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3 - Heat Treatment & Engineering Application

The document discusses heat treatment processes for carbon steel. It describes annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering processes. Annealing involves heating steel to high temperatures to relieve stresses and make the material softer and more ductile. Normalizing involves heating hyper-eutectoid steel above the upper critical temperature to refine grain size. Hardening involves rapidly quenching steel heated above its upper critical temperature to increase hardness. Tempering is used after hardening to reduce brittleness by transforming martensite to less brittle structures. The temperature and cooling rates of these processes determine the resulting microstructure and properties of the steel.

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Hussein Saeed
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67 views24 pages

3 - Heat Treatment & Engineering Application

The document discusses heat treatment processes for carbon steel. It describes annealing, normalizing, hardening, and tempering processes. Annealing involves heating steel to high temperatures to relieve stresses and make the material softer and more ductile. Normalizing involves heating hyper-eutectoid steel above the upper critical temperature to refine grain size. Hardening involves rapidly quenching steel heated above its upper critical temperature to increase hardness. Tempering is used after hardening to reduce brittleness by transforming martensite to less brittle structures. The temperature and cooling rates of these processes determine the resulting microstructure and properties of the steel.

Uploaded by

Hussein Saeed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Heat Treatment & Engineering

Application

Shivan I. Abdullah
Mechanical Eng. Dep.
University of Zakho
October 2023
Heat treatment of carbon steel: Plain carbon steels and alloy steels are
among the relatively few engineering materials which can be usefully heat
treated in order to vary their mechanical properties.

The various heat-treatment processes appropriate to plain carbon steels are:

Annealing, Normalizing, Hardening ,Tempering.

Objectives of Heat Treatment:-


 Relieves internal stresses induced during hot or cold working.
 Changes or refines grain size.
 Increases resistance to corrosion.
 To improve machinability.
 Increases wear resistance
 Modify electrical conduction properties.
 Changes the chemical composition.
 Improves weldability
 Recrystallization metal that has been cold – worked.

 When heat treating metal, there are four factors of great importance

• The temperature to which the metal is heated


• The length of time that the metal is held at the temperature
• The rate (speed) at which the metal is cooled
• The material surrounding the metal when it is heated
• In all the processes steel is heated slowly to the appropriate temperature for
its carbon content and then cooled.

• The rate of cooling which determines the ultimate structure and properties
that the steel will have, providing that the initial heating has been slow
enough for the steel to have reached phase equilibrium at its process
temperature.

• Figure 1 shows the types of the ranges of carbon steels.


Figure 1. Heat-treatment temperature Ranges of Classes of Carbon
Steels in Relation to the Equilibrium Diagram.
Annealing
Annealing :-All annealing processes are concerned with making steel soft
and ductile so that it can be cold worked and/or machined.

There are basic annealing processes:-

 Full annealing for forgings and castings.


 Recrystallization Annealing
 Stress-relief annealing at subcritical temperatures.
 Spheroidised annealing at subcritical temperatures.

• The process chosen depends upon the carbon content of the steel.
Annealing
Full Annealing
• It is the treatment given to produce the softest possible condition in a
hypoeutectoid steel.

• It involves heating the steel to a temperature within the range 300 – 500 C
above the upper critical temperatures and then allowing the steel to cool
slowly within the furnace.

• The purpose of this heat treatment is to obtain a material with high ductility.

• The steel is heated above A3 (for hypo-eutectoid steels) & A1 (for hyper-
eutectoid steels) → (hold) → then the steel is furnace cooled to obtain
Coarse Pearlite.

• Coarse(rough) Pearlite has low (↓) Hardness but high (↑) Ductility.
Recrystallization Annealing
• During any cold working operation (say cold rolling), the material
becomes harder (due to work hardening), but loses its ductility. This
implies that to continue deformation the material needs to be
recrystallized.

• Hence, recrystallization annealing is used as an intermediate step in


(cold) deformation processing.

• To achieve this the sample is heated below A1 and held there for
enough time for recrystallization to be completed.
Recrystallization Annealing

910C Acm

A3

723C
Recrystallization Annealing A1


T

Wt% C
0.8 %
Stress-Relief Annealing
• It is also called 'process annealing' , it is often used for softening cold
worked low carbon (0.4 % carbon content) steel or mild steel .

• To fully anneal such a steel would involve heating to a temperature of


more than 900˚C.

• In a mild steel ferrite makes up about 90 % of the structure, and the


recrystallization temperature of cold worked ferrite is only about 500˚C.

• Annealing a cold worked mild steel in the temperature range 550 – 600
˚C will result in complete recrystallization of ferrite, although the cold
worked pearlite will be largely unaffected
Stress-Relief Annealing

910C

723C
Stress Relief Annealing A1


T

Wt% C
0.8 %
Spheroidzed Annealing
.
• The Spheroidised condition is produced by annealing the steel at a
temperature between 650 and 700 C, just below the lower critical temperature.

• During this treatment cementite forms as spheroidal particles in a ferrite


matrix, putting the steel into a soft, but very tough, condition.

• This is a very specific heat treatment given to high carbon steel requiring
extensive machining prior to final hardening & tempering.

• The main purpose of the treatment is to increase the ductility of the sample.

• Like stress relief annealing the treatment is done just below A1

• Long time heating leads cementite plates to form cementite spheroids.


Spheroidzed Annealing
910C Acm

A3

723C
Spheroidization A1


T

Wt% C
0.8 %
The structural effects of heating a steel casting to a temperature just above its upper critical ,
followed by cooling to room temperature.
Effect of Changes in Carbon Concentration on the TTT Diagram

The TTT ( Time Temperature Transformer) diagrams for (a) a


1050 and (b) a 10110 steel.

This operation need a very specific controlling on the heat temperature of


annealing because if any fault is occurs, it will make some un desired phases in
the steel such as :-Over heating, Burning.
Normalizing and Hardening
Normalizing:- In the normalizing process, as applied to hyper-eutectoid
steels, it can be seen that the steel is heated to approximately 50 C above the
upper critical temperature line.

Hardening:- It is cooled rapidly from above its upper critical temperature it


becomes considerably harder than it would be if allowed to cool slowly.
This involves rapidly quenching the steel.

• Hypereutectoid steels are heated to (30- 50 C) above the upper critical


temperature prior to quenching.
Hardening, Tempering
• The quenching medium is chosen according to the rate at which it is desired to
cool the steel. The following list of media is arranged in order of quenching
speeds:

 Cold water
 Warm water
 Mineral oil.

Tempering:- The tempering remove some, or all, of the hardness, and increase
the toughness of the material.

• Tempering causes the transformation of martensite into less brittle structures.


When iron is cooled from molten condition up to the solid state, the major
allotropic changing occurs which are:

 1539-1600°C Molten-Fe (Liquid state of iron)


 1400-1539°C Delta-Fe (Body centered)
 910-1400°C Gamma-Fe (FCC atomic arrangement and austenite structure)
 770- 910°C Beta-Fe (Body centered-nonmagnetic)
 Up to 770°C Alpha-Fe (BCC atomic arrangement and ferrite structure)

Allotropic changes during cooling of


pure iron
Transformation during heating and cooling of steel

Heating and cooling curve of steel


Home work

 Cold working or work hardening of metals

References
 The Science and Engineering of Materials,. Sixth Edition. Authors
Donald R. Askeland, Pradeep. P. Fulay, Wendelin J. Wright.
Publisher, Global Engineering:. 949 pages

 Donald R.Askeland,Pradeep P. Phule, Textbook "The science and


engineering of materials", United State ,2006.

 Althouse , Turnquist , Bowditch , Textbook" Modern Welding,


Tinley Park, Illionis , United State , 2004.

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