Filter design proposal for Kalid-Dijo dam

Step 1: Plot the gradation curve of the base soil material.

s1 s2
Grain Size Distribution Curve
s4 s3
100

90

80
Percentage Finer,%

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
100.000 10.000 1.000 0.100 0.010 0.001 0.000
Grain size,mm
Gravel Sand Silt Clay

Figure 1 The plotted grain size distribution curve base soil plotted from table 1

Step 2: Proceed to step 4 if the base soil contains no gravel (material larger than the No. 4 sieve)
The base soil has 100 percent finer than the No. 4 sieve, and the grain size distribution curve does not
need to be regarded. Proceed to step 4 and ripping

Step 3: Not applicable because the base soil contains no particles larger than the No. 4 sieve

Step 4: Place the base soil in a category determined by the percent passing the No. 200 (0.075 mm)
sieve from the regraded gradation curve data according to table –2 from annex 1

The base soil has 90 percent finer than the No. 200 sieve. From table 1, the soil is in category 1

Step 5: To satisfy filtration requirements, determine the maximum allowable D15 size for the filter
according to table -2(refer annex)

The filtering criterion for base soil category 1 is (table –3): The maximum D15of the filter will be
less than or equal to 9 times the d85of the base soil, but not less than 0.2 mm

The d85size of the base soil is 0.06 mm. Thus, the maximum D15of the filter is 0.54mm
Step 6: If permeability is a requirement, determine the minimum allowable D15 according to table 6.
Note: The permeability requirement is determined from the d15size of the base soil gradation before
regrading.

The permeability criterion for all categories of base soils is that the filter will have a
minimum D15 of no less than 4 times the d15of the base soil (before any regrading of the
base soil), but will not be less than 0.1mm in any case.

The base soil does not have a meaningful d15size. The data show that the base soil has >65
percent finer than 0.002 mm, the smallest commonly determined particle size. Therefore, use
the default value of 0.1 mm for the minimum D15of the filter. This value is the preliminary
value for minimum D15 Proceed to step 7 for any needed adjustments.

Step 7: The width of the allowable filter design band must be kept relatively narrow to prevent the
use of possibly gap-graded filters. Adjust the maximum and minimum D15sizes for the filter band
determined in previous steps 5 and 6 so that the ratio is 5 or less, at any given percent passing of 60
or less. Adjustments may be required based on the following considerations.

For base soil; the ratio of the maximum D15to the minimum D15sizes is equal to 0.54 / 0.1 =
5.4. Because the value is slightly greater than 5, a slight adjustment is needed in this step.
The minimum D15 is the control because filtering is stated as the most important purpose.
Label this as Control point 2. Determine an adjusted maximum D15 size for the final design
filter band as equal to the minimum D15size, 0.10 x 5 = 0.50mm. This is the final Control
point 1 labeled in figure 2. Go to step 8.

Step 8: The designed filter band must not have an extremely broad range of particle sizes to prevent
using possibly gap-graded filters. Adjust the limits of the design filter band so that coarse and fine
sides of the filter band have a coefficient of uniformity of 6 or less. Width of the filter band should be
such that the ratio of maximum to minimum diameters is less than or equal to 5 for all percent
passing values of 60 or less.

For base soil, calculate a value for maximum D10 by dividing the maximum D15 size of 0.5
mm (determined in step 7) by 1.2 = 0.42 mm. Determine the value for the maximum D60 size
by multiplying the value of D10 by 6 = 0.42 x 6 = 2.5 mm. Label this as Control point 3.

Determine the minimum allowable D60 size for the fine side of the band by dividing the
determined maximum D60 size by 5.

D60 min=D60 max/5=2.5/5=0.5mm and label this as control point 4

Step 9: Determine the minimum D5and maximum D100 sizes of the filter according to table 7
This table shows that filters must have a D5 greater than or equal to 0.075 mm, equal to the No. 200
sieve size. Label this value as Control point 5 in figure 2.
It also shows that filters must have a D 100 of less than or equal to 3 inches or 76.2 mm. Label this
value as Control point 6 in figure 2.

Step 10: To minimize segregation during construction, the relationship between the maximum D90
and the minimum D10of the filter is important. Calculate a preliminary minimum D10 size by
dividing the minimum D15size by 1.2. Determine the maximum D90 using table 4. Label this as
Control point 7

Calculate the minimum D10size of the preliminary filter band as equal to the minimum
D15value of 0.1mm (obtained in step 6) divided by 1.2

Table 4 lists maximum D90sizes for filters for a range of D 10 sizes. Because the D10 value
is less than 0.5 mm, the maximum D90size is 20 mm. Label this value as Control point 7 in
figure 2

Step 11: Connect Control points 4, 2, and 5 to form a partial design for the fine side of the filter
band. Connect Control points 6, 7, 3, and 1 to form a partial design for the coarse side of the filter
band.

Complete the design of the filter band by extrapolating the coarse and fine curves to the 100 percent
finer value. For purposes of writing specifications, select appropriate sieves and corresponding
percent finer values that best reconstruct the design band and tabulate the values

effective Dmax Dmin

size Control point %pass Control point % pass
D5 0.075 0 0.075 5
D10 0.42 10 0.083 10
D15 0.5 15 0.1 15
D60 2.52 60 0.5 60
D90 20 90 4 90
D100 30 100 6 100
Table 1 design control points

Refer to figure 2 for an illustration of the complete filter design. Note that adjustments have
been made in straight line portions of the design band to intercept even values for percent
passing at standard sieve sizes and to prevent the use of very broadly graded filters. The final
design specified gradation is shown in table 5 after interpolation.

save % passing
 size
40 100 100
20 90 100
4.75 70 100
2 52 100
0.8 30 75
0.25 0 40
0.105 0 15
0.075 0 5

Table 2 final design after final interpolation

Grain Size Distribution Curve

100

90

80
Percentage Finer,%

70

60

50

40
F1
30

20

10

0
100.000 10.000 1.000 0.100 0.010 0.001 0.000

Grain size,mm
Gravel Sand Silt Clay

Figure 2 the plotted grain size distribution curve filter 2 plotted from table
 Filter II
Step1 plot the gradation curve of the base soil which is filter one envelope from figure 2.The from
gradation curve D15 max and D15min indicated that the filter material belongs to soil category four.

Grain Size Distribution Curve

100

90

80
Percentage Finer,%

70

60

50

40
base soil
30

20

10

0
100.000 10.000 1.000 0.100 0.010 0.001 0.000

Grain size,mm
Gravel Sand Silt Clay

Figure 3 the plotted grain size distribution curve filter 1 or base soil for this case plotted from
table

Step 2 proceed to step for if the base soil contain no gravel or larger than #4.only the fine side of
filter envelope is considered because the fine side control the filter criteria. The fine side does not
have particle larger than # 4 therefore proceed to step 4

Step 3 Not applicable because the base soil contains no particles larger than the No. 4 Sieve.

Step 4 from regrading curve D5 range from 0 to 5% indicated that the filter material belongs to soil
category four.

Step 5 to satisfy filtration requirements determines the maximum allowable D15 size for the filter
according to table which is ≤4 x d85of base soil after regrading. Then D15 max is, 1.2x4 mm =
4.8mm. This is labeled as Maximum D15in figure 3.

Step 6 determine the D15min using the permeability requirement according to table 6. The
permeability requirement is determined from d15 size before regrading.
 The permeability criterion for all categories of base soils is that the filter has a minimum
D15of no less than 4 times the d15of the base soil (before any regrading of the base soil), but
not be less than 0.1 mm in any case.

The coarse limit of the base filter band will control under this criterion. Determine that the
coarse limit line for the base filter band has a maximum d15size of 0.5 mm. Using the
criterion, the minimum D15 of the would be 4 x 0.5 =2 mm. Label this value as Minimum
D15 in figure 3

Step 7 The width of the allowable filter design band must be kept relatively narrow to prevent the
use of possibly gap-graded filters. Adjust the maximum and minimum D15sizes for the filter band
determined in steps 5 and 6 so that the ratio is 5 or less at any given percent passing of 60 or less.
Adjustments may be required based on the following considerations

The ratio of the maximum D15to the minimum D15 is

4.8
D15max/D15 min = =2.4mm
2

Because this value is less than the criterion value of 5, adjustment is not necessary and
2.4mm is labeled as Maximum D15.

Step 8 the designed filter band must not have an extremely broad range of particle sizes to prevent
the use of possibly gap-graded filters. Adjust the limits of the design filter band so that the coarse and
fine sides of the filter band have a coefficient of uniformity of 6 or less but 3 used as Cu.

4.8 D 10 max
D10 max=D15 max/1.2= =4 mm ,∧Dmin= =1.33 mm
1.2 3

Calculate a value for the maximum D60by multiplying the maximum D10size times 3

D60 max=3*4.2mm =12mm and D60 min=12/3mm/5=4mm

Step 9 Determine the minimum D5and maximum D100 sizes of the filter according to table 5
D5=0.075mm and D100 max is 76mm from the table 7 and label this point on figure 3

Step 10 To minimize segregation during construction, the relationship between the maximum D
90and the minimum D10of the filter is important. Calculate a preliminary minimum D10 size by
dividing the minimum D15size by 1.2 used in step 7 and 2mm/1.2.

D90max found from table 5 based on the range of D10 min between 1 and 2 and maximum
D90 is 40 mm whereas D90 min=25m

Step11 Connect Control points 4, 2, and 5 to form a partial design for the fine limits of the
filter band being designed. Connect Control points 6, 7, 3, and 1 to form the preliminary
coarse limits of the filter band being designed
 Filter 2
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.1 1 10 100 1000

Figure 4 the plotted grain size distribution curve filter 2 plotted

76 100 100
25.4 90 100
12.75 45 100
4.75 15 60
2 0 15
0.84 0 10
0.075 0 5
Table 3 final design envelop after interpolation