29-Jan-2018

Lecture 4th

Distribution Feeder Analysis

And Load Models
Course Teacher:
Dr. Muhammad Mohsin Aman
Course Code:
EE-524
Course Title:
Electrical Power Distribution System Engineering -1
Venue:
Department of Electrical Engineering , NED University Karachi.

4th Lecture’s Outline

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4th Lecture’s Outline

 Distribution Feeder Analysis
 Problems
 Load Models
 Assignment

Distribution Feeder Analysis

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Load Flow Analysis and Power Flow Analysis

• What is the difference between Load Flow Analysis and Power Flow
Analysis…?
• A load flow analysis is a steady state system analysis.
• A load flow analysis allows identification of real and reactive power
flows, voltage profiles, power factor and any overloads in the network.

Distribution Feeder Analysis

The analysis of a distribution feeder will typically consist of a study of the
feeder under normal steady-state operating conditions (power-flow
analysis), and a study under short-circuit conditions (short-circuit analysis).
The power-flow analysis of a distribution feeder is similar to that of an
interconnected transmission system.
Typically, what will be known prior to the analysis will be the three-phase
voltages at the substation and the complex power of all of the loads and the
load model (constant complex power, constant impedance, constant current, or
a combination). Sometimes the input complex power supplied to the feeder
from the substation is also known.

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Distribution Feeder Analysis

A power-flow analysis of a feeder can determine the following by phase
and total three-phase:
 Voltage magnitudes and angles at all nodes of the feeder
 Line flow in each line section specified in kW and kvar, amps and
degrees, or amps and power factor
 Power loss in each line section
 Total feeder input kW and kvar
 Total feeder power losses
 Load kW and kvar based upon the specified model for the load

How many Load Flow Analysis, have we already

studied…?
1. Newton Raphson Load Flow Method
2. Gauss Seidal Load Flow Method
3. Decoupled Newton Load Flow Method
4. Fast Decouple Load Flow Method

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Techniques for Distribution Feeder Analysis

The Ladder Iterative Technique

Because a distribution feeder is radial, iterative techniques commonly used
in transmission network power-flow studies are not used because of poor
convergence characteristics.
Instead, an iterative technique specifically designed for a radial system is
used.
1. Linear Network
2. Nonlinear Network

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Linear Network --The Ladder Iterative Technique

A modification of the ladder network theory of linear systems provides a
robust iterative technique for power-flow analysis.
A distribution feeder is nonlinear because most loads are assumed to be
constant kw and kvar. However, the approach taken for the linear system can
be modified to take into account the nonlinear characteristics of the
distribution feeder.
Figure 10.1 shows a linear ladder network.

Linear Network --The Ladder Iterative Technique

For the ladder network it is assumed that all of the line impedances and load
impedances are known along with the voltage at the source (Vs). The solution
for this network is to assume a voltage at the most remote load (V5).
The load current I5 is then determined as:

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Linear Network --The Ladder Iterative Technique

For this end node case, the line current I45 is equal to the load current I5.
Applying Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL), the voltage at Node 4 (V4) can be
determined:

The load current I4 can be determined, and then Kirchhoff’s current law
(KCL) applied to determine the line current I34:

Kirchhoff’s voltage law is applied to determine the node voltage V3.

Linear Network --The Ladder Iterative Technique

This procedure is continued until a voltage (V1) has been computed at the
source. The computed voltage V1 is compared to the specified voltage Vs.
There will be a difference between these two voltages. The ratio of the
specified voltage to the compute voltage can be determined as:

Since the network is linear, all of the line and load currents and node
voltages in the network can be multiplied by the Ratio for the final solution to
the network.

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Example

Example:
A single-phase lateral is shown in Figure. The line impedance is z = 0.3 +
j0.6 Ω/mile. The loads are S2 = 1500 + j750 (kW + jkvar) S3 = 900 + j500
(kW + jkvar).
The source voltage at Node 1 is 7200 V.
Compute the node voltages after one full iteration.

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Solution
Ads

The forward sweep begins by assuming the voltage at Node 3 to be . The

load current at Node 3 is computed to be

Solution
The current flowing in the line section 2-3 is

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Solution
The load current at Node 2 is

Solution
At this point the magnitude of the computed voltage at Node 1 is compared
to the magnitude of the specified source voltage:

If the error is less than a specified tolerance, the solution has been achieved.
If the error is greater than the tolerance, the backward sweep begins. A typical
tolerance is 0.001 per unit, which on a 7200-V base is 7.2 V. Since the error in
this case is greater than the tolerance, the backward sweep begins by setting
the voltage at Node 1 to the specified source voltage:

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Solution
Now the voltage at Node 2 is computed using this value of the Node 1
voltage and the computed line current in the forward sweep current:

The backward sweep continues by computing the next downstream voltage.

All of the currents computed in the forward sweep are used in the backward
sweep:

This completes the first iteration. At this point the forward sweep will be
repeated, only this time starting with the new voltage at Node 3 rather than the
initially assumed voltage.

Distribution Load Flow Techniques

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How many Distribution Load Flow Analysis

Techniques exist in literature?
• Luo Load Flow Theorem (1990)
• Rajicic Load Flow Theorem (1994)
• Shirmohammadi Load Flow Theorem (1998)
• Thukaram Load Flow Theorem (1999)
• Haque Load Flow Theorem (2000)
• Teng Load Flow Theorem (2003)

Shirmohammedi Theorem
Shirmohammedi theorem is one of the oldest methods in solving radial
distribution system. This theorem is also equally validated for weakly
meshed networks. The backward sweep helps in determining the branch
current I, calculated from the far end to the root node. The load current is
calculated using the following relation.
I i  conj(Si /Vi ) i  1,2,3,  n

The Kirchhoff Current Law (KCL) is utilized to compute the current (I) in
each branch of the network.
I  Current Injected at node ' n'  current in branches extended from node ' n'

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Shirmohammedi Theorem (cont…)

The forward sweep helps in estimating receiving end voltages, using Eqn. 3.
Vr  Vs  I ( R  jX )
Apply the same approach to all buses/branches in the radial system. The
convergence criteria proposed is given by the following relation.


Max Pi k 
Qik  tolerance i  1,2,3,n


Pi k  Re Sik  Si 

Qik  Im Sik  Si 
Si  Vi  conj ( I i )

Where, k is no. of iteration and n is total number of buses.

Load Models

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Load Models
• The loads on a distribution system are typically specified by the
complex power consumed.
• With reference to Chapter 2, the specified load will be the maximum
diversified demand.
• This demand can be specified as kVA and power factor, kW and
power factor, or kW and kvar.
• The voltage specified will always be the voltage at the low-voltage
terminals of the distribution substation. This creates a problem since the
current requirement of the loads cannot be determined without knowing
the voltage. For this reason, some form of an iterative technique must be
employed. An iterative technique will be presented in Chapter 10.

Load Models
• Loads on a distribution feeder can modeled as wye-connected or
delta-connected.
• The loads can be three-phase, two-phase, or single-phase with any
degree of unbalance,
• and can be modeled as:
 Constant real and reactive power (constant PQ)
 Constant current
 Constant impedance
 Any combination of the above

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Load Models
• The load models developed are to be used in the iterative process of a
power flow program where the load voltages are initially assumed. One of
the results of the power-flow analysis is to replace the assumed voltages
with the actual operating load voltages.
• All models are initially defined by a complex power per phase and an
assumed line-to-neutral voltage (wye load) or an assumed line-to-line
voltage (delta load). The units of the complex power can be in volt-
amperes and volts, or per-unit volt-amperes and per-unit voltages. For all
loads the line currents entering the load are required in order to perform
the power-flow analysis.

Load Models

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Wye-Connected Loads
• Figure is the model of a wye-connected load. The notation for the
specified complex powers and voltages are as follows:

Constant Real and Reactive Power Loads

• The line currents for constant real and reactive power loads (PQ
loads) are given by:

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Constant Real and Reactive Power Loads

• In this model the line-to-neutral voltages will change during each
iteration until convergence is achieved.

Constant Impedance Loads

• The constant load impedance is first determined from the specified
complex power and assumed line-to-neutral voltages:

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Constant Impedance Loads

• The load currents as a function of the constant load impedances are
given by:

Constant Impedance Loads

• In this model the line-to-neutral voltages will change during each
iteration, but the impedance computed in Equation 9.5 will remain
constant.

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Constant Current Loads

• In this model the magnitudes of the currents are computed according
to Equations 9.4 and are then held constant while the angle of the voltage
(δ) changes, resulting in a changing angle on the current so that the power
factor of the load remains constant:

Combination Loads
• Combination loads can be modeled by assigning a percentage of the
total load to each of the three above load models. The total line current
entering the load is the sum of the three components.

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Problem

Problem
• The complex powers of a wye-connected load are

• The load is specified to be 50% constant complex power, 20%

constant impedance, and 30% constant current. The nominal line-to-line
voltage of the feeder is 12.47 kV.
• Assume the nominal voltage and compute the component of load
current attributed to each component of the load and the total load current.

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Solution
• The assumed line-to-neutral voltages at the start of the iterative
routine are

Problem

• sa

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Problem

• sa

Problem

• Observe that, the magnitude of constant current portion of the load

has indeed remained constant.
• All three components of the load have the same phase angles since the
power factor of the load has not changed.

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Problem

Problem
• The voltages at the load after the first iteration are

• Repeat the previous problem and determine the currents at the start of
the second iteration.

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Solution
• The steps are repeated with the exceptions that the impedances of the
constant impedance portion of the load will not be changed and the
magnitude of the currents for the constant current portion of the load
change will not change.

Solution
• sa

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Solution
• sa

Solution

• Observe how these currents have changed from the original currents.
• The currents for the constant complex power loads have increased
because the voltages are reduced from the original assumption.
• The currents for the constant impedance portion of the load have
decreased because the impedance stayed constant but the voltages are
reduced.
• Finally, the magnitude of constant current portion of the load has
indeed remained constant. Again, all three components of the load have
the same phase angles since the power factor of the load has not changed.

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Problem

Problem
• The complex powers of a 3 phase Y connected load are
250026.6
Sabc  250026.6 KVA
 
250026.6
• The load is specified to be 50% constant complex power, 20%
constant impedance, and 30% constant current. The nominal line-to-line
voltage of the feeder is 12.47 kV.
• Compute the component of load current attributed to each component
of the load and the total load current.
• Compute the apparent power, active and reactive power attributed to
each component of the load and the total load current.
• Compute the total apparent, active and reactive power.

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Problem
• Let suppose the voltage has been dropped from 12.47kV to 7.5% of
12.47kV. Compute the following quantities
1. The component of load current attributed to each component of the
load and the total load current.
2. The apparent power, active and reactive power attributed to each
component of the load and the total load current.
3. The total apparent power.

Load Models
Delta-Connected Loads

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Delta-Connected Loads
• The model for a delta-connected load is shown in Figure 9.2. The
notation for the specified complex powers and voltages in Figure 9.2 are
as follows:

Delta-Connected Loads
• sa

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Delta-Connected Loads
• sa

Delta-Connected Loads
• sa

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Delta-Connected Loads
• sa

Delta-Connected Loads
• sa

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Delta-Connected Loads
• sa

Two-Phase and Single-Phase Loads

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Two-Phase and Single-Phase Loads

• In both the wye- and delta-connected loads, single-phase and two-
phase loads are modeled by setting the currents of the missing phases to
zero. The currents in the phases present are computed using the same
appropriate equations for constant complex power, constant impedance,
and constant current.

Problem # 10

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Problem 10
• The complex powers of a 3 phase Y connected load are
250026.6
Sabc  250026.6 KVA
 
250026.6
• The load is specified to be 50% constant complex power, 20%
constant impedance, and 30% constant current. The nominal line-to-line
voltage of the feeder is 12.47 kV.
• Compute the component of load current attributed to each component
of the load and the total load current.
• Compute the apparent power, active and reactive power attributed to
each component of the load and the total load current.
• Compute the total apparent, active and reactive power.

Problem 10
• Let suppose the voltage has been dropped from 12.47kV to 7.5% of
12.47kV. Compute the following quantities
1. The component of load current attributed to each component of the
load and the total load current.
2. The apparent power, active and reactive power attributed to each
component of the load and the total load current.
3. The total apparent power.

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