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Agrarian Reform Policies

Agrarian reform policies aim to rectify the agricultural system by redistributing land ownership more equitably among farmers. This involves comprehensive reform of land ownership and the relationship between land production and distribution. Key policies and laws implemented in the Philippines include the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988, Spanish-era encomienda and hacienda systems, American-era land acts, and the agrarian reform programs of presidents Magsaysay, Macapagal, and Marcos.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
94 views50 pages

Agrarian Reform Policies

Agrarian reform policies aim to rectify the agricultural system by redistributing land ownership more equitably among farmers. This involves comprehensive reform of land ownership and the relationship between land production and distribution. Key policies and laws implemented in the Philippines include the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988, Spanish-era encomienda and hacienda systems, American-era land acts, and the agrarian reform programs of presidents Magsaysay, Macapagal, and Marcos.
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Agrarian

Reform Policies
GROUP 4
BSA 1 - 1
WHAT IS AGRARIAN REFORM?
Agrarian reform is essentially the
rectification of the whole system of
agriculture.
Centered on the relationship
between production and the
distribution of land among farmers.
Through genuine and comprehensive
agrarian reform, the Philippines
would be able to gain more from its
agricultural potential and uplift the
Filipinos in the agricultural sector.
WHAT IS AGRARIAN REFORM?
Republic Act No. 6657, June 10, 1988
(Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Law) – An act which became effective
June 15, 1988
The CARP covered all public and
private agricultural lands regardless
of the crops planted.
PRE -
SPANISH
PERIOD
PRE-COLONIAL TIMES: LAND
OWNERSHIP
Land was commonly owned by the
community known as barangay.
Everyone in the barangay regardless of status
had access on the land and mutually shares
resources and the fruits of their labor. They
believed in and practiced the concept of
"stewardship" where relationship between
man and nature is important.
Land cultivation was done commonly by
kaingin system or the slash and burn
method.
PRE-COLONIAL TIMES: LAND
OWNERSHIP
Food production was intended for
family consumption only.
Later, neighboring communities
where engaged in a barter trade,
exchanging their goods with others.
Some even traded their agricultural
products with luxury items of some
foreign traders like Chinese, Arabs
and Europeans
PRE-COLONIAL TIMES: LAND
OWNERSHIP
The Maragtas Code seems to be the
only recorded transaction of land
sale during this time.
This tells us about the selling of the
Panay Island by the natives to the
ten Bornean datus in exchange of a
golden salakot and a long gold
necklace.
LANDOWNERSHIP IN
THE PHILIPPINES
UNDER SPAIN
SPANISH ERA (1521-1896)
1. PUEBLO AGRICULTURE
2. ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM
3. HACIENDA SYSTEM
PUEBLO SYSTEM
SYSTEM OF PUEBLO
AGRICULTURE
Where rural communities, often dispersed
and scattered in nature, were organized
into pueblo and given land to cultivate.

Families were not allowed to own their


land-the King of Spain owned the land

Filipinos were assigned to these lands to


cultivate them, and they paid their colonial
tributes to the Spanish authorities in the
form of agricultural products.
THROUGH THE LAW OF THE INDIES,
THE SPANISH CROWN AWARDED
TRACTS OF LAND TO
1. Religious orders
2. Repartamientos for Spanish military
as reward for their service.
3. Spanish encomenderos, those
mandated to manage the
encomienda or the lands given to
them, where Filipinos worked and
paid their tributes to the
encomendero.
ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM
ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM
The encomienda system was an
unfair and abusive system .
"compras y vandalas" became the
norm for the Filipino farmers.
Filipinos in the encomienda were also
required to render services to the
encomenderos that were unrelated
to farming.
HACIENDA SYSTEM
Agricultural exports were demanded, and the
hacienda system was developed as a new
form of ownership.
In the 1860s, Spain enacted a law ordering
landholder to register their landholdings, and
only those who knew benefitted from this.
Lands were claimed and registered in other
people's names, and many peasant families
who were "assigned" to the land in the earlier
days of colonization were driven out or forced
to come under the power of these people
who claimed rights to the land because they
held a title.
AGRARIAN
UPRISINGS
(1745 - 1746)
AGRARIAN REVOLT
The Agrarian Revolt happened between 1745
and 1746 in Batangas, Laguna and Cavite, and
Bulacan. The revolt happened in the towns of
Lian and Nasugbu in Batangas.
The grabbing of lands by the Catholic
religious orders angered the native lands
owners and demanded that their lands be
returned based on ancestral domain.
The revolutionary government confiscated the
large landed estates, especially the friar lands
and declared these as properties of the
government
LANDOWNERSHIP IN
THE PHILIPPINES UNDER
THE AMERICANS
The Americans were aware that the
main cause of social unrest in the
Philippines was landlessness, and
they attempted to put an end to the
deplorable conditions of the tenant
farmers by passing several land
policies to increase the small
landholders and distribute
ownership to a bigger number of
Filipino tenants and farmers.
DURING THE AMERICANS, THEY
IMPLEMENTED:
Philippine Bill of 1902 – Set the ceilings on the
hectarage of private individuals and corporations
may acquire: 16 has for private individuals and
1,024 has. for corporations.
Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496) –
Provided for a comprehensive registration of land
titles under the Torrens system.
Cadastral of land – Survey of land
Public Land Act of 1903 – introduced the
homestead system in the Philippines.
Tenancy Act of 1933 (Act No. 4054 and 4113) –
regulated relationships between landowners and
tenants of rice (50-50 sharing) and sugar cane
lands.
The Torrens system, which the
Americans instituted for the
registration of lands, did not solve
the problem completely. Either
they were not aware of the law or
if they did, they could not pay the
survey cost and other fees
required in applying for a Torrens
title.
COMMOMWEALTH
PERIOD (1935 -
1942)
During this period, President Manuel
L. Quezon advocated the Social
Justice program to block the
increasing social unrest in Central
Luzon. Significant legislations
enacted during Commonwealth
period were the following:
The 1935 Constitution, which was promulgated
for the promotion of social justice to ensure the
well-being and economic security of all people,
should be the concern of the State.
The Commonwealth Act No. 178 (An Amendment
to Rice Tenancy Act No. 4045), enacted on Nov. 13,
1936, provided for certain controls in the landlord-
tenant relationships.
The National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC)
of 1936 established the price of rice and corn that
helped the poor tenants as well as consumers.
The Commonwealth Act. No. 461, 1937, specified
the reasons for dismissal of tenants and only with
the approval of the Tenancy Division of the
Department of Justice.
The Rural Program Administration, created on
March 2, 1939, provided the purchase and
lease of haciendas and their sale and lease to
the tenants.
The Commonwealth Act No. 441, enacted on
June 3, 1939, created the National Settlement
Administration with a capital stock of
P20,000,000.
Efforts toward agrarian reform by the
Commonwealth failed because of any
problems such as budget allocation to the
settlement program and widespread peasant
uprisings. World War II put a halt to all
interventions to solve these problems as the
Japanese occupied the country.
POST-WAR
INTERVENTIONS
TOWARD AGRARIAN
REFORM
Rehabilitation and rebuilding after the
war were focused on providing solutions
to the problems of the past.
The administration of President Roxas
passed Republic Act No. 34 to establish a
70-30 sharing arrangement between
tenant and landlord, respectively, which
reduced the interest of landowner’s loans
to tenants at six percent or less.
The government also attempted to
redistribute hacienda lands, falling prey to
the woes of similar attempts since no
support was given to small farmers who
were given lands.
Under the term of President Elpidio
Quirino, the Land Settlement
Development Corporation
(LASEDECO) was established to
accelerate and the resettlement
program for peasants.
This agency later on became the
National Resettlement and
Rehabilitation Administration
(NARRA) under the administration
of President Ramon Magsaysay.
PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY (1953 -
1957) ENACTED THE FOLLOWING LAWS:
Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954, which abolished
the LASEDECO and established the National
Resettlement and Rehabilitation
Administration (NARRA) to resettle dissidents
and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed
at rebel returnees providing home lots and
farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao.

Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act


of 1954), which governed the relationship
between landowners and tenant farmers by
organizing share-tenancy and leasehold system.
It also created the Court of Agrarian Relations.
PRESIDENT RAMON MAGSAYSAY (1953 -
1957) ENACTED THE FOLLOWING LAWS:
Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of
1955), which created the Land Tenure
Administration (LTA) that was responsible for
the acquisition and distribution of large
tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares
for individuals and 600 hectares for
corporations.

Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural


Credit Cooperative Financing Administration),
which provided loans to small farmers and
share tenants with interest rates of as low six to
eight percent.
PRESIDENT DIOSDADO MACAPAGAL
(1961 - 1965
He enacted Republic Act No. 3844 of
August 8, 1963 (Agricultural Land Reform
Code) that abolished share tenancy,
institutionalized leasehold, set retention
limit at 75 hectares, invested rights of
preemption and redemption for tenant
farmers, provided for an administrative
machinery for implementation,
institutionalized a judicial system of
agrarian cases, incorporated extension,
marketing and supervised credit system of
services of farmer beneficiaries.
AGRARIAN REFORM
EFFORTS UNDER
MARCOS
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 27
Hallmark of agrarian reform program
where peasants can now own the
land they till.
AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM
It focuses in two crops: rice and corn
The program comprised a high-
technology package that included
the intensive use of fertilizers and
pesticides, the introduction of new
and high-yielding rice varieties,
water control and social
reengineering.
Social reorganization at local level
OPERATION LAND TRANSFER
orderly and systematic transfer of ownership of
tenanted rice and corn lands

CONDITIONS
Membership in the Samahang
Nayon or a duly-recognized or
authorized cooperative
Full payment for the land
Actual use (cultivation) of the land
OBJECTIVE OF SAMAHANG NAYON
to prepare farmers to become better
producers
to ensure timely payments of land
amortization
to enforce savings among farmers
to encourage farmers to preform
activities collectively
to develop marketing outlets for
farm products
CAPITAL BUILD - UP OR
MOBILIZATION
forced or compulsory savings
mechanisms that were meant to
extend credit from their own savings
these funds were designed to provide
farmers the capital to engage in
business and finance with the end in
view of forming community-based
rural banks (or farmers’ banks)
There was a total of 95 Million savings
over 5 years
MASAGANA 99
Program of Survival to address
the acute food shortages and
later to increase rice production
Two service: a credit program
and transfer of technology
CONTRADICTIONS IN THE MARCOS
AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM
The retention limit of 7 has deprived
55% of tenants in rice and corn lands
the right to own lands they tilled
Corporations with over 500 employees
to provide for the rice and corn needs of
their employees either through
importation or direct production
All logging concessionaires and lessors
of pasteur lands are required to develop
areas for rice and corn production for
their workers
CONTRADICTIONS IN THE MARCOS
AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM
One contributing factor to the failure of
the agrarian reform program was a
crucial sub-component – banking.
It only focuses on corn and rice
Covering only rice and corn made
Marcos’ agrarian reform vulnerable to
criticisms that the real intent was to
target oligarchs and at the same time
protecting cronies such as Benedicto,
Cojuangco, Enrile, Lobregat, etc.
CONTRADICTIONS IN THE MARCOS
AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM
Rice and corn are essentially for domestic
consumption and any shortfall may be
augmented by imports
Samanahang Nayon design required a great
deal of organizational cohesion, financial
talent, and unwavering commitment on the
part of the farmers.
Central Bank circular ordered that one-
fourth of the Barrio Savings Fund collected
from farmers were directed towards the
Kilusang Kabuhayan at Kaunlaran (or KKK)
POST-1986
AGRARIAN
REFORM
The overthrow of Marcos and the
1987 Constitution resulted in a
renewed interest and attention to
agrarian reform as President Corazon
Aquino envisioned agrarian reform to
be the centerpiece of her
administration's social legislation,
which proved difficult because her
background betrayed her -she came
from a family of a wealthy and
landed clan that owned the
Hacienda Luisita.
On 22 July 1987, Aquino issued Presidential
Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229, which
outlined her land reform program.
In 1988, the Congress passed Republic Act No. 6657 or
the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARD),
which introduced the program with the same name
(Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program or (CARP).
It enabled the redistribution of agricultural lands to
tenant-farmers from landowners, who were paid in
exchange by the government through just
compensation and allowed them to retain not more
than have hectares. Corporate landowners were,
however, allowed under law to voluntarily divest a
proportion of their capital stock, equity, or
participation in favor of their workers or other qualified
beneficiaries instead of turning over their land to the
government.
CARP was limited because it
accomplished very little during the
administration of Aquino. It only
accomplished 22.5% of land distribution in
six years owing to the fact that Congress,
dominated by the landed elite, was
unwilling to fund the high compensation
costs of the program. It was also mired in
controversy, since Aquino seemingly
bowed down to the pressure of her
relatives by allowing the stock
redistribution option. Hacienda Luisita
reorganized itself into a corporation and
distributed stocks to farmers.
Under the term of President Ramos, CARP
implementation was speeded in order to
meet the ten-year time frame, despite
limitations and constraints in funding,
logistics, and participation of involved
sectors.
By 1996, the Department of Agrarian Reform
(DAR) distributed only 58.25% of the total
area target to be covered by the program. To
address the lacking funding and the
dwindling time for the implementation of
CARP, Ramos signed Republic Act No. 8532
in 1998 to amend CARL and extend the
program to another ten years.
CARPER AND THE
FUTURE OF
AGRARIAN
REFORM IN THE
PHILIPPINES
The new deadline of CARP expired in 2008,
leaving 1.2 million farmer beneficiaries and 1.6
million hectares of agricultural land to be
distributed to farmers.

In 2009, President Arroyo signed Republic Act


No. 9700 or the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program Extension with Reforms (CARPER), the
amendatory law that extended the deadline to
five more years. Section 30 of the law also
mandates that any case and/or proceedings
involving the implementation of the provisions of
CARP, as amended, which may remain pending
on 30 June 2014 shall be allowed to proceed to
its finality and executed even beyond such date.
From 2009 to 2014, CARPER has distributed a total of 1 million
hectares of land to 900,000 farmer beneficiaries.

After 27 years of land reform and two Aquino administrations,


500,000 hectares of lands remain undistributed. The DAR and
the Department of Environment and Natural Resources
(DENR) are the government agencies mandated to fulfill CARP
and CARPER, but even the combined effort and resources of
the two agencies have proved incapable of fully achieving the
goal of Agrarian reform in the Philippines. The same problems
have plagued it's implementation: the powerful landed elite
and the ineffectual bureaucracy of the Philippine government.
Until these two challenges are surmounted, genuine Agrarian
Reform in the Philippines remains but a dream to Filipino
famers who have been fighting for their right to an ownership
for centuries.

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