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Linear Momentum, Impulse, Collision

1. The impulse of the net force on the ball during collision with the wall is -10 kg m/s. The average horizontal force exerted by the wall is -1000 N. 2. (a) The impulse exerted on the ball by the player is 0.432 kg m/s. (b) The average force exerted is 36 N. (c) The change in kinetic energy of the ball is 12 J. 3. The impulse of the net force is 2 kg m/s. The average net force is 200 N. 4. (a) The x and y components of the initial velocity of C must be 2.5 m/s and -2.

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15 views19 pages

Linear Momentum, Impulse, Collision

1. The impulse of the net force on the ball during collision with the wall is -10 kg m/s. The average horizontal force exerted by the wall is -1000 N. 2. (a) The impulse exerted on the ball by the player is 0.432 kg m/s. (b) The average force exerted is 36 N. (c) The change in kinetic energy of the ball is 12 J. 3. The impulse of the net force is 2 kg m/s. The average net force is 200 N. 4. (a) The x and y components of the initial velocity of C must be 2.5 m/s and -2.

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Linear Momentum,

Impulse, Collision
 We will re-express Newton’s 2nd Law in an integral form.


 dv  
a= dv d 
dt ∑ F = m dt = dt (mv )
 The linear momentum of a particle of mass m moving with
velocity 𝒗𝒗 is a vector quantity defined as the product of particle's
mass and velocity:

𝑝𝑝⃗ = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⃗
 Momentum is a vector quantity: it has magnitude (mv) and direction
(the same as velocity vector)
 Momentum of a car driving North at 20 m/s is different from momentum
of the same car driving East at the same speed
 Ball thrown by a major-league pitcher has greater magnitude of
momentum then the same ball thrown by a child because the speed is
greater
 18-wheeler going 65 mph has greater magnitude of momentum than Geo
car with the same speed because the truck’s mass is greater
 Units of momentum (SI): mass × speed, kg·m/s

𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝⃗
� 𝐹𝐹 =
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
 Consider a particle acted on by a constant net force ∑ 𝐹𝐹⃗ during a
time interval ∆t from t1 to t2. The impulse of the net force 𝑱𝑱⃗ is
defined to be the product of the net force and the time interval:

𝐽𝐽⃗ = � 𝐹𝐹⃗ 𝑡𝑡2 − 𝑡𝑡1 = � 𝐹𝐹⃗ ∆𝑡𝑡 For constant net force

 Impulse is a vector quantity.


 Its direction is the same as the net force
 Units of impulse (SI): force × time, N·s
 1 N = 1 kg·m/s2 → N·s = kg·m/s (same as momentum)
 If the net force is constant, then 𝑑𝑑𝑝𝑝⃗⁄𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 is also constant and equals to
the total change in momentum during the time interval t2-t1, divided
by this time interval:

𝑝𝑝2 − 𝑝𝑝1 � 𝐹𝐹⃗ 𝑡𝑡2 − 𝑡𝑡1 = 𝑝𝑝2 − 𝑝𝑝2


� 𝐹𝐹⃗ = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 =
𝑡𝑡2 − 𝑡𝑡1

𝐽𝐽⃗ = 𝑝𝑝2 − 𝑝𝑝1 Impulse – Momentum Theorem

 Impulse – Momentum Theorem: The change in momentum of a


particle during a time interval equals the impulse of the net force that
acts on the particle during that interval.
 Collision is any strong interaction between bodies that lasts a
relatively short time
 Car’s collision
 Balls colliding on a pool table
 Neutrons hitting nuclei in reactor core
 Bowling ball striking pins
 Meteor impact with Earth
 If the forces between the bodies are much larger than any external
forces, we can neglect the external forces entirely and treat the
bodies as isolated system
 Since a collision constitutes an isolated system (where the net
external force is zero), the momentum of the system is
conserved (the same before and after the collision)
 Collision types: inelastic and elastic collisions
 In any collision in which external forces can be neglected,
momentum is conserved and the total momentum before equals
the total momentum after
 Collisions are classified according to how much energy is "lost"
during the collision
 Inelastic Collisions - there is a loss of kinetic energy due to the
collision
Automobile collision is inelastic: the structure of the car absorbs as
much of the energy of collision as possible. This absorbed energy
cannot be recovered, since it goes into a permanent deformation of
the car
 Completely Inelastic Collisions - the loss of kinetic energy is the
maximum possible. The objects stick together after the collision.
Elastic collision:
 Glider A and glider B approach each
other on a frictionless surface
 Each glider has a steel spring
bumper on the end to ensure an
elastic collision
 In an elastic collision, the kinetic
energy of each colliding body may
change, but the total kinetic energy of
the system does not change.
Stationary Target
1. You throw a ball with a mass of 0.40 kg against a brick
wall. It hits the wall moving horizontally to the left at
30𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 and rebounds horizontally to the right at 20 𝑚𝑚⁄𝑠𝑠 . (a)
Find the impulse of the net force on the ball during its
collision with the wall. (b) If the ball is in contact with the
wall for 0.010 s, find the average horizontal force that the
wall exerts on the ball during the impact.
2. A 0.144 kg football approaches a player with a speed of
30m/sec. The player kicks the ball directly back with a
speed of 40m/sec. Neglect air friction for all
calculations.
(a) Find the impulse exerted on the ball by the player.
(b) If the ball and player’s foot were in contact for 0.012
sec, find the average force exerted on the ball by the
player.
(c) What is the change in kinetic energy of the ball in this
collision?
3. A soccer ball has a mass of 0.40 kg. Initially it is
moving to the left at 20 𝑚𝑚⁄𝑠𝑠 but then it is kicked. After
the kick it is moving at 45° upward and to the right with
speed 30 𝑚𝑚⁄𝑠𝑠. Find the impulse of the net force and the
average net force, assuming a collision time ∆𝑡𝑡 =
0.01 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠.
4. Spheres A 𝑚𝑚𝐴𝐴 = 0.02𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 , B 𝑚𝑚𝐵𝐵 = 0.03𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 and C
𝑚𝑚𝐶𝐶 = 0.05𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 are approaching the origin as they slide on a
frictionless air table. All three spheres arrive at the origin at
the same time and stick together. (a) What must the x- and y-
components of the initial velocity of C be if all three objects
are to end up moving at 0.5 𝑚𝑚⁄𝑠𝑠 in the +𝑥𝑥 direction after the
collision? (b) If C has the velocity found in part (a), what is the
change in the kinetic energy of the system of three spheres as
a result of the collision?
5. At the intersection of Texas Avenue and University
Drive, a yellow subcompact car with mass 950 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 traveling
east on University collides with a red pickup truck with
mass 1900 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 that is traveling north on Texas and has run a
red light. The two vehicles stick together as a result of the
collision, and the wreckage slides at 16 𝑚𝑚⁄𝑠𝑠 in the
direction 24° east of north. Calculate the speed of each
vehicle before the collision.
7. A bomb shell of mass 10 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 is travelling to the right in air
with a speed of 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 2 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 as shown in Figure(a). It suddenly
explodes into three pieces, one fragment of mass 𝑚𝑚1 is
travelling upward making an angle of 40° with a speed of
𝑣𝑣1 = 12 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠. Another fragment of mass 𝑚𝑚2 is moving to the
left with a speed of 2 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠. Third fragment of mass 𝑚𝑚3 is
moving downward making an angle of θ with a speed of 𝑣𝑣3 𝑚𝑚/
𝑠𝑠 .

(i) Calculate the speed and direction of the third fragment.


(ii) What is the change in the kinetic energy of the system
due to this explosion?
(iii) What type of collision is it? Explain your answer.
8. A 5.00𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 chunk of ice is sliding at 12 𝑚𝑚⁄𝑠𝑠 on the floor
of an ice-covered valley when it collides with and sticks
to another 5.00𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 chunk of ice that is initially at rest.
(Fig.). Since the valley is icy, there is no friction. After
the collision, how high above the valley floor will the
combined chunks go?

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