REMEDIES ON TERMINATION OF EMPLOYMENT

Christopher Lawrence
Edmund Barton Chambers CLE Seminar
21 March 2012

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to provide an introduction to the remedies available

on termination of employment. The modern contract of employment is
governed by the general law and is highly regulated by legislation. The
approach of the common law to employment is to view it is just another form
of contract, and apply the usual contractual principles accordingly. Part 1 of
this paper examines the remedies available to both employees and
employers under the general law for termination of employment. Part 2 of this
paper examines the remedies available under the Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth)
for three types of action arising from termination of employment under that
Act – unfair dismissals, adverse action against protected employees, and
unlawful termination. The Act has expanded some of the remedies previously
available. Part 2 will also look at the principles that are developing in the
application by the courts of these expanded remedies, as well as recent
approaches to the task of imposing penalties against employers who
contravene the civil remedy provisions of the Act.
Part 1 – General law remedies

1. This part examines, first, damages that are available to an employee for
wrongful termination by the employer and, secondly, damages that an
employer can recover from an employee for a breach.

REMEDIES FOR THE EMPLOYEE

The right to terminate an employment contract

2. Subject to any express term to the contrary, the parties may terminate an
employment contract without cause by giving notice of termination in
accordance with the contract. The essence of the policy behind the
requirement to give notice of termination is to provide reasonable time, in
the case of the employee, to find suitable alternative employment or, in the
case of the employer, to find and hire a replacement.

3. The length of notice may be specified in the contract. If there is no express

term, the notice period must be reasonable. A minimum period of notice
may apply be virtue of an award or enterprise agreement or by legislation.1

4. What is a reasonable period of notice will depend upon the facts of the
particular case, usually with regard to factors including:

• Length of service;

• Relative seniority;

• The nature of the position;

• Remuneration levels.2

1
Section 117 of the Fair Work Act sets out minimum notice periods for certain
employees.
2
See discussion Sappideen et al, Macken’s Law of Employment, Seventh Edition,
Lawbook Co, p 289-291.

2
5. Sometimes an employer will make a payment in lieu of notice. That is, the
employee is not required to work during the notice period and is paid out his
or her entitlements.

6. WT Partnership (Aust) Pty Ltd v Sheldrick3 establishes that a term permitting

payment in lieu of notice is not implied in every employment contract. Thus,
in the absence of an express term or establishing an implied term on the
facts of the particular case, paying out the notice period rather than allowing
the employee to work the notice is a breach contract.

Wrongful dismissal and damages

7. A wrongful dismissal claim is form breach of contract claim. As the name

suggests, it occurs when an employer has terminated an employee
otherwise than in accordance with the contract.

8. The breach may be a failure to give notice, failure to follow procedures that
may be required under the particular contract prior to termination, or
summarily dismissing an employee for misconduct in circumstances that do
no warrant summary dismissal.

9. Of course, an employer is entitled under common law to dismiss without

notice an employee on the ground of misconduct that is incompatible with
the due or faithful discharge of duty to the employer.4

Principles for assessing damages for wrongful dismissal

10. Remoteness. As an employment contract is a contract, the rule in Hadley v

Blaxendale applies to remoteness of damage:

Where two parties have made a contract which one of them has
broken, the damages which the other party ought to receive in respect
of such breach of contract should be such as may fairly and

3
WT Partnership (Aust) Pty Ltd v Sheldrick (1999) 96 IR 202; Sanders v Snell [1998]
HCA 64; 196 CLR 329; 157 ALR 491; 72 ALJR 1508 at [16]-[17].
4
Concut Pty Ltd v Worrell [2000] HCA 64; 176 ALR 693; 75 ALJR 312; 21(20) Leg Rep
30; 103 IR 160 at [25].

3
 reasonably be considered either arising naturally, that is, according to
the usual course of things, from such breach of contract itself, or such
as may reasonably be supposed to have been in the contemplation of
both parties, at the time they made the contract, as a probable result
of the breach of it.5

11. The usual measure of damages is:

Where the party sustains a loss by reason of a breach of contract, he

is, so far as money can do it, to be placed in the same position with
respect to damages as if the contract had been performed.6

12. Damages for breach of contract are compensatory only – aggravated and
exemplary damages are not available.

13. Assessment of damage. The traditional approach is to assume that the

employer would have performed the contract in a way most beneficial to it.7
In other words, in assessing what would have happened if the employer had
not breached the contract, it is assumed that the employer would have acted
in its own best interests within the bounds of the terms of the contract.

14. This means that in cases where the employer can terminate the contract by
giving notice, it will be assumed that the employer would have done so.
Unless the contract is for a fixed term, an employer may terminate the
employee at any time by giving proper notice. It is assumed the employer
would have terminated in accordance with the terms of the contract.
Accordingly, the loss suffered by an employee as a result of a wrongful
termination (that is, an employer’s failure to terminate the contract in
accordance with its terms) will be the equivalent of payments if proper notice
had been given.8

5
Hadley v Blaxendale (1854) 9 Exch 341 at 354; 156 ER 145 at 150.
6
Robinson v Harman (1848) 1 Ex 850 at 855; 154 ER 363 at 365, approved in
Commonwealth v Amann Aviation Pty Ltd (1991) 174 CLR 64 at 80.
7
Withers v General Theatre Corp Ltd [1933] 2 KB 536 at 549-552; Commonwealth v
Amann Aviation Pty Ltd (1991) 174 CLR 64 at 92; Grout v Gunnedah Shire Council (No
3) (1995) 59 IR 248 at 251.
8
Cockburn v Alexander (1848) 136 ER 1459 at 1468.

4
15. Generally, a payment in lieu of notice will equate to damages resulting from
the breach.9

16. Where an employee under a fixed term contract is wrongfully terminated,

damages are generally assessed on the basis that the employee would
have enjoyed the benefits of the contract for the full term.10

17. There is some authority developing concerning awards for loss of chance
from wrongful termination of employment, the chance lost being the
opportunity to continue in the employment and renew the contract.11 The
instances seem to be limited to cases where it can be established that it
would have been most unlikely that the employer would have exercised its
rights under the to terminate and for how long. There are questions whether
loss of chance damages can be awarded in the absence of a fixed term
contract and evidence supporting the possibility that the contract might be
renewed.12

Mitigation of loss

18. An employee who alleges wrongful dismissal is under a duty to mitigate his
or her loss.13 Amounts received from other employment in the form of
salary, wages and fringe benefits will reduce the damages award.14 It has
even been suggested that any unemployment benefits received should be
taken into account.15

9
But not always. In WT Partnership (Aust) Pty Ltd v Sheldrick (1999) 96 IR 202 the
employee’s visa status depended upon his employment. The breach in failing to allow
him to work out the notice period resulted in the end of the visa and prevented him
exploring further employment opportunities in Malaysia. Damages for loss of opportunity
were assessed at $30,000 and upheld on appeal.
10
Van Efferen v CMA Corporation Limited (2009) 183 IR 319; [2009] FCA 597 at [64].
11
Walker v Citigroup Global Markets Australia Pty Ltd [2006] FCAFC 101; (2006) 233
ALR 687 at [85].
12
McDonald v Parnell Laboratories (Aust) Pty Ltd (2007) 168 IR 375; Van Efferen v CMA
Corporation Limited (2009) 183 IR 319; [2009] FCA 597 at [77]-[78].
13
Bowes and Partners v Press [1894] 1 QB 202 at 212.
14
Dellys v Elderslie Finance Corporation Limited [2002] WASCA 161 at 39; Van Efferen v
CMA Corporation Limited [2009] FCA 597 at [65], [69].
15
Evans v Muller (1983) 151 CLR 117; McCasker v Darling Downs Co-op Bacon
Association Ltd (1988) 30 AILR 316; Wood v District Council of Crystal Book (1992) 42
IR 189.

5
19. An employee alleging wrongful dismissal under a fixed term contract is not
under a duty to mitigate.16

Breach of the duties of trust, confidence and good faith

20. Often an action concerning a termination of employment by a former

employee will (usually as a back up or in the “further or in the alternative”
section near the end of the pleading) assert that the employer acted in
breach of duties of mutual trust and confidence or of good faith.

21. However, these terms do not apply to termination of employment or matters

leading to termination of employment.17 Moreover, the established scope of
the term where it is implied permits the employer to act with reasonable and
proper cause to pursue its own interests.18

Damages for emotional distress, hurt and humiliation

22. These heads of damage are also often included in an employee’s pleading.
However, damages are not available under these heads arising from
wrongful dismissal. It has been recognised that termination of employment
may cause such consequences but they are not grounds for damages.19

23. The following statement in the speeches in the House of Lords in Addis has
been held20 to state the law in Australia until such time as the High Court
rejects the principle:

I cannot agree that the manner of dismissal affects these damages …

If there be a dismissal without notice the employer must pay an
indemnity; but that indemnity cannot include compensation either for
the injured feelings of the servant, or for the loss he may sustain from

16
Van Efferen v CMA Corporation Limited (2009) 183 IR 319; [2009] FCA 597 at [64].
17
Russell v Roman Catholic Church (2007) 69 NSWLR 198; 167 IR 121 at [136], [138],
[141] (Supreme Court); on appeal (2008) 176 IR 82 at 97 [59] (Court of Appeal).
18
Russell v Catholic Church (2008) 176 IR 82 at 90 [30], 91 [33] (Court of Appeal).
19
McDonald v Parnell Laboratories (Australia) Pty Limited (2007) 168 IR 375 at 400 [93].
20
Burazin v Blacktown City Guardian (1996) 142 ALR 144; [1996] IRCA 629.

6
 the fact that his having been dismissed of itself makes it more difficult
for him to obtain fresh employment.21

REMEDIES FOR EMPLOYERS AGAINST EMPLOYEES

Specific performance

24. As a general proposition, a court will not make an order compelling an

employee to perform personal services in accordance with a contract or
otherwise.22 In other words, an order will not be made for specific
performance against an employee. (The proposition may be otherwise
when the situation is reversed.23) The rationale underpinning this approach
is that ordering an employee to perform work24 is tantamount to an order for
slavery.25

Damages against employees

25. An employer may recover damages from an employee for breach of

contract.

26. If an employee fails to work out the notice period he or she may be liable for
damages. An employee’s failure to give proper notice of termination will be
a breach. There is authority supporting an employer’s entitlement to
withhold money equivalent to the notice period where an employee leaves
or resigns without giving appropriate notice.26 However, this approach may
now contravene the Fair Work Act to the extent that the Act prohibits an
employer from making deductions or withholding any payment of wages.27

21
Addis v Gramophone Co [1909] AC 488 at 491.
22
See analysis of the authorities on the question by Barrett J (as he then was) in
Tradition Australia Pty Ltd v Gunson [2006] NSWSC 298 at [12]-[33]. His Honour
declined to make an order requiring three employees to serve out the balance of a fixed
term contract with something more than a year left to run.
23
Tradition Australia Pty Ltd v Gunson [2006] NSWSC 298 at [13].
24
As distinguished from complying with negative stipulations, such as not to disclose
confidential information or compete.
25
Tradition Australia Pty Ltd v Gunson [2006] NSWSC 298 at [30].
26
Australian workers Union v Mason and Cox Foundries (1996) 66 IR 27.
27
Section 322-323.

7
27. There must be doubt that the amount of wages is a true measure of loss
suffered by an employer:

What, then, is the measure of damages in this particular case? If the

defendant alone and on his own initiative had failed to work … the
measure of damages would … have been the net value to the
plaintiffs of the work which he would have performed if he had worked
…”28

28. Oldcastle v Guinea Airways Ltd29 concerned a pilot who had been trained at
the expense of the employer with a condition that he serve as a pilot for five
years. When he breached the agreement by leaving only a few weeks after
completing the training, damages were assessed at the cost of the training.

Repudiation by an employee of a fixed term contract

29. The contract of employment in Purcell v Tullett Prebon (Aust) Pty Ltd was
for a fixed term of two years. Prior to the end of the fixed term, the
employee purported to resign and commenced work with a competitor. The
employer placed the employee on paid garden leave and directed him to
continue employment in accordance with the terms of the contract. In so
doing, the employer had affirmed the contract. The employer then sent a
letter directing the employee to return to work in accordance with the
contract.

30. The NSW Court of Appeal upheld the employer’s right to terminate for the
repudiation by the employee’s failure to comply with that direction, and for
the right to recover damages for loss of its bargain.30

31. A liquidated damages clause in the employment contract was upheld as a

genuine pre-estimate of loss. Because the employer demonstrated that it
had been ready, willing and able to perform the contract when it had sent
the letter directing the employee to return to work, it was able to recover
substantial damages – if not, the breach by the employee would have

28
National Coal Board v Galley [1958] 1 WLR 16 at 28-29.
29
Oldcastle v Guinea Airways Ltd [1956] SASR 325.
30
Purcell v Tullett Prebon (Aust) Pty Ltd [2010] NSWCA 150 at [39].

8
 caused nominal damages only, with the consequence that the liquidated
damages clause would not have been a genuine pre-estimate of the
employer’s loss.31

31
Purcell v Tullett Prebon (Aust) Pty Ltd [2010] NSWCA 150 at [38], [40]. The case
reiterates that the general principle of contract law that acceptance by the innocent party
of a repudiation is necessary to terminate a contract or, put another way, an unaccepted
repudiation does not terminate a contract, applies equally to employment contracts: at
[20]; see also Byrne v Australian Airlines Ltd [1995] HCA 24, 185 CLR 410 at 427 and
Visscher v Guidice [2009] HCA 34, 239 CLR 361 at 379-81. Thus in Purcell v Tullett
Prebon (Aust) Pty Ltd despite the employee’s purported resignation and going to work for
a competitor, when the employer sent the letter directing the employee to return to work,
the contract was still on foot.

9
Part 2 – Fair Work Act 2009 (Cth)

32. This part of the paper covers remedies for unfair dismissals, then remedies
and penalties for contravening the general protections provisions and
unlawful termination prohibition under the Act. Finally, this part covers the
issue of costs in proceedings under the Act.

UNFAIR DISMISSALS

What is an unfair dismissal

33. An unfair dismissal occurs when:

(a) the employee has been dismissed32; and

(b) the dismissal was harsh, unjust or unreasonable; and

(c) the dismissal was not consistent with the Small Business Fair
Dismissal Code; and

(d) the dismissal was not a case of genuine redundancy.33

What is harsh, unjust or unreasonable

34. The factors to be considered34 are:

(a) whether there was a valid reason for the dismissal related to the
person's capacity or conduct (including its effect on the safety
and welfare of other employees); and

(b) whether the person was notified of that reason; and

32
Section 386 defines dismissal.
33
Section 385.
34
Section 387.

10
 (c) whether the person was given an opportunity to respond to any
reason related to the capacity or conduct of the person; and

(d) any unreasonable refusal by the employer to allow the person to

have a support person present to assist at any discussions
relating to dismissal; and

(e) if the dismissal related to unsatisfactory performance by the

person--whether the person had been warned about that
unsatisfactory performance before the dismissal; and

(f) the degree to which the size of the employer's enterprise would
be likely to impact on the procedures followed in effecting the
dismissal; and

(g) the degree to which the absence of dedicated human resource

management specialists or expertise in the enterprise would be
likely to impact on the procedures followed in effecting the
dismissal; and

(h) any other matters that FWA considers relevant.

Small Business Fair Dismissal Code

35. Small businesses are those with less than 15 full time employees. The code
sets out when a small business can dismiss an employee summarily and
when and what other procedures must be followed, such as allowing an
employee an opportunity to respond to a warning or allegation.35

What is a genuine redundancy

36. A genuine redundancy occurs when the employer no longer requires the
person's job to be performed by anyone because of changes in the
operational requirements of the employer's enterprise. The employer must

35
A copy of the code is can be accessed at www.fairwork.gov.au.

11
 comply with any consultation obligations under a modern award or
enterprise agreement. It will not be a case of genuine redundancy where it
would have been reasonable in all the circumstances for the person to be
redeployed within the same enterprise or an enterprise of an associated
entity of the employer.36

37. It has been held37 that the effect of the statutory definition is that a job can
be redundant even though an employee’s duties are still being performed
after retrenchment. There is a distinction between a particular job and the
functions performed by a particular employee. For a termination to be a case
of genuine redundancy, the functions may continue to exist even though the
job does not.

What employees are protected by the unfair dismissal provisions

38. An employee is protected against unfair dismissal under the Fair Work Act if
the employee:

• earns38 less than the high income threshold per year (currently
$118,100); or

• is covered by a modern award; or

• is covered by an enterprise agreement,

and

• if the employer has less than 15 employees, has been employed for
at least 12 months; or

• if the employer has 15 or more employees, has been employed for

at least 6 months.39

36
Section 389.
37
Ulan Coal Mines (2010) FWAFB 3488.
38
Section 332 sets out how earnings are calculated.
39
Sections 382-383.

12
39. The protection against unfair dismissal includes casual employees who have
been employed on a regular and systemic basis and who have a reasonable
expectation that their employment on that basis will continue.40

Procedure for unfair dismissal claims

40. Applications for unfair dismissal claims must be made within 14 days of
termination.41

41. Applications are heard and determined by Fair Work Australia. The general
procedure is for FWA to hold a conciliation conference in private and then a
hearing if the dispute does not resolve.

42. If raised by the employer, before hearing the merits of the application, FWA
must first determine as a preliminary point whether:

• The application was made within time;

• The person is protected by the unfair dismissal provisions;

• The dismissal was consistent with the Small Business Fair

Dismissal Code;

• The dismissal was a case of genuine redundancy.

Remedies for unfair dismissal

43. Upon a finding that an employee was unfairly dismissed, FWA may order
that the employee be reinstated or that the employer pay compensation in
lieu of reinstatement.42

44. An order for compensation cannot be made unless FWA is satisfied that
reinstatement is not appropriate and an order for payment of compensation
is appropriate in all the circumstances of the case.43

40
Section 384.
41
Section 394. The time limit may be extended in exceptional circumstances: s 394(3).
42
Sections 390-392.

13
45. The amount of compensation is capped at 6 months remuneration. It must
not include a component by way of compensation for shock, distress or
humiliation, or other analogous hurt, caused by the manner of the person's
dismissal.

46. The factors relevant to assessing the appropriate amount of compensation

is not limited, but includes:

• the effect of the order on the viability of the employer's enterprise;

and

• the length of the person's service with the employer; and

• the remuneration that the person would have received, or would

have been likely to receive, if the person had not been dismissed;
and

• the efforts of the person (if any) to mitigate the loss suffered by the
person because of the dismissal; and

• the amount of any remuneration earned by the person from

employment or other work during the period between the dismissal
and the making of the order for compensation; and

• the amount of any income reasonably likely to be so earned by the

person during the period between the making of the order for
compensation and the actual compensation; and

• whether misconduct contributed to the decision to dismiss the

employee.

43
Section 390.

14
GENERAL PROTECTIONS PROVISIONS AND UNLAWFUL TERMINATION

What is protected

47. The general protection provisions of the Fair Work Act are designed to
protect employees exercising their workplace rights, engaging in lawful
industrial action and involvement in industrial associations.

48. The Act prohibits the taking of adverse action against an employee because
the employee has exercised a workplace right.44

What is a workplace right

49. A workplace right is given broad meaning by section 341:

Meaning of workplace right

(1) A person has a workplace right if the person:

(a) is entitled to the benefit of, or has a role or responsibility

under, a workplace law, workplace instrument or order
made by an industrial body; or
(b) is able to initiate, or participate in, a process or
proceedings under a workplace law or workplace
instrument; or
(c) is able to make a complaint or inquiry:

(i) to a person or body having the capacity under a

workplace law to seek compliance with that law or a
workplace instrument; or
(ii) if the person is an employee--in relation to his or her
employment.

44
Section 340.

15
 Meaning of process or proceedings under a workplace law or
workplace instrument

(2) Each of the following is a process or proceedings under a

workplace law or workplace instrument:

(a) a conference conducted or hearing held by FWA;

(b) court proceedings under a workplace law or workplace
instrument;
(c) protected industrial action;
(d) a protected action ballot;
(e) making, varying or terminating an enterprise agreement;
(f) appointing, or terminating the appointment of, a bargaining
representative;
(g) making or terminating an individual flexibility arrangement
under a modern award or enterprise agreement;
(h) agreeing to cash out paid annual leave or paid
personal/carer's leave;
(i) making a request under Division 4 of Part 2-2 (which deals
with requests for flexible working arrangements);
(j) dispute settlement for which provision is made by, or
under, a workplace law or workplace instrument;
(k) any other process or proceedings under a workplace law
or workplace instrument.

50. It has been observed45 that a workplace right will probably be created where
grievance, fair practice and disciplinary procedures are included in the
contract of employment or apply to the employee.

45
Lucev FM, T, Don’t Come Monday: remedies in the federal courts for termination of
employment, 23 September 2010, p 7.

16
What adverse action is prohibited

51. Adverse action46 that an employer is prohibited from taking includes:

• Dismissing the employee

• Injuring the employee in his or her employment;

• Altering the position of the employee to the employee’s prejudice;

• Discriminating between the employee and other employees of the

employer.

52. This paper is concerned with cases where the adverse action is the
dismissal of the employee.

53. A contravention will be established where just one of the reasons for taking
these forms of adverse action is exercise of a workplace right by an
employee, no matter how small a part that particular reason may have
played in the multitude of reasons.47

What is unlawful termination

54. An employer is prohibited from terminating an employee on certain grounds

under s 772:

(1) An employer must not terminate an employee's employment for

one or more of the following reasons, or for reasons including
one or more of the following reasons:

(a) temporary absence from work because of illness or injury

of a kind prescribed by the regulations;

46
For a full definition of adverse action, see s 342.
47
Section 360.

17
 (b) trade union membership or participation in trade union
activities outside working hours or, with the employer's
consent, during working hours;
(c) non-membership of a trade union;
(d) seeking office as, or acting or having acted in the capacity
of, a representative of employees;
(e) the filing of a complaint, or the participation in proceedings,
against an employer involving alleged violation of laws or
regulations or recourse to competent administrative
authorities;
(f) race, colour, sex, sexual preference, age, physical or
mental disability, marital status, family or carer's
responsibilities, pregnancy, religion, political opinion,
national extraction or social origin;
(g) absence from work during maternity leave or other
parental leave;
(h) temporary absence from work for the purpose of engaging
in a voluntary emergency management activity, where the
absence is reasonable having regard to all the
circumstances.

55. The wording of the section (“for reasons including one or more”) means that
a contravention will be established where just one of the reasons for
termination is a prohibited reason, and no matter how small a part that
particular reason played in the termination.

Reversal of the onus of proof

56. Provided that the person making the claim has some factual underpinning to
the allegation of unlawful termination or prohibited adverse action, then the
onus is reversed.48 In other words, the onus will be on the employer to
prove that the reasons for the termination of the employee’s employment
was not, and did not include, any of the prohibited reasons set out in the
section, and the reasons for taking adverse action did not include the fact
that the employee had exercised a workplace right.

48
Sections 361 and 783.

18
Procedure for bringing claims

57. Applications must be made to Fair Work Australia49 within 60 days after the
date of termination.50

58. The parties must attend a conciliation conference with FWA, which is
conducted in private.51

59. FWA may express an opinion about the dispute, and it must advise the
parties if it forms the view that proceedings do not have reasonable
prospects of success.52

60. This is a form of compulsory pre-litigation alternative dispute resolution.

FWA does not have power to determine cases of unlawful termination or
where the adverse action is the dismissal of the employee. If the parties fail
to resolve the dispute after reasonable attempts, FWA must issue a
certificate to that effect.53 Proceedings can then be commenced in either
the Federal Court or Federal Magistrates Court, within 14 days.54 The
courts do not have jurisdiction unless a certificate is issued or the
proceedings include an application for an interim injunction.55

Remedies for unlawful termination and adverse action

61. The Federal Court and the Federal Magistrates Court have broad powers to
“make any order the court considers appropriate if the court is satisfied that
a person has contravened, or proposes to contravene,” the unlawful
termination and adverse action provisions of the Act.56 The remedial orders
include, without limitation:

49
Sections 365 and 773.
50
Sections 366 and 774.
51
Section 368.
52
Sections 370 and 778.
53
Sections 369 and 777.
54
Sections 371 and 779.
55
Sections 371 and 779; Rentuza v Westside Auto Wholesale [2009] FMCA 1022; Reeve
v Ramsay Health Care Limited [2012] FMCA 120 at [76].
56
Section 545. To power relates to civil remedy provisions of the Act. The jurisdiction of
eligible State and Territory courts is limited to ordering payment where a failure to pay an

19
 • an order granting an injunction, or interim injunction, to prevent,
stop or remedy the effects of a contravention;

• an order awarding compensation for loss that a person has suffered

because of the contravention;

• an order for reinstatement of a person.57

62. The legislation provides that a court may make these orders on its own
initiative, during proceedings or on application.58 Presumably this means a
court may make an order in proceedings where no application for such is
made but the evidence has established a contravention.

Interim injunctions

63. The courts may grant interim injunctions including restraining an employer
from taking adverse action such as dismissing an employee.59

64. The problem whether an interim order reinstating an employee would revive
the employment relationship and mean it was still in existence even if the
employee was ultimately unsuccessful in obtaining final relief may be
circumvented by including an order that, if final relief is not granted, the
employment relationship ceases forthwith.60

Compensation

65. There is no cap on the amount of a compensation award, unlike the six-
month remuneration cap under the Workplace Relations Act.

amount required to be paid under a fair work instrument has contravened a civil remedy
provision: s 545(3)-(3A).
57
Section 545.
58
Section 545(4).
59
The usual considerations apply, and they are a topic for a separate paper. But for
example, McCulloch v Preshil, The Margaret Lyttle Memorial School [2011] FCA 1218;
Jones v Queensland Tertiary Admissions Centre Ltd [2009] FCA 1382.
60
AMIEU v G & K O’Connor Pty Ltd (2000) 100 IR 383.

20
66. Non-economic loss. Some recent decisions have read into the power “to
make any order the court considers appropriate” to include powers to order
compensation for non-economic loss. The removal of the cap on the
amount of compensation and the broad wording of the power has meant
compensation has been awarded under the heads of shock, distress and
humiliation.61

67. This approach is yet to be tested on appeal. The preferred view is that the
current balance of authority requires that the person seeking compensation
prove his or her actual loss.

68. Compensable loss. The following principles for assessing appropriate

amounts of compensation have emerged in recent decisions:

• No compensation was awarded for an employee who had been

suspended on full pay and alleged (successfully on appeal) adverse
action for a proscribed reason, but had failed to establish that he
had suffered any compensable loss;62

• An employee who was demoted to a lower pay grade and ultimately

dismissed because of a complaint she had made to the Fair Work
Ombudsman was awarded $2,207 economic loss being the
difference between the two pay rates;63

• An employee was not allocated shifts after he refused to sign an

individual flexibility agreement. He was awarded $7,146 to
64
compensate for lost wages;

61
Australian Licenced Aircraft Engineers Association v International Aviations Service
Assistance Pty Ltd (2011) 193 FCR 526; (2011) 205 IR 392; [2011] FCA 333 at [449]-
[450] ($7,500 awarded under this head). Cited with approval in TWU v No Fuss Liquid
Waste Pty Limited [2011] FCA 982 at [23] (although no award for such loss was made).
See also comments in Ucchino v Acorp Pty Limited [2012] FMCA 9 at [78], though no
sum awarded.
62
Barclay v The Board of Bendigo Regional Institute of Technical and Further Education
[2010] FCA 284 at [56]-[57]; on appeal Barclay v The Board of Bendigo Regional Institute
of Technical and Further Education [2011] FCAFC 14 at [141].
63
Fair Work Ombudsman v Wongtas Pty Ltd (No 2) [2012] FCA 30 at [36], [46].
64
Fair Work Ombudsman v Australian Shooting Academy Pty Ltd [2011] FCA 1064.

21
 • An employee moved from full time to casual and later dismissed
due to her pregnancy received an award of less than $9,000 for lost
remuneration. In assessing loss suffered, regard was had to the
facts which indicated that she was unlikely to return to work at the
end of the maternity period;65

• “In accordance with usual principle, an order awarding

compensation must be assessed on the basis that an applicant
establishes loss that a person has suffered because of the
contravention and that this requires an appropriate causal
connection between the contravention and the loss claimed.” The
court awarded 18 months’ wages (about $82,000) being the time
between the dismissal and the trial, during which the employee had
not found other work, in circumstances where it was established
that if the prohibited adverse action had not been taken the
employee would have remained in the position. The court also
awarded expenses of relocating to Indonesia as, due to losing his
job, the employee had also lost his visa.66

• The principles of the assessment of damages in tort and contract

do not necessarily apply to the task under the statute of assessing
the amount of compensation that is appropriate. It has also been
said that “the discretionary nature of the remedy does not
necessarily require the applicant to be fully compensated for all
losses”.67

• In a decision handed down earlier this year, compensation was

assessed by measuring the loss suffered by the employee by
reference to predicting how long the employee would likely have
continued in the position had the employer not taken unlawful
action by terminating her due to temporary absence due to illness.

65
Ucchino v Acorp Pty Limited [2012] FMCA 9.
66
Australian Licenced Aircraft Engineers Association v International Aviations Service
Assistance Pty Ltd (2011) 193 FCR 526; (2011) 205 IR 392; [2011] FCA 333 at [423],
[431]-[434]. The court assessed the employee’s economic loss on this basis and made
an award accordingly. In addition, the court went on to award compensation for non-
economic loss: see above, n 61.
67
Kavassilas v Migration Training Australia Pty Ltd [2012] FMCA 22 at [87].

22
 The employee had found a new job interstate. A “fair and
appropriate” amount was arrived at by awarding the full amount of
her remuneration with a discount of 20% for contingencies.68 As it
had not been established that reallocating to another state was
necessary to obtain other employment, no award was made to
compensate for the expenses of moving interstate for the new job.69

• Mitigation. An employee has a duty to mitigate his or her loss

which is to be taken into account when assessing the appropriate
amount of an award of compensation under the Act.70

• Agreed orders. It is a matter for the court to determine, on

evidence, the loss that has in fact been suffered by a person.
Agreed facts may disclose a sufficient factual foundation
establishing loss and for an order to be made. In at least one
Federal Court case the judge refused to make the order by consent
where the parties mutually agreed to an amount as an appropriate
an award of compensation.71

• In the same case, the judge also refused to make an order by

consent banning the managing director whose actions had
contravened the Act from being a director of the employer company
for a five year period, or accepting an undertaking proffered by that
managing director that he would not to be involved in the
management of staff for a five year period. It was held that the
wide remedial powers under the provision to “make any order the
court considers appropriate” does not confer a power to disqualify a
person from being a company director or to exact any undertaking
from a person not to be involved in the management of staff.72

68
Kavassilas v Migration Training Australia Pty Ltd [2012] FMCA 22 at [7].
69
Kavassilas v Migration Training Australia Pty Ltd [2012] FMCA 22 at [93]-[94].
70
Ramos v Good Samaritan Industries (No.2) [2011] FMCA 341 at [105].
71
TWU v No Fuss Liquid Waste Pty Limited [ 2011] FCA 982 at [41]-[42] per Flick J.
72
TWU v No Fuss Liquid Waste Pty Limited [ 2011] FCA 982 at [47] and [51] per Flick J

23
Reinstatement

69. If the employer is opposed to reinstatement it must establish (with evidence)

that the remedy is undesirable, unworkable or otherwise inappropriate.73

Pecuniary penalties under the Fair Work Act

70. In addition to the above, a fine may be imposed for contravening the
adverse action and unlawful termination provisions.74

71. The maximum penalty for each contravention is currently $6,600 for
individuals and $33,000 for corporations.75

72. Penalties can be ordered payable to the Commonwealth, an organisation or

individual76, and it has been held that the usual order should be for payment
to the person applying for the penalty.77

73. The penalty may be imposed against the employer and/or a person (for
example, an officer or employee) who has contravened the provisions. The
Act provides that:

(1) A person who is involved in a contravention of a civil remedy

provision is taken to have contravened that provision.

(2) A person is involved in a contravention of a civil remedy

provision if, and only if, the person:

(a) has aided, abetted, counselled or procured the

contravention; or
(b) has induced the contravention, whether by threats or

73
See Stephens v Australian Postal Corporation [2011] FMCA 448 at [116] where no
evidence adduced from the employer that reinstatement would be unachievable.
74
Section 546. There is a rule against civil double jeopardy: s 556.
75
Section 539.
76
Section 546(3).
77
Schanka v Employment National (Administration) Pty Ltd (2001) 114 FCR 379; 110 IR
97; FCA 1623 at [78].

24
 promises or otherwise; or
(c) has been in any way, by act or omission, directly or
indirectly, knowingly concerned in or party to the
contravention; or
(d) has conspired with others to effect the contravention.78

Procedure for hearing on penalty

74. Penalty hearings are generally conducted separately to liability hearings,

with directions for affidavits to give any submissions on the penalty hearing
evidentiary basis.79

Considerations when imposing penalty

75. The power to impose a penalty is discretionary. A penalty will not be

warranted in every contravention. Matters relevant in exercising the
discretion to impose a pecuniary penalty and set an appropriate amount
include:

• the circumstances in which the relevant conduct took place,

including whether it was undertaken in deliberate defiance or
disregard of the Act;

• whether the respondent has previously been found to have

engaged in conduct in contravention of the particular part of the Act
in question;

• whether more than one contravention of the particular part of the

Act is involved, and whether the contraventions are properly seen
as distinct or arising out of the one course of conduct;

• the consequences of the conduct found to be in contravention of

the particular part of the Act;

78
Section 550.
79
Barclay v The Board of Bendigo Regional Institute of Technical and Further Education
[2011] FCAFC 14 at [80]-[81].

25
 • the need, in the circumstances, for the protection of industrial
freedom of association; and

• the need for deterrents – both specific and general.80

76. Examples of penalties. Some recent cases include:

• Where an employee of 18 years was dismissed for temporary

absence from work due to illness or injury, a penalty of $7,500 was
imposed on the employer;81

• The employer was ordered to pay a penalty of $25,000 and the

managing director $5,000 for taking adverse action in the form of
not rostering an employee who had refused to sign an individual
flexibility agreement;82

• A $5,000 penalty was imposed on an employer for moving a

woman from full time to casual and later dismissing her on the
ground of pregnancy;83

• Australia Post was ordered to pay a penalty of $25,000 where it had

dismissed an employee for reasons including he had made a
workers compensation claim;84

• A $10,000 penalty was imposed for taking adverse action by

dismissing an employee for reasons including that the employee
had sought union representation, demanded overtime pay, and
made complaints and inquiries about his employment;85

80
Rojas v Esselte Australia Pty Limited (No 2) [2008] FCA 1585.
81
Stevenson v Murdoch Community Services Inc [2010] FCA 648 at [112] (contravention
and penalty under the Workplace Relations Act).
82
Fair Work Ombudsman v Australian Shooting Academy Pty Ltd [2011] FCA 1064.
83
Ucchino v Acorp Pty Limited [2012] FMCA 9.
84
Stephens v Australian Postal Corporation (No.3) [2011] FMCA 999.
85
Australian Licensed Aircraft Engineers Association v International Aviation Service
Assistance Pty Ltd (No 2) [2011] FCA 394.

26
 • In a case where four workers were dismissed for taking industrial
action and engaging a union, the employer was ordered to pay
$10,000 and its director and manager $2,250.86

COSTS IN FAIR WORK ACT PROCEEDINGS

77. Generally, in proceedings under the Fair Work Act parties are left to bear
their own costs. Section 570 limits the circumstances in which there is a
power to order costs against a party to instances where it can be shown that
a party has instituted the proceedings vexatiously or without reasonable
cause, or an unreasonable act or omission of one party has caused the
other party to incur the costs.87

78. The limitation applies to proceedings in any court exercising jurisdiction

under the Act, including proceedings involving the exercise of another
jurisdiction. The Full Court of the Federal Court in Goldman Sachs JBWere
Services Pty Limited v Nikolich held that where proceedings on a claim
arising under the Workplace Relations Act 1996 were accompanied by
claims arising in contract, the no-cost provision of that Act applied to the
entire proceedings.88

79. For example, the Fair Work Act costs limitations would apply to the entire
proceedings in a case in the Federal Court for misrepresentation and breach
of contract where there is also a claim under the Act, for instance for
payment of a small amount of unpaid wages.

80. Despite the no costs rule, an order for costs may be made against a legal
practitioner where it should have been apparent an application had no
reasonable prosects of success or where there has been an unreasonable

86
TWU v No Fuss Liquid Waste Pty Limited [2011] FCA 982.
87
Query whether rejecting a reasonable settlement offer can be an “unreasonable act or
omission” to enliven the costs power: McDonald v Parnell Laboratories (Aust) (No 2)
[2007] FCA 2086; (2007) 164 FCR 591.
88
Goldman Sachs JBWere Services Pty Limited v Nikolich [2007] FCAFC 120; 163 FCR
62 at [81]-[96], [164]-[167], [372]-[384]. The application of the no-costs provision in that
case contained in s 824 of the Workplace Relations Act 1996 (repealed) “to a proceeding
(including an appeal) in a matter arising under” the Act. Section 570 of the Fair Work Act
2009 applies “to proceedings (including an appeal) in a court (including a court of a State
or Territory) exercising jurisdiction under” the Act.

27
 act or omission connected with the conduct or continuation of a dispute by a
lawyer.89

Christopher Lawrence
Edmund Barton Chambers
21 March 2012

Liability limited by a scheme approved under Professional Standards Legislation.

89
For example, ss 376 and 780.

28