18/03/2021

Carbon Dioxide Pipelines for

CCUS
UKCCSRC Webseries, March 2021

James Watt, Hydrogen Consultant, UK

 Safety Moment

— Golden rules (Air Products)

— Stay away from the cloud
— CO2 monitors
— Usual industry rules apply
2
— Usual pipeline rules apply
— Very different substance
— Different release characteristics
— Different physical characteristics
— Different material needs
—
been done before
3
4
US Pipelines
c. 6000km natural and anthropogenic sources

CO2 Pipelines
CO2 Pipelines - planned
 Existing Pipelines a sample
Pipeline Location Length, km Capacity, Pressure Year Origin of
Mt/y bar / Complete CO2
Diameter
mm
Cortez USA 808 24 186 / 762 1984 McElmo
Dome
Sheep USA 656 11 132 / 610 Sheep
Mountain Mountain
Bravo USA 350 7.3 165 / 510 1984 Bravo Dome
6
SACROC USA 225 5.2 175 / 406 1972 Gasification

Val Verde USA 130 2.5 1998 Val Verde

Gas Plants
Bati Raman Turkey 90 1.1 170 1983 Dodan Field

Weyburn Canada 330 2 204 / 356 2000 Gasification

Bairoil USA 258 24 Gas

Processing
Snovhit Norway 153 0.7 100 / 200 LNG
Processing
 Where is it done
— +8000km worldwide
— Over 140 million tonnes/year
— Onshore
— North America
— EOR
— Geological sources
— Anthropogenic sources
7
— Algeria
— EOR
— Boundary Dam
— MASDAR
— Offshore
— Sleipner
— Snovhit
 Phase Diagram
10000

Melting Line

Solid
Supercritical
1000

Liquid Typical Operating Region,

4- 38°C, 8619 - 17250kPa
100
Pressure, bar

Critical Point
31.1°C, 7391 kPa
8

Saturation Line
10 Triple Point
-56.6°C, 517.7 kPa

Vapour
Sublimation Line
1

0.1
-100 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Temperature, °C
 Typical conditions

− Transport occurs above critical pressure

− 4 38°C
− 86 172 barg
− Typical Compositions
− New ISO standard
− US ranges
9
− 95% CO2
− <250ppmw/w water, no free water
− <1500ppm w/w H2S
− <1450ppm w/w Total sulphur
− <4% Nitrogen
− <5% mole, <-28.9°C dew point
hydrocarbons
− <10ppm w/w O2
 Pipeline Compression

— Typically as dense fluid

— Requires compression
from low flue gas
pressure
— Existing equipment
— Piston/Positive
10 Displacement
— Centrifugal
— Integrally geared
— Compression + pump
— Requires
— Dehydration
— Cooling
 Compression things to watch for

Basis configuration depends on

Flexibility
Reliability
Vendor data
Pipeline specification
11
Parasitic load requirements
Integration with capture plant
Dehydration technology
Glycol, mol sieve absorbers
Conditioning
In series with dehydration
 Regulations
— US and Canada
— 49-CFR-195 Transportation
of Hazardous Liquid
Pipelines
— 49-CFR-192 Transportation
of Natural and Other Gas
by Pipelines
12

— Z662-07 Oil and Gas

Pipeline Systems
— Regulations specify the
design code
— 49-CFR-192 is also
applied as any release
will be gaseous
 Regulations UK and the EU
Pipeline design within current Construction (Design and Management) Regulations
2015
regulations
Control of Major Accident Hazards (Amendment) 2015
Compressors may fall under Deregulation (Pipe-lines) Order 1999
COMAH/Seveso Electricity and Pipe-lines Works (Assessment of
Environmental Effects) regulations 1990 and
EU Specs amendments
EN 14161 Petroleum and Natural Environmental Protection Act 1990
Gas Industries Pipeline
Factories Act 1961
Transportation System
Factories Act (Northern Ireland) 1965
13
UK
Gas Act 1995
BS PD 8010
Gas Safety (Management) Regulations 1996
Now includes tighter controls of
CO2 Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974
Health and Safety at Work (Northern Ireland) Order
ISO 1978
New standards for CCS Pipe-lines Act 1962
Pressure Equipment Regulations (PSR) 1999
HSE position on Carbon Dioxide
Pressure Systems Safety regulations 2000
Still not clear
Town and Country Planning Act 1990
Apply a precautionary approach
Assume a dangerous fluid and Pipeline Safety Regulations 1996
dangerous substance
 Standards

BS ASME
3293, 3518, 3974, B16.5, B16.9,
EN API ASME 4515-1, 4515-2, IGE API B16.11, B16.20,
148, 3183-1, 620, 650 B16.9 4882, 6651, 7361- TD/1 B16.21, B16.47,
1, 4515-2, 4882, 5L, 6A, RP 5L2
3183-2, 3183-3, B31.3 B31.3, B31.8,
7005-1, 10474, Section VIII Division 1 6651, 7361-1, Section VIII
13847, 14313, 7910 Division 1
14723 EN 287, 288,
10204, 10208,
10224, 13480,
60079-10, 60079-
14, ISO 3183-3,
EN 14161 PD 5500 BS PD
14 8010:1

ASTM
ASTM MSS A193/A193M
A193/193M SP-25-1998 A194/A194M
A194/194M SP-44-1996 A312/A312M MSS
A320/A320M SP-44
IEC A790/7990M
NFPA 60079-10, 60079- B423-03
30, 220 14 B444-03 NFPA NACE
NFPA 30 MR-0175
 General Pipeline Design ROUTE
QUALITY ASSURANCE SERVICE CONDITIONS
- Prepare QA plan
— Fluid properties - Safety Considerations - Categories of fluid
- Quality assurance - Process conditions
- Environmental considerations
- Records & document control - Surge & thermal
- Pipe diameter

— Environment
— Effects of Temperature and Pressure
DESIGN FACTOR

— Design conditions - Classification of location

- Select design factor

— Supply and demand magnitude/locations

— Codes and standards DESIGN CRITERIA
- Pressure – Temperature design
EXTERNAL CORROSION INTERNAL CORROSION
- Stress criteria

— Route, topography and access - Expansion and flexibility

— Environmental impact
15 — Economics MATERIALS
- Selection of wall thickness
- Selection of materials

— Hydrological impact
— Seismic and volcanic impacts CROSSINGS TERMINAL & INTERMEDIATE
- Crossings design STATIONS
— Material - Review of design factor
- Construction
- Safety systems
- Pressure design of components
- Environmental considerations - Piping design

— Construction - Selection of valves & equipment

— Commissioning EXTERNAL CORROSION TESTING & COMMISSIONING

- Corrosion survey - Environmental considerations
— Operation - Cathodic protection
- Environmental conditions
- Test plan
- Commissioning plan

— Protection
— Integrity CHOSEN DESIGN
 Chemical Properties
P-T Phase Envelope
Carbon Dioxide - Nitrogen Caron Dioxide + water
100

90

80
Carbonic acid
Weak acid
70

60
Pressure, bar

50

40
Acidity increases with
temperature and
30

20

pressure
10

0
-140 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40
Temperature,°C

Clathrates (hydrates) can

CO2 0.1 N2 0.005 N2 0.03 N2 0.04 N2 0.05 N2 0.025 N2 0.06 N2

16
Property Deviations - Carbon Dioxide with Nitrogen

1.4
form at ambient
1.3
temperatures and
Deviation from Pure CO2 Baseline

relatively low pressures.

1.2

1.1

REMOVE THE WATER!

1

0.9

0.8

0.7
Reactions with other
0.6
0 1 2 3 4
% Contaminant by Mole
5 6 7 8 9
treatment process
Mass Density [kg/m3]
Mass Heat Capacity [kJ/kg-C]
Mass Entropy [kJ/kg-C]
Molar Density [kgmole/m3]
Molar Enthalpy [kJ/kgmole]
Z Factor
Molar Heat Capacity [kJ/kgmole-C]
Mass Enthalpy [kJ/kg]
Molar Entropy [kJ/kgmole-C]
chemicals
Thermal Conductivity [W/m-K] Viscosity [cP] Surface Tension [dyne/cm]
Kinematic Viscosity [cSt] Pressure Drop [kPa]
 Entry Specification
Specifies
What is in the pipeline
What is allowed in the pipeline
Typical concerns around
Physical properties
Changes in critical point/phase
transitions
17
HSE issues of contaminants on release
Geologic storage requirements
Corrosion
Integrity/pipeline design
Provides reduced variability of fluids in a
network
Sets part of the design basis for capture
plants
ISO 27913:2016
 Constraints of contaminants
Regulation
Venting must be safe
Default position
No contaminant may be present at a level that changes the
safety and risk parameters of the host carbon dioxide stream
Chemical
18
Reactions
Phase changes
Impact on fluid properties (water solubility etc)
Mechanical issues
Corrosion
Decompression speed changes may make integrity more of
a challenge.
 Flow Assurance

— Pipelines are static equipment

— Operational behaviour driven by
outside influences
— Fluid flow must be controlled to avoid
19 damage to storage sites
— Surge flow is not desirable
— Water content must be controlled
— Transient behavior, temps/press need
to be understood
— EoS need to be defined and validated
 Line pipe

— Steel
— Stainless for wet service
— Carbon steel for dry
— Low temperature carbon steel for
venting/blowdown
20 — Mechanical specification
— Fracture control
— Thick wall
— Fracture (crack) arrestors

— Entry specification
— Corrosion control
— Decompression speed
 Non Metallic Components
CO2 penetrates into materials
Depressuring can result in
damage
Trapped CO2 expands in situ
causing;
21
Extrusion
Blistering
Rapid Gas (Explosive)
Decompression
Affects
Valves
Seals
Gaskets
PIGS!
 Dispersion

22

Industry view of dispersion of CO2

Sets the risk envelope of the pipeline
Not like other gases, CO2 is heavy and will slump
 Re-using existing infrastructure
Not always new pipelines
Existing Natural Gas network
30 94 bar
Not suitable for dense phase
Transport of gas is low
Offshore pipelines are higher design pressures
23 Distance offshore is a factor
Onshore booster stations can be fitted
Offshore boosters would require a platform
Existing pipelines are aging
Re-classify a pipeline
Re-do all calculations to appropriate standard
Inspection and repair
Apply new regulations and standards
 Re-use of infrastructure
Can we re-use the existing?
Consider in projects
Longannet NG NTS Feeder 10
Shell Peterhead Goldeneye
ACORN NG NTS Feeder 10
Considerations
24
Materials of construction
Method of construction
Design conditions, particularly the design pressure
Routing and its suitability to new fluid if released
Safety and Environmental cases
Mitigation measures
Age issues, corrosion, inspection
System pressure
 SUMMARY

Pipelines a mature part

of the chain
Compression and
pumping also proven
25 Still some work to do in
the context of CCS
18/3/2021

Thank you!

James Watt
WSP wsp.com
james.watt@wsp.com