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Week 7 Diabetes Mellitus

The endocrine system regulates metabolism, growth, tissue function, and reproduction through hormones. Diabetes mellitus is caused by insufficient insulin production or response, resulting in high blood sugar. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease destroying insulin-producing cells. Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance, initially managed through lifestyle changes and medications. Complications of both types include heart, nerve, and kidney damage if not controlled. Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs when insulin levels are too low, causing the body to burn fat too fast and produce acidic ketones. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome is a dangerous condition of very high blood sugar leading to severe dehydration.

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HERLIN HOBAYAN
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69 views34 pages

Week 7 Diabetes Mellitus

The endocrine system regulates metabolism, growth, tissue function, and reproduction through hormones. Diabetes mellitus is caused by insufficient insulin production or response, resulting in high blood sugar. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease destroying insulin-producing cells. Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance, initially managed through lifestyle changes and medications. Complications of both types include heart, nerve, and kidney damage if not controlled. Diabetic ketoacidosis occurs when insulin levels are too low, causing the body to burn fat too fast and produce acidic ketones. Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome is a dangerous condition of very high blood sugar leading to severe dehydration.

Uploaded by

HERLIN HOBAYAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Endocrine

System
Endocrine System
Endocrine System- is the
collection of glands that produce
hormones that regulate metabolism,
growth and development, tissue
function, sexual function,
reproduction, sleep, and mood.
Diabetes
Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus- is a disorder
in which the body does not
produce enough or respond
normally to insulin, causing blood
sugar (glucose) levels to be
abnormally high.
Types of
Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1 Insulin Dependent
Type 1 Insulin Dependent- once known as
juvenile diabetes or insulin dependent
diabetes, a chronic condition in which the
pancreas produces little or no insulin
Causes- occurs when the immune system,
attacks and destroys the insulin producing
beta cells of the pancreas.
• Genetics
Type 1 Insulin Dependent

Risk Factors
• Family History
• Age
Type 1 Insulin Dependent
Signs and Symptoms
• Increased thirst
• Frequent urination
• Bed wetting in children who
previously didn’t wet the bed during
the night
• Extreme hunger
Type 1 Insulin Dependent

• Unintended weight loss


• Irritability and other mood changes
• Fatigue and weakness
• Blurred vision
Type 1 Insulin Dependent

Diagnostic Test
• Glycated hemoglobin (A1C)
test (HbA1c)
• Random blood sugar test
• Fasting blood sugar test
Type 1 Insulin Dependent
Management/Treatment
• Carbohydrate, fat and protein counting
• Frequent blood sugar monitoring
• Eating healthy foods
• Exercising regularly and maintaining a
healthy weight
• High blood pressure medications
• Aspirin
• Cholesterol-lowering drugs
• Blood sugar monitoring
• Taking insulin
Types of insulin
• Short acting (regular) insulin
• Rapid acting insulin
• Intermediate acting (NPH) insulin
• Long acting insulin
Type 1 Insulin Dependent

Complications
• Heart and blood vessel disease
• Nerve damage (neuropathy)
• Kidney damage (nephropathy)
• Eye damage
• Foot damage
• Pregnancy complications
Type 1 Insulin Dependent

Nursing Management
• Assessment
• History
• Physical exam
Type 2 DIABETES
Type 2 Diabetes- characterized by high level of
sugar in the blood. But in later stage the body may
not produce enough insulin.
Causes
• Cells in muscle, fat and the liver become
resistant to insulin. Because these cells don’t
interact in a normal way with insulin, they don’t
take in enough sugar
• The pancreas is unable to produce enough
insulin to manage blood sugar levels
Type 2 Diabetes
Risk Factors
• Weight
• Family history
• Blood lipid levels
• Age
Type 2 Diabetes
Signs and symptoms
• Increased thirst
• Frequent urination
• Increased hunger
• Fatigue
• Blurred vision
• Slow-healing sores
• Frequent infections
• Numbness or tingling in the hands
or feet
• Areas of darkened skin, usually in
the armpits and neck
Type 2 Diabetes
Management/Treatment
• Healthy eating
• Regular exercise
• Weight loss
• diabetes medication or insulin
therapy
• Blood sugar monitoring
Type 2 Diabetes
Complications
• Heart and blood vessel disease
• Nerve damage (neuropathy) in limbs
• Kidney disease
• Eye damage
• Slow healing wound
Diabetic
Ketoacidosis
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)- is a life-threatening
problem that affects people with diabetes. It
occurs when the body starts breaking down fat at
a rate that is much too fast. The liver processes
the fat into a fuel called ketones, which causes the
blood to become acidic.
Risk Factors
• Have type 1 diabetes
• Frequently missed insulin doses
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Signs and symptoms
• Excessive thirst
• Frequent urination
• Nausea and vomiting
• Stomach pain
• Weakness or fatigue
• Shortness of breath
• Fruity scented breath
• Confusion
• High blood sugar level
• High ketone levels in urine
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Management/treatment
• Fluids
• Electrolytes such as sodium,
potassium and chloride
• Insulin therapy
Hyperosmolar
Hyperglycemic
Nonketotic
Syndrome
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic
Nonketotic Syndrome

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic
Nonketotic Syndrome- also known as
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State
(HHS) is a dangerous condition
resulting from very high blood
glucose levels leading to severe
dehydration
Causes
• Illness or infection
• Not following a diabetes
treatment plan or having an
inadequate treatment plan
• Certain medications, such as
water pills (diuretics)
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic
Nonketotic Syndrome
Risk Factors
• Have type 2 diabetes
• Are older than age 65
• Have an infection
• Take certain medications
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic
Nonketotic Syndrome
Signs and symptoms
• Blood glucose levels over 600
milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl)
• Frequent urination
• Extreme thirst
• Dry mouth
• Confusion or sleepiness
• Skin that is warm and dry
without sweating
• Fever
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic
Nonketotic Syndrome
Treatment
• Fluids given through a vein
(intravenously) to treat dehydration
• Insulin given through a vein
(intravenously) to lower blood
sugar levels
Treatment

• Potassium and sometimes


sodium phosphate replacement
given through a vein
(intravenously) to help cells
function correctly
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic
Nonketotic Syndrome

Complications
• Seizures
• Heart attack
• Stroke
• Coma

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