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STATISTICAL

The document discusses foundational concepts in statistical analysis including descriptive versus inferential statistics, populations versus samples, types of variables and data, and measurement scales. It provides examples and explanations of key terminology to differentiate between nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio level data as well as categorical and numeric variable types. The document also gives a brief history of statistics and examples of early statistical inference applications.

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Cygresy Gomez
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73 views20 pages

STATISTICAL

The document discusses foundational concepts in statistical analysis including descriptive versus inferential statistics, populations versus samples, types of variables and data, and measurement scales. It provides examples and explanations of key terminology to differentiate between nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio level data as well as categorical and numeric variable types. The document also gives a brief history of statistics and examples of early statistical inference applications.

Uploaded by

Cygresy Gomez
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Statistical Analysis with Software

Application

AEC 23Lecture 1
S. Doyaoen
Learning Outcomes
• Differentiate between descriptive and
inferential statistics; population and
sample; quantitative and qualitative data
• Identify the types of variable and the level of
measurement
• Create a tree diagram illustrating types
of variables and their level of
measurement
Statistics
• The science of data collection, organization,
analysis and interpretation of data

• The method of classification and analysis of


numerical & non-numerical data for drawing
valid conclusion and making reasonable decisions

• It describes a set of tools that is used for


describing, organizing and interpreting information
or data.
Origin of the Word “Statistics”
• Derived from Latin statisticum collegium (“council of state”)

• Italian word statista (“statesman” or “politician”)

• German book Statistik, published in 1749, described the


analysis of demographic and economic data about the state
(political arithmetic in English)

• Was broadened in 1800s to include the collection,


summary, and analysis of data of any type; also was
conjoined with probability for the purpose of statistical
inference.
Early Examples of Statistical Inference
• 5th century B.C. — Athenians estimated the height of ladders
necessary to scale the walls of Platea by having multiple soldiers
count the bricks, then multiplying the most frequent count (the
mode) by the height of a brick.

• Al-Kindi (801-873 A.D.) wrote “Manuscript on Deciphering


Cryptographic Messages” which showed how to use frequency
analysis to decipher encrypted messages.

• John Graunt in Natural and Political Observations Made Upon the


Bills of Mortality estimated the population of London in 1662 as
384,000 using records on the number of funerals per year (13,000),
the death rate (3 people per 11 families per year), and average
family size (8).
Two Major Areas of Statistics
• Descriptive Statistics
– It consists of the collection, organization,
summarization, and presentation of
data.
– It describes the situation as it is.
• Inferential Statistics
– It consists of making inferences from samples
to populations, hypothesis testing, determining
relationships among variables and making
predictions.
– It is based on probability theory.
Probability & Random Variables
Probability is the chance of an event occurring.

• In order to gain information about seemingly


haphazard events, statisticians study random variables.
Variables
– A variable is any characteristics, number,
or quantity that can be measured or counted.
• Height, weight, temperature, number of
phone calls received, age, income, gender, etc.
Random Variables
– Variables whose values are determined by chance
Collection of Data
• The collection of data constitutes the
starting point of any statistical investigation.
• It should be conducted systematically with a
definite aim in view and with as much accuracy
as is desired in the final results
Data- the measurements or observations (values)
for a variable
Data Set- A collection of data values
Data Value or Datum- Each value in the data set
Example 1
Suppose a researcher selects a specific day and
records the number of calls received by a local office of
the Internal Revenue Service each hour as follows:
{8, 10, 12, 12, 15, 11, 13, 6}
where 8 is the number of calls received during the first
hour, 10 the number of calls received during the second
hour, and so on.

• The collection of these numbers is an example of


a data set, and each number in the data set is a
data value.
Collection of Data
• Data may be collected for each and every unit of
the whole lot (called population), for it would
ensure greater accuracy.

• But, however, since in most cases the populations


under study are usually very large, and it would be
difficult and time-consuming to use all members,
therefore statisticians use subgroups called samples
to get the necessary data for their studies.

• The conclusions drawn on the basis of this sample


are taken to hold for the population
Population and Sample
Population (N)
All people, objects, or events that are of interest. Populations
are usually defined by one or more specific characteristics. For
example, we might be studying the population of all college students,
which is defined as all individuals currently attending college.

Sample (n)
(noun) A subset or subgroup of people, objects, or events
drawn from the population.
(verb) to indicate the process of drawing the sample.

Random Sample
– A sample obtained without bias or showing preferences in selecting
items of the population is called a random sample.
Example 2
Population (N)
Students of NC 1st sem 2020-2021 N
(it means all students of NC enrolled
during this semester)
SS
n
Sample (n) is a small group of
students from the population

Random Sample means the small


group that represents the population
is chosen without bias. (Not all CABA
or COED students)
Types of Variables (and Data)
1. Categorical Variables
- No mathematical meaning or Non-numerical
- variables that can be placed into distinct categories,
according to some characteristic or attribute.
a. Nominal Variables
Ex) gender, religion, geographic locations, eye color, etc.
a. Ordinal Variable – can be logically ordered or ranked
Ex) clothing size (XS, S,M, L, XL)
• The data collected for a categorical variable are
qualitative data.
Types of Variables (and Data)
2. Numeric Variables
Values that describe a measurable quantity as a
number like ‘how much’ or ‘how many’. Ex) age, heights,
weights, body temperatures, etc.
a. Discrete Variables
- Assume values that can be counted such as whole numbers ( ex.
Number of children in a family, number of students in a class-
room, etc.)
b. Continuous Variables
- Can assume all values between any two specific values by
measuring (ex. Height, weight, time, etc.)
• The data collected for a numeric variable are
quantitative data.
Types of Variables Flowchart

VARIABLE

CATEGORICAL NUMERIC

NOMINAL ORDINAL DISCRETE CONTINUOUS

QUALITATIVE DATA QUANTITATIVE DATA


Measurement Scales of Data
1. Nominal-level Data
• no order or no comparing values
• Equality, Categories, No mathematical meaning
• The nominal-level of measurement classifies data
into mutually exclusive (non- overlapping),
exhaustive categories in which no ordering or
ranking can be imposed on the data.
Measurement Scales of Data
2. Ordinal-Level Data – Order ,
Rank (Qualitative data)
• The ordinal-level of measurement classifies data
into categories that can be ordered or ranked.
(only before and after no bigger or less..)
• However, precise differences between the ranks
do not exist.
Measurement Scales of Data
3. Interval-level Data
• The interval-level of measurement ranks
data, and precise differences between units of
measure do exist. (equal distances between 2
points)

• However, there is no meaningful zero


(i.e., starting point)
Measurement Scales of Data
4. Ratio-level Data
• possesses all the characteristics of interval
measurement (i.e., data can be ranked,
and there exists a true zero or starting
point).

• In addition, true ratios exist between


different units of measure.
Example 3
Measurement Scales

• Nominal; Joy is young, and Mary is old.


• Ordinal; Joy is younger than Mary.
• Interval; Joy is 20 years younger than Mary.
• Ratio; Joy is twice as young as Mary.

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