SEVEN (7) SOURCES OF NURSING KNOWLEDGE FIVE (5) PURPOSES OF NURSING RESEARCH

NURSING RESEARCH 1
1. CUSTOMS AND TRADITION 1. IDENTIFICATION
Chapter One -we've always done it that way. Social study of little is known, to name the
and cultural practices have been the phenomenon, to observe, define and
The word research means: bases for nursing care in the country. document nursing situations (what is this
"to search again” or 2. ASSEMBLED INFORMATION phenomenon? Name)
“to examine carefully” >(e.g. quality improvement data) 2. DESCRIPTION
3. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH researchers observe and record events,
• Research is systematic inquiry, or study -the most objective and the sources of describe, count, delineate, and classify. It
to validate and refine existing nursing knowledge. answers "what" questions"
knowledge and develop new 4. TRIAL AND ERROR 3. EXPLORATION
knowledge. -it works, we'll use it. If one approach did investigates the full nature of the
• The ultimate goal of research is the not work one will be use until one phenomenon, the manner in which it is
development of a body of knowledge for process is effective that until then the manifested and the other factor to which
a discipline or profession such as process will be stop. it is related.
nursing. 5. EXPERTS OR AUTHORITIES 4. EXPLANATION
• World Health Organization (WHO) -experts and authorities in the given field -to explain systematic relationships
: defines research as the development of often provide knowledge for other among phenomenon.
knowledge with the aim to people. -It attempts to offer understanding if the
understanding health challenges and 6. LOGICAL REASONING underlying causes or full nature of
mounting an improved response to (Inductive and Deductive) phenomena. It seeks clarification of
them. Ex. All men are mortal, Gary is a man, prevailing situations to answer questions
therefore Gary is mortal that ask “why” a phenomenon…
This definition covers the full spectrum of research. 5. PREDICTION AND CONTROL
*Inductive developing gen. from specific -future occurrence and institute control
FIVE (5) GENERIC AREAS OF ACTIVITY
observation. measures based on the study.
Ex. Nurse observes anxious behavior *Prediction- a situation that could arise
1. Measuring the problem hospitalized children& concludes that from research investigation.
2. Understanding its causes children’s separation from parents is *Control- to hinder or minimize the
3. Elaborating solutions stressful. effects if anticipated outcomes or
4. Translating the solution or evidence into reactions.
policy, practice and products *Deductive developing specific
5. Evaluating the effectiveness of proposed observation from general observation. GOALS OF NURSING RESEARCH
health solutions. Ex. Separation anxiety occurs in 1. EVIDENCE
hospitalized children, then children in -based nursing practice best clinical
SIX (6) CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH hospital with whose parents are absent practices as proven by nursing research,
1. EMPIRICAL will manifest symptoms of stress principles or which the task and
➢ research is based on direct functions of a nurse, SOPs (standard
experience and observation 7. COMMON SENSE INTUITION operating procedures) can be formulated
of the researcher. -it is not a systematic way of gaining through research.
2. LOGICAL knowledge. 2. CREDIBILITY IN THE NURSING
➢ scientific investigation is PROFESSION
done in an orderly manner. NURSING RESEARCH -a profession is defined by the body of
3. CYCLICAL - is a systematic search for and validation of knowledge it utilizes, which is distant
➢ research starts with a knowledge about different issues important to the from other discipline.
problem and ends with a nursing profession (Polit and Hangler, 1999) -Produce new procedures, programs and
problem. practice.
4. ANALYTICAL 3. ACCOUNTABILITY IN NURSING
CLINICAL NURSING RESEARCH
➢ research utilizes proven PROFESSION
analytical procedures - to generate knowledge to guide nursing practice
and to improve the health and quality of life of -every action of the nurse must have
5. REPLICABLE rationale. There are principles that justify
➢ the research design can be nurse's clients.
the reason
replicated for validation of -nurse must be carried out with care and
results. NINE (9) SIGNIFICANCE OF NURSING RESEARCH
awareness that everything to be done
6. CRITICAL efficiently.
➢ research exhibits careful and 1. Research will help the development and 4. PROMOTE COST EFFECTIVENESS
precise judgments. generation of knowledge in each area of THROUGH DOCUMENTATION OF
specialization. NURSING CARE
11 ROLES AND FUNCTION OF THE NURSES 2. It is helpful in evidence-based practice. -save expenses, by recording findings no
(CALM CARRT CC) Research findings give first-hand need to conduct research again
▪ Caregiver experience on which evidence-based Ex. Critically ill patients in ICU vs Special
▪ Agent of change nursing practice can be built upon. Care Unit, lower admission vs early
▪ Leader 3. Improvement in nursing education and discharge of preterm babies.
▪ Manager nursing management is possible through
▪ Communicator research studies.
THE RESEACH PROCESS
▪ Advocate of client 4. Research will help in standardization and
refining nursing practice. 1. IDEA GENERATING PHASE
▪ Research user or consumer -begins with an idea which the
▪ Researcher 5. Strengthen the profession by generating
knowledge through scientific studies. researcher has interest. Identify topics
▪ Teacher and justify why a study on particular
▪ Case Manager 6. Through evidence- based nursing, cost-
effective care can be rendered to clients. topic is needed.
▪ Counselor **start to read articles, book and
7. Research results will help to provide
SEVEN (7) ROLES IF NURSES IN RESEARCH converse with people who are
answers to guide practitioner in the
(AMERICA) decision-making process. knowledgeable in the area.
1. Advocate of client or respondent during 8. It enables the administrator to take 2. PROBLEM DEFINITION PHASE
study. prompt decisions on health- related -identification and definition of variables,
2. Major principal Investigator problems. theoretical and conceptual framework,
3. Evaluation of a research findings 9. It is essential for molding attitudes, formulation of the major and minor.
4. Research problem identifies intellectual competencies and technical 3. PROCEDURE DESIGN PHASE
5. Informants’ respondents! subjects/ skills. -decides on the methods and procedure
participants or sample population. for the collection and analysis of data.
6. Consumer of research findings **decision on what methodology
7. Associate or member of research team. selection of participants, development
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 and validation of tools specification of -gadgets, computers, and etc. are 2. Qualitative research
the procedure to be observed in the products of research that reduces -is concerned with the subjective meaning of an
actual collection of data and planning the burden at work. experience to the individual.
analysis. 6. RESEARCH HAS DEEP SEATED -soft science.
4. DATA COLLECTION PHASE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS -studies little is known or unknown phenomena.
-gathering of data, procedures and -it stimulates and elevate the human
implemented rigorously spirit, prevents stagnation which Classification of Research According to
5. DATA ANALYSIS PHASE contribute to static faction and self- Duration/Time Element of the study
-analysis that collected data based on the fulfillment. 1. Longitudinal study
plan, techniques the procedures are 7. RESEARCH PROVIDES WIDER and -follows subject over a period of time in the future.
applied from the data that have been BETTER UNDERSTANDING Cohort study
recorded, coded and tabulated. -about one’s existence & the universe. -a special type of longitudinal study wherein a person
6. INTERPRETATION PHASE or persons who have been born under a particular
-generate answers to the problem, the The four competencies in research period of time are being studied.
researches has to compare the results Core Competency 1. 2.Cross-sectional study
predicted based on the theoretical Gather data using different methodologies -examines subject at one point in time.
framework of the study.
7. COMMUNICATION PHASE Indicators: Classification of research according to number of
-prepare a written on oral report of the - identify searchable problems regarding patient care variables used in the study
study, either in presentation or and community health
publication to college panel of expert. 1. one variable study/ univariate study
- Identify appropriate methods of research for 2. two variable studies/ bivariate studies
This report has to include a description of particular patient or community care
all of the above steps. 3. multiple variables study/ multivariate study
- analyze data gathered
Triangulation
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESERCHER Core competency 2: -is a technique simultaneously using the two
1. INTELECTUAL HONESTY Recommend action for implementation methods in research
-model of moral values, from the start to - recommend practical solutions appropriate to the
end to arrive an honest result. problem
ACCORDING TO VENUE/SETTING
2. INTELECTUAL CREATIVITY
-considers research as hobby, creates Core competency 3: 1. LIBRARY
new researches Disseminate results of research findings - done in the library where answers to specific
3. PRUDENCE - communicate results of findings to colleagues, questions or problems of the study are available.
-careful to conduct her study at the right patients, family & others. 2. FIELD
time, right place wisely, efficiently and - endeavor to publish research. - research is conducted in a natural setting.
economically. - submit research findings - doing their normal roles, practices.
4. INTELECTUAL CURIOSITY 3. LABORATORY
-the researchers undertake deep Core competency 4: - conducted in artificial or controlled conditions by
thinking and inquiry of the things, Apply research findings in nursing practice isolating the study in a specified and equipped area.
problems, situations around him - utilize findings in research in the provision of
-observant to what is happening and nursing care to l,f,cy. ACCORDING TO WHO UNDERTAKES THE RESEARCH
eager to get information. - make use of evidenced based nursing to ameliorate 1. ACADEMIC RESEARCH
5. ACCURATE IN HIS/HER DATA nursing practice. - conducted in fulfilling the requirements for the
-precise in all recorded data avoid conferment of an academic title or degree.
skipping and ignoring differences. 2. RESEARCH PROJECTS
6. ORGANIZED AND SYSTEMATIC General Classification of research according to - undertaken by individuals or group of individuals as
-any data must be noted down, purpose: part of their professional work or assignment.
compared, verified, group, sequenced. 1. Basic Research pure fundamental
7. SELF-AWARENESS -pure research-conducted to develop, test and refine According to Research Design
-understand capabilities, limitations theories and generate new knowledge “seek 1. Descriptive
personal judgments must be avoided knowledge for knowledge seek” is concerned with 2. Experimental
8. PERSISTENT WITH BARRIERS generating new knowledge 3. Historical
-ready to face challenges, cope quickly (Ex Isaac Newton Law of Gravity and 4. Phenomenological
with stresses, maintaining confidence Inertia/Bouyancy law) 5. Correlational
and optimism. 6. Ex Post Facto
9. GOOD RELATIONSHIP WITH HIS/HER 2. Applied Research 7. Others
RESPONDENT AND OTHER -is concerned with using knowledge to solve
RESEARCHERS immediate problems directed toward generating IDENTIFYING RESEARCH PROBLEM
-genuine interest with people, give new knowledge that can be used in the near future.
needed assistance to other researchers. -WHAT WILL BE EXAMINED OR THE CONTENT OF THE
It is often conducted to seek solutions to existing STUDY
problem-received funding than basic research. -A PERCEIVED DIFFICULTY, A GAP BETWEEN WHAT IS
VALUES TO RESEACH TO MAN (Ex. study the various methods of cleft lip and palate & WHAT SHOULD BE
1. IMPROVES THE QUALITY AND WAY OF surgery and the effectiveness of this methods)
LIFE SOURCES:
-person will focus on improving Action research- to solve ongoing problems by 1. PERSONAL INTEREST
processes and means introducing change and observing in the process -BASED ON EXPERIENCES, OBSERVATIONS, CURIOUS
2. IMPROVES TEACHING- LEARNING the result of change. ABOUT SOMETHING TO SUSTAIN THE MOMENTUM
PROCESS - local applicability not universal applicability
-researchers continue to conduct 2. PRESSING PROBLEM NEEDING A SOLUTION
research on different methods strategies 3. Developmental Research. -PROBLEM REQUIRING IMMEDIATE SOLUTION OR
or approach is best and most effective on -This is decision-oriented research involving the ATTENTION OR TO BE ADDRESSED IMMEDIATELY
teaching. application of the steps of the scientific method in
3. PROMOTES STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT response to an immediate need to improve existing EXAMPLES: (SCHOOL, WORKPLACE, COMMUNITY)
-students achievement could be practices.
improved if the teacher keeps himself a) -TRAFFIC CONGESTION
updated on the modern methods and Classification of research according to design: b) - DRUG ADDICTION
strategies in teaching by adapting 1. Quantitative research c) -CRIMINALITY
research results or conduct her own -is concerned with objectivity, tight controls over the d) - DROP-OUT
study. research situation, and the ability to generalize e) -ABSENTEEISM
4. SATISFIES MANS VARIOUS NEEDS findings. f) -FACULTY TURN OVER/ EXODUS
-from traditional to modern ways -scientific research-hard science, studies well-known
5. REDUCES BURDEN OF WORK phenomena

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3. THEORIES & PREVIOUS RESEARCHES Criteria in PROBLEM STATEMENT 2.FACTOR RELATING QUESTIONS
-to validate to refute existing theories, findings. 1. WRITTEN IN INTERROGATIVE/ declarative -” What is the relationship"
SENTENCE -to determine the relationship among factors that
4. LITERATURE -question format in minor problems or subproblems have been identified.
-BOOKS, JOURNALS DECLARATIVE- FOR MAJOR PROBLEM
-GRAMMATICALLY COME UNDERSTANDABLE EX.
5. SUGGESTIONS FROM COLLEAGUES PROFESSORS WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE WORK
2. INCLUDES THE POPULATION PERFORMANCE OF CLINICAL INSTRUCTORS TO THE
6. PRIORITIES OF FUNDING AGENCIES -INCLUDES THE MAIN GROUP OR NARROWED NLE PERFORMANCE OF THEIR GRADUATES??
DOWN.
CRITERIA OF A GOOD RESEARCH PROBLEM EX: HOW DOES THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF GRADE I
1. INTERESTING TEACHERS-PUBLIC/PRIV. PUPILS AFFECTS THEIR ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE?
- ATTRACTS ATTENTION OF RESEARCHER/ STUDENTS HIGH SCHOOL, COLLEGE
READERS/OTHER PEOPLE EVEN WITHOUT INCENTIVE EMPLOYEES REGULAR/ PROBATIONARY 3.SITUATION RELATING QUESTIONS
2. INNOVATIVE -"What will happen if”
-NOVELTY, ORIGINAL & UNIQUE 3. INCLUDES THE VARIABLES -yield hypothesis testing or experimental study
3. COST-EFFECTIVE - properties to be studied design in
-ECONOMICAL, COST IS COMMENSURATE TO THE
RESULT BENEFITS OUTWEIGH THE COST. TYPES: THE RESEARCHER MANIPULATES THE VARIABLES TO
4. RELEVANT TO THE NEEDS a. ONE VARIABLE OR UNIVARIATE SEE WHAT WILL HAPPEN
- BASED ON THE NEEDS OF THE SOCIETY -WITH ONE VARIABLE ONLY
5. TIME BOUND EX. 4. SITUATION PRODUCING QUESTIONS
-CAN BE COMPLETED WITHIN A TIME FRAME, WHAT SOURCES OF WORK STRESS ARE IDENTIFIED BY -” how can I make it happen?”
SHORTER THE BETTER. ICU NURSES? -established explicit goals for action, develop plans or
prescriptions to achieve goals and specify conditions
** RESEARCHERS QUALIFICATIONS b. TWO-VARIABLE OR BIVARIATE under which these will be accomplished.
-research skills needed. -ONE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE & ONE DEPENDENT EX.
-beginners-collaborate with experts’ specialist VARIABLE a) HOW CAN THE EDUCATIONAL SERVICES BE
EX. ORGANIZED TO PROMOTE JOB SATISFACTION?
-MANAGEABLE, LEVEL OF EXPERTISE IS THERE A CORRELATION BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF b) What program can be proposed to improve
-AVOID COMPLEX PROBLEMS SOURCES OF STRESS OF ICU NURSES AND THEIR the academic performance of the students?
DESIRE TO LEAVE EMPLOYMENT? c) What measures must be implemented to raise
**PROBLEM RESEARCHABILITY the passing rate of Nursing graduates of CM in
-OBSERVABLE, QUANTIFIABLE AND MEASURABLE c. MULTI-VARIABLE OR MULTIVARIATE the NLE?
-THERE ARE PROBLEMS THAT CAN BE SOLVED ON THE -more that variables are examined d) What part of the present curriculum should be
BASIS OF OPINION AND APPLICATION OF enhanced or improved?
RATIONALITY OR -TWO OR MORE INDEPENDENT V. & ONE
PERSONAL VALUES DEPENIMENT VARIABLE Example of Non-researchable Questions
1. Those that deal with ethical or moral questions
EXAMPLE: -ONE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE & TWO OR MORE Ex.
SHOULD TEACHERS JOIN UNION? DEPENDENT VARIABLES Is there a relationship between premarital sex and
IS ABORTION ACCEPTABLE TO FILIPINOS? performance in the class?
is family planning moral? -TWO OR MORE INDEPENDENT V & TWO OR MORE
DEPENDENT VARIABLES 2. Questions that do not require mental struggle
**FEASIBILITY OF THE STUDY Ex. How many BSN students are enrolled I the first
-possibility that the research study can be completed. EX. semester SY 2020-2021?
IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE NUMBER
a. TIME OF REVIEW HOURS AND LEVEL OF ANXIETY AND 3. When the machine can take over the place of the
-SOLVED WITHIN THE GIVEN TIME FRAME SHOULD SCORE IN THE PRE-MIDTERM EXAM OF LEVEL IV BSN researcher to provide answers to the questions?
NOT TAKE A LIFETIME UNEXPECTED DELAYS STUDENTS?
4. Questions whose answers are already known or
EX: EARLY INTRODUCTION OF MATH TO PRESCHOOL available
TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS
& THEIR ABILITY IN SOIVING PROBLEMS IN GRADE V. Ex. Are you offering medical related programs
1. FACTOR-ISOLATING QUESTIONS
- "WHAT IS” 5. METAPHYSICAL QUESTIONS
-OR FACTOR- NAMING QUESTIONS. THEY ISOLATE, -where it is impossible to collect publicly verifiable
b. AVAILABILITY OF RESPONDENTS/SUBJECTS CATEGORIZE, DESCRIBE OR NAME FACTORS OR
-ADEQUATE POPULATION SIZE data or information in order to answer the question
STIUATIONS. Ex.
-NOT MEETING THE CRITERIA, UNWILLING TO EX:
PARTICIPATE OR ALREADY PARTICIPATING IN OTHER Who created the word?
WHAT IS THE DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF PRINCIPALS Is there God?
STUDIES. IN PRIVATE SCHOOLS IN TERMS OF: Are souls real?
b. Age
c. ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL & GROUP SUPPORT c. Gender
-ENDORSED BY THE APPROVAL BOARD CONCERNED Shallow and unimportant inquiries
d. Educational qualifications Ex.
e. Length of experience Is love important?
d. RESEARCH RESOURCES
- available space, computers, transportation, EX.
communication VARIABLES
How will the teachers describe the managerial skills
of principals in the following dimensions? -PROPERTIES, CHARACTERISTICS OR ATTRIBUTE OF
a) CONCEPTUAL PERSONS, OBJECTS, INSTITUTIONS, ORGANIZATIONS
e. FISCAL RESOURCES b) HUMAN THAT SHALL BE THE FOCUS OF THE STUDY.
-SUFFICIENT AVAILABLE FUNDS COMPLETE c) TECHNICAL -ANY FACTOR OR PROPERTY THAT THE RESEARCHER
PROJECT NEEDED EXPENSES BEFORE FINALIZING THE MEASURES, CONTROLS AND/OR MANIPULATES
SELECTION OF THE FROBLEM. EX. ELEMENT OR CHARACTERISTIC BEING STUDIED
WHAT ARE THE COMMON CAUSES OF ABSEENTISM
f. EQUIPMENT & SUPPLIES OF GRADE 11 SHS STUDENTS IN MAASIN CITY
- EQUIPMENT AVAILABILITY, FUNCTIONALITY, DISTRICT 1?
OPERATORS.
HOW COMPETENT ARE THE CLINICAL INSTRUCTORS
g. PEER SUPPORT IN URRICULUM DELIVERY AS ASSESSED BY:
a. THIRD YEAR STUDENTS
b. FOURTH YEAR STUDENTS
c. CO-TEACHERS
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 TYPES OF VARIABLES Research in clinical nursing Significance of the study
1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES ➢ Risk reduction interventions for vulnerable -IMPORTANCE, RESPONSIVENESS AND RELEVANCE
-EXPERIMENTAL CAUSAL THE STIMULUS VARIABLES and minority groups OF EXPECTED OUTCOMES OF THE INVESTIGATION
-” THE CAUSE”, SUPPOSED TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ➢ Problems of the old age. AND ITS PROBABLE EFFECTS ON THE PROFESSION.
BRINGING ABOUT CHANGE IN A PHENOMENA OR ➢ According to the International council of
SITUATION. Nurses (ICN), the priority areas of nursing a. SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION
research b. WHO WILL BENEFIT WITH STUDY.
2. DEPENDENT VARIABLES Include:
-CRITERION/OUTCOME THE PRESUMED EFFECT 1. Health promotion and prevention of illness Definition of terms
THE OUTCOME OF ALSOLY BROUGHT ABOUT Y 2. Control of symptoms REASONS:
CHANGES IN THE INDEPENDENT VARIABLE/S 3. Patients living with chronic conditions 1. TO GUIDE & DIRECT THE RESEARCHER IN
-VARIABLE THAT IS AFFECTED OR INFLUENCED BY THE 4. Enhancing quality of life QUANTIFYING AND QUALIFYING VARIABLES.
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 5. Assessing client's problems
6. Providing and testing nursing care interventions 2. TO ENSURE CLARITY OF THE MEANING OF THE
3. INTERVENING VARIABLES 7. Measuring outcomes of care VARIABLE AND MINIMIZE THE READERS'
-“Correlated or Mediator” a variable whose existence MISCONCEPTIONS
is inferred but cannot be manipulated or controlled. Research in nursing administration
-variables that exist between the IV& DV 1. Employee satisfaction TYPES
2. 2. Measures to reduce the workload of staff nurses 1. CONCEPTUAL/THEORETICAL/TEXTUAL
OTHERS: 3. Decision-making technique
1. CONTINUOUS -UNIVERSAL DEFINITION OF THE TERM UNDERSTOOD
4. Assertive behavior of nursing personnel BY
-OR ABSTRACT-VARIABLES WITH A E RANGE OF 5. Compare the effect of different communication
VALUES, NOT RESTRICTED A WHOLE NUMBER PEOPLE
patterns -GENERAL STATEMENT
6. Comparison of patient assignments SOURCES
EXAMPLE: WEIGHT-20 KGS 202, 20.2.20.3 7. Workload of staff nurses -DICTIONARY, ENCYCLOPAEDIAS,
8. Health problems of nursing personnel Ex: Motivation-something that causes a person to act
2. DISCRETE 9. Infection rates in ICU and general wards
-VARIABLE WITH FINITE VALUES (Webster, 2001)
10. ICU psychosis PAIN
Ex. 11. Stress of nurses working in ICUS
NUMBER OF CHILDREN, NUMBER OF PARTNERS -SUBJECTIVE EXPERIENCE PERCEIVED TO BE
12. Measures to prevent frequent turnout staff UNPLEASANT, INITIATED BY POTENTIALLY DAMAGING
13. Analysis of the roles and responsibilities of STIMULI.
3. DICHOTOMOUS nurse practitioners in various specialties.
-FACTORS WITH ONLY TWO VALUES, USED IN 14. Comparison of different communication models
COMPARATIVE STUDY 2. OPERATIONAL OR OBJECTIVE/ PRACTICAL/
in clinical setting FUNCTIONAL
EX.
SMOKER-NON-SMOKER -RESEARCHER'S OWN DEFINITION OF TERMS AS
Problems of care-givers USED IN THE STUDY
PREGNANT-NOT PREGNANT
MALE-FEMALE (a) Stress and fatigue -CONCRETE AND MEASURABLE.
(b) Burn-out syndrome
EXAMPLES: (c) Orthopedic problems MOTIVATION-
1. RELIGIOUS BACKGROUND OF NURSES AFFECT (d) Back pain for staff working in neuro-ICU THE ABILITY OF THE NURSE TO ACCOMPLISH HER
THEIR ATTITUDE TOWARDS TEEN-AGE PREGNANCY (e) Psychological problems TASKS ON TIME.
2. NURSES ATTITUDE TOWARDS TEEN-AGE
PREGNANCY AFFECT THEIR JOB SCOPE & DELIMITATIONS Types of Operational
PERFORMANCE SCOPE (WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, HOW AND 1. DENOTATIVE
3. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONTRACEPTIVE WHY OF THE STUDY) - WORDS ARE DEFINED IN TERMS OF WHAT IT
COUNSELLING AND REPRESENTS.
UNWANTED PREGNANCY. Who- respondent EXAMPLE:
4. EFFECTS OF UNWANTED PREGNANCIES ON THE What-over all variable FATHER A MALE PARENT
INCIDENCE OF DRUG When- time frame TEACHER-ONE WHO TEACHES STUDENTS
ABUSE. Where- locale/space
How- instrument 2. CONNOTATIVE
FUNCTIONS OF TITLE Why-purpose/gen. objective - DEFINED ACCDG. TO ASSOCIATION ONE MIGHT
MAKE WITH THE WORD
1. IT SHOWS WHAT THE STUDY IS ALL ABOUT DELIMITATIONS -ONE MIGHT THINK WHEN CONSIDERING THE
2. IT SERVES AS A FRAME OF REFERENCE FOR THE -STATING WHAT SHOULD BE INCLUDED AND WORD.
ENTIRE STUDY REJECTING EXAMPLE:
3. IT ENABLES THE RESEARCHER CLAIM -WHAT SHOULD BE EXCLUDED. FATHER: STRONG, PROVIDER, DISCIPLINARIAN
OWNERSHIP TEACHER: KIND, MOTHER IN THE SCHOOL
OF THERE STUDY DELIMITATIONS NURSE: WARM, GENTLE,
4. IT CAN HELP OTHER RESEARCHERS REFER TO ME -CHOICES THE EXPERIMENTER MAKES TO AFFECT A
WORK FOR POSSIBLE THEORIES RELATED TO WORKE RESEARCH PROBLEM 3. LEXICAL
THEIR PROPOSED STUDY EX. - from authoritative sources
TO DELIMIT THE NUMBER OF SUBJECTS OR THE TIME Example:
FRAME Morale - according to Keith (2008), is a state of well-
GUIDELINES
being that elevates the spirit, generates self-
LIMITATIONS - ANTICIPATED SHORTFALLS AND confidence and arouses pride in being part of group
1. CLEAR & SPECIFIC endeavor.
2 SHOWS RELATIONSHIP AMONG FACTORS BEING SPECIFIC CONSTRAINTS SUCH AS FORESEEN
STUDIED - DIFFERENCE, EFFECTS WEAKNESS.
DEFNITIONS:
3. BRIEF BUT CONCISE- NOT MORE THAN 15
THE CONDITIONS OR INFLUENCES THAT EITHER HYPHOTHESIS
SUBSTANTIVE WORDS
4. ALL WORDS ARE IN CAPITAL LETTERS CANNOT BE CONTROLLED AND BEYOND THE -is considered as an intelligent guess or prediction,
5. INVERTED PYRAMID CONTROL OF THE RESEARCHER. that gives directional to the researcher to answer the
6: VARIABLES, LOCALE, POPULATION Includes: research question.
1. Brief statement of the general purpose or the
study Hypothesis or Hypotheses are defined as the formal
Scope of Nursing Research
2. The subject matter and topic should be discussed statement of the tentative or expected prediction or
-Clinical Nursing 3. The locale where the data will be gathered. explanation of the relationship between two or more
-Nursing Education 4. The population or universe from which the variables in a specified population.
-Nursing Administration respondents are taken.
5. The period of the study, months or year/s.

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 SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS Research Questions: Chapter Two
-is that one in which there exits relationship between "Is there a relationship between the presence of an
two variables one is called independent variable or airbed the incidence of skin breakdown? STANDARD STYLES IN RELATED LITERATURE CITATIONS
cause and the other is dependent variable or effect. AND REFERENCES
Ex. Null
Smoking leads to cancer There is no difference in incidence of skin breakdown CARDINAL RULE
The higher ratio of unemployment leads to crimes. between patients who are and who are not placed on TO ACKNOWLEDGE OR RECOGNIZE THE OWNERS OF
air bed. ANY FORM OF KNOWLEDGE YOU INTENDED TO
COMPLEX HYPOTHESIS INCLUDE
-is that one in which as relationship among variables Alternative - honesty and courtesy to learned people whose ideas
exists. There is difference in incidence of skin breakdown lend information to your paper. Indicates appreciation
-In this type dependent and independent variables between patients who are and who are not placed on for their contribution to the field.
are more than two air bed.
Ways:
Ex.
Directional 1. Acknowledgement
Smoking and other drugs leads to cancer, tension, -the beginning portion of the work that identifies
chest infections etc. "Comatose patients placed on an air bed will have a
lower incidence skin breakdown than those who are individuals who have contributed something for the
The higher ration of unemployment poverty illiteracy production of the paper.
leads to crimes like dacoit etc. not placed on air bed.
2. References or bibliography
-a complete list of all reading materials (books journals,
NULL HYPOTHESIS THEORY periodicals) where the borrowed ideas came from.
-is that there is no significant difference between -IS A SET OF INTERRELATED CONSTRUCTS, 3. Citation or in-text citation
DEFINITIONS AND PROPOSITIONS THAT PRESENT A -references within the main body of the text, specifically
specified populations, any observed difference being
SYSTEMATIC VIEW OF PHENOMENA BY SPECIFYING in the review of related literature.
due to sampling or experimental error.
- It is denoted HO RELATIONS AMONG VARIABLES TO EXPLAIN AND
A negative statement which indicates that there is no PREDICT THE PHENOMENON (KERLINGER, 1973)
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
association between variables -discussion of facts, information and principles to which
-REFERS TO ANY STATEMENT THAT ATTEMPTS TO
the present study is related.
Alternative/ Research Hypothesis DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN, PREDICT OR SHED LIGHT ON
-systematic, comprehensive, in-depth examination of
A positive “research hypothesis’ that proposes that SOME PROBLEM OR PHENOMENON OF INTEREST scholarly published or unpublished materials
there is association or significant relationship (HENKEL)
between variables. Purposes:
1. Help or guide the researcher in searching for or
TYPES OF THEORIES selecting a better research problem
DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS
1. GRAND THEORIES or MACROTHEORIES 2. Help the researcher understand his topic for research
- predicts the direction of the relationship between better.
the independent and dependent variable. -IS TO DESCRIBE AND EXPLAIN LARGE SEGMENTS OF
3. Ensure that there will be no duplication if an
Ex. THE HUMAN EXPERIENCE
investigation already made conducted again in the
High quality of nursing education will lead to high same respondents.
quality of nursing practice skills. 2. MIDDLE-RANGE THEORIES 4. Help & guide researcher in locating more sources of
Girls’ ability of learning moral science is better than - are less abstract more specific and are more focused related information.
boys. on explanation. It has more narrow focus or 5. Guide in making the research methodology.
concerned only a small area of human experience. 6. Examine difficulties reported by others.
States whether the relationship bet the variables is 7. Guide in writing research report.
positive or negative-direct or inverse JOB SATISFACTION- HERZBERG 8. Know the ethical implications of similar studies.
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT- JEAN PIAGET
PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY- ERIK FRICKSON
NON-DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS Types of Literature
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS MOTIVATION- ABRAHAM
- predicts the relationship between the independent MASLOW 1. Conceptual
variable and the dependent variable but does -non-research materials written by authorities on a
not specific the directional of the relationship. subject which embodies experiences, viewpoints and
CHARACTERISTICS: interpretations of the subject.
Ex.
-teacher student relationship influences student's CONCEPTS 2. Research Literature
learning. -THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF THEORY, ABSTRACTIONS -studies & researches which have bearing on the
-There is no significant difference between 9th class THAT CATEGORIZE OBSERVATIONS BASED ON present study
boys’ and girls’ abilities of learning moral values. COMMONALITIES & DIFFERENCES
-AN ABSTRACT DESCRIPTION OF A PHENOMENON TYPES OF SOURCES
THAT SYMBOLIZES A 1. Primary
Criteria for stating hypothesis
-is a description of the subject/research that was
1. Written in declarative sentence REALITY written by original investigator/author.
- Is there a change in the anxiety levels of HIGHLY ABSTRACT-STRESS, PAIN, GRIEF, WELLNESS 2. Secondary
preoperative patients after listening to classical LESS ABSTRACT-BLOOD TEMPERATURE, GRADES -is a summary, description that is written by someone
music? other than the original author.
-There is a change in the anxiety levels of a. Must be recent as possible.
Types of concepts
preoperative patients after listening to b. Should not be a mere collection of quotations.
classical music. A. Enumerative c. Must be objective & unbiased.
-characteristics of phenomena that are always d. Must be relevant to the study.
2. Written in present tense present and universal to all. e. The setting must be either local. National or
EX. international.
3. Contains the population AGE, HEIGHT, WEIGHT f. Materials must be based upon original and true facts
or data.
B. ASSOCIATIVE f. Materials must not be too few or too many
4. Contains the variables
-CONCEPTS THAT EXIST ONLY IN SOME INSTANCES
WHICH ARE NOT COMMON TO ALL CONDITIONS PURPOSES OF CITATION
5. Reflects the problem statement
EX: 1. To give importance and respect to other people for
INCOME, DISEASE, ANXIETY what they know about the field.
6. A sound hypothesis is consistent with an existing
2. To give authority, validity and credibility to other
body of knowledge, theory or research findings.
C. RELATIONAL people's claims, conclusions and arguments.
-CHARACTERISTICS OF PHENOMENA THAT CAN BE 3. To prove your broad and extensive reading of
7. Word is clear, simple and concise terms used in authentic and relevant materials about your topic.
scientific & research UNDERSTOOD ONLY WHEN THEY ARE COMBINED
4. To help readers find or contact the sources of ideas
WITH 2 OR MORE ENUMERATIVE CONCEPTS
easily.
8. A good hypothesis should provide tentative EX.
5. To permit the readers to check the accuracy of your
answer to the proposed problem. CHILD AGE, DEVELOPMENTAL TASK, work.
RICH-INCOME, SOCIAL STATUS STANDARD OF LIVING 6. To save yourself from plagiarism.

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 STYLES IN CITATION JUSTIFICATION FOR QUOTING (RESEARCH DESIGN)
1. INTEGRAL CITATION ✓ THE idea is essential QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
-Citing the author whose ideas appear in your work.
-use active verbs to express authors mental position, ✓ The idea is arguable.
▪ Concerns processes feelings, and
attitude stand in relation to the Information ✓ The sentence is ambiguous or has multiple motives: the why's and the how's
referred to.
Examples:
✓ meanings.
▪
APA ✓ There is a strong possibility that questions
Usually concerned with generating a
hypothesis from data rather than testing
One study by Manalo (2015) reveals
The latest work by (Lee, 2015) asserts
✓ may be raised about the citation. a hypothesis
According to Abad et al. (2016) context is.. ✓ It is an excellent idea that to make it a part
▪ Uses either unstructured or semi-
MLA
One study by (Manalo 70)
✓ of your paper will bring prestige and structured instruments
credibility to your work.
The latest work by (Lee 123)
According to (Abad et al.:54) ▪ Uses large sample sizes chosen purposely
Two methods of referencing or identifying
2. NON-INTEGRAL CITTTION
- the stress is given to the piece of information rather
1. APA- American Psychological Association ▪ Used to gain a greater understanding of
2. MLA- Modern language Association individual differences in terms of
than the owner of ideas:
feelings, motives and experiences
5. Tense of verbs for reporting
Examples:
-use active verbs in reporting author's ideas. Present QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1.The Code of ethics for Intercultural Competence give
their ideas in present simple past or present perfect
four ways by which people from different cultural
tense. APA system prefers the use of present perfect →The traditional positivist scientific method which
background can harmoniously relate themselves with
tense. refer a general set of orderly, disciplined procedures
one another. (De la Cruz, 2015)
Examples: to acquire knowledge.
Present tense-Marcos explains.....
2.Knowledge is one component of not only Systemic Past tense-Marcos explained.....
→Gather empirical evidences that are rooted in
Functional Grammar but Intercultural Competence as Present perfect tense-Marcos has explained....
objective reality (direct or indirect through the use of
well. It is the driving force beyond any successful
collaborative activities to develop interpersonal
senses) checking absence or presence of
GREY LITERATURE
relationships and communicative competence (Smith inflammation, weight to….
- unpublished reading materials non-peer reviewed
2015) online publications, many reading materials as sources
→Concerned with the use of number and statistical
of information for research studies appear questionable
as to how credible, authoritative they are. (Identify the
analyses
3. The other components of Intercultural Competence
which is also present in SFG are: context (Harold, 2015), owner of any idea, word, symbol that you copied
verbatim, quoted, summarized or paraphrased →Attempts to measure, quantity.
appropriateness (Villar, Marcos, Atienz, 2016; Santos
and Daes, 2016) and emotions (Fiores, 2016).
→Limitations: limiting method for studying human
being focuses on a relatively small portion of the
Chapter Three human experience.
PATTERNS OF CITATIONS
1. Summary
-shortened version of the original text, pick out only the RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
most important ideas or aspects of the text. Types of Research
Addresses the question of how the problem will be
2. Paraphrase investigated Degree of structure:
- the antithesis of summary because instead of
shortening the form of the text, you explain what the 1. RESEARCH DESIGN 1. Structured
text means to you using your own words. Explanations 2. RESEARCH LOCALE 2. Flexible design
may increase / exceed or decrease the number of words 3. RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY
of the original text. 4. ISTRUMENT OF THE STUDY Types of group comparison
5. SAMPLING DESIGN
6. DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE 1. Between subjects
3. Short direct quotation
-only a part of the authors sentence, the whole
7. STATISTICAL TREATMENT 2. Within subjects
sentence or several sentences not exceeding 40 words.
It is necessary to put the page number where the RESEARCH DESIGN Control over independent variables
readers can find the copied words.
Example: ➢ plan or something that is conceptualized 1. EXPERIMENTAL
Context is influenced by these four factors: "Language, by the mind 2. NON-EXPERIMENTAL
culture, institutions, and ideologies." (Aranda,015,p.8) ➢ Blueprint or skeletal framework of your
research study According to time frame
4. Long direct Quotation or Block quotations or Extract ➢ OVER ALL PLAN or strategy for
-copy the author's exact words from 40 to 100 words. conducting research 1. Cross-sectional
Under APA, the limit is eight lines. a. Cohort Comparison
Placed the quoted words at the center of the page with (RESEARCH DESIGN)
no Indentation, the copied lines look like they compose QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH 2. Longitudinal
a stanza of a poem a. Trend
Example:
▪ Aims to characterized trends and b. Panel
The latest study by (Hizon, 2015) reveals the social
nature of language. Stressing this nature of language, patterns
he says: Language features results from the way people EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
use language to meet their social needs. In their ▪ Usually starts with neither a theory nor
interactions, they use language to describe, compose, hypothesis about the relationship ✓ Concerned with the cause-and-effect
agree, explain, disagree and so on. Each language between two or more variables relationships
function requires a certain set of language features like
nouns (p.38) ▪ Uses structured research instruments ✓ MANIPULATION or control of the
like questionnaires independent variable and measurement
Reminder: of the dependent variable
Use quoting judiciously because: ▪ Uses large sample sizes that are
1. Signals lack of understanding of the text. representative of e population ✓ There are variables that are not part of
2. Indicates lack of originality in conducting your the study focus but will influence study
research study. ▪ Used for greater understanding of group outcomes (INTERVENING OR
similarities. EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES).

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 ✓ intervening or extraneous variables are
threats to INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL

✓ INTERNAL VALIDITY is the degree to

✓ EXTERNAL VALIDITY is the degree to

THREATS TO INTERNAL VALIDITY

1. Selection bias -subjects or respondents are not

Ex. Best method in teaching professional courses.

2. Maturation - experiment is conducted across a

3. History - some event other than the independent

Ex. Methods of stopping smoking = news about

4. Instrumentation change - instrument is changed

5. Mortality - one or more of the subjects die, drop

6.Testing - when pre-test is given or the subject has

Ex. Pretest answers is known

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