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Slip of An Induction Motor

The document discusses the operating principles of induction motors. It explains that the rotor speed is less than the synchronous speed due to slip. Slip is defined as the percentage difference between synchronous and rotor speeds. The frequency of rotor current depends on slip speed. At standstill, rotor frequency equals supply frequency, but it decreases with increasing rotor speed. Rotor EMF and current are directly proportional to slip. The torque equation shows torque is proportional to flux, rotor current, and power factor. Starting torque occurs at maximum slip when the motor is starting.

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Jackson Sichinga
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422 views19 pages

Slip of An Induction Motor

The document discusses the operating principles of induction motors. It explains that the rotor speed is less than the synchronous speed due to slip. Slip is defined as the percentage difference between synchronous and rotor speeds. The frequency of rotor current depends on slip speed. At standstill, rotor frequency equals supply frequency, but it decreases with increasing rotor speed. Rotor EMF and current are directly proportional to slip. The torque equation shows torque is proportional to flux, rotor current, and power factor. Starting torque occurs at maximum slip when the motor is starting.

Uploaded by

Jackson Sichinga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRINCIPLES OF AC

MACHINES
LECTURE 2
Slip of an induction motor
• In practice the rotor never succeeds in catching up with the
stator field
• If it really did so then there would be no relative speed between
the two and hence no rotor emf; no rotor current and so no
torque to maintain rotation
• That is why the motor runs at a speed which is less than the
speed of the stator field
• The difference in speeds depends upon the load on the motor
• The difference between the synchronous speed and the actual
speed of the rotor is known as slip
• It is always expressed as the percentage of the synchronous
speed
𝑁𝑠 − 𝑁
% 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 𝑠, 𝑋100
𝑁𝑠
𝑁𝑠 − 𝑁 is called slip speed
The motor (or rotor) speed is 𝑁 = 𝑁𝑠 1 − 𝑠
Frequency of rotor current
• When the rotor is stationary, the frequency of rotor current is
the same as the supply frequency
• When the rotor starts rotating then the frequency depends
upon the relative speed or on slip speeds
• Let at any slip speed the frequency of the rotor current be 𝑓 ′
Then;
120𝑓
𝑁𝑠 = … … … … … (1)
𝑝
120𝑓 ′
𝑁𝑠 − 𝑁 = … … . . (2)
𝑝
Dividing 2 into 1 we get
𝑓 ′ 𝑁𝑠 − 𝑁
=
𝑓 𝑁𝑠
𝑓 ′ = 𝑠𝑓
At stationary condition N=0
𝑓′ 𝑁𝑠 −𝑁
Then from =
𝑓 𝑁𝑠
𝑓′ = 𝑓
(i) Hence, when the rotor is stationary, the frequency 𝑓 ′ of the
rotor current is the same as that of the supply frequency f
(ii) When the rotor picks up speed, the relative speed between
the rotating magnetic field and the rotor decreases. As a result of
this, the slip (s) and hence the rotor current frequency decreases
(iii) At synchronous speed, i.e., N = NS,
𝑁𝑠 − 𝑁
𝑠=
𝑁𝑠
𝑓′ = 0
Rotor Emf
• When the rotor is stationary, the 3-phase induction
motor behaves as a 3-phase transformer with secondary
winding short circuited.
𝐸2 𝑁2
= =𝐾
𝐸1 𝑁1
• Thus, the per phase induced EMF in the rotor (or
secondary) is given by,
𝐸2 = 𝐾𝐸1
Where,
E1 = Per phase stator voltage.
N1 = Number of turns in stator winding per phase.
N2 = Number of turns in rotor winding per phase.
• When the rotor is running at slip ‘s’, then the relative
speed between the rotating magnetic field of the stator
and the rotor is (NS – N). Therefore, the rotor EMF is
directly proportional to the (NS – Nr) or slip (s), i.e.
𝐸2, = 𝑠𝐾𝐸1
Rotor current and power factor
• Consider a 3-phase induction motor at any slip value ‘s’ as
shown in the figure below.

• Then Rotor emf; 𝐸2′ = 𝑠𝐸1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑘 = 1


• Rotor reactance/phase 𝑋2′ = 𝑠𝑋2
Where, X2 is the rotor reactance per phase at standstill
condition
• The resistance of the rotor circuit is R2 per phase and is
independent of the frequency and hence does not depend
upon slip.
• Similarly, the resistance (R1) and reactance (X1) of the
stator winding do not depend upon slip.
• Since the 3-phase induction represents a balanced 3-
phase load, then we need to analyse one phase only and
the conditions in the other two phases being similar.
Case 1 – When the rotor is stationary
When the rotor is stationary, the motor is at standstill
(slip, s = 1)
Case 2 – When the motor is running at slip ‘s’
Examples
1. A 3-phase, 50 Hz induction motor has 8 poles and operates
with a slip of 4 % at a certain load. Determine the frequency
of the rotor current.
2. A 3-phase, 4-pole induction motor is connected to a 50 Hz
supply. The voltage induced in the rotor bar conductors is 5 V
when the rotor is at standstill. Calculate the voltage and
frequency induced in the rotor conductors at 500 RPM.
3. An 8-pole, 3-phase, 50 Hz induction motor is running at full
load with a slip of 5 %. The rotor is star connected and its per
phase resistance and standstill reactance are 0.35 Ω and 2 Ω
respectively. The EMF between slip rings is 150 V. Determine
the rotor current per phase and rotor power factor. Assuming
the slip rings are short circuited.
Torque equation of an induction motor
The torque T, of an induction motor, is proportional to the
product of stator flux per pole (Φ), rotor current (I), and the
power factor of the rotor.
The torque of an induction motor is due to the interaction of
the rotor and stator fields and is dependent on the strength
of the fields and their phase relationship.
Thus, T ∝ Φ I2Cos Φ2
Since rotor induced EMF/phase, E is proportional to the
stator flux Φ i.e., E2 ∝ Φ
Therefore, T ∝ E2 I2 Cos Φ2
But rotor current/phase,

and, Rotor Power factor,

Therefore,
3
Where, K = Constant of proportionality = 𝜋𝑛𝑠
2
𝑛𝑠 = 𝑠𝑦𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑝𝑠
OR
𝑘= 3∗60/2π Ns
Starting Torque
The torque produced by the motor at the start is called
starting torque, Tst. At start, N = 0 and hence slip, s = 1
From

Therefore, starting torque can be obtained by substituting


s = 1 in the above expression
Torque equation of an induction motor
Torque of a three phase induction motor is proportional to flux
per stator pole, rotor current and the power factor of the rotor.

T ∝ ɸ I2 cosɸ2
T = k ɸ I2 cosɸ2
where, ɸ = flux per stator pole,
I2 = rotor current at standstill,
ɸ2 = angle between rotor emf and rotor current,
k = constant

Now, let E2 = rotor emf at standstill


we know, rotor emf is directly proportional to flux per stator pole,
i.e. E2 ∝ ɸ
Therefore, T ∝ E2 I2 cosɸ2 OR T =k1 E2 I2 cosɸ2
Starting Torque

The torque developed at the instant of starting of a motor is


called as starting torque. Starting torque may be greater than
running torque in some cases, or it may be lesser.
From, T =k1 E2 I2 cosɸ2.

• let, R2 = rotor resistance per phase


• X2 = standstill rotor reactance
•

•
• then,
• Therefore, starting torque can be given as,

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