GENERAL EDUCATION ELECTIVE 3

LIVING IN
THE I.T. ERA
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Introduction
 Information and Communication Technology (ICT) appeared in the mid-1980s
 Computer technology is the tool for storing and processing information in digital form
 Information technology is defined in the Oxford Advanced Dictionary as “the study use of electronic
equipment, especially computers for storing out information”
 Communication technology helps us to transfer and disseminate digital information
 Communication technology is the process of sending, receiving and exchanging information through
network systems with the help of IT and CT. Any information can be exchanged from anywhere and anytime
without any borders. This information exchange is possible through LAN, expanding and connecting to
other networks globally.
 Information means knowledge and;
 Technology means the use of computer and communication
 Digital technologies are combinations of two or more technologies in a certain system.

About Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

 “Combinations of Information Technology and Communication Technology”
 “All kinds of electronic systems used for broadcasting telecommunications and mediated communications”
 “The integration of computing, networking, and information processing technologies and their applications”
 “A combination of computer applications’ and communication technology for gathering, processing, storing
and disseminating of Information”
 “Technologies used for collecting, storing, editing and communicating information in various formats”
 “The use of computer-based technology and the Internet to make information and communication services
available in a wide range of users.
 “A hardware and software that enable society to create, collect, consolidate and communicate information
in a multimedia format and for various purposes”
 “Any communication device or application, encompassing, radio, TV, cellular phones, computers and
network, hardware and software, satellite systems and the various services and application associated with
them”
 “A diverse set of technological tools and resources used to communicate and to create, disseminate, store
and manage information”
 “Information-handling tools- a varied set of goods, applications and services that are used to produce, store,
process, distribute and exchange information”
 “A varied collection technological gear and resources which are made use of to communicate- to generate,
distribute, collect & administer information”
 According to Anyakoha (1991), information technology is “the use of manmade tools for the collection,
generation, communication, recording, re-management and exploitation of information. It includes those
applications and commodities, by which information is transferred, recorded, edited, stored, manipulated or
disseminated”.

Examples of New ICT and Digital Technology

 Multimedia Personal Computers, Laptop, Notebook
– Combination of Internet connectivity with PCs and laptops
 Digital camera / video
– connected with PCs and laptop
 Local Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN)
– Internet and Intranet
 WWW (World Wide Web)
– Internet – Online Databases
– Video conferences – E-mail, discussion lists and newsgroup and chat
– Digital Libraries
– E-books / E-journals/ E-databases
  Floppies, Compact Disks (CDs) and Digital Video Disks (DVDs)
– Offline databases
 Cell Phones
– With Internet connection, digital camera and moving pictures
 E-books / E-journals/ E-databases
 Computer-mediated conferences
– Video conferencing
– Telemedicine
 Virtual reality
 Telecommunication satellites
 Interactive Television (TV) and Radio

Definition of ICT
 “The convergence of electronics, computing, and telecommunications”
 “Technological innovation in the collecting, storing, processing, transmission, and presentation of
information that helps in any aspect of life”
 “Managing a network of computers, creating original web pages, producing videos digitally, designing
computer systems as a consultant, selling products on the Internet, 3-D artwork, administering a company’s
database, coding software, providing technical support, managing projects, and budgets, writing technical
documentation”
 According to the Encyclopedia of Computer Science, “ICT is an imprecise term frequently applied to
broad areas of activities and technologies associated with the use of computers and communications”
 According to Mahaptra and Ramesh, “ICT is the result of the technological convergence of existing single
isolated technologies via computer technology, communication technology, information processing,
publishing technology etc.”
 According to UNESCO “ICT is a scientific, technological and engineering discipline and management
techniques used in handling information and application and association with social, economical and
cultural matters”.
 According to Nwachukwu (2004), “ICT is the application of computers and other technologies to the
acquisition, organization, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of information”
 Nwachukwu added that ICT is “the use of electronic devices such as computers, telephones, internet, and
satellite system, to store, retrieve and disseminate information in the form of data, text image and others”
 According to American Library Association (1983), ICT is “the application of computers and other
technologies to the acquisition, organization, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of information”. The
computers are used to process and store data, while telecommunication technology provides
information communication tools, which make it possible for users to access databases and link them with
other computer networks at different locations.
 According to Rhine (2006), “ICT can be split into three components namely the technology part; information
that the technology helps to deliver; and a communication process that the technology facilitates and serves
as a medium for the information”
 Therefore, Information and Communication Technology is “the use and applications of computers,
telecommunications, and micro-electronics in the acquisition, storage, retrieval, transfer and dissemination
of information”.

Characteristics of ICT
 Effectiveness:
– Most interactive – Fewer errors – Customized
– Personalized – Achievable – Transparent
– Searchable – Acceptable
 Efficiency:
– Faster – Cheaper – Fewer steps
– Lower costs – Fewer people – Less paperwork

 Innovation:
– New product – New technologies
CHAPTER 2
COMPUTERS IN OUR DAILY LIFE

Definitions of Computer
 Computer is a programmable machine.
 Computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve,
and process data.
 Computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions (program).
 Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations.
 Charles Babbage is the father of computer

Types of Computer
 Personal Computer
o Designed for general use by one person
o Mac is a PC, that run the Windows operating system
o First known as microcomputers as they were a complete computer but built on a smaller scale than
the huge systems in use by most businesses
o Example, new Apple iPad
 Desktop
o PC that is not designed for portability
o You will set the computer up in a permanent location, like a desk or table
o Offers more power, storage and versatility for less cost
 Tablet Computers
o Ultra-portable computers that are even smaller than traditional laptops
o Low cost and cheaper than any brand-new laptop
o Internal components are less powerful than those in regular laptops
o Improvements are users allowed to view HD video, get high quality sound, great photo capabilities,
and ability to share information, photos, and videos with anyone.
 Laptop or Notebooks
o Portable computers that mix the display, keyboard, a pointing debice or trackball, processor,
memory, and hard drive all in a battery-operated package slightly larger than an average hardcover
book.
o Apple CEO, Steve Jobs, (e.g. MacBook Pro Air)
 Smartphones
o Handheld-sized computers that often use flash memory instead of a hard drive for storage
o Do not have keyboards but rely on touchscreen technology for user input
o Smaller than a paperback novel, very lightweight with a reasonable battery life
o Have the same capabilities as tablet computers, also allows users to text or make phone calls
o Have Graphic User Interface (GUI)
o Can access to mobile app stores, and can connect to the internet via Wi-Fi or cellular data networks.
 Mobile Phones
o use 0G to 2G networks
o have an easy-to-use interface and no operating system.
o portable device that allows for wireless communication.
o No Graphic User Interface (GUI)
o Mostly keypad devices
o allows users to text or make phone calls
 Cellular Phones
o Used only signals
o operate within radio cells, which are areas of radio coverage.
o Used for voice communication
o allows users to text or make phone calls
o no access of internet connection
  Workstation
o A desktop computer that has a more powerful processor, additional memory and enhanced
capabilities for performing a special group of task such as 3D Graphics or game development
o Use multiple screens to enhance viewing
o Usually used by streamers and online gamers
 Server
o provide services to other computers over a network
o have powerful processors, lots of memory and large hard drives
o allows many computers to share a printer or other devices without the cost of having to buy one for
every computer
o allow users to share information and files with each other
o computers in this lab are part of a network
o can be seen in computer shop
 Mainframe
o In favor for enterprise server
o Huge computers that could fill an entire room or even a whole floor
o As the size of computers has diminished while the power has increased
o In large companies, huge machines processing millions of transactions every day, as it stores vast
amount of information.
 Supercomputer
o Some are single computer systems
o Composed of multiple high performance computers working in parallel as a single system
o Fastest, most powerful, most expensive computers
o Built by Cray Supercomputers are the best
o Use in movies for CGI
o Perform over a trillion calculations per second
 All in one computer
o streamlined desktop computers that integrate all of the components of a traditional desktop
computer, into one single unit
o no keyboard and mouse
o Expensive
o Touch screen
 Wearable Computers
o latest trend in computing
o common computer applications (e-mail, database, multimedia, calendar/scheduler) are integrated
into watches, cell phones, visors and even clothing.
o users can use these devices for health and fitness, navigation, social networking, and gaming.
o Google can now augment a person's vision through special computer glasses; which can stream
information to the lenses and allow the wearer to send and receive messages through voice
commands. There is also a built-in camera to record video and take pictures.

Parts of the Computer

 Outside the Computer

 Computer Case
o holds all of the internal components of a computer/ for protection
 Computer Speaker
o the computer's sound card creates a signal that is used to produce sound- to offer audio
output for the listener
 Monitor
o displays the video, text and graphics information on screen generated through the
computer's video/graphics card.
 Keyboard
o used to enter data, input text, characters, and other commands into a computer
  Mouse
o allows user to move a pointer or cursor displayed on the monitor or manipulate objects on
a computer screen
 Printer
o print files, convert soft data to hard copy; can take an image sent by a computer and deliver
it onto a sheet of paper
 Scanner
o can take anything on paper and scan it to produce a replicated digital image

 Inside the Computer

 Motherboard.
o computer's main circuit board.
o it's a thin plate that holds the CPU, memory, connectors for the hard drive and optical
drives, expansion cards to control the video and audio, and connections to the computer's
ports (such as USB ports).
o connects directly or indirectly to every part of the computer
 Central Processing Unit (CPU) or Processor.
o located inside the computer case on the motherboard.
o brain of the computer
o its job is to carry out commands
o usually a two-inch ceramic square with a silicon chip located inside. The chip is usually
about the size of a thumbnail.
o it fits into the motherboard's CPU socket, which is covered by the heat sink, an object that
absorbs heat from the CPU.
o a processor's speed is measured in megahertz (MHz), or millions of instructions per
second; and gigahertz (GHz), or billions of instructions per second
o A faster processor can execute instructions more quickly, but the actual speed of the
computer depends on the speed of many different components
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
o system's short-term memory.
o whenever your computer performs calculations, it temporarily stores the data in the RAM
until it is needed.
o this short-term memory disappears when the computer is turned off. If you're working on
a document, spreadsheet, or other type of file, you'll need to save it to avoid losing it. When
you save a file, the data is written to the hard drive, which acts as long-term storage.
o measured in megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB)
o the more RAM you have, the more things your computer can do at the same time
o add extra RAM to the computer to improve performance.
 Hard Drive
o where your software, documents, and other files are stored
o long-term storage, which means the data is still saved even if you turn the computer off or
unplug it.
o when you run a program or open a file, the computer copies some of the data from the
hard drive onto the RAM
o when you save a file, the data is copied back to the hard drive.
o the faster the hard drive, the faster your computer can start up and load programs.
 Power Supply Unit.
o converts the power from the wall outlet to the type of power needed by the computer
o it sends power through cables to the motherboard and other components
o without it, the rest of the internal hardware can't function.
 Expansion Cards or Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Cards
o Expansion slots on the motherboard that allow you to add various types of expansion
cards. You may never need to add any PCI cards because most motherboards have built-
in video, sound, network, and other capabilities.
 Video Card
o responsible for what you see on the monitor
o Most computers have a GPU (graphics processing unit) built into the motherboard
instead of having a separate video card
o If you like playing graphics-intensive games, you can add a faster video card to
one of the expansion slots to get better performance
Sound Card or Audio Card
o responsible for what you hear in the speakers or headphones
o Most motherboards have integrated sound, but you can upgrade to a dedicated
sound card for higher-quality sound.
Network Card
o allows your computer to communicate over a network and access the Internet.
o it can either connect with an Ethernet cable or through a wireless connection (often
called Wi-Fi)
o Many motherboards have built-in network connections, and a network card can
also be added to an expansion slot.
Bluetooth Card or Adapter
o Bluetooth is a technology for wireless communication over short distances. It's
often used in computers to communicate with wireless keyboards, mice, and
printers. Built into the motherboard or included in a wireless network card.
o For computers that don't have Bluetooth, you can purchase a USB adapter, often
called a dongle.

 Digital Data Storage Devices

o the recording of digital information in a storage medium, typically by electronic means.
o enables a user to store large amounts of data in a relatively small physical space, and makes
sharing that information with others easy.
o may be capable of holding the data either temporarily or permanently.
o storage media can be used to back up important information
o portable, meaning that they can be used to transfer information from one computer to another.
o Five Categories: magnetic storage devices, optical storage devices, flash memory devices,
online/cloud storage, and paper storage
o Hard Disk Drive (HDD) or Hard Drive (HD)
o stores files for the operating system and software programs, as well as user
documents, such as photographs, text files, and audio.
o uses magnetic storage to record and retrieve digital information to and from one or
more fast-spinning disks.
o Floppy Disk (FD) or diskette or floppy
o uses magnetic storage technology to store information.
o a common storage device for computers and lasted from the mid-1970's through to the
start of the 21st century.
o the earliest floppies were 8-inch in size, then replaced by 5 1 ⁄4- inch disk drives, and
finally a 3 1 ⁄2 inch version.
o Tape
o magnetic tape was often used for digital data storage before, because of its low cost
and ability to store large amounts of data.
o The technology essentially consisted of a magnetically thin coated piece of plastic
wrapped around wheels. Its relative slowness and unreliability compared to other data
storage
o Compact Disc (CD)
o a form of optical storage, a technology which employs lasers and lights to read and
write data.
o used purely for music audio, but in the late 1980's they began to be also used for computer data
storage.
o introduced were CD-ROM's (read only), then CD-R's (writable compact discs) and CD-RW's (re-
writable compact discs).
 o Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) and Blu-ray Discs (BD)
o formats of digital optical disc data storage which have superseded compact discs,
mainly because of their much greater storage capacity.
o A Blu-ray disc, for example, can store 25 GB (gigabytes) of data on a single-layer disc
and 50 GB on a dual-layer disc
o A standard CD is the same physical size, but only holds 700 MB (megabytes) of digital
data.
o USB Flash Drive or thumb drive, pen drive, flash-drive, memory stick, jump drive, USB
stick,
o a flash memory data storage device that incorporates an integrated USB interface.
o Flash memory is generally more efficient and reliable than optical media, being smaller,
faster, and possessing much greater storage capacity, as well as being more durable
due to a lack of moving parts.
o Secure Digital Card (SD Card)
o A common type of memory card, SD cards are used in multiple electronic devices,
including digital cameras and mobile phones.
o a rectangular design with one side "chipped off" to prevent the card from being inserted
into the camera or other device the wrong way.
o Solid State Drive (SSD)
o uses flash memory to store data and is sometimes used in devices such as netbooks,
laptop, and desktop computers instead of a traditional hard disk drive.
o a faster read/write speed, noiseless operation, greater reliability, and lower power
consumption.
o The biggest downside is cost, with an SSD offering lower capacity than an equivalently
priced HDD.
o Cloud Storage
o With users increasingly operating multiple devices in multiple places, many are turning
to online and cloud computing solutions.
o Cloud computing basically involves accessing services over a network via a collection
of remote servers.
o It can provide tremendous storage solutions for devices that are connected to the
internet.
o Punch Card or Punched Cards
o a common method of data storage used in the early computers.
o they consisted of a paper card with punched or perforated holes that have been created
by hand or machine.
o the cards were entered into the computer to enable the storage and accessing of
information.

Input Devices
 allows the user to send data
 allow users to interact with the computer and input information
 Examples are:
o Keyboard o Joystick
o Scanner o Microphone
o Mouse o Light pen

Output Devices
 completes the task related to the data
 display or present the processed information from the computer
 Examples are:
o Printer o Speakers
o Monitor o Projector
o Headphones
CHAPTER 3
THE INTERNET AND THE WORD WIDE WEB

About Internet
 The Internet or “net” (network of network)
 comes from combination between “interconnection” and “network”
 Internet acts as a pipeline to transport electronic messages from one network to another network.
 Network is a collection of computers and devices connected via communication channels and transmission
media allow to share resources (hardware, software, data, information).
 Internet is a global network of computers that is accessed by the World Wide Web (a service); computer
networks linked by data lines and wireless systems.
 Internet Access is the ability of individuals and organizations to connect to the Internet using computer.
 Internet Connection is a connection provided by an Internet Service Provider that enables individual
computers to exchange Data over the public Internet.
 Internet Service Provider is a company that provides access to the internet (such as Lumen
Technologies, Verizon, Charter Communications)

Origin of the Internet and Evolution

 The precursor to the Internet was jumpstarted in the early days of computing history, in 1969 with the U.S.
Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). ARPA-funded
researchers developed many of the protocols used for Internet communication today.

o 1965: Two computers at MIT Lincoln Lab communicate with one another using packet-switching
technology.

o 1968: Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) unveils the final version of the Interface Message
Processor (IMP) specifications. BBN wins ARPANET contract.

o 1969: On Oct. 29, UCLA’s Network Measurement Center, Stanford Research Institute (SRI),
University of California-Santa Barbara and University of Utah install nodes. The first message is
"LO," which was an attempt by student Charles Kline to "LOGIN" to the SRI computer from the
university. However, the message was unable to be completed because the SRI system crashed.

o 1972: BBN’s Ray Tomlinson introduces network email. The Internetworking Working Group (INWG)
forms to address need for establishing standard protocols.

o 1973: Global networking becomes a reality as the University College of London (England) and
Royal Radar Establishment (Norway) connect to ARPANET. The term Internet is born.

o 1974: The first Internet Service Provider (ISP) is born with the introduction of a commercial version
of ARPANET, known as Telenet.
o 1974: Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn (the duo said by many to be the Fathers of the Internet) publish
"A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection," which details the design of TCP.

o 1976: Queen Elizabeth II hits the “send button” on her first email.

o 1979: USENET forms to host news and discussion groups.

o 1982: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite,
commonly known as TCP/IP, emerge as the protocol for ARPANET. This results in the fledgling
definition of the Internet as connected TCP/IP internets. TCP/IP remains the standard protocol for
the Internet.
o 1983: The Domain Name System (DNS) establishes the familiar .edu, .gov, .com, .mil, .org, .net,
and .int system for naming websites. This is easier to remember than the previous designation for
websites, such as 123.456.789.10.

o 1984: William Gibson, author of "Neuromancer," is the first to use the term "cyberspace."

o 1985: Symbolics.com, the website for Symbolics Computer Corp. in Massachusetts, becomes the
first registered domain.

o 1987: The number of hosts on the Internet exceeds 20,000. Cisco ships its first router.

o 1989: World.std.com becomes the first commercial provider of dial-up access to the Internet.

o 1990: Tim Berners-Lee, a scientist at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research,
develops HyperText Markup Language (HTML). This technology continues to have a large impact
on how we navigate and view the Internet today.

o 1991: CERN introduces the World Wide Web to the public.

o 1992: The first audio and video are distributed over the Internet. The phrase "surfing the Internet"
is popularized.

o 1993: The number of websites reaches 600 and the White House and United Nations go online.
Marc Andreesen develops the Mosaic Web browser at the University of Illinois, Champaign-
Urbana. The number of computers connected to NSFNET grows from 2,000 in 1985 to more than
2 million in 1993.

o 1994: Netscape Communications is born. Microsoft creates a Web browser for Windows 95.

o 1994: Yahoo! is created by Jerry Yang and David Filo, two electrical engineering graduate students
at Stanford University. The site was originally called "Jerry and David's Guide to the World Wide
Web." The company was later incorporated in March 1995.
o 1995: Compuserve, America Online and Prodigy begin to provide Internet access. Amazon.com,
Craigslist and eBay go live. The original NSFNET backbone is decommissioned as the Internet’s
transformation to a commercial enterprise is largely completed.

o 1995: The first online dating site, Match.com, launches.

o 1996: The browser war, primarily between the two major players Microsoft and Netscape, heats
up.

o 1996: A 3D animation dubbed "The Dancing Baby" becomes one of the first viral videos.

o 1997: Netflix is founded by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph as a company that sends users
DVDs by mail.

o 1997: PC makers can remove or hide Microsoft’s Internet software on new versions of Windows
95, thanks to a settlement with the Justice Department. Netscape announces that its browser will
be free.

o 1998: The Google search engine is born, changing the way users engage with the Internet.

o 1998: The Internet Protocol version 6 introduced, to allow for future growth of Internet Addresses.
The current most widely used protocol is version 4. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses allowing for 4.3
billion unique addresses; IPv6, with 128-bit addresses, will allow 3.4 x 1038 unique addresses, or
340 trillion.
 o 1999: AOL buys Netscape. Peer-to-peer file sharing becomes a reality as Napster arrives on the
Internet, much to the displeasure of the music industry.

o 2000: The dot-com bubble bursts.

o 2001: A federal judge shuts down Napster, ruling that it must find a way to stop users from sharing
copyrighted material before it can go back online.

o 2003: Myspace, Skype and the Safari Web browser debut.

o 2003: The blog publishing platform WordPress is launched.

o 2004: Facebook goes online and the era of social networking begins. Mozilla unveils the Mozilla
Firefox browser.

o 2005: YouTube.com launches. The social news site Reddit is also founded.

o 2006: Twitter launches. The company's founder, Jack Dorsey, sends out the very first tweet: "just
setting up my twttr."

o 2009: The Internet marks its 40th anniversary.

o 2010: Facebook reaches 400 million active users.

o 2010: The social media sites Pinterest and Instagram are launched.

o 2011: Twitter and Facebook play a large role in the Middle East revolts.

o 2015: Instagram, the photo-sharing site, reaches 400 million users, outpacing Twitter, which would
go on to reach 316 million users by the middle of the same year.

o 2016: Google unveils Google Assistant, a voice-activated personal assistant program, marking the
entry of the Internet giant into the "smart" computerized assistant marketplace. Google joins
Amazon's Alexa, Siri from Apple, and Cortana from Microsoft

Types of Internet Connections

 Wireless
o Radio frequency bands are used in place of telephone or cable networks
o "always-on" connection that can be accessed from any location that falls within network coverage.
o picks up Internet signals and sends them to other devices
 Mobile
o Many cell phone and smartphone providers offer voice plans with Internet access.
o provide good speeds and allow you to access the Internet.
 Hotspots
o sites that offer Internet access over a wireless local area network (WLAN) by way of a router that
then connects to an Internet service provider
o utilize Wi-Fi technology, which allows electronic devices to connect to the Internet or exchange
data wirelessly through radio waves.
o can be phone-based or free-standing, commercial or free to the public.
 Dial-Up or Analog
o require users to link their phone line to a computer in order to access the Internet
o does not permit users to make or receive phone calls through their home phone service while using
the Internet.
  Broadband (broad bandwidth)
o This high-speed Internet connection is provided through either cable or telephone companies.
o broadband Internet uses multiple data channels to send large quantities of information.
o Broadband Internet connections such as DSL and cable are considered high-bandwidth
connections, but not all broadband connections are DSL.
 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
o uses existing 2-wire copper telephone line connected to one's home so service is delivered at the
same time as landline telephone service.
o Customers can still place calls while surfing the Internet.
 Cable
o A form of broadband access
o through use of a cable modem, users can access the Internet over cable TV lines; can provide
extremely fast access to the Internet.
 Satellite
o In certain areas where broadband connection is not yet offered, a satellite Internet option may be
available. Similar to wireless access, satellite connection utilizes a modem.
 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
o allows users to send data, voice and video content over digital telephone lines or standard
telephone wires.
o The installation of an ISDN adapter is required at both ends of the transmission—the user and the
Internet access provider.
o Other Internet connection options available, including T-1 lines, T-3 lines, OC (Optical Carrier) and
other DSL technologies.

Mobile Internet Signals

 G stands for GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
o indicates the slowest speed of internet data transfer in your mobile phone.
o your net connection is working at the slowest speed.
o GPRS is considered to be the second generation (2G) mobile technology as it’s the slowest and
oldest among all mobile technologies.
o good enough for sending text messages using apps like WhatsApp.
o Data rates in GPRS are between 56 and 114Kbit/second

 E stands for EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution)

o also called Enhanced GPRS
o lies somewhere in between 2G and 3G technology or 2.5 G or 2.75 G
o EDGE is faster than GPRS but still not good enough to browse the internet.
o It takes lot of time in loading websites when your signal bar is showing E letter alongside.
o Data rate of 400 Kbits/second but in ideal conditions data rate of up to 1 Mbit/second can also be
achieved.

 3G
o means the third generation of mobile telephone technology.
o uses the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System and is based on GSM Standards.
o 3G faster than EDGE and you can easily browse websites and stream music
o data transfer rates 384 kbit/second. But depending upon how it is implemented on various
networks, the date rate can go up to 42 Mbits/second.

 H stands for HSPA (High speed Packet Access)

o enhanced form of 3G technology and provides higher data transfer rates than the basic 3G.
o provide peak data rates of up to 14 Mbit/s for downlink and 5.76 Mbit/s for up uplink.
o High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is a further enhanced version of HSPA.
o supports download speed of up to 99.3 Mbit/s.
o you can stream music and even YouTube Videos without much interruption, but if you want to
download a movie, it is going to take a very long time!
  H+ or (HSPA+)
o enhanced HSPA
o faster than basic HSPA
o Relatively speedier data transfer in H+ will make your video to download or stream much more
smoothly
o In this time, HSPA+ is the fastest speed you can get through mobile internet.

 WCDMA stands for Wide-band Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

o 3G technology
o used in the GSM systems; increases the data transmission speed by using the air interface of
CDMA.
o International Telecommunications Union has adopted WCDMA.

 4G
o the fourth generation of mobile technology.
o also called LTE (Long Term Evolution).
o works as good as a Wi-Fi connection of your home or office.
o you are using the fastest mobile internet connection
o With such connection you can do everything on your mobile that you can do on your desktop

Bars in signal indicator show the strength or quality of the signal

Dull color (like gray) to show weak/absent signal; and a
Bright color (like green and blue) to show good signal.
Tiny arrows in the signal bar show that the data transfer is taking place.
Radar like icon shows the Wi-Fi connection.

Other Components of the Internet

 IP Address (Internet Protocol) – is a numerical label assigned to each device. This provides identity to a
network device.
 Browser – is an application program that provides a way to look information on the web. Example are
Google chrome, safari, internet explorer, opera, Mozilla
 Domain Name System (DNS) – is the phonebook of internet. We access information online through
domain names. Examples are www.facebook.com, www.pup.edu.ph, www.academia.edu
 Internet Service Provider (ISP) – is an organization that provides services for accessing, using or
participating in the internet. Examples are Sky Broadband, PLDT, Converge
National ISP – provided internet access to a specific geographic area. Regional ISP – business
that provides internet access in cities and towns
nationwide.
 Web – a collection of billions of webpages that you can view with a web browser
 Email – the most common method of sending and receiving messages online
 Social media – websites and apps that allow people to share comments, photos, and videos
 HTML - Hypertext Markup Language is a coding language used to tell a browser how to place pictures,
text, multimedia and links to create a web page.
 URL - Uniform Resource Locator is a web address used to connect to a remote resource on the world wide
web
 HTTP - is the acronym for Hypertext Transfer Protocol, the data communication standard of web pages.
When a web page has this prefix, the links, text, and pictures should work correctly in a web browser.
 HTTPS - is the acronym for Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure. This indicates that the web page has a
special layer of encryption added to hide your personal information and passwords from others.