Present perfect 1 (I have done) Study this example situation: ‘Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find ir. He has lost his key. He has lost his k: doesn’t have it. He lost it recently, and he still Havelhas lost is the present perfect simpl finished lost Wvelthey/you have (= I've ete.) he/shefit has ‘The present perfect simple is have/has + past participle. The past participle often ends in -ed (finished/decided etc.), but many important verbs are irregular (lostidone/written etc.). For a list of irregular verbs, see Appendix 1. | When we say that ‘something has happened’, this is usually new information: | 2 Ow! Pve cut my finger. © The road is closed. There’s been (there has been) an accident. I © (from the news) Police have arrested two men in connection with the robbery. ‘When we use the present perfect, there is a connection with now. The action in the past has a result now: ‘Where's your key?” ‘Idon’t know. I've lost it.’ (= I don’t have it now) © He told me his name, but I've forgotten it. (= I ean’t remember it now) © ‘Is Sally here?” *No, she’s gone out.’ (= she is out now) © Tean’t find my bag. Have you seen it? (= Do you know where it is now?) You can use the present perfect with just, already and yet. Just = a short time ago: © ‘Are you hungry?” ‘No, I've just had lunch.” © Hello, Have you just arrived? We use already to say that something happened sooner than expected: © ‘Don't forget to send the letter.” ‘ve already sent it. © ‘What time is Mark leaving?” “He's already gone. Yet = until now. Yer shows that the speaker is expecting something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences: © Has it stopped raining yet? = 15 T've written the letter, but I haven't sent it yet. Note the difference between gone (to) and been (t © Jim is on holiday. He has gone to Italy. (= he is there now or on his way there) 10 Jane is back home now. She has been to Italy: (= she has now come back) Present perfect —> Units 8, 11 Been to — Units 8A, 1268 Present perfect continuous —> Units 9-10 14 Present perfect and past = Units 12~14 Yet and already —> Unit 111 American English — Appendix 7Exercises Unit 7 a 72 73 14 Read the situations and write sentences. Use the following verbs: arrive break fall goup grow — improve tose. 1 Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it. He has lost his key. 2 Margaret can’t walk and her leg is in plaster. She acne 3 Last week the bus fare was 80 pence. Now it is 90. The bus fare 4 Maria’s English wasn’t very good. Now it is better. Her English 5’ Dan didn’t have a beard before. Now he has a beard. He 6 This morning I was expecting a letter. Now [have it.The letter - 7 The temperature was 20 degrees. Now it is only 12. The Complete B's sentences. Use the verb in brackets + just/already/yet. AD es 1 Would you like something to eat? ‘No, thanks. ..l've. just had. lunch. (L/ just / have / lunch) Do you know where Julia is? || YeSy co--nsnnnsnnnnmnnnnnnen | (Lust / see / her) What time is David leaving? | | - | (he / already / leave) 4 What’ in the newspaper today? | Idon't know. (L/ not / read / it yet) 5 | — Is Sue coming to the cinema with us? NOy veneer a (she / already / see / the film) 6 | Are your friends here yet? |_| Yes, (they / just / arrive) 7 | What does Tim think about your plan? - \ (wwe / not / tell / him yet) Read the situations and write sentences with just, already or yet. 1 After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says, ‘Would you like something to eat?" You say: No thank you, ..!'¥@ just had. lunch... (have lunch) Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says, *Can I speak to Joe?” You say: Mn afraid + (go out) You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away. You say: Wait a minute! se «(not / finish) 4. You are going to a restaurant tonight. You phone to reserve a table. Later your friend says, w “Shall I phone to reserve a table.” You say: No, + (do it) 5 You know that a friend of yours is looking for a place to live. Perhaps she has been successful. Ask her. You say: ? (find) 6 You are still thinking about where to go for your holiday. A friend asks, ‘Where are you going for your holiday?" You say: (not /decide) Linda went to the bank, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks, “Is Linda still at the bank?" You say: _ " ann» + (ome back) Put in been or gone. 1 Jim is on holiday. He's .. 92... to Italy. 2 Hello! Ive just to the shops. I've bought lots of things. 3 Alice isn’t here at the moment. She's to the shop to get a newspaper. 4 Tom has out. He'll be back in about an hour. “Are you going to the bank? . ve already - to the bank.” 15Present perfect 2 (I have done) BY S004 this example conversation: Dave: Have you travelled a lot, Jane? JANE: Yes, I’ve been to lots of places Dave: Really? Have you ever been to China? Jane's life JANE: Yes, I've been to China tv (@ period until now) pave: What about Indi i JANE: No, I haven't been to India, st now When we talk about a period of time that continues from the past until now, we use the present perfect (have been / have travelled etc.). Here, Dave and Jane are talking about the places Jane has visited in her life (which is a period thar continues until now). Some more examples: © Have you ever eaten cavia © We've never had a car. © ‘Have you read Hamlet? ‘No, I haven't read any of Shakespeare's plays.” Susan really loves that film. She's seen it eight times! 5 What a boring film! It’s the most boring film I've ever seen. 2 (in your life) Been (to) = visited: © I've never been to China. Have you been there? In the following examples too, the speakers are talking about a period that continues until now (recently / in the last few days / so far / since breakfast etc. © Have you heard from Brian recently? © T've met a lot of people in the last few days. — © Everything is going well. We haven't had any problems so far. © P'm hungry. I haven't caten anything since breakfast. [ = from breakfast until now) past now © It’s good to see you again. We haven't seen each other for a long time recently —in the last few days —+| —— since breakfast —+| We use the present perfect with today / this evening / finished at the time of speaking (see also Unit 14B): © T've drunk four cups of coffee today. © Have you had a holiday this year (yet)? —_ 5 [haven't seen Tom this morning. Have you? past ‘ante Rob hasn't studied very hard this term. ‘We say: It’s the (first) time something has happened. For example: eS Lie “his isthe first time © Don is having a driving lesson. It’s his first one. ra: Pe Irs the first time he has driven a car. (not drives) or He has never driven a car before. year ete. when these periods are not today —— © Sarah has lost her passport again. This is the second time this has happened. (not happens) © Bill is phoning his girlfriend again. Thav’s the third time he’s phoned her this evening. Present perfect 1 —> Unit 7 Present perfect + for/since > Units 11-12 16 Present perfect and past — Units 12-14Exercises a1 82 83 a4 Unit 8 You are asking people questions about things they have done. Make questions with ever using the words in brackets. 1 (ride / horse?) Have. you ever ridden a. horse? ~ — 2 (be / California?) Have ns 7 3 (run / marathon?) - 4 (speak / famous person?) . Sn _ 5 (most beautiful place / visit?) Whar's : psoas Complete B's answers. Some sentences are positive and some negative. Use the following verbs: be be eat happen have meet play. —rread-—see, see, try, ASS re 1 What's Mark’s sister like? T've no idea. ...'ve never.met her. | How is Diane these days? | | Idon’t know. 1 her recently. a Are you hungry? | | Yes. Tuo ~ much today. 4) Can you play chess? |] Yes, but... anvannnns fOr ages. 5 | Are you enjoying your holiday? |} Yes, it’s the best holiday oon een for a long time, 6 Whar's that book like? | | don’t know. em ali 7 | Is Brussels an interesting place? | | I've no idea... - _.. there. 8 Mike was late for work again | | Again? He eeeceneeeee een late today. | | every day this week, 9 Do you like caviar? | | I don’t know. ss 10 Thear your car broke down | | Yes, irs the second time... - again yesterday. | | this week. 11 \\ Who's that woman by the door? ) I don't know. — — her before. ‘Complete the sentences using today / this year / this term etc. 1 I saw Tom yesterday, bur ...|, haven't, seen, him, today, 3 Tread a newspaper yesterday, but I 4 Last year the company made a profit, but this year : 4 Tracy worked hard at school last term, but 5 It snowed a lot last winter, but aS 6 Our football team won a lot of games last’season, But WE nnn pe Read the situations and write sentences as shown in the example. 1 Jack is driving a car, but he’s very nervous and not sure what to do. You ask: .. Have. you driven. a car before? He says: No, this is the first time I've driven a car. Ben is playing tennis. He’s not good at it and he doesn’t know the rules. Have ene He sayst No, this is the 3 2mm Sue is riding a horse. She doesn’t look very confident or comfortable. You ask: She says: ~ — 4 Maria is in London. She has just arrived and it's very new for her. You ask: a - . She says: 17