074-25.3
Personnel Responsibilities 074-25.2
Procedures 074-25.4, 074-25.5
Training 074-25.7
Victims 074-25.6
Respiratory Protection See Personnel Protective Equipment
(PPE)
S
Safety Officer Appendix C (Appendix A6b)
Shipboard Hazardous Atmospheres and Compartments Identification Appendix E
Steam
Blanketing 074-24.5, 074-24.6
Cleaning 074-23.6
V
Ventilation
Before Entry or Work 074-21.3
Component Placement 074-21.6
Dilution See Dilution Ventilation
Equipment Appendix H

74-N-4
 S9086-CH-STM-030

Subject Paragraph Number

Exhaust See Exhaust Ventilation
Fan Location 074-21.6.5
Flammable Atmospheres 074-21.5
For Burning/Cutting 074-21.7.1
For Painting/Coatings 074-21.7.5
General 074-21.4.1, 074-21.4.2
Hot Work 074-22.3
Objectives 074-21.2
Toxic Metals 074-21.7.3
W
Welding 074-21.7.1
Electric Arc Processes 074-22.9
Ventilation Requirements 074-21.7.1

GLOSSARY
Air Contaminant - A substance or material that is foreign to the normal composition of the atmosphere, usu-
ally occurring in the form of aerosols, dusts, fumes, mists, gases and vapors.
Approved (For the Pur- - Equipment or materials that have been tested, evaluated and determined to be acceptable
pose) by a recognized testing laboratory or inspection agency according to the requirements of
a particular code or specification for a particular purpose, environment or application.
Area Coordinator - The official who initiates action to ensure that, within assigned areas, there is an effective,
integrated and coordinated shore establishment. Overseas area coordinators are respon-
sible to the appropriate fleet commanders-in-chief. Within the continental United States,
area coordinators are assigned to Naval district commandants who report directly to the
commanding officer.
Atmosphere - The immediate gaseous surrounding of a particular location or confined space, including
normal air plus any air contaminants and oxygen deficiency/excess.
Atmospheric Contami- - See Air Contaminant
nant
Auto Ignition Plant - The minimum temperature required to initiate self-sustained combustion of a substance
independent of external ignition sources of heat.
Autogenous Ignition - The temperature just adequate to cause the vapors from a petroleum product to burst into
Temperature flames without the application of a spark or flame.
Blister - An enclosed bulging bubble-like projection (as in paint) which may be filled with a liquid
(saltwater or solvent) or a gas (air). Blisters can occur in any painted tank (i.e., JP-5,
gasoline) due to improper painting procedures such as poor ventilation during application
and curing or incomplete surface preparation. Broken blisters must be repaired because of
potential for occurrence of rusting.
Boundary (Spaces) - The outermost border or limit immediately surrounding a confined space, above, below
and on all sides, such as the outside walls of a fuel tank.
Canister (Air - A container with a filter, absorbent or catalyst, or any combination thereof, which
Purifying)[<]!emph removes specific contaminants from the air drawn through it.
Canister (Oxygen- - A container filled with a chemical which generates oxygen by chemical reaction.
Generating)
Ceiling Concentration - The upper concentration of contaminants that must not be exceeded, even instantaneously.
(C)
Ceiling Level - The maximum airborne concentration of a toxic agent to which personnel may be
exposed for a specified period of time.

74-N-5
S9086-CH-STM-030

GLOSSARY - Continued

Centrifugal Dry Spark - A device used to remove particulate suspended in incinerator smoke. It works by drawing
Arrester the smoke through a cyclone chamber where the heavier particulates are thrown to the
sides of the chamber by centrifugal force and then are collected and removed.
Closed Compartment - Form submitted to the GFE via the chain of command requesting gas free engineering
Opening Request services in support of opening a closed space. This request only allows opening. Entry is
authorized using the gas free certificate. This form may also be used to request other gas
free engineering services such as ventilation or planning for cold work.
Closed Compartment - Any spaces which are not well ventilated such as storerooms, reefers, double bottoms,
or Poorly Ventilated structural blisters and voids. Can also be spaces which are normally occupied but which
Space have been vacated, closed or sealed.
Cofferdam - A protective space or shell surrounding a gasoline storage tank and filled with an inert
gas such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide.
Cold Work - Operations which involve only inspections, cleaning or minor repair where no hot work
will be conducted. Examples are space inspections, spray painting, chemical cleaning and
the use of any strippers, thinners, paints or cleaners that produce vapors.
Collection, Holding and - The system for handing sewage and waste water.
Transfer System (CHT)
Combustible Dust - Particles capable of undergoing combustion or burning when subjected to a source of
ignition.
Combustible Liquids - Any liquid having a flash point at or above 37.8°C (100°F).
Combustible (Explo- - An instrument used to test atmospheres for concentrations of flammable gases and vapors.
sive) Meter
Concentration - The quantity of a substance per unit volume. Examples of concentration units are:
• mg/m3 ; milligrams per cubic meter; for vapors, gases, fumes or dusts.
• ppm; parts per million; for vapors or gases.
• fibers/cc; fibers per cubic centimeter; asbestos.
Confined Space - A space which has restricted openings for entry and exit and in which hazardous con-
taminants could be expected to be produced but not removed by ventilation; or in which
oxygen could be expected to be depleted or enriched. A confined space is any area that
people aren’t supposed to enter and occupy on a routine basis and that also has the
potential for containing or accumulating a dangerous atmosphere. A confined space also
may have these characteristics:
• It is large enough for a worker to enter and do work.
• It contains or can contain a hazardous atmosphere, produced by such things as chemi-
cals, sludge or sewage.
• It is laid out so that anyone who enters could be trapped or asphyxiated (walls that con-
verge or a floor that slopes down and tapers to a small cross-section, such as a fuel tank).
• Confined spaces may include, but are not limited to: double bottoms, voids, tanks, vats,
degreasers, reaction vessels, boiler water and firesides, ventilation and exhaust ducts,
pipelines and condensers.
Contaminant - A material or agent which is foreign to a specified or desired condition or circumstance.
Continuous Testing - Used to determine the presence of flammables, toxicants or oxygen, conducted throughout
the course of an operation, with not more than 15 minutes between tests. See also Peri-
odic Testing.
Corrosive Material - A solid, liquid or gas that degrades other substances (especially metals) through chemical
action. It can burn, irritate or destructively attack organic tissue.
Deficiency of Oxygen - An atmosphere where the oxygen content has been reduced below the point at which a
person may work comfortably (approximately 19.5% by volume).
Detector Tube - A glass tube which utilizes a sensitive chemical (in a suspension of silica gel) which pro-
duces color change whenever contaminated air is pulled through it.

74-N-6
 S9086-CH-STM-030

GLOSSARY - Continued

Diffusion - A process to disperse and equalize a physical state (such as temperature) or a gas (when
one gas is introduced to another).
Dilution Ventilation - Introduces air into a space to dilute the contaminated air within the space to an accept-
able level. Generally used for the control of flammable, oxygen-deficient or -enriched
areas rather than control of toxicants.
Dust - A solid, dry, mechanically-produced particle resulting from operations such as sanding
and grinding.
Emulsion - A liquid suspended in another liquid, of two types: water in fuel and fuel in water. Water
in fuel is the most common and appears as a light to heavy cloud. Fuel in water is red-
dish, grayish or blackish in color and very sticky or gummy, adhering to most materials it
contacts.
Explosive-proof - Describes an apparatus, device or equipment that is tested and approved for use in haz-
ardous atmospheres, as defined in the National Electrical Code. Explosive-proof devices
are designed to withstand internal explosions and prevent hot vapors or particles from
exiting before they become significantly cooled.
Explosive Range - A scale that indicates the explosive nature of gases or vapors. The relationship of the
concentration of the vapor present, its temperature and pressure is expressed as a percent
by volume in air. If the explosive range fails below the lower explosive limit (LEL), the
mixture of air and vapor is too lean for an explosion. If the explosive range is above the
maximum explosive range, or upper explosive limit (UEL), the mixture of vapor and air
is too rich to be explosive.
Explosive or Flam- - See Explosive Range.
mable Limits
Facepiece - That portion of a respirator which covers the wearer’s nose and mouth in a quarter-mash
(above the chin) or half-mask (under the chin) or that covers the nose, mouth and eyes in
a S9086-CH-STM-030 74-N-7 full facepiece. It is designed to make a gas-tight or
particle-tight fit with the face and includes the headbands, exhalation valve(s) and con-
nections for an air-purifying device or respirable gas source, or both.
Fire Point - The temperature at which sufficient vapor is given off to continue burning after ignition.
Flammable Liquids - Any liquid having a flashpoint below 37.8°C (100°F), except any mixture having compo-
nents with flashpoints of 37.8°C (100°F) or higher, the total of which make up 99% or
more of the total volume of the mixture.
Flammable and Com- - All liquids, solids and gases having a flashpoint below 93.3°C (200°F). Also includes
bustible Materials materials such as coolants, hydraulic fluids, lubricants and aerosols which require protec-
tion from ignition sources regardless of flashpoint.
Flash Point - The lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapor to form a flammable
mixture with air (above the liquid surface).
Fume - Solid particles formed by condensation of metals from the gaseous state.
Gas Feeding - Operations performed in testing, evaluating, removing or controlling hazardous materials
or conditions within or related to a confined space which may present hazards to person-
nel entering or working in, on or adjacent to the space.
Gas Free Engineer - An individual qualified in accordance with NSTM Chapter 074, Volume 3, Section 18,
(GFE) certified by the Commanding Officer and responsible for the administrative and technical
aspects of the activity gas free engineering program.
Gas Free Engineering - Same as GFE except that the CO’s written authorization is required when performing
Assistant (GFEA) duties in the absence of the GFE.
Gas Free Engineering - Personnel who work within the gas free organization. These personnel include the GFE,
Personnel (GFEP) GFEA, GFEPO and FM.
Gas Free Engineering - An individual qualified and certified in accordance with NSTM Chapter 074, Volume 3,
Petty Officer (GFEPO) Section 19.

74-N-7
S9086-CH-STM-030

GLOSSARY - Continued

Gases - A form of matter diffuses and occupies space. A gas is not solid or liquid at STP [0°C
(32°F), 14.696 lb/in2 absolute].
General Ventilation - Provides, in a confined space, uncontaminated air for breathing to maintain general com-
fort of personnel. It provides one complete air change every three minutes.
Hazardous Material - Any material that, because of its quantity, concentration or physical, chemical or infec-
(HM) tious characteristics, may pose a substantial hazard to human health or the environment
when released or spilled into the environment.
Hazardous Substance/ - A substance or atmosphere which by reason of being explosive, flammable, toxic, oxidiz-
Atmosphere ing, irritant, corrosive or otherwise harmful, is capable of causing serious injury, death or
property damage.
Hazardous Waste (HW) - Any discarded material (liquid, solid or gas) that meets the definition of an HM or is des-
ignated as HW by the Environment Protection Agency or state or local authority.
HM/HW Coordinator - Person designated by the Commanding Officer to be responsible for proper shipboard
management of HM/HW, according to OPNAVINST 5090.19 (series).
Hot Work - Any operation which involves flame, spark or temperatures in excess of 205°C (400°F) in
the presence of flammables or flammable atmospheres. Can be caused by such things as
riveting, grinding, abrasive blasting, drilling, welding and flame cutting, lighted cigarettes,
static sparks, electric cooking apparatus, welding heaters and space heaters, non-
explosion-proof lights, paint chipping, deck grinding, chiseling, hammering or electric
motors.
Hydrocarbon - A compound containing only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are the principal con-
stituents of petroleum. At room temperature, the lightest hydrocarbons are gases (methane
CH4), but with increasing molecular weight, the compounds are in liquid form (octane,
C8 H18) and, finally in solid form (eicosane, C20H42). There are more than 100 hydrocar-
bons in gasoline.
Hydrogen-Ion Concen- - Abbreviated pH, term used to express the apparent acidity or alkalinity of aqueous solu-
tration tions. A pH of 7 indicates a neutral solution; values below 7 indicate acid solutions and
values above 7 indicate alkaline solutions.
IDLH - See Immediately Dangerous To Life Or Health.
Ignition Temperature - See Auto Ignition Point.
(Point)
Ignition - The act or action of causing a substance to burn; the means whereby a material starts
burning.
Immediately Dangerous - Any atmosphere that meets one or more of the following conditions: flammable vapors at
To Life Or Health a concentration of 10 percent or greater of the lower explosive limit (LEL); an oxygen
(IDLH) content of less than 19.5% or greater than 22%; the presence of toxicants above a level
that would allow personnel to escape within 30 minutes without impairment or irrevers-
ible health effects.
Imminent Danger - A condition which immediately poses a threat of serious injury, illness or the loss of life.
Incompatible HM/HW - Any hazardous materials that react with each other to produce undesirable products.
Inert Gas - A gas mixture that is non-flammable, will not support combustion and contains a maxi-
mum of three percent by volume of oxygen.
Inerting - A process in which an inert or nonflammable gas, such as carbon dioxide, helium, argon
or nitrogen, is introduced into an atmosphere to such a degree that the oxygen/flammable
vapor content of the atmosphere will not burn or explode.
Initial Certification - The certificate issued by gas free engineering personnel as a result of initial testing.
Initial Testing - Testing combined on a confined space when the space is first opened after a period of
closure or servicing.
Intrinsically Safe - An item or piece of equipment which by design does not have, or is not capable of pro-
ducing, sufficient levels of energy to cause ignition. An intrinsically safe device can be
operated in a hazardous atmosphere without igniting that atmosphere.

74-N-8
 S9086-CH-STM-030

GLOSSARY - Continued

Irritant - Substance which in contact with living tissue can cause burning or itching.
Isolation - A process whereby a confined space is removed from service and completely protected
against the inadvertent release of hazardous material into the space. Isolation can be
accomplished by blanking off; blocking/disconnecting all mechanical linkage, electrical
isolation or other specified means.
JP-5 - A high-flashpoint, kerosene type aircraft turbine fuel specifically designed for storage and
use on Naval ships.
Local Exhaust Ventila- - Captures contaminants as they are generated, draws them into the system duct work and
tion removed them.
Lower Explosive Limit - The minimum percent by volume of a gas that, when mixed with air at normal tempera-
(LEL) ture and pressure, will form a flammable mixture.
Lower Explosive Range - See Lower Explosive Limit.
Lower Flammable - The minimum concentration of a combustible gas or vapor in air, usually expressed in
Limit (LFL) percent by volume at sea level, which will ignite if a sufficient ignition source of energy
is present.
Material Safety Data - A written or printed document about a hazardous material which is prepared and submit-
Sheet (MSDS) ted by a manufacturer, product supplier or distributor. Each MSDS contains the data ele-
ments required in 29 CFR 1910.1200, as outlined in Appendix D.
Mechanical Ventilation - Provides fresh air when needed, independent of the direction of the wind or temperature.
MOGAS - Combat automotive gasoline which has a low octane rating that may cause knocking in
engines. The relative amount of lead influences the octane rating.
Multigas Detector - A single multi-purpose gas detector pump with calorimetric tubes used to detect over 100
(DRAGER) toxic gases/vapors.
Navy Occupational - Occupational safety and health standards published by the Navy which include, are in
Safety and Health addition to, or are alternatives for, the OSHA standards which prescribe conditions and
(NAVOSH) Standards methods necessary to provide a safe and healthful working environment.
Negative Pressure - A pressure less than atmospheric pressure. Gases and liquids flow from higher pressure to
lower pressure areas; air is drawn into an area of negative pressure.
NIOSH/MSHA - National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health/Mine Safety Health Administration.
Non-Sparking - Materials that do not produce a risk.
Odor Threshold Limit - The lowest concentration of a contaminant in air that can be detected by the olfactory
sense.
OSHA Standards - Those standards issued by the Department of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health
Administrator pursuant to Section 6 of the OSHAct.
Outgas - To remove imbedded gas from a substance by heating.
Oxidizing Material - A chemical compound that spontaneously releases oxygen at normal temperature and air
pressure or under slight heating. Oxidizers can react vigorously with may types of materi-
als, especially organic substances such as petroleum products.
Oxygen-Deficient Atmo- - Any oxygen concentration less than 19.5 percent at normal atmospheric pressure.
sphere
Oxygen-Enriched - Any oxygen concentration greater than 22 percent by volume at normal atmospheric pres-
Atmosphere sure.
Oxygen Indicator - Measures atmospheric concentrations of oxygen over a range of 0–25 percent. Typical
application is to check for potential oxygen-deficient atmospheres during post fire opera-
tions.
Particulate Matter - Solid contamination appearing as dust, powder, grains, flakes, fiber or stains, usually
removable by settling, filtration or centrifugal purification.
PEL - See Permissible Exposure Limit.
Percent of Explosibility - An arbitrary term based on the assumption that the concentration of gas at the lower limit
of flammability is 100 percent explosive.

74-N-9
S9086-CH-STM-030

GLOSSARY - Continued

Periodic Testing - Testing conducted during the course of an operation at intervals greater than 15 minutes,
based on the nature of the space, its contents and the nature of the operation. See also
Continuous Testing.
Permissible Exposure - The maximum permissible concentration of a toxic chemical or exposure level of a harm-
Limit (PEL) ful physical agent to which personnel may be exposed. PEL is based on a time-weighted
average (TWA) for a normal 8–hour day, 40–hour, 7–day week.
Pressing-Up - The process of completely filling a space with liquid to displace flammable vapor/air
mixtures.
Purging - The method by which gases, vapors or other airborne impurities are displaced from a
confined space.
Qualified Person - A person designated, in writing, as capable (by education or specialized training) of
anticipating, recognizing and evaluating personnel exposure to hazardous substances or
other unsafe conditions in a confined space. This person shall be capable of specifying
necessary control or protective action to ensure personnel safety.
Reactive Material - A solid, liquid or gas that is chemically unstable at normal temperature and air pressure;
capable of undergoing violent change when subjected to heat, shock, mixture with water
or other chemicals.
Retesting and Recerti- - The process of testing, evaluating and certifying a confined space by the gas free engi-
fying neer using the same procedures required for initial testing and certification when the cer-
tificate expires without entry, work or testing and updating of the certificate; or when
conditions occur which alter the initial conditions found or specified.
Self-Contained Breath- - Type of respirator which allows the user complete independence from a fixed source of
ing Apparatus (SCBA) air. Various kinds of SCBAs are: Open circuit, where user air is expelled and replenished
by air from a compressed air cylinder, closed circuit or rebreathing respirator, which
allows the user to rebreathe exhaled air.
Shelf Life - A period of time for which an instrument can be used without degradation, usually speci-
fied by the manufacturer.
Short Circuiting - The procedure of exhausting the supply air before it circulates through a space.
Short Term Exposure - The maximum concentration of a substance to which personnel can be exposed for up to
Limit (STEL) 15 minutes, without significant physiological effects (i.e., irritation, narcosis, impairment
of self-rescue), provided that no more than four exposures per day are permitted and at
least 60 minutes elapses between exposure periods.
Short Term Lethal - A concentration of a substance which is lethal within 10 minutes of exposure.
Concentration (STLC)
Smoke - Airborne contaminant which includes the products of combustion, pyrolysis or chemical
reaction of substances in the form of visible and invisible solid and liquid particles and
gaseous products in air.
Standard - A rule, established to competent authority, which designates safe and healthful conditions
or practices under which work must be performed to prevent injury, occupational illness
or property damage. Standards are:
• Criteria those parts of a standard which establish a measurable quality, i.e., specifica-
tions, inspection intervals.
• Equivalent Criteria - the measurement of equivalency, which is a judgement based on
the preponderance of information available.
Standby Person - The person trained in emergency rescue procedures, assigned to remain on the outside of
the confined space and to be in communication with those working inside.
STEL - See Short Term Exposure Limit.
Steam Blanketing - A method for making the outer boundaries of a space Safe for Hot Work by using steam
to displace and carry off flammable vapor/air mixtures within a space.
STLC - See Short Term Lethal Concentration.

74-N-10
 S9086-CH-STM-030

GLOSSARY - Continued

Storage - The holding of HM or HW for a temporary period, after which time the HM is used or
stored elsewhere, or the HW is treated, disposed of or stored elsewhere.
Supplied Air Respira- - Also called air-line respirators, classified as follows:
tors • Demand - a respirator which supplies air to the user on demand (inhalation) which cre-
ates a negative pressure within the facepiece.
• Pressure-Demand - a respirator which maintains a continuous positive pressure within
the facepiece.
• Continuous Flow - a respirator which maintains a continuous flow of air through the
facepiece.
Supply Ventilation - Moving fresh air into a compartment or space and displacing contaminated air through
any available openings.
Threshold Limit Values - Levels of airborne concentrations of physical agents, expressed in parts per million
(VLV) (ppm), that represent conditions under which average personnel may be repeatedly
exposed, during normal working hours, without adverse effects. There are three subdivi-
sions.
• Time-Weighted Average (TWA) - the most commonly used of the TLV subdivisions,
calculated in 8–hour days, 40–hour, 7–day weeks.
• Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) - 4 excursions, less than 15 minutes each, 60
minutes apart.
• Ceiling Limit - concentration of a substance above which personnel should not be
exposed, even instantaneously.
Time-Weighted Average - See Threshold Limit Values.
(TWA)
TLV - See Threshold Limit Values.
Toxic Material - A solid, liquid or gas that can damage living material, impair the central nervous system
or cause illness or death through inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption.
Toxic or Hazardous - An atmosphere containing a concentration of air contaminants sufficient to cause injury to
Atmosphere personnel.
Toxicity Limits - The limits of a vapor from a certain minimum concentration (lower limit) to a maximum
concentration (upper limit). Above a certain maximum concentration of a vapor in a
space, life cannot exist.
Toxicity - Of poisonous quality, especially in relation to concentration of gas/vapor.
TWA - See Time-Weighted Average.
Upper Explosive Limit - Upper end of the explosive range. Concentrations above this limit are too rich to explode
(UEL) or burn. Concentrations below the UEL are within the explosive range.
Vapors - Gaseous form of a substance that is normally liquid or solid.
Ventilating - Term given to the process of moving air into or from a compartment or space.
Ventilation - The ability to move air.
Volatility - The readiness of a liquid to vaporize or evaporate. The tendency to be readily diffused or
dissipated in the atmosphere, especially at ordinary temperatures.

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Ref: NAVSEAINST 4160.3A NAVSEA S0005-AA-GYD-030/TMMP

NAVSEA/SPAWAR TECHNICAL MANUAL DEFICIENCY/EVALUATION REPORT (TMDER)

INSTRUCTIONS: Continue on 8 ½” x 11” page if additional space is needed.
1. Use this report to indicate deficiencies, problems and recommendations relating to publications.
2. For CLASSIFIED TMDERs see OPNAVINST 5510H for mailing requirements.
3. For TMDERs that affect more than one publication, submit a separate TMDER for each.
4. Submit TMDERs at web site https://nsdsa.nmci.navy.mil or mail to: COMMANDER, CODE 310 TMDERs, NAVSURFWARCENDIV
NSDSA, 4363 MISSILE WAY BLDG 1389, PORT HUENEME CA 93043-4307
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5. TITLE OF PUBLICATION 6. REPORT CONTROL NUMBER

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7. RECOMMEND CHANGES TO PUBLICATION

7a. Page # 7b. Para # 7c. RECOMMENDED CHANGES AND REASONS

8. ORIGINATOR’S NAME AND WORK CENTER 9. DATE 10. ORIGINATOR’S E-MAIL ADDRESS 11. TMMA of Manual
(NSDSA will complete)

12. SHIP OR ACTIVITY Name and Address (Include UIC/CAGE/HULL) 13. Phone Numbers:
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NAVSEA 4160/1 (Rev. 7-2003) S/N 0116-lf-985-4100

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PORT HUENEME CA 93043-4307

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