Agrarian Reform Policies
Agrarian Reform Policies
Reform Policies
GROUP 4
BSA 1 - 1
WHAT IS AGRARIAN REFORM?
Agrarian reform is essentially the
rectification of the whole system of
agriculture.
Centered on the relationship
between production and the
distribution of land among farmers.
Through genuine and comprehensive
agrarian reform, the Philippines
would be able to gain more from its
agricultural potential and uplift the
Filipinos in the agricultural sector.
WHAT IS AGRARIAN REFORM?
Republic Act No. 6657, June 10, 1988
(Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Law) – An act which became effective
June 15, 1988
The CARP covered all public and
private agricultural lands regardless
of the crops planted.
PRE -
SPANISH
PERIOD
PRE-COLONIAL TIMES: LAND
OWNERSHIP
Land was commonly owned by the
community known as barangay.
Everyone in the barangay regardless of status
had access on the land and mutually shares
resources and the fruits of their labor. They
believed in and practiced the concept of
"stewardship" where relationship between
man and nature is important.
Land cultivation was done commonly by
kaingin system or the slash and burn
method.
PRE-COLONIAL TIMES: LAND
OWNERSHIP
Food production was intended for
family consumption only.
Later, neighboring communities
where engaged in a barter trade,
exchanging their goods with others.
Some even traded their agricultural
products with luxury items of some
foreign traders like Chinese, Arabs
and Europeans
PRE-COLONIAL TIMES: LAND
OWNERSHIP
The Maragtas Code seems to be the
only recorded transaction of land
sale during this time.
This tells us about the selling of the
Panay Island by the natives to the
ten Bornean datus in exchange of a
golden salakot and a long gold
necklace.
LANDOWNERSHIP IN
THE PHILIPPINES
UNDER SPAIN
SPANISH ERA (1521-1896)
1. PUEBLO AGRICULTURE
2. ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM
3. HACIENDA SYSTEM
PUEBLO SYSTEM
SYSTEM OF PUEBLO
AGRICULTURE
Where rural communities, often dispersed
and scattered in nature, were organized
into pueblo and given land to cultivate.
CONDITIONS
Membership in the Samahang
Nayon or a duly-recognized or
authorized cooperative
Full payment for the land
Actual use (cultivation) of the land
OBJECTIVE OF SAMAHANG NAYON
to prepare farmers to become better
producers
to ensure timely payments of land
amortization
to enforce savings among farmers
to encourage farmers to preform
activities collectively
to develop marketing outlets for
farm products
CAPITAL BUILD - UP OR
MOBILIZATION
forced or compulsory savings
mechanisms that were meant to
extend credit from their own savings
these funds were designed to provide
farmers the capital to engage in
business and finance with the end in
view of forming community-based
rural banks (or farmers’ banks)
There was a total of 95 Million savings
over 5 years
MASAGANA 99
Program of Survival to address
the acute food shortages and
later to increase rice production
Two service: a credit program
and transfer of technology
CONTRADICTIONS IN THE MARCOS
AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM
The retention limit of 7 has deprived
55% of tenants in rice and corn lands
the right to own lands they tilled
Corporations with over 500 employees
to provide for the rice and corn needs of
their employees either through
importation or direct production
All logging concessionaires and lessors
of pasteur lands are required to develop
areas for rice and corn production for
their workers
CONTRADICTIONS IN THE MARCOS
AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM
One contributing factor to the failure of
the agrarian reform program was a
crucial sub-component – banking.
It only focuses on corn and rice
Covering only rice and corn made
Marcos’ agrarian reform vulnerable to
criticisms that the real intent was to
target oligarchs and at the same time
protecting cronies such as Benedicto,
Cojuangco, Enrile, Lobregat, etc.
CONTRADICTIONS IN THE MARCOS
AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM
Rice and corn are essentially for domestic
consumption and any shortfall may be
augmented by imports
Samanahang Nayon design required a great
deal of organizational cohesion, financial
talent, and unwavering commitment on the
part of the farmers.
Central Bank circular ordered that one-
fourth of the Barrio Savings Fund collected
from farmers were directed towards the
Kilusang Kabuhayan at Kaunlaran (or KKK)
POST-1986
AGRARIAN
REFORM
The overthrow of Marcos and the
1987 Constitution resulted in a
renewed interest and attention to
agrarian reform as President Corazon
Aquino envisioned agrarian reform to
be the centerpiece of her
administration's social legislation,
which proved difficult because her
background betrayed her -she came
from a family of a wealthy and
landed clan that owned the
Hacienda Luisita.
On 22 July 1987, Aquino issued Presidential
Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229, which
outlined her land reform program.
In 1988, the Congress passed Republic Act No. 6657 or
the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARD),
which introduced the program with the same name
(Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program or (CARP).
It enabled the redistribution of agricultural lands to
tenant-farmers from landowners, who were paid in
exchange by the government through just
compensation and allowed them to retain not more
than have hectares. Corporate landowners were,
however, allowed under law to voluntarily divest a
proportion of their capital stock, equity, or
participation in favor of their workers or other qualified
beneficiaries instead of turning over their land to the
government.
CARP was limited because it
accomplished very little during the
administration of Aquino. It only
accomplished 22.5% of land distribution in
six years owing to the fact that Congress,
dominated by the landed elite, was
unwilling to fund the high compensation
costs of the program. It was also mired in
controversy, since Aquino seemingly
bowed down to the pressure of her
relatives by allowing the stock
redistribution option. Hacienda Luisita
reorganized itself into a corporation and
distributed stocks to farmers.
Under the term of President Ramos, CARP
implementation was speeded in order to
meet the ten-year time frame, despite
limitations and constraints in funding,
logistics, and participation of involved
sectors.
By 1996, the Department of Agrarian Reform
(DAR) distributed only 58.25% of the total
area target to be covered by the program. To
address the lacking funding and the
dwindling time for the implementation of
CARP, Ramos signed Republic Act No. 8532
in 1998 to amend CARL and extend the
program to another ten years.
CARPER AND THE
FUTURE OF
AGRARIAN
REFORM IN THE
PHILIPPINES
The new deadline of CARP expired in 2008,
leaving 1.2 million farmer beneficiaries and 1.6
million hectares of agricultural land to be
distributed to farmers.