GEOMETRIC

DIMENSIONING
AND
TOLERANCI G

APPLIED MATERIALS

GENE COGORNO

TIT ::TECHNiCAL
856 SALT LAKE COURT
TRAiNiNG CONSULTANTS
SAN JOSE.CA 95133 (408) 251-532::
Web site - www.ttc-cogorno.com E-mail - gene@ttc-cogorno.cor-
 GD&T Principles
Course Outline
Session Topic Standard
1 Introduction
Symbols 3.1-3.7
Terms 1.3
General Rules 2.7-2.11
Datums 4.1 - 4.4
Form controls 6.4
Flatness 6.4.2
Straightness 6.4.1
Circularity 6.4.3
Cylindricity 6.4.4
2 Orientation 6.6
Parallelism 6.6.3
.. Perpendicularity 6.6.4
Angularity 6.6.2
Location 5
Position 5.1 - 5.3
Maximum Material Condition 5.3.2
"0" Positional Tolerancing 5.3.3
3 Fasteners Apend. B
Projected Tolerance Zones 5.5
Multiple Patterns of Features 5.3.6
Composite Tolerancing 5.4.1
Elongated Holes 5.10
4 Boundary Condition 2.11
Coaxiality Controls 5.11
Concentricity 5.12
5 Runout 6.7
Symmetry 5.13
Profile 6.5
 Course Objectives

Participants will:
1. Be able to explain the main benefits of GD&T

2. Develop a solid foundation of GD&T fundamentals

A. SY111bols

3. Be able ..to properly apply all 14geometric controls

4. Be able to demonstrate a working knowledge of the
applications of the position control
 INTRODUCTION TO GEOMETRIC
DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) is a symbolic

language. It is used to specify size, shape, orientation, and location. GD&T reflects the
actual relationship betvveen mating parts. Drawings with properly applied geometric
tolerancing provide the best opportunity for uniform interpretation.

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing is a design tool. Before

designers can properly apply geometric tolerancing, they must carefully consider the fit
and function of each feature of every part.' Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing is, in
effect, a checklist to remind the designer to ;:onsider all asp cts of each feature. Proper
geometric tolerancing will insure that all part$ mate ev ry time. Geome,tric tolerancing
allows the maximum available tol rane and consequently the most eCb110mical port. .

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing communicates design

intent. This tolerancing scheme identifies all datums - the reference surfaces - and the
features being controlled to these datums. A properly toleranced drawing is not only a
picture of the shape of the part, but tel1.~a story of the important relationships between
features.

Dimensioning and Tolerancing ASME Y14.5M-1994 is the current,

authoritative document specifying the proper application of
GD&T. This standard grew out of earlier documents: ANSI Y14.5M-1982, ANSI
Y14.5-1973, USASI Y14.5-1966, ASA Y14.5-1957, SAE Automotive Aerospace Drawing
Standard, and MIL-SID-8C 1963. These standards were developed as a result of countlesc
hours of committee meetings. Committee members represent industrial, military, and
educational interests. The standard committee has three main interests:
1. Provide a single, authoritative standard for geometric dimensioning and tolerancin~
practices in the United States
2. Update practices and extend principles for new applications and new technologies
3. Establish a single US standard that speaks to our interests in international trade

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing is here to stay. There is an

increased need in industry today for product sophistication, diversification, and quality.
These needs, coupled with intense competition, have created an environment in which
more exacting engineering drawing communication is mandatory for continued success.
 When Do We Use GD&T?

• When drawing delineation and interpretation must be the same

• When features are critical to function or interchangeability

• When it is important to eliminate the scrapping of perfectly good

parts

• When it is important to reduce drawing changes

• When automated equipment is used

• When functional gaging is required

• When it is important to increase produ'ctivity

• When companies want across the board SAVING$

 Cylindrical Tolerance Zone

3.000 ±.005

L
 Cylindrical Tolerance Zone

+.005

+.005

o Tolerance Zone = ~.01 02 + .0102 = .014

 Cylindrical vs. Rectangular Tolerance Zones

157 5,-} in.

Area of a Square: 100 5'-1 in.

Difference Between the Two: 57 ~J.
1
in.

Circle Larger than a Square:

 Rectangular Tolerancing

4X 0 .510

f
4.000

2.000
r
----

---
.. ~
----
1.000

I I
j l
l~'OOO I.•••• 2.000

5.000
•• I

J 1.000

.xxx = ± .005
ANGLES =± 1° ,~
 Rectangular Tolerance Analysis
I I I
I I I
r-
r-
"0 r-
·c t-
l-
C) t-

-oo -t-

---...- t-
r---
r---
t-
t-

~w%
~ ~
.~
~

L
~
I-
f-
.
f-
f-
f-
~~ ~ ~

2.0

-
-
- ,
- ~ ~ ~
-
- ,
-
- ~ ~
1.0

-- 2.000 ::- ~ 1.000-.J

 Geometric Tolerancing

4X 0.514-.530
~0.014@~

t
1.000
1--
- --
-

~----

~- ---

~----

I I
'-1.-00-0 II~ 12.000 ~-.1

.xxx = ± .0':5
ANGLES = ± 1°
Geometric Dimensioning Tolerance Analysis
I I I
I I I

-0
.-
L
C)
CD
----
.,.--

!"'" ~
iI' ~ roo..
~ l\- Ii'

II I
"-

1\
,
i.o"
II \

" I.•••
If'
f
"""

12.000 I

... ...
"""
"- , """

'\.
1/ / .

I II
,-
\
,
1\
,
II !r
.....
I"
""" 1
1.000 I

i
-- 2.000 I -- -11 .000 ~
--I
 Symbols Terms & Rules
Symbols
GD&T symbols are the essence of this graphic language. It is important not
only to know each symbol, but also to know how to apply these symbols to
drawings.

Terms
The names and definitions of many GD&T concepts are very specific to this
.subject. In some cases they are very different from general English usage.

Rules
There are four rules that apply to drawings in general, and to GD&Tin
particular. They govern specific relationships that occur on drawings.

Symbols, terms, and rules are the basics of GD&T. They are the alphabet,
the definitions, and the syntax of this language. Learn them; commit them
to memory. You can't expect to communicate in a language if you don't
know its words and symbols, and how those words and symbols fit
together. .
 Geometric Characteristic Symbols
Type of
Pertains to Tolerance Geometric Characteristics Symbol

STRAIGHTNESS - ;

!
Individual ,
Feature
FLATNESS
CJ ~
Form
Only
CIRCULARITY
0
CYLINORICITY
II
Individual PROFILE OF A LINE (\
Feature or !
Profile
Related
Features PROFILE OF A SURFACE
0 ;

ANGULARITY
L.. :

Orientation
PERPENDICULARITY --l
PARALLELISM
II :
,
i
Related
/
i
CIRCULAR RUNOUT I

Features Runout I
TOTAL RUNOUT U I
I
i

CONCENTRICITY CO)
Location
SYMMETRY -
-
--

POSITION -$- !

I
!
I
 Datum Feature Symbols Attached to
Features

Outline

r
1.50 •
--1.00
Extension Line

G Dimension Line

Leader

K M
 The Feature Control Frame

OJ
@
o
 Feature Control Frames Attached to
Features

Extension Line

Dimension Line

1
.0_500- .51 5
r:r.
~1.500-_1_.5_1_0_~_
oo1@IB@!

Leader
Geometric Dilnensioning and Tolet:am::ing
Symbology

All Around Counterbore/Spotface LJ

~

At Maximum Material
Condition @ Countersink v

At Least Material Condition

CO Depth/Deep ~

j ,
!
Regardless of Feature ~ none Square 0

Projected Tolerance Zone Dimension Not to Scale 80

"l'
®'
Tangent Plane CD Number of Piaces X
----
.

Free State
® Arc Length 110
Diameter Radius R
.0

Dimension, Basic (1.000 ( Spherical Radius SR

Dimension, Reference (60) Spherical Diameter 80'

Datum Feature ~ Controlled Radius CR

Dimension Origin ~ Between , -

Feature Control Frame 1-$-I·01@0 Statistical Tolerance ' @

Datum Target ~,::'J~

ConicaJ Taper ~
. ..~- '~
I

r::::..-.... I

Slope Target Point

X
 Terms
1. Basic Dimension
A basic dimension is a numerical value used to describe the theoretically exact
size, profile, orientation, or location of a feature or datum target. Basic
dimensions are used to define or position tolerance zones. They are dimension
w:thout tolerances.

2. Datum
A datuill is a theoretically exact point, line, or plane derived from the true
geometric counterpart of a specified datum feature. Datums are the origin from
which the location of features is establishe~ ..

3. Datum Feature
A datum feature is an actual feature on a part that is used to establish a datum.

4. Datum Feature Simulator

A datum feature silTIulator is a real surface of adequately precise form, such as
a surface plate or lnachine table, used to contact datum features to establish
simulated datums.

5. Feature
A feature is a physical portion of a part, such as a surface, pin, hole, tab, or slot.

6. Feature of Size
Features of size are features that have a dimension and a size tolerance. A
featl1re of size is:
a. A cylindrical surface c. A spherical surface
b. Two opposed parallel surfaces d. Two opposed line elenlents

7. Maximum Material Condition (MMC)

The maximum material condition of a feature of size is the maximum amount
of material within the stated limits of size - for example, maximum shaft
diameter or minimunl hole diameter.
8. Regardless of Feature Size (RFS)
Regardless of feature size is the term used to indicate that a specified geometric
tolerance or a datum reference applies at each increment of size of a feature
within its limits of size. Regardless of feature size specifies that no bonus
tolerance is allowed.

9. True Position
True position is the exact location of a feature established by basic dinLensi\..1ns.
Tolerance zones are located at true position.

10. Virtual Condition

The virtual condition for a tolerance specified at MMC is a constant bound::ry
generated by the collective effects of the MMC limit of size of a feature an6 the
applicable geometric tolerance.
External Features Internal Features
MMC MMC
+ Geometric Tolerance @ MMC - Geometric Tolerance @ MMC
Virtual Condition Virtual Condition
 Datum Plane

Theoretically Exact
Datum Plane

Datum Feature

Part

Datum Feature
Simulator
(Surface plate)

Simulated Datum
 Maximum Material Condition
2X (2) .520 - .600
~0.020@~

1
1.000 I
/1.000 I
A
2X 0 .520 - .600
~0.020@~

External Features (Pins)

Actual Total
Feature Bonus Geometric Positional
Size (Difference) Tolerance' Tolerance
.600
.580
.540

Internal Features (Holes)

Actual Total
Feature Bonus Geometric Positional
Size (Di 4=ference) Tolerance Tolerance
:600
.580
.540

.520
 General Rules

Rule # 1:
When no geometric tolerance is specified, the dimensional tolerance controls the
geometric form as well as the size. No element of the feature shall extend beyond
the MMC boundary of perfect form. The form tolerance increases as the actual size
of the feature departs from MMC toward LMC.

Rule # 2 (1994 Standard):

RFS automatically applies to individual tolerances and to datum features of size.
MMC and LMC must be specified where required.

Rule # 2 (1982 Standard):

When using a position control in a feature control frame, MMC, LMC, or RFS
must be specified for the geometric tolerances and datum features of size.

Rule # 3 (1982 Standard):

For all other geOlnetric controls, RFS automatically applies.

Rule #4: .
All geom~tric tolerances specified for screw threads apply to the axis of the thread
derived from the pitch diameter. Exceptions must be specified by a note (such as
MAJOR DIA or MINOR DIA).
All geometric tolerances specified for gears and splines must designate the specific
feature (such as MAJOR DIA, PITCH DIA, or MINOR DIA) at which each applies.

Rule ;5.,' lJ/JrluJ/ Cond/ooD /1u/e/

Where a datum feature of size is controlled by a geometric tolerance and is
; specified as a secondary or tertiary datum, the datum applies at virtual condition
with respect to orientation.
 Rule # 1

-f_--_- _- __ -_~~n

L-- .XX •• - ,I
Angles = = ','

1. What straightness tolerance is impVed in the drawing above?

2. If the pin is produced at a diameter of 1.010, it must be

straight withi.n what tolerance?

3. ·If the pin is produced at a diameter of 1.015, it must be

straight within what tolerance?

4. If the pin is produced at a diameter of 1.020, it must be

straight within what tolerance?

5. If the pin is produced at a diameter of 1.000, it must be

straight within what tolerance?
 Washer

¢ .500

.12 ---J k-
~1.00
.xx ± .01
=
.XXX= ± .005
ANGLES = ± 1°
 Virtual Condition Rule

I -1---
I I

---~--

4X 0 .510-.525
~0.01 O@I~D@[§]
 Datums

Definition
Datums are theoretically perfect points, lines, and planes. These points,
lines, and planes exist within a structure of three mutually perpendicular
intersecting planes called a datum reference frame.

Immobilization of a Part
Datum features of a part are oriented and immobilized- in a selected order
of precedence relative to the three mutual perpendicular planes of the
datum reference frame. Datum features must be specified. To properly
position the parr an the datum reference frame, the datum features must
be specified in order of precedence. The primary datum feature contacts
the datum reference frame with a minimum of three points of contact-not
in a straight line. The secondary datum feature contacts the datum
reference frame with a minimum of two points of contact. And the
tertiary datum feature contacts the datum reference frame with a minimum
of one point of contact.

Application ,
Since measurements can not be made from theoretical surfaces, datums are
assumed to exist in and be simulated by processing equipment such as
surface plates, gages, machine tables and mandrels.

Datum Feature Selection

Datum features are selected to meet design requirements. They should
be:
1. Functional surfaces
2. Mating surfaces
3. Readily accessible
4. Repeatable

Datum Feature Identification

The datum feature symbol is used to identify physical features of a part.
Datum feature symbols shall not be applied to center lines, center planes,
or axes. Datums may be designated with any letter of the alphabet except
1, 0, and Q.
Cylindrical Datum Features
A cylindrical datum feature is always intersected by two theoretical planes
meeting at right angles at its datum axis. Another datum feature may be
established to control rotational orientation or clocking about the datum
axis.

Establishing Datums
Two kinds of features may be specified as datums - Features not subject
to size variations and Size features. When a feature not subject to size
variation, such as a flat surface, is specified as a datum feature, the
corresponding datum is simulated by a plane. Size features n1ay apply at
Regardless of Feature Size, RFS or Maximum Material Condition, MMe.
When a size feature is specified at RFS, the processing equipment such as
gages, and mandrels must be in physical contad with the datum-feature.
When a size feature is specified at MMC, the size of the processing
equipment is determined by the specified MMC limit of size of the datum_
feature or its MMC virtual condition.

Multiple Datum Features

When more than one feature is used to establish a single datum, the datum
reference letters are separated by a dash and specified in one
compartment of the feature control frame.
 Datums vs. Datum Features

Examples Accuracy Real/

Imaginary
Datums I
(Established from part Points I
Lines Perfect Imaginary I
features on the print)
Planes :

Simulated Datums I
I

(Toollng used to establish Derived from: Very accurate Real

feature location and Machine tables, surfaces
orientation of the part) Chucks,
Surface plates,
V-blocks, etc.
,

Datum Features i
,
(Actual features of a part Plane surfaces, Made within Real !

mated·to simulated datum holes, pins, the tolerance I

surfaces) slots, and tabs on the print I

~
 Cylindrical Datum Features

4X ¢ .51 4 - .590
~¢.o14@0B@lc@1

A cylindrical datum feature is <...lvvays intersected by two theoretical planes

meeting at right angles at its datum axis. Another datum feature may be
established to control rotational orientati011or clocking about the datum
aXiS.
 Establishing Datums

---tp--t 11.~~I-
I I
---+- i--
.I
....;... ---

--,---
I 1.500 I
----$-- 1

3.000 B 0-1
4X 0 .760-.790
~¢. 0 1 O®~-D@-M [§
Multiple Datum Features

U .002A-B
 Datum Quiz

True or False (Circle one)

T F 1. A datum is a theoretically exact geometric reference.

T F 2. Primary datums provide featur'e orientation.

T F 3. Datums exist on the part itself.

T F 4. Simulated datums are established by processing or inspection equipment.

T F 5. Surface plates and V-blocks may be used to establish simulated datums.

T F 6. Datum features are theoretically exact surfaces.

T F 7. In certain cases, the 1982 & 1994 standards allo~ implied datums.

T F 8. A datull1 reference frame consists of three mutually perpendicular planes.

T F 9. Multiple datum features are shown like this ]A-si

T F 10. The letters 1, 0, and Q are not used for datum symbols.
 Establishing Datums

4X .760 -.790

~0.010@1

-~-
I
I

---+- I

o 1.000 - 1.030
~0.060®1 _

Specify appropriate datums on the drawing above.

 Datum Exercise
4X ,0.514-.590
G[l>Z5.014@!

3.970

o 2.500

.500 -.515
[~].ooo@1
o 4.200 -4.230
1~10.020@1

Specify appropriate datums on the drawing above.

 Form and Orientation
Flatness
Definition
Flatness of a surface is a condition where all line elements of that surface
are in one plane.

Specification
A flatness tolerance is specified by a f~ature control frame which includes
the flatness symbol and a numerical tolerance. The feature control fran1e i
attached with a leader or an extension line to the surface being controlled.
It is directed to the surface in a view where the surface appears as a line.
The flatness tolerance must be less than the size tolerance.

In terpr~ta ti on
The surface being controlled must lie between two parallel planes
separated by the specified tolerance.
 Unit Flatness

[fZ]'001/1.000 x 1.0001 Controls flatness to .001 of an inch

for each 1.000 inch square

~.0101 .
Controls flatness to .001 for
L7.001/1.000 X 1.0001 each 1.000 Inch square

h .001 h = 16 X --.001
(4"? (I"? I

The chord height (h) is proportional to the square of the chord length (c).
 Flatness

Top 2.000

_______ ---.l~

Front + Side
"-----~---'
1.000

1'41[----)lla-I 3. 000

.XXX = ± .Ole
ANGLES = ± 1°

1. Specify a flatness control of .005 for the top surface of the part above.
2. Below, complete the feature control frame with a unit flatness of .002
per square inch and an overall flatness of .015.

/ 7
 Straightness of Surface Elements

fB·005 1

.250 ± .010

L...--------I __ i

.,
! 0 .250±.O 10

Straightness
Tolerance

2. Can this part exceed the boundary of perfect form at MMC?

 Straightness of an Axis
(RFS and MMC)
,-
I,

- - - - -

, I
I
- ¢ .250 ± .010
El0.0051 or ·B0.005~1
Tolerance
RFS MMC

Virtual
Condition

• 2. Can this part exceed the boundary of perfect form at MMC?

r
~,
~.,
-,
 Circularity

0.004

Circularity Tolerance of .004

In a plane, perpendicular to the datum axis, each circular line element must
lie between two concentric circles. The radial distance between the two
concentric circles is equal to the circularity tolerance. Each circular line
element applies independently of any other line element and must be
within the size limits.
 Parallelism

o .264 - .267

.- .
t· I.
~.
~

r
I'
l~

Control parallelisll1 within .005 to the datu1l1S indica~ed for the drawings
above. Use MMC whenever possible.
 Perpendicularity

,01.005-1.020

Control perpendicularity within .005 to the datums indicated for the

drawings above. Use MMC whenever possible.
 Angularity

A
I

ffl-
I I
I.
I
I
I
I
-

~.. Control angularity within .005 to the datums indicated for the drawings
r~, above. Use rvlMC whenever possible.
 Angularity

~-
I· I

Control angularity within .005 to the datums indicated for the drawings
'~, above. Use NIMC whenever possible.
 Orientation of Mating Parts

.0.960-.980
[[] 0
,0 1.025-1 .050
rn @]

COlnplete the feature control frames so that: the two parts above will
always assemble, datums A & B will meet, and the part can be produced
using the most cost effective design.
 Positional Tolerancing
A review of the rules and definitions that apply to
positional tolerancing

Maximum Material Condition (MMC):

The largest shaft and the smallest hole within the size tolerance specified.

Least Material Condition (LMC):

The smallest shaft and the largest hole within the size tolerance specified.

Select datum features that are:

1. Functional Surfaces
2. Mating surfaces
3. Readily accessible
4. Repeatable

Rule #2: (1994 Standard)

RFS autoll1atically applies to the tolerance and datum features of size. MMC ar.j
LMC must be specified where required.

Rule #2: (1982 Standard)

When using a position control in a feature control frame, MMC, LMC, or RFS
must be specified for the geon1etric tolerances and datum features of size.

Rule #4:
All geometric tolerances specified for screw threads apply to the pitch diamete!"
Exceptions mllst be specified by a note (such as "MAJOR DIA" or "MINOR DP, J.
Ail geometric tolerances specified for gears and splines must designate the spec:::c
feature (such as "MAJOR DIA", "PITCH DIA", or "MINOR DIA") at which the'·
apply.
Virtual Condition
The virtual condition for a tolerance specified at MMC is a constant boundary
generated by the collective effects of the MMC lirrlit of size of a feature and the
applicable geometric tolerance.
Virtual condition is the size of a part that results in the worst case fit with the
mating part. Mating parts are designed to virtual condition; they must always
assemble. Functional gages are nlade to the virtual condition of the parts they are
designed to inspect.

External Features Internal Features

MMC MMC
+ Geometric Tolerance @ MMC - Geometric Tolerance @ MMC
Virtual Condition Virtual Condition

Rule #5: (Virtual Condition Rule)

1. ADatum
2. That is a Size Feature
3... Controlled by a Geometric Tolerance
4. Specified as a Secondary or Tertiary Datum
Applies at Virtual Condition with respect to Orientation.
 Maximum Material Condition
2X 0 .770 - .800

~0.020@~

---4- I

1
1000
I
2X 0 .770 - .800

~0.020@~

External Features (Pins)

Actual Total
Feature Bonus Geometric Positional
Size (Difference) Tolerance Tolerance
.800

.790
.780

.770

Internal Features (r~vles)

r Actual Total
"
Feature Bonus Geomet.-ic Positional
Size (Difference) Tolerance Tolerance
.800
•
-.. 790

~ .780
- .770
-. TECHNICAL TRAINING CONSULTANTS
 Zero Positional Tolerancing

3.000

5.12

Drill Size
.xx = ± .01
.xxx = ± .005 1/2 (.500)
ANGLES = ± 1°
17/32 (.531)
9/16 (.562)
2X 0 .500 -.580

1-$-10. 000@0][9

1
1.000 I
I

'f: 11.000 I
Zero Positional Tolerancing

4X 0 .770 - .830

~¢.020@~
11.000 I
 Zero Positional Tolerance Conversion

Shaft
1. 0 .375 - .385

1-$-1¢·015@~

Hole
2. 0 .275 - .300

1-$-1¢·025@~ ·1_""'---- __
Hole
3. 0 .770 - .820

1-$-1-¢-·02-0@-M~ 1·1 _

Shaft
~. 0 1.000 - 1.010

1$1-0.-0 1-0@-M~
Convert the above dimensions to zero positional tolerance.
 Floating Fastener

T = The tolerance
for each part

Fixed Fastener

t 1 + t2 = ,H - F I
H = F +-t1 + t2

T = Tolerance @ MMC
-- H = Hole size @ MMC See ASMEY14.5M - 1994
-, F = Fastener size @ MMC Appendix B
 Floating Fastener
T= H-F H = F.+T

~_~ @_M~, ,

3. rolerance (T), Clearance Hole

(Why not O?)
 Fixed Fastener

0 _

~1>Z5

~=0=====@=~
UN_-2B

2. Clearance Hole 0 @ LMe = (F + Fh)/2

3. Tolerance, Thread (t1) = (0 @ LMC - F) X 60%.

4. Tolerance for Clearance Hole (t2)

(Why not O?)
 Fastener Calculations
1. Three parts are held together with two 1/2-13UNC hex head bolts. What
positional tolerance at MMC will be required on the drawings of the three parts if
the clearance hole at MMC is 0 .540 as shown? Complete the hole location
tolerance. Perforn1 all calculations starting with the formula.

2X 0 .540 - .580
~0 (@.~

A lid assembles onto a gear case with six, 1/4-20 hex head machine screws.
Calculate the clearance hole dian1eters and the positional tolerances of the holes in
the lid and the threaded holes in the case. Perform all calculations~ starting with a
formula.

6X 1/4-20 UN C-2B
1-$-10 (@~
 Projected Tolerance Zone

1. Specify a positional tolerance of .020 for each threaded hole.

2. Include a projected tolerance zone projected 1.250 above the
through hole.
3. Specify a projected tolerance zone projected .750 above the blind hole.
 Fixed Fastener Assembly

-4- ---~

--t-
I

1.000 I

t 11.000

I
2.50
I
III
I
I I
II
I I
II,

I I I'
I

L.xx =±.03
I II
I I
III
I I

IIIII
xxx =
± .010
ANGLES = ± 1°

The part with clearance holes assenlbles on top of the part with threaded
holes and is fastened with socket head cap screws.
1. Calculate the tolerance for both threaded and clearance holes.
2. Use "0" positional tolerance.
3. SpeCify projected tolerance zones.
 Angular Location

.xx = ± .01
.XXX = ± .00::
ANGLES = ± 1"

Tolerance the drawing above:

1. The inside diameter and the back are 111atingfeatures. Select the
primary datum .. (Consider a form control.)
2. The virtual condition of the mating shaft is 01.125.
3. Locate the keyway for a 1/4" key.
4. Locate the three-hole pattern for 3 / 8" bolts as fixed fasteners.
 Multiple Patterns of Features

2 X .0 .514 -.600 2X01.000-1.020

~¢.014®0B@lc@1 ~¢ .ooo@~B®lc@1

.¢ 2.500

The two hole patterns on this drawing have no functional relationship to

each other. Specify the hole relationship on the dr awing to produce the
most economical parts.
 Multiple Patterns of Features

.XX = ±.01
.XXX = ± .005
Tolerance the part above: ANGLES = ± 1°
1. Select the primary datum. (Consider a for111control.)
2. The virtual condition of the mating hole is 0 3.000.
3. Locate the eight-hole pattern for 1/4" bolts.
4. Give the six-hole pattern a 0.020 tolerance.
5. Give the four-hole pattern a 0.005 tolerance.
6. All holes are to be considered one pattern.
 Datum Features of Size

.xx = ± .01
.XXX = ± .005
Tolerance the parts above: ANGLES = ± 1°
1. Select the primary datums. (Consider a form control.)
2. Tolerance the threaded-hole pattern for socket head cap screws.
3. Tolerance the clearance holes in the mating part.
 Coaxial Shafts

.xx =
± .03
.xxx =
± .OC~
ANGLES = ± 1:
Tolerance the parts above:
1. Select the primary datums. (Consider a form control.)
2. Tolerance the threaded-hole pattern for socket head cap screws.
3. Tolerance the clearance holes in the mating part.
 Location Tolerancing
4 X 0 .380 - .415

~0 .0 05@[~JD@[§]

i t
~-t--
I
11.000 I

-+-

1. What are the tolerances for the datum hole (D) if produced at 0 .525:
Location tolerance ? Orientation tolerance ? _

~. What are the tolerances for the 4X 0 .380 holes if p oduced at 0 .415:
Location ? Orientation ? Virtual condition ? _
L For datum hole (D), what datum(s) determine(s):

L For the 0 .380 hole pattern, what daturn(s) determine(s):

Orientation? Location? Clocking? _
l. If a gage is used to check the .380 hole pattern:
Datun1 D pin is what dian1eter? _
The gage pins for the (2) .380 holes are what dia111eter? _
1. If datu111 hole D is produced at 0 .525 and perfectly perpendicular to
datU111A, what tolerance shift of the .380 hole pattern exists? _
 Composite Positional Tolerancing

4X 0.510-.530

-$- ¢.0 1 O@A 81 =

¢.006@ A
.500~

1
1.000 I

3.000

1
1.000 I

1.000 2.000
1 I
A

c B
.XXX = ±.005
ANGLES = ± .:
Composite Tolerance Analysis
I--
V I--
·C I--
l-
(9 I--
l-
Ce I--
""-

or- -~
I--

~ -.. -,
~ ~ ~ ~
J
...•.•
l\-
, I , '"
~
••• , •• - I ••••
L.- ." If

\. .. 'f
J ", , ,
,I'
-J

1-11'
~
" 1"11
, "
II

.
\
1\
1\
1\ l

1\
•
,,
~ ••••• ~~ ,.
, ,
\
......
I'.. 'I'
, ~ I,
,. --1
'"

~ J ~
_ ... ",.
•..~
"1

... .. ~ \. J

,, , ,
I
" ~
II
I'. ~
"" " ••• ilIll'"

I tIl( 11.000 ~.... 11.000 I .1

 Composite Positional Tolerancing

4X 0 .500-.580

.
50
1
f 3.00

1.000

2.000

4.00
.xx =
±.01
.xxx =
± .005
ANGLES = ± 1°

The pattern of clearance holes in the part above lTIUst be located within a
cylindrical tolerance zone of .060 at MMe. to the datums. The plate is
designed to be assenlbled to the mating part with .500" bolts as floating
fasteners. Complete the drawing.
 Elongated Holes

.50---reI

3.00
1.000

.xx = ± .01
.XXX = ± .005
ANGLES = ± 1°

Supply the appropriate geometric tolerancing necessary to control the

elongated holes in the drawing above. The location tolerances are .060 at
MMC in the horizontal (length) direction, and .030 at MMC in the vertical
(width) direction.
Boundary Conditions
0.996-1.000 2X 0.520-.560
~¢.010@~ ~¢.020@~

.XX = ± .01
.XXX= ± .OO~
ANGLES = ± Ie
 Comparison of Coaxiality Controls

Tolerance Material
Zone Condition

1. Position is used to control the total cylindrical surface and its composite
location relative to a specified datum (s).

2. Runout is used to control the circular elements/ total cylindrical surface in

composite relative to a datum axis. Runout is often used to control high speed
rotating parts.

Two concentric
circles/cylinders

Two parallel
lines/planes

3. Concentricity is used in only a few unique applications when precise balance

is required. Concentricity requires the establishment and verification that a
feature's median points fall within the specified tolerance zone.

@ o Independent
Coaxiality - Position vs. Concentricity

~ A

); ~

0- 4.014
- - -

I
 Coaxiality Exercise

- - -

Specify a feature control frame that controls the ellipse coaxially within a
tolerance of .002 at RFS to datum A at RFS.
 Coaxiality Exercise
o .500

.12
11

.01 .00

.XX =±
.Cl
.xxx = ± .(1)5
ANGLES = ± 1:
Specify a coaxiality control that locates the ID relative to the OD within .060
atMMC.
 Coaxiality Exercise

4X 0.50; -.510

,
--- f---- -~- --
- - - -
--- f- -- --- --

Specify the feature control fl ~lme that locates the four holes within .030 at MMC
to datunls A & B and coaxial w:thin .005 at MMe.
 Plug and Socket

o .505-.510
~¢~OO5®~

~
o .748-.750

Control the coaxiality of the plug so that it will always assenlble in the socket.
Features Controlled by Runout

Feature perpendicular to the datum axis

Features constructed
around the datum axis
Runout Tolerance Zones

Circular Runout

Total Runout

Perpendicular to a Datum Axis

Partial Runout & Compound Datums
 Runout Controlled To a
Flat Datum Surface and a Diameter

/'
/
/ /..-
/ /
/ I
I /
- \ \
\ \
\ \
"\ "-
"" '-
•.•..•..
Compound Datums with Form Controls
 Runout Exercise

(21 .500
o 1 ::0

Control the following diameters for coaxiality and surface irregularity:

1. The entire 03.500 surface within .001 to datums Band C
2. Circular elements of the 01.000 and 0 1.500 within .002 to datums Band C
3. Circular elements of the 0 2.000 and the taper within .010 to ddtum B
4. Circular elements of the 0.500 within .002 to datum C
TECHNICAL TRAINING CONSULTANTS 7-6 Geometric Dimensioning & Toler" --: ng
 Profile of a Surface All Around

.030 wide tot. zone

.015 on each side
of true profile
90° to datum A

----ef0 / -- ..•.• ~

/ \

( (' I
) I

I L____
I
/ )

L: -//
Profile of a Line
 Profile Tolerances

Specify profile of a surface within .010, .020, and .030 between U & V, V & X,
and X & Y respectively.

Specify <1 ~Irofil(' of a surface lo]erclnce within .002 all around the part above.
rECHNICAL TRAINING CONSULT ANTS 8-3 Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing
 Profile Exercise

Control the entire surface of the center cavity to the datums indicated
within a tolerance of .020 outside the true profile.
 Coplanarity

4X 0 .375-.415
1-$1¢·ooo@!1§9
--$-
I

1 000
1 . I
-r--I

1
2.000 I

Specify the datUl1lS indicated. The primary datum is the two lower
coplanar surfaces. Specify the primary datum to be coplanar within .004.
 Profile

-11-1 ---11-1 ---IfI:::J .xx

.XXX
= ± .03
= ± .010
Angle =±1 0

Control the profile and the holes perpendicular to the back of the part and
locate them to each other. The holes are for 1/2" and 5/8" bolts. The
profile tolerance is .060.
TECHNICAL TRAINING CONSULTANTS 8-6 Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerc':lng
 Profile for a Sheet Metal Part

t
2,00

L---.., .xx
.XXX
= ± .03
= ± .015
ANGLES =± 1 0

1. Specify the bottom of the loWer surface to be coplanar within .020.

2. Specify a restrained condition for the lower surface.
3. Tolerance holes with geometric tolerancing. The smallest tolerance for
each hole is the virtual condition for the mating part.
4. Specify the profile of the top surface of the part within .030.
TECHNICAL TRAINING CONSULTANTS 8-7 Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancin;
 Datum Targets for a Sheet Metal Part
0.520-55°\

.500

_t t
1.00

3 SURFACES
.xx = ± .03 (BOTTOM SIDE)
.XXX = ± .015
0
ANGLES = ± 1
 APPENDIX

Oversize Diameters in Drilling .

Amount Oversize, Inch

Drill
Average
I?iameter, Mean
Min.
Inch
~
1/16 .0015 .001
J
1/8 .003 .001
-,
1/4 .004 .0025
•
t
1/2 .005 .003
I.
~ 3/4 .005 .003
.,
;,
1 .007 .004
Machinery's H~ndbook. Revised 21st Edition, Industrial Press Inc.
~"
 Drill

r-I-r-T r-j
cDrill
No.
60
Fract. Deci.
- .0-100
Drill
NO'-l J:~1ct_. JDeci.
29
I
-
---r--rDrill
1_
.1360
I
I
No:
B
I F~a~!,:", De~L---l£ract.
- .238 7/16
~..J

.438
59 - .0410 9/(A .140 C .142 29/64 .453
58 - .0420 28 .Hl D .246 15/32 .469
57 - .0430 27 .144 1/'1 .250 31/64 .484
56 - .0465 26 .147 E .250 1/2 .500
3/64 .0469 25 .150 F .257 33/64 .516
55 - .0520 24 .152 G .261 17/32 .531
54 - .0550 23 .154 17/6'1 .266 35/64 .54;
53 - .0595 5/32 .156 H .266 9/16 .562
1/16 .0625 22 .157 I .272 37/M .578
52 - .0635 21 .159 J .277 19/32 .594
51 - .0670 20 .161 9/32 .281 39/64 .609
50 - .0700 19 .166 K .281 5/8 .625
49 - .0730 18 .170 L .290 41/64 .641
'18 - .0760 11/64 .172 M .295 21/32 .656
r'/6L1._.
:J .0781 17 .173 19/64 .297
. 43/6·1 .672
J? - .0785 16 .177 'N .302 11/16 .688
46 - .0810 15 .180 5/16 .313 45/64 .703
45 - .0820 14 .182 0 .316 23/32 .719
44 - .0860 13 .185 P .323 47/64 .734
43 - .0890 .188 21/64 .328 3/4 .750
42 - .0935 12 .189 Q .332 49/64
r-rc. '
./00

3/32 .0938 11 .191 R - .• .339 25/32 .781

41 - .0960 10 .194 11/32 .3'14 51/64- .797
40 - .0980 9 .196 5 .348 13/16 .813
(
- .0995
(
I ~ .199 T .358 . 53/64 .828
38 .1015 7 .201 23/64 .359 27/32 .844
37 .1040 13/64 .203 U .368 55/64 .859
36 .1065 6 .204 3/8 .375 7/8 .875
7/64 .1094 5 .206 V .3'77 57/64 .891
35 .1100 4 .209 W .386 29/3'2 .906
34 .1110 3 .213 25/64 .391 59/64 .922
33 .1130 7/32 .219 X .397 15/16 .938
32 ,1160 2 y . .404 61/64 .953
TECHNICAL TRAINING CONSULTANTS

._. ~------_ ••••• ,", •••

·••••··~".••I.• _ ••••.••••.
~•

• ~. __ • _ ••• NO --~~ •• _. __ • ---.-------_.----.- •• -.-.-- ••• ---.-

 ,
31

30
.1200
1/8 ' .1250
.1290
1
A
15/64
.n:{
.23
..

.23·1 '
'.

Z
13/32

27/64
.406
.413
.422
31/32
63/64
1
.969
.98-4
1.000
,:', " I:.',
- I: ' :~ • J 1 " '.
 Machine' ai,d Ca p crew ea S~)lf)t
': Jt'
<

Nominal Decimal ( Clearance

Size Diameter A Hole LMC*
#8 .1640 .244 .204
#10 .1900 .305 .247
1/4 .2500 .425 .337
Hex 5/16 .3125 .484\ .398
Head 3/8 .3750 .544 .460
Machine 7/16 .4375 .603 .520
Screws 1/2 . .5000 .725 .612
5/8 .6250 .906, .765 /
3/4 .7500 1.088 .919~
#4 .1120 .176 .144
#6 .1380 .218 .178
#8 .1640 .262 .213
#10 .1900 .303
Socket 1/4 .2500 .365
.246
.307 I
Head 5/16 .3125 .457 .. 38.:1
Cap 3/8 .3750 .550 .462
Screws 7/16 .4375 .642 .540
1/2 .5000 .. 735 .617
5/8 .6250 .921 .773
3/4 .7500 1.107 .928
#4 .&. .1120 .193 .152
#6 .1380 .240 .189
#8 .1640 .287 .226
#10 .1900 .334 .262
Round 1/4 .2500 .443 .346
Head 5/16 .3125 .557 .434
Machine 3/8 <.
.3750 .670 .522
7/16 .'1375 .707 .572
1/2 .5000 .766 .633
5/8 .6250 .944 .784

Geometric' Dim~nsionilig& T olerancing

Di111.ellsionillg and Tolerancing
ASME Y14.5M-1994
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
345 East 47th Street, New York, New York 10017
(800) 843-2763

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing

by James D. Meadows
Marcel Dekker, Inc. (1995)
270 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016
ISBN 0-8247-9309-9

Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing

Workbook and Answerbook
by James D. Meadows (1997)
Marcel Dekker, Inc.
270 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016
ISBN 0-8247-0076-7

GEO-METRICS III
by Lowell W. Foster (1994)
Addison-vVesley Publishing Company, Inc.
Reading, Massachusetts
ISBN 0-201-63342-6