Md.

Akhtar Hossain, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, KUET

Types of Construction Site Accidents

Accidents on construction

Construction Site Falls

Crane Accidents
Scaffolding Accidents
Run-Over by Operating Equipment
Electrical Accidents
Trench Collapses
Fires and Explosions
Welding Accidents
Unsafe/ Dangerous Equipment Accidents
Logging Accidents
Brazing Accidents
Cutting Accidents
Elevator Accidents
Structure Failure
Building Collapse
Supervisor Negligence
Punch Press Malfunctions
Fork Lift Accidents
Dumpster Accidents
Compressor Accidents
Exploding Compressor
Gas Explosions

The construction work site is often a chaotic place with an incredibly high amount of action
taking place. Workers and machines move about in a frenzy, with everyone focused on the task at
hand. In such an environment, construction accidents can and do take place.

Most Common Types of Construction Accidents.

Some of the most common types of construction accidents include construction site falls, crane
accidents, scaffolding accidents, workers being run-over by operating equipment, electrical
accidents, trench collapses, fires and explosions, and welding accidents. Each of these mishaps
can be equally tragic and equally deadly, and each of these accidents can be completely avoided
through effective safety measures.

Construction Site Falls

Statistics indicate that nearly 1,000 construction workers are killed each year while on the job. Of
these, one-third or over 300 deaths will result from construction site falls. Many of the deaths or
injuries that result from these falls can and should be prevented.

Common construction site falls include roof related falls, crane falls, scaffolding falls, elevator
shaft falls, falls resulting from holes in flooring, and falling objects. Proper protection equipment
and safety precautions are necessary to protect the lives of workers and preserve the well-being of
their families.

Roof Related Falls

In construction work there are a variety of roof-related jobs that pose great risk for even the most
experienced experts. These may include communication tower falls, skylight falls, falls off of
roof structures, falls through existing openings, and other hazards. With proper safety precaution
and equipment, many of these injuries can be avoided.

Roof Falls

Roof falls are relatively common in construction work, and there are many causes of these
construction accidents. As one of the most common causes of death on the construction site, roof
falls should be taken seriously and every effort should be made to prevent these tragic accidents.

Crane Falls on Construction Site

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 Md. Akhtar Hossain, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, KUET

Crane operators are specially trained to control enormous pieces of powerful machinery that can
accomplish seemingly impossible feats. Unfortunately, there are times when the use of cranes
results in injury or even death. Operators can fall great heights from their cranes, and alternatively
cranes can lose their balance and topple, resulting in the injuries of many.

Scaffolding Falls

Scaffolding is a temporary framework used to support construction workers and their materials
during the construction or repair of large structures. Scaffolds can reach considerable heights and
must be built correctly in order to ensure the safety of those working with them. Scaffolding falls
can occur for a variety of reasons, but one of the most tragic takes place when faulty scaffolding
construction is to blame.

Elevator Shaft Falls

During construction, elevator shaft falls can take place with fatal results. Although there have
been reported cases of individuals surviving falls from dramatic heights, a plunge of only a
couple dozen feet can be fatal in some instances. Tragically, many elevator shaft falls can be
easily prevented through proper training and safety precautions.

Holes in Flooring on Construction Site

Falls may occur during the construction process that can lead to injuries or even death. When
holes in flooring are not properly marked, they become a serious safety hazard for even the most
experienced construction workers. Falls caused by holes in flooring or weak flooring are a major
risk for any member of a construction team.

Falling Objects

Construction workers are at risk from falling objects any time they are beneath where overhead
work is being performed. The injuries sustained from falling objects may range from minor
scrapes and cuts to concussions, blindness, or even death. There are a wide range of safety
precautions that can be taken to minimize the occurrences of falling objects at a construction site,
but tools and equipment may still become airborne missiles that not even a hard hat can protect
against.

Crane Accidents

The creation and use of cranes have allowed humans to build structures our ancestors could have
never imagined. In densely populated areas where there is nowhere else to build but up, cranes
are everywhere and are relied upon to create residential and commercial buildings. Although
cranes have improved along with technology over the years, crane accidents still occur that can
result in injury or death.

There were over 140 crane accident deaths in 2004. Crane accident deaths can arise from a
number of factors, including lightning, high winds, defective cranes, falls, electrocution, and
other hazards associated with construction at heights. Many crane accidents can be avoided with
proper training and safety procedures. During construction, the well-being of workers must be
more important than other considerations.

Scaffolding Accidents

It is estimated that 65 percent of the construction industry works on scaffolds frequently. This
accounts for 2.3 million construction workers who are at risk for scaffolding accidents to directly
affect them and their families. The use of scaffolding is pervasive and necessary in the
construction industry. Some of the most dramatic structures that have been built by humans relied
on scaffolds to get the job done.

A recent study found that 72 percent of construction workers injured in scaffold accidents
connected the event with planking or supports giving way or the employee slipping or being
struck by a falling object. These are circumstances that should not occur when sites follow OSHA
standards. Most scaffolding accidents can be avoided through proper training and preventative
measures.

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 Md. Akhtar Hossain, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, KUET

Defective Scaffolding

When scaffold planking or supports give way, the lives of construction workers using the
scaffolding are endangered. Defective scaffolding is by its very nature a completely preventable
construction accident. The oversight of some can easily result in the horror and tragedy of others.

Improperly Assembled Scaffolding

Safety should be the number one priority of contractors. Improperly assembled scaffolding may
result from laziness, hastiness, incompetence, or innocent mistakes. When these factors go
unnoticed the safety and lives of everyone on a construction site are endangered. The sad fact is
that improperly assembled scaffolding accidents are entirely preventable when contractors follow
simple OSHA standards.

Run Over by Operating Equipment

The construction site is an extremely busy work environment. With movement by workers and
vehicles, everyone has a responsibility to look out for each other's safety. Supervisors and
foremen have the additional duty of promoting effective safety procedures and practices at the
construction site to ensure the well-being of all employees.

Tragically, there are circumstances when construction workers are run-over or injured by
operating equipment. Accidents such as this can occur at any worksite, but risks are increased
when working on highways or near busy roads with heavy equipment. In these environments
workers must be vigilant and meticulous when practicing safety standards. Any lapse in
procedure could result in a preventable construction accident.

Hit by Highway Vehicle

Every person who gets behind the wheel of a motor vehicle has been told to reduce their speed in
construction zones. Most motorists have respect for the workers maintaining and improving their
roadways, but there are some whose self-centeredness endangers the lives of others. Their
reasoning for disrespecting the laws of the road is irrelevant; when a construction worker is hit by
a highway vehicle it is a completely preventable crime.

Electrical Accidents on Construction Sites

It is estimated by OSHA that nearly 350 construction workers die every year from electrical
accidents. A few causes of these fatalities include electric shock, electrocutions, steam accidents,
and power line contact. The risks of these hazards are heightened for workers who perform their
jobs on scaffolding or in cranes near overhead power lines.

In addition to the aforementioned injuries one may suffer from electrical accidents, other risks
include burns and falls caused by contact with electrical energy. Because working with electrical
current is unavoidable and necessary, OSHA has created specific guidelines for construction
workers to follow when dealing with hazardous situations. Unfortunately, there are times when
these standards are not adhered to or situations where they are overlooked.

Electric Shock

Electric shock occurs when the body comes into contact with electric current. The harmfulness of
an electric shock is dependent upon the voltage, current, and duration of exposure. Construction
workers are at risk of experiencing electric shock whenever they are exposed to cables or
machines carrying electric current. Specific safety procedures should always be followed to avoid
complications including internal injury, muscular spasm, respiratory arrest, and cardiac arrest.

Power Line Contact

Direct contact with power lines can result in electric shock and electrocution. The risks of contact
are always present, but dangers are particularly heightened when a workplace or construction site
is not up to code. Exposure to even low voltage lines can be hazardous or fatal if in certain
environments or for long enough durations. Power line contact construction accidents are
avoidable if proper safety procedures are followed, but they continue to be a risk to construction
workers even today.

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 Md. Akhtar Hossain, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, KUET

Trench Collapses

The building of trenches is necessary for many construction tasks. They are present wherever
buried utilities are constructed or repaired. It is absolutely imperative that appropriate safety
measures are taken during the building process to ensure the safety of all workers involved.

A trench is narrow in length with its depth greater than its width. When trenches are constructed
they must have safeguards in place to protect workers inside the trench from a collapse. When a
trench collapses workers may easily become crushed under the weight of heavy soil from above.
One cubic yard of soil weighs about as much as a mid-sized automobile, and suffocation can
occur with only a couple feet of soil on top of the victim.

Fires and Explosions in Construction Site

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has determined that workplace fires and
explosions kill 200 and injure more than 5,000 workers each year. For these reasons, special
safety guidelines have been established to prevent construction accidents arising from fires and
explosions.

A fire plan should exist at construction sites so that workers can be safely evacuated in the event
of fires and explosions. These accidents can result in a great number of injuries, including burns
that can result in extensive pain and even death. Fires and explosions are perhaps the most
dynamic and tragic construction accidents that can occur.

Compressed Gas Explosion

There are literally thousands of products in use that contain gases and mixtures of gases that are
stored under pressure. There are three types of compressed gases: liquefied, non-liquefied, and
dissolved gases. Some of these gases are flammable and extremely volatile.

Due to the dangers of compressed gases and the increased risk of explosion, it is essential for
employers to establish rules and guidelines for employees to follow when handling these
materials. Additionally, these rules must be enforced and communicated to construction workers
in a clear and concise manner to avoid tragic accidents..

Welding Accidents on a construction site

Welding is a hazardous activity that requires experience and a strict adherence to safety
guidelines. Welding accidents can arise from welding fumes, UV light, sparks, noise, or skin
injury. Due to the wide range of accidents that may occur, healing times and other circumstances
are extremely dependent upon the individual.

Welding accidents can run the gamut of a wide variety of other serious construction-related
mishaps. Welders can be exposed to gases, electricity, toxic fumes, and high temperatures that
can separately or in combination pose significant health risks. It is important for safety
precautions to be established and in use by welders to avoid accidents.

Arc Burn Accidents

Welding takes advantage of extremely high temperatures, and there is a very serious risk of
welders receiving severe arc burns. Special safety precautions must be taken to avoid arc burn
accidents, including special protective clothing that avoids exposure to heat. Additionally,
welders must wear special goggles and helmets to protect their faces, heads, and eyes from
damage.

Arc burn accidents can also affect other construction workers besides welders. At sites where arc
welding is taking place there should be transparent welding curtains in place to protect bystanders
from the hazards of welding. These curtains are specially designed to shield other workers from
the dangerous UV light emitted by the electric arc.

Unsafe/Dangerous Construction Equipment Accidents

The size and power of the machines and equipment used in the construction industry can be
responsible for some of the most grievous injuries if not used carefully and professionally.

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 Md. Akhtar Hossain, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, KUET

Construction equipment, like every other type of machinery, can experience mishap and failure -
particularly if it is overused or improperly maintained.

Everything from cranes to fork lifts to scaffolding and ladders can cause potentially fatal
accidents. Over 1,000 construction workers are killed each year, many of whom would now be
alive if not for the failure of a manufacturer to provide safe equipment or for the negligence of
those responsible for repair and maintenance.

Unsafe/faulty ladders

A ladder is one of the most important types of construction equipment, but one that is often taken
for granted. Ladders helped build the pyramids of Egypt, construct the aqueducts of Rome, and
helped build the Sears Tower. Ladders remain a simple way to move from one level to another,
and these simple wooden or steel frames are the bedrock upon which the construction industry is
built.

Unfortunately because ladders are so simple they are often taken for granted. Out of the 1,000
construction workers killed every year 300 of them are killed by falls, a large number of which
are because of damaged or defective ladders. These crucial pieces of equipment often go
overlooked during safety inspections, but without proper oversight these accidents can be fatal.

Defective power tools

Power tools have come a long way since the first hydraulic drills and steam pumps. Modern
power tools are driven by powerful electric motors and precisely controlled by sophisticated
computers in order to deliver the most efficient and accurate performance.

Unfortunately with increased sophistication comes increased risk of serious injury. Defective
power tools can claim the lives of hundreds of construction workers each year if not properly
maintained or repaired.

Defective derricks

Derricks are some of the most complicated but important pieces of machinery on any construction
site. These large, obtrusive, and complex lifting devices are easily recognizable by anyone who
has ever been by an oil field, dockyard, or anyplace where workers need to move heavy loads or
drill deep into the earth.

These rigs are by nature dangerous and hazardous, but are more so without proper oversight and
maintenance. Poorly built derricks cannot only endanger the lives of those who work with them
but also the projects and livelihoods of those who depend of their lifting and weight-bearing
capacity.

Defective hoists

Hoists have been around for centuries as a way to lift or lower loads into a precise location on a
construction site. These simple devices consist merely of a drum or pulley to allow movement or
a rope or chain, and a driver to provide force and strength for lifting.

Even though hoists are some of the most common and simple pieces of construction equipment,
they can be responsible for some of the most devastating injuries on a worksite. Because they are
designed to help lift heavy loads, any failure in the chain, driver, or pulley itself can result in
tragic and sometimes fatal accidents.

Defective conveyors

Industrial and construction use conveyor belts differ little from the common supermarket check
out lane in that both are used to transport materials from one end to another, albeit construction
conveyors are far larger, more sophisticated, and complex. Whether they move raw materials or
building equipment, conveyers are a vital part of any construction site.

Even these simple machines can have serious mishaps with dramatic consequences if not properly
assembled or maintained. The loads they are designed to move can cause serious damage over
time when used frequently, and although relatively simple machines, lack of maintenance can
cause serious and deadly accidents.

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 Md. Akhtar Hossain, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, KUET

Defective woodworking tools

Woodworking has been a part of human history since the first people fashioned basic tools out of
the trees around them. The people of the 21st century are a bit more sophisticated, with wooded
structures that not only comprise our homes and offices, but support the building and construction
of these important structures.

A large number of dangerous tools are needed in order to fashion this versatile resource into the
forms we need for construction. Industrial use saws, sanders, and polishers are common on many
construction sites, but these tools are as much a danger as they are a necessity. Few tradespeople
know of someone who hasn't lost a finger, hand, or suffered grievous injury because of a
defective woodworking tool.

Defective winches

Winches are a vital component of so many construction applications in addition to simple tools in
their own right. These simple machines wind rope, lines, cables, and other lanyards, but as they
are generally the weakest link in a chain of pulleys and hoists, winches often suffer the most
catastrophic failures.

Defective graters

Industrial and construction grade graters are a sight to behold. Combining long lengths of
conveyor belts, powerful hydraulic systems, and immense grinding gears, graters can churn out
tons of the gravel necessary for so many construction projects.

These wonders of technology have a dark side, however. These machines appear deceptively
simple, but unfortunate is the fate of any construction worker who happens to work on a defective
grater.

Defective scrapers

A wheel tractor scraper is one of the most common pieces of heavy equipment on many
construction sites. Scrapers cuts out large sections of earth in order to smooth out imperfections.
They have a large hopper where the dirt is collected to move to the dump area.

These large pieces of heavy equipment are extremely dangerous, particularly if hydraulically
powered hopper or blade malfunctions. Construction workers must exhibit extreme caution
because even when these powerful machines are working properly they are extremely dangerous.

Defective tractors

Tractors are some of the most common vehicles on construction sites throughout the world. These
powerful vehicles use their enormous engines to tow, drag, pull, and power a large variety of
heavy loading, lifting, and transport machines

Unfortunately, these vehicles are as dangerous as they are useful. The large number of heavy
tractors on any given construction site mean that it is likely that one if not more are defective.
Tractors are prone to the same defects normal vehicles suffer; more so if you consider the stress
and workload of these machines.

Defective bulldozers

Bulldozers are powerful construction equipment machines used to move large amounts of dirt and
rocks, remove trees or other obstructing plant life, and to compress and smooth out uneven
patches of ground or soil. Their wide body structures and powerful tracks distribute their massive
weight over a wide area, making them the perfect machines for clearing low-lying brush, burnt
out cars, and positioning barricades.

These vehicles are easily identifiable by their large scoop-like blades on the front and the long,
pointed "ripper" in the rear. Unfortunately the same power and weight that are key to the
bulldozer's strength can work against it if the machine is defective in its design or maintenance.

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 Md. Akhtar Hossain, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, KUET

Accidents with defective bulldozers can include fall outs, crushing, or any number of hydraulic or
electrical malfunctions.

Defective forklifts

Ever since they were first invented in 1917, forklifts have become an indispensable piece of
warehouse, manufacturing, and construction industries. Although they range in size and loading
capacity, the premise of the forklift remains the same throughout the world; move heavy objects
from one location to another.

Even though they are powerful for their size, forklifts suffer a few serious flaws. Loads must be
perfectly situated so their center of gravity will not shift, potentially causing serious injury to the
operator and any unprotected people nearby. This can sometimes cause server stability problems
in poorly designed or maintained forklifts, resulting in sometimes catastrophic injuries.

Defective backhoes

Backhoes are one of the most vital earth moving machines used in modern construction. Without
these tremendously strong hydraulically powered digging machines modern construction
practices would be nearly impossible.

Unfortunately this great power can pose an enormous threat if defective backhoes make it onto
your construction site. Aside from the fact these machines can weigh many tons, the amount of
earth they move can become extremely hazardous if the backhoe is defective.

Defective boilers

Boilers are extremely useful on construction sites because they provide not only hot water but the
pressure to produce energy to power equipment and move significant amounts of debris out of a
given area. As their name entails, these vessels contain large quantities of extraordinarily hot
liquid that can cause significant injury should an accident occur.

Defective pressure vessels

Pressure vessels are specially designed pieces of construction equipment that allow workers to
keep a certain fluid or gas at a certain pressure in order to safely use it. These important yet
delicate pieces of equipment boilers and other high pressure vessels protect workers on
construction from overloading boilers, gas mains, or any other container used to contain gasses or
fluids at high pressures.

Unfortunately, damaged or defective pressure vessels can cause serious injury. A defective
pressure vessel cannot regulate the chemicals it contains, and the internal gasses and fluids held
under great pressures can poison, suffocate, or burn workers who are forced to labor in hazardous
environments.

Logging Accidents

Logging is a very dangerous occupation and can result in a variety of harmful accidents. Logging
accidents can be caused by the tools and equipment used by loggers as well as the falling of
massive trees. Chain saws, logging machines, and enormous trees are just some of the hazards
involved with contemporary logging operations.

In addition to the obvious risks of working with logging tools, other factors that make logging a
hazardous profession include the rugged environment in which work is performed, the use of
additional vehicles such as helicopters, inclement weather conditions, and other situational
determinants. When the potential for logging accidents to occur exists but is not addressed, any
resulting injuries are completely preventable.

If a tree falls on you or someone you care about in a forest, will an experienced attorney be there
to hear your case? By contacting a compassionate lawyer you can learn about the steps you can
take to obtain justice against those responsible for your pain and suffering. Discuss your logging
accident with a construction attorney today.

Brazing Accidents

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 Md. Akhtar Hossain, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, KUET

Brazing involves joining metals through heat and a filler metal. Brazing creates permanent and
strong metal-to-metal joints. The brazing process has many advantages over other metal joining
options, but brazing carries some inherent risks as well. Dangerous fumes and gases may arise,
and burns may occur if proper safety procedures are not followed.

Cutting Accidents

During the construction process many materials need to be altered to fit specific needs. It is very
common for extensive cutting to take place at any worksite to ensure the proper fit of building
materials. Wood, concrete, glass, plastics, and metals must all be manipulated and often the only
tools that can perform this job are very sharp and dangerous to handle.

Cutting accidents are common, though they are usually preventable when effective safety
procedures are established and followed. Managers and supervisors have a responsibility to keep
the workplace safe, and one of the most obvious areas that require attention is cutting tools. In a
hazardous environment, injuries resulting in the loss of limbs or life may result.

Elevator Accidents on construction site

Every year, elevators and escalators kill about 30 people and seriously injure over 17,000
Americans. There have been gruesome and tragic elevator accidents that have resulted in severe
injuries and even death. Elevator accidents can harm both innocent passengers and the
construction workers who service and build them.

Elevator manufacturers, owners, and service companies have a responsibility to ensure the safety
of passengers. The safety and well-being of many is compromised when inspections and safety
procedures are not abided by. Elevators are essential for people who are unable to use stairs and
in tall buildings where stairwells are not a feasible route. Passengers should not have to question
their safety when they step inside an elevator.

Structure Failure on construction site

By definition, a structure failure takes place when a building or other structure breaks in such a
way that it cannot carry as great a load as it could before failure. Structure failures can be
catastrophic and result in major injury and loss of life.

In 1995 the Sampoong Department Store in Seoul, South Korea collapsed due to structure failure,
killing 501 and injuring another 937 people. Upon investigation, it was revealed that this structure
failure was due to negligence and unsafe design changes. When the safety of the public is
compromised for financial gain or time constraints, structure failure may result.

Building Collapse on construction site

Building collapse can be caused by bad design, faulty construction, foundation failure,
extraordinary loads, unexpected failure, or any combination of these causes. A construction
worker's worst nightmares are realized if he or she is in a building during its collapse. Victims
may be injured, crushed or killed as debris and materials fall down around them.

Most structures are built properly and to code, diminishing the possibility of building collapse.
However, when a collapse takes place it is a failure of many and a manifestation of
irresponsibility and incompetence. Architects and designers have an obligation to the safety of the
public, and when this obligation is not met consequences can be tragic.

Construction Site Supervisor Negligence

Construction supervisors have a great deal of responsibility. In addition to managing project

constraints including deadlines, supervisors must also address the safety of their co-workers. This
includes the administration of safety procedures and guidelines as well as the enforcement of
these policies. Supervisor negligence can result in serious injury and even death on the job.

One case involved an electrician who was injured after falling from a scaffold built at a
construction site. Upon investigation, it was discovered that the scaffold was built improperly due
to supervisor negligence. The settlement for this case was over two million dollars.

Punch Press Malfunctions

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 Md. Akhtar Hossain, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, KUET

Punch presses are used in metalwork, typically to punch holes into metal plates. The nature of
punch press machines makes them very powerful and very dangerous. Punch press operators must
always exercise the highest level of professionalism and safety while working.

Unfortunately, even when proper safety measures are taken punch press malfunctions may occur
that are out of the control of workers. Punchy press malfunctions can result in gruesome injuries
including amputations, puncture wounds, and death. In some cases these malfunctions are caused
by faulty machinery, but in others they stem from a lack of maintenance.

Forklift Accidents

Forklifts are extremely useful vehicles for moving heavy or unwieldy construction materials.
However, with their prevalence comes a high price. Nearly 100 workers are killed and another
20,000 seriously injured in forklift-related incidents each year across the United States. With such
staggering numbers, it is essential to be aware of and closely follow forklift safety guidelines and
regulations.

The three most common accidents causing forklift fatalities are forklift overturns, workers on foot
being struck by forklifts, and workers falling from forklifts. The hard work and cooperation of
many is required to take preventative measures against these accidents. Supervisors must create a
safe work environment where forklift operators and other construction workers can manage
traffic and work together in a safe manner. When one link in this chain of safety is broken,
serious consequences may arise.

Dumpster Accidents

Dumpsters are ubiquitous at construction sites for their load-carrying ability and the need for a
large receptacle to hold trash. During the construction process, dumpsters may be moved to
various locations at a worksite but trucks, forklifts, or other vehicles. When appropriate safety
practices are not followed during the relocating process, dumpster accidents may occur. These
accidents can result in the injury or death of construction workers, yet are completely preventable.

Compressor Accidents

Compressors are used at construction sites to provide power for many of the tools and utilities
used by workers. Air compressors and gas compressors are very common, and with their use is an
accompanying increased risk to workers. Employees must exercise special caution when working
with or around compressors of any kind.

OSHA has established guidelines for construction workers and supervisors to follow when using
compressors. Compressor accidents can result in serious injury and even death. However, with
proper care and attention these mishaps are entirely preventable. When supervisors and workers
lapse in their vigilance, compressor accidents can be fatal.

Exploding Compressor

Compressor explosions can lead to disastrous consequences. A variety of circumstances may lead
to an exploding compressor. These include inadequate training, faulty safety practices, and poor
compressor quality. However, when all of these factors are appropriately addressed compressor
explosions are entirely avoidable.

Gas Explosions on a construction site

Gas explosions are caused by an ignition source coming into contact with a gas leak. Construction
workers must always remain alert to the presence of gas leaks. Gas can be a silent killer, filling an
area with flammable toxins while going unnoticed by most people. When a flame or other source
of ignition is introduced to a gaseous environment, the resulting gas explosion can be
catastrophic.

In 1937, a natural gas leak was responsible for the New London School explosion in Texas. This
disaster killed three hundred students and teachers. Similar explosions occur regularly throughout
the world, although typically with a less dramatic loss of life.

Gas explosions are preventable throughout effective safety procedures and responsible leadership.

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 Md. Akhtar Hossain, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, KUET

Backhoe: A specialized piece of construction equipment loaded on the back of a tractor,

bulldozer, or loader that can dig and move earth.

Brazing: A process used to join two pieces of metal to bolster or reinforce a project. It is
typically one of the most dangerous types of construction work

Bulldozer: A heavy engineering vehicle used to move earth with a loader in the front and a
"ripper" to break stones behind

Crane: A construction machine used to lift and carry building material to extreme heights

Tractor: A large construction vehicle used to tow and move heavy loads around a job site

Foreman: The worker or tradesman in charge of a construction crew.

HVAC: HVAC stands for Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning. HVAC specialists are
responsible for installing, repairing, and maintaining the climate control systems in new
construction projects.

Heavy Equipment: A general term for all large and powerful construction vehicles on a jobsite.

OSHA: OSHA stands for Occupational Safety and Health Administration. This organization is
responsible for preventing work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths by creating and enforcing
standards for workplace health and safety.

Scaffolding : A temporary framework used to support building and materials in the building,
construction, or repair of large structures.

Trench: A ditch used by construction workers to excavate and expose potential hazards or to lay
pipe, conduits, or electrical groundwork.

White Finger Syndrome : A work-related disability that comes from using vibrating power tools
for a prolonged period of time. It causes the blood vessels in the extremities to narrow, restricting
blood circulation and causing serious pain.

Workers Comp: Short for Workers Compensation, this specialized insurance plan protects and
aids workers who suffer injury because of or at their jobs.

Types of Construction Injuries

Injuries included
Head Injury
Severed Nerve
Coma
Cumulative Trauma Disorder
Spinal Cord Injuries
Paralysis
Death Severe Gashes
Burn Injuries
Loss of Limb
Infected Wounds
Dislocations
Broken/Fractured Bones
Blinding Injuries
Hearing Loss
White Finger Syndrome
Raynaud's Syndrome

Construction injuries vary greatly based on the type of work being performed and the
circumstances surrounding the environment and the individual that is affected.
Although many construction injuries are minor, serious consequences must not be
overlooked. Traumatic injuries and even death may result from the negligence of
coworkers or the failure to follow established safety procedures.

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 Md. Akhtar Hossain, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, KUET

Head injuries, burn injuries, severe wounds, spinal cord injuries, traumas, dislocations,
blinding injuries, and hearing loss all threaten the construction worker on a daily basis.
Although no construction job is completely safe, many of the injuries suffered on site can
be avoided by taking the proper precautions.

Head Injury
Construction workers are required to take the well-known safety precaution of
wearing a hard hat to prevent head injury. Unfortunately, hard hats are not barriers to all
forms of head injuries that can happen at a construction site. Traumatic brain injury,
closed head injury, concussion, and coma may result from a variety of hazardous
situations at a work site. These conditions can lead to long-term complications and death.

Closed Head Injury

A closed head injury is characterized by the head sustaining a blunt force by
striking against an object. Most head injuries are closed head injuries, as penetrating head
injuries require an object to break through the skull and enter the brain. A concussion is a
type of closed head injury that is relatively common, particularly in the construction
industry.

Concussion
A concussion is a type of head injury caused by a blow to the head that results in a
temporary loss of awareness. When a concussion occurs, it is due to cerebrospinal fluid
being unable to cushion the brain from the skull during impact. Some concussions can
have serious long-term effects. The risk for long-term effects increases in individuals
who have suffered from multiple concussions.

Traumatic Brain Injury

Traumatic brain injury, or TBI, occurs when sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.
The damage caused by traumatic brain injury may be confined to one area of the brain or
may diffuse to more than one area. Each year, 270,000 people in the United States
experience a moderate or severe TBI. Symptoms of traumatic brain injury may include
persisting headaches, vomiting or nausea, convulsions or seizures, confusion, and loss of
consciousness.

Depending upon the severity of the traumatic brain injury, TBI may result in
disabilities. These complications may include problems with cognition, sensory
processing, communication, and behavior or mental health. Long-term problems
associated with traumatic brain injury include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease,
dementia pugilistica, and post-traumatic dementia.

Severed Nerve
Nerve damage can occur as a result of injury or swelling. In extreme cases, nerves
may be completely severed. When this occurs, a variety of medical conditions may result
that may be irreparable.

A severed nerve may cause paralysis of the affected limb or a loss of sensation.
When the nerve affected is crucial to one's everyday life, a severed nerve injury can pose
insurmountable challenges. Construction workers rely on their physical capabilities to
perform day-to-day work. When they are limited, their entire livelihood is likely to suffer.

Coma
A coma is a deep state of unconsciousness. A patient suffering from a coma is
alive but unable to move or respond to the environment around him or her. When a coma

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results from a head trauma, the condition may be followed by a persistent vegetative state
or death. For patients who emerge from a coma, even a partial recovery may be a gradual
process.

Cumulative Trauma Disorder

Cumulative trauma disorder is a response to excessive and repeated demands
placed on the body. Repetitive stress injury, carpal tunnel syndrome, and thoracic outlet
syndrome are often grouped under the name cumulative trauma disorder. There are a
wide range of symptoms for cumulative trauma disorder depending on the individual
affected and the type of work conducted.

Typically, a combination of muscle tension, repetitive motions, over use, and incorrect
posture leads to cumulative trauma disorder. Symptoms can be felt all over the body,
including the neck, shoulders, elbows, wrists, and hands. Recurring pain or soreness are
warning signs indicating the possible development of cumulative trauma disorder. Sadly,
construction workers have been known to suffer from this condition as an indirect result
of the repetition required to successfully perform their highly specialized jobs.

Spinal Cord Injuries

The spinal cord is a vital part of the human body. It carries sensory signals and
motor control to most of the skeletal muscles in the body, and nearly every voluntary
muscle in the body below the head relies on the spinal cord for control. An injury to the
spinal cord almost certainly has severe repercussions on the rest of the body.

The anatomy of the spinal cord makes it cylindrical in structure with vertical cord
segments. The severity of spinal cord injuries is often dependent upon the level of
segments affected. Paraplegia is the paralysis of the lower extremities and is most likely
to occur at a lower level of injury than quadriplegia, which affects both the arms and the
legs.

Severed Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is one of the most complex and impressive parts of the human
body. The different spinal segments control a variety of functions throughout the body
and are essential for comfortable controlled movement. Tragically, spinal cord injury can
leave an individual without this sense of control that is so often taken for granted.

It is not necessary for one to endure a severed spinal cord to suffer a loss of function.
However, a severed spinal cord is particularly likely to lead to various forms of paralysis
and injury. Complete spinal cord injuries result in a total loss of function below the level
of injury, preventing all voluntary movement and physical sensation.

Severed Spine
The spine is a column of vertebrae that houses the spinal cord and functions as the
backbone of the human body. It is possible to break one's back, which is a very serious
and painful injury. However, a severed spine causes unimaginable anguish and life-
changing circumstances.

The spine contains the spinal cord, which is comprised of spinal segments that control a
wide range of body movements. A severed spine may also sever the spinal cord, which is
likely to cause paralysis and a complete loss of function and sensation in affected regions
of the body.

Paralysis

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Paralysis occurs when all muscle function is lost for one or more muscle groups in
the body. Paralysis may be caused by spinal cord injuries which impair the body's ability
to convey sensory signals and motor control. Depending on the type of injury, paralysis
may affect a small part or entire regions of the body.

Any form of paralysis is very disruptive to one's life. Routines that were once simple are
made incredibly difficult, and the afflicted require additional care that can be expensive
and time consuming. There are also psychological challenges to overcome, particularly
among former construction workers who have made a career out of using their physical
abilities to provide for themselves and their families.

Quadriplegia
Quadriplegia results in the total or partial loss in use of the arms and legs.
Literally, quadriplegia means "paralysis of four limbs". The condition is usually caused
by damage to the cervical spinal cord or brain. Tragically, it is rare for even slight
movement to be regained following a quadriplegia-causing injury.

Most workers who are quadriplegics are between the ages of 20 and 40. It is
estimated that there are as many as 150,000 people in the United States who suffer from
this condition. These individuals face many challenges in addition to their health and
movement concerns. Quadriplegics frequently must endure discrimination, extensive
medical expenses, frustration, and stereotypes applied to them by others who are
unfamiliar with their condition.

If you life has been affected by a construction injury resulting in quadriplegia, you owe it
to yourself and your family to discuss your case with an attorney. An experienced lawyer
can evaluate the circumstance surrounding the injury and determine an appropriate course
of legal action for you to take in order to obtain the compensation you deserve. Contact a
compassionate legal expert today.

Paraplegia
Paraplegia is a condition where the lower half of a person's body is paralyzed and
cannot move. In most cases, paraplegia results from a spinal cord injury or a congenital
condition. However, in some situations paraplegia can result from severe brain injury.
Although some patients may eventually regain the ability to walk, many more remain
immobile for the remainder of their lives, suffering from a variety of health problems
resulting from their unfortunate state.

Paraplegia always affects both sides of the body, with the extent of movement limitation
depending on the level of the spinal cord where the damage occurred. When the spinal
cord is injured at the high level quadriplegia may result which affects both the arms and
the legs. Treatment for paraplegia and quadriplegia typically focuses on compensating for
paralysis through the use of mechanical devices and the implementation of psychological
and physical therapy. Although these techniques can improve a patient's quality of life,
medical expenses can quickly add up and cause financial hardships for families.

If you or someone you care about is the victim of a construction accident that resulted in
paraplegia, do not hesitate to explore you legal options during this time of crisis. An
experienced and compassionate attorney can help you fight for justice and obtain the
compensation you deserve for your suffering. A brief phone call today can help you
offset expensive medical bills and plan for a more secure tomorrow.

Construction Site Accidents & Death

Without a doubt, death is the most dramatic and tragic consequence of
construction injuries. When a fatality occurs on the job, it affects coworkers, supervisors,

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and families. This loss is particularly painful when it could have been prevented by
following established safety procedures.

Death may result from any number of construction injuries, including head injuries, burn
injuries, severe wounds, falls, electrical accidents, and malfunctioning tools. Construction
is clearly a hazardous profession, but no one should have to make the ultimate sacrifice
for their construction job. When safety practices are enforced and negligence is avoided,
the likelihood of death in a construction injury is dramatically decreased.

Severe Gashes
With a variety of tools being used in a very busy environment, it is no wonder that
gashes regularly contribute to construction injuries. Although the specific number of
gash-related construction injuries is unknown, it is undoubtedly just as high as the
amount of other cuts workers suffer.

Gashes may be extremely hazardous when left untreated. Open gashes can become
infected and lead to more serious consequences. Although most definitions of what
constitutes a gash may be subjective, victims would benefit from an attorney who can
help them fight for justice.

Burn Injuries
Unfortunately, burn injuries are a very real risk at construction sites. With copious
amounts of heated water, steam, chemicals, and electricity found at work sites, a variety
of burn injuries may occur that can have severe long-term consequences.

Burn injuries are both slow to heal and extremely painful, with the pain lasting
throughout the healing process and for years to follow. Burn survivors often require
extensive care that is not cheap, and families of burn victims often must do battle with a
sudden unexpected injury that has forever changed their lives.

Hot Water Burn

There can be many sources of extremely hot water on a construction site. When
workers are exposed to any form of liquid at extremely high temperatures their safety and
well-being are endangered.

Hot water burns can range from redness and pain to blistering and damage to deep layers
of the skin. By their very nature, hot water burns are extremely painful and unfortunately
can be completely unexpected. However, these injuries are also completely avoidable
when proper safety precautions are taken.

Steam Burns
As a vaporized form of water, steam must have a temperature of at least 100
degrees Celsius. The temperature of superheated steam can be even higher than this
figure. Steam is common at construction sites, and must be avoided at all costs to prevent
harmful injury.

Although steam burns are a common hazard at many construction work sites, their
dangers can also be avoided with appropriate caution. Nobody should be made to work in
a dangerous environment, and safety precautions must be taken to ensure the well-being
of employees.

3rd Degree Burns

With the wide range of heat-generating materials found at a construction site, it is
extremely important for workers to take steps necessary to prevent burns. The most

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serious form of burn injuries is third degree burns, which affect the epidermis, dermis and
hypodermis.

Third degree burns are characterized by charring of skin and extensive scarring. Although
the affected area may be numb, the victim is likely to complain of unbearable pain. The
skin tissue and structures in the burn area are destroyed, causing the healing process to
proceed slowly and painfully. Sadly, most third degree burn injuries on construction sites
would be completely preventable if proper safety precautions were established and
adhered to.

Loss of Limb
Suffering a loss of limb is a tragedy for anyone, but it is particularly intrusive for
the lives of people who work in construction and rely on their physical capabilities to
provide for themselves and their families. A loss of limb injury is likely to end the careers
of construction workers who have spent their entire lives becoming skilled at their trades.

Amputations
Amputations are sometimes necessary to preserve the long-term health of an
individual. As a surgical measure, amputation controls pain or a disease process and is a
preventative measure of surgery.

Amputation location is dependent upon the type of injury sustained, but the loss
of any limb is often unexpected and extremely invasive for the patient. Surgery and the
recovery process may be extensive, and a variety of medical issues arise in amputees.

Severe/ Infected Wounds

Severe wounds are a serious concern in the construction industry. Any form of
accident where the skin is torn, cut or punctured may qualify as a severe wound. There
are risks of infection when these wounds go untreated and even death as a result of blood
loss.

Severe wounds may be caused by a tool or any other object and could include
gashes. First aid is necessary to avoid infection and it is important to cover and close
severe wounds and to seek medical attention. Once appropriate care has been given to a
wound, the healing process may begin.

Untreated Wounds
When severe wounds are left untreated, there is an increased risk of infection and
other medical complications. When skin is torn, cut or punctured, significant bleeding
may occur that can increase the chance of death or the risk of bacteria entering the
wound.

Wounds must be kept clean and closed to promote healing. Untreated wounds
work against the healing process and increase the likelihood of complications. It is
important for victims to seek medical attention, particularly when the injury occurs in an
environment such as a construction site where a man's masculinity is closely guarded.

Dislocations
Dislocations are a risk inherent with many forms of physical activity, including
construction. A dislocation occurs when bones at a join move beyond their normal or
natural position. In most cases, dislocations are caused by a sudden and dramatic impact
to the joint location.

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 Md. Akhtar Hossain, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, KUET

Dislocations often cause damage to ligaments and may require physical

manipulation to return the bones to their proper position. As part of the healing process, it
is essential that dislocated joints be immobilized for a time. Unfortunately, this
immobilization period may cause construction workers to be out of work for some time.

Dislocated Shoulder
The shoulder joint is the most frequently dislocated major joint in the body.
Construction workers lead very active lifestyles every day, and are particularly
susceptible to shoulder dislocation injuries. A dislocated shoulder most often occurs
when there is a backward pull on the arm that catches the muscles unprepared or
overwhelms the muscles.

Dislocated shoulders are characterized by the arm appearing out of position, pain, muscle
spasms, swelling, numbness, weakness, bruising, tearing of ligaments or tendons, and in
some cases nerve damage. Treatment of a dislocated shoulder involves immobilizing the
area and rehabilitation, but even after treatment the shoulder may remain susceptible to
injury.

Broken/Fractured Bones
A bone fracture takes place when a bone becomes splintered, cracked, or bisected
as a result of physical trauma. There are many ways a construction worker may suffer
broken or fractured bones on the work site.

Broken/Fractured Back
A broken or fractured back occurs when one or more of the bones that make up
the spine are fractured. A broken back is a very serious medical problem that demands
immediate professional attention.

Treatment for a broken back may require surgery and months of recovery time. Broken
back are commonly caused by falls, vehicle accidents, and direct blows the affected area.
These are all risks in the construction industry, but falls are of particular concern among
construction workers. Proper safety precautions must be adhered to and explained
thoroughly.

Broken/Fractured Neck
A broken neck is characterized by the fracture or dislocation of the vertebrae of
the neck. There are seven vertebrae in the neck and the fracture of any of them is a very
serious medical condition that requires immediate attention.

Broken necks can be caused by a number of catastrophic circumstances. In the

construction industry, broken necks can result from falls, collisions, severe and sudden
twists to the neck, or sever blows to the head or neck area. Broken necks can cause
paralysis and even death, and can sometimes require months to heal correctly.

Broken/Fractured Leg
The leg contains four bones and bends at the hip, knee, and ankle. A broken leg
may fracture any of these bones into two or more pieces. There are two types of fractures:
open or compound fractures and closed fractures. Open fractures occur when the bone is
exposed to the outside and are more dangerous that closed fractures because they can
easily become infected.

Broken legs can result from many forms of trauma that places high levels of force
on the affected area. It is important for victims of broken legs to seek medical attention
immediately to begin the healing process. Depending on the severity of the fracture,

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 Md. Akhtar Hossain, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, KUET

construction workers who suffer broken legs may be rendered immobile and unable to
work for extended periods of time.

Broken/Fractured Arm
The broken arm is a common injury, with one in every twenty fractures involving
the humerus, or upper arm bone. Although not usually as severe as a broken neck or
back, the broken or fractured arm is still an injury that requires medical attention and an
extensive healing process.

Broken arms are commonly caused by some type of accident, such as falling on an
outstretched arm. Depending on the severity of the injury, broken arms may take several
weeks or several months to heal completely. Additionally, a rehabilitation period is often
necessary to restore muscle strength and dexterity in the affected areas.

Other Broken Bones

Virtually any bone in the body, from the finger to the coccyx, may be broken or fractured
in a construction accident. These injuries typically result in extensive healing processes
that include immobilization and time off from work.

Many broken bones arise out of chance accidents, but a great deal of these accidents can
be prevented through the use of effective safety measures. Construction sites should be
made as safe as possible. It is the responsibility of higher-ups to create an environment
that is free of unnecessary hazards and has procedures in place to effectively manage
construction accidents.

Blinding Injuries
It can be argued that humans rely on the sense of sight more than any other method of
perception. It is a tragedy when one loses their ability to see clearly as a result of a
construction accident. Such impairments are life-changing and affect not only the
afflicted, but also his or her entire family.

Eye injuries are the leading cause of vision loss in one eye throughout the world. Eye
injuries can cause blindness, the loss of an eye, and other eye disorders that significantly
impair one's ability to see. Such injuries can often be prevented through effective safety
measures that are initiated and enforced at the managerial or supervisory level.

Blindness/Loss of Vision
There are different degrees to which one may experience a loss of vision. In North
America, legal blindness is defined as vision of 20/200 or less in the better eye with the
maximum correction possible. Based on this definition, the legally blind would see
something from 20ft away as well as a normally sighted person could see the same object
from 200ft.

About ten percent of those considered legally blind are fully sightless. The other 90
percent may have varying degrees of sight, but their sense of vision is not near that of a
normally sighted person. For people who have had normal vision throughout their lives,
adjusting to blindness or impaired vision is a frustrating and time-consuming process.

Loss of Eye
The loss of an eye is a dramatic and tragic form of blinding injury. Individuals who suffer
complete blindness in one eye are likely to face a difficulty rehabilitation process and
problems adjusting to their new fate. These healing stages require medical and legal
assistance to help the victim move forward with his or her life.

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Eye Disorders
There are a wide range of eye disorders that can affect construction workers and impair
their ability to work comfortably. Eye disorders can arise from any number of factors and
conditions, but some may originate as a result of unsafe or hazardous working conditions.

With all the chemicals and materials present at a busy construction site, it is imperative
that proper eye safety procedures are established and adhered to. These operations
include the use of protective eyewear and the availability of first aid and eye washing
stations in the event of contamination. Nobody deserves to work in a dangerous
environment, and it is important that those in positions of authority recognize the need to
take the prevention of eye disorders seriously.

Hearing Loss
Hearing loss is defined as a decrease in one's ability to hear and perceive auditory
information. Although some forms of hearing loss can be reversed with medical
treatment, many others lead to a permanent disability such as deafness.

Hearing loss can be caused by physical trauma such as damage to the ear or brain centers
that process aural information. Alternatively, hearing loss can progressively occur from
exposure to very loud noise over time. This is of particular concern to construction
workers who often perform their duties at extremely loud and busy work sites.

Deafness
Deafness is the term sometimes applied to the condition of having a permanent hearing
disability. Construction workers may develop deafness as a result of physical trauma or
noise exposure. Damage to the head or ears from an injury can cause deafness, as can
extended exposure to very loud noises. The latter form of hearing impairment is of
particular concern to construction workers and is the second most common form of
hearing deficit after age-related hearing loss.

Individuals affected by deafness later in life such as those who develop the condition
after a construction accident are faced with unique and formidable challenges. Significant
adaptations must be made to communicate effectively, and loneliness and depression may
arise out of difficulty communicating and accepting the disability. Although resources
exist to help victims adjust to their fate, the challenges posed by construction accident
deafness may be insurmountable.

White Finger Syndrome

White finger syndrome is a serious muscle disorder that can be developed by construction
workers who use vibrating power tools. The condition is caused by vibrations that are
transmitted through the hands and lead to discomfort, numbness, tingling, and lack of
sensitivity to the fingers. The symptoms are particularly troubling when the affected areas
are exposed to the cold.

The condition is called white finger syndrome because blood flow is restricted, causing
the tips of the fingers to become white. Workers who are afflicted with white finger
syndrome may eventually suffer from a dramatic loss of strength and grip in the fingers
and hands. This disorder can become so pronounced that it interferes with one's sleep.

Raynaud's Syndrome
Raynaud's syndrome is a condition that limits blood flow to the extremities, including the
fingers, toes, nose, and ears. This disease can arise along with White Finger Syndrome
and result in long term impairments that can prove severe health risks.

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 Md. Akhtar Hossain, Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering, KUET

Construction workers who work with vibrating power tools are particularly susceptible to
Raynaud's syndrome. The effects of working with these tools are felt over the long-term
and are pervasive. Ultimately, sufferers of Raynaud's syndrome may result in blood
circulation problems that lead to loss of strength and grip in the fingers and hand.

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