LA VITA BELLA PHILIPPINES

CONSULTANCY SERVICES INC.,

UNFCCC PROJECT

BRGY. STA. ISABEL

CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
 Feasibility Study

UNFCCC PROJECT
CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA

La Vita Bella Philippines

Consultancy Services Inc.,

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

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I. Introduction.....................................................................................................................5
1.1 Section 32. Establishment of LGU MRF.............................................................6
II. Statement of the Problem............................................................................................8
III. Aims and Objectives.......................................................................................................9
Figure 3.1 Total Waste Generation in Cabiao, Nueva Ecija.................11
Figure 3.2 The Waste Management Hierarchy.......................................11
3.2 The Waste Management Hierarchy Aims.............................12
IV. Waste Management......................................................................................................12
4.1 Solid Waste Management.....................................................................................12
● Landfills
● Recycling or the 3R’s
● Incineration
4.2 Liquid Waste Management..................................................................................13
● Management Plan
● Wastewater Treatment Facilities
● Injection Well
4.3 Hazardous Waste Management.........................................................................13
● Landfills
● Incineration
V. Discussion........................................................................................................................14
5.1 Waste Recycling and Composting.....................................................................14
5.2 Waste to Energy (WtE).........................................................................................14
5.3 Waste Disposal........................................................................................................15
5.4 How is Waste Converted into Energy?............................................................15
Figure 5.4.1 Shows how Waste to Energy (WtE)Works......................16
5.5 Transforming Garbage into Useful Materials...............................................16
VI. Existing/Current Scenario.........................................................................................17
6.1 Sources and Composition of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)....................17
Figure 6.1 Percentage Contribution of the Various Sources…..........18

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 6.2 Composition of Municipal Solid Waste............................................................29
VII. Benefits of the Environment.......................................................................................20
7.1 Benefits of Waste to Energy (WtE).....................................................................20
VIII. Municipal Profile............................................................................................................20
8.1 Location.......................................................................................................................20
Figure 8.1 Administrative Boundary Map.................................................21
8.2 Population..................................................................................................................21
Table 8.2 Barangay Household
Demography.....................................................................................................................22
8.3 History.........................................................................................................................22
8.4 Physical Characteristic..........................................................................................23
● Geographic Location
● Climate
● Water Resources
● Topography
● Soil

Table 8.4 Communication Counterparts and Its Effects.......................24

IX. Definition of Terms........................................................................................................25
● Waste
● Garbage
● Waste Management
● Proposal Waste Disposal
● Improper Waste Disposal

9.1 Form of Waste................................................................................................................26

9.2 Types of Waste...............................................................................................................26
● Municipal Waste
● Biodegradable Waste
● Agricultural Waste
● Recyclable Waste
● Liquid Waste
● Hazardous Waste

9.3 Policy and Regulatory Requirement………………………………………………..28

9.4 Source of Garbage..................................................................................................28

Figure 9.4A and B, Compatible Trash Bins to Hauling.........................29
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 9.5 Transportation Strategy......................................................................................29
9.6 Objectives of the Project…………………………………………………………….……..30
9.7 Project Benefits………………………………………………………………………….……..31
9.8 Marketing Aspect……………………………………………………………………….……..33
9.9 Environmental Consideration…………….…………………………………………..…36
9.9.1 Air Emission Standards of WtE Facility…………………………………36
9.9.2 Water Quality Standards………………………………………………………37
9.9.3 Leachate Quality Standards………………………………………………….38
9.9.4 Treated Effluent Water ……………………………………………...……..…38
9.9.5 Storm Water Quality………………………………………………………….…38
9.9.6 Noise Quality Standards…………………………………………………..…..39
9.10 Financial Aspect……………………………………………………………………………...41
9.10.1 Funding Scenarios and Financial Model……………………………..41
9.10.2 Project Funding Models…………………………………………..…………42
9.11 Design, Built and Operate (DBO) Model…………………………………..………42
9.11.1 Project Finance…………………………………………………………..………42
9.11.2 Cost Assumptions……………………………………………………..………..43
9.11.3 Financial Ratios………………………………………………………………….44
9.12 Financial Summary………………………………………………………………………….44
9.13 Computation of Revenue & Expenses………………………………………………44
9.14 Annual Operating Expenses…………………………………………………………….45
9.15 Social Impact of WtE Project……………………………………………………………46
9.15.1 Loss of Livelihood in Waste Picking……………………………………46
9.15.2 Health Impact……………………………………………………………………..46
9.15.3 Aesthetic and Overall Environmental Quality…………………….47
9.15.4 Community Health and Safety…………………………………………….47
9.15.5 Greenhouses Gases (GHGs) and Clean Energ Production……48
9.15.6 Benefit of WtE Technology for Reducing GHG…………………….49
X. Conclusion.................................................................................................................................50
XI. Recommendation..................................................................................................................52
XII. References..............................................................................................................................54

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I. Introduction

“Waste diversion shall refer to activities which reduce or eliminate the number
of solid wastes from waste disposal facilities”.

The Philippines has endeavored to improve its management of solid waste

through the passage of RA 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act that
provides for a systematic, comprehensive, and ecological waste management program
to ensure the protection of public health and the environment. It mandates the bureau
to provide secretariat support to the National Solid Waste Management Commission in
the implementation of the solid waste management plans and prescribes policies to
achieve the objectives of the National Ecology Center that is in charge of information
dissemination, consultation, education, and training of various local government units
on ecological waste management.

RA 9003 Section 16 Local Government Solid Waste Management Plans. The

province, city, or municipality, through its local solid waste management boards, shall
prepare its respective 10-year solid waste management plans consistent with the 19
National Solid Waste Management Framework: Provided, That the waste management
plan shall be for the re-use, recycling, and composting of wastes generated in their
respective jurisdictions: Provided, further, That the solid waste management plan of the
LGU shall ensure the efficient management of solid waste generated within its programs
while identifying the amount of landfill and transformation capacity that will be needed
for solid waste which cannot be reused, recycled, or composted.

The plan shall contain all the components provided in Section 17 of this Act and a
timetable for the implementation of the solid waste management program in
accordance with the National Framework and pursuant to the provisions of this Act:
Provided, finally, that it shall be reviewed and updated every year by the provincial, city
or municipal solid waste management board. All local government solid waste
management plans shall be subjected to the approval of the Commission.

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1.1 Section 32. Establishment of LGU Materials Recovery Facility

• The facility shall be established in a barangay-owned or leased land or

any suitable open space to be determined by the barangay through its
Sanggunian.

• The barangay or cluster of barangays shall allocate a certain parcel of land

for the MRF.

• The MRF shall receive mixed waste for final sorting, segregation,
composting, and recycling.

• The resulting residual wastes shall be transferred to a long-term storage

or disposal facility or sanitary landfill.

Cabiao, Nueva Ecija, Philippines is home to the country's Ecovillage. However

improper waste management strikes their community. How can Cabiao manage to take
a step to prevent or lessen the risk of improper Waste Management? Moreover, villagers
are maintaining the beauty of their environment to prevent this kind of pollution. The
villagers should conduct some plans to solve their problems, even the smallest
problems. Thus, this proposed project will focus on how Cabiao manages to maintain
the cleanliness of the environment in their community.

The problem of effective solid waste management is very important nowadays

and the solution of this problem is necessary not only to the safety of the human
environment but to human health as well.
At the same time, it is necessary to underline that often a little attention is paid to
this problem and the solid waste is often disposed of improperly. What is more, this
problem is considered to be less important than the problem of proper disposal of other
types of waste, such as radioactive. However, the danger and potential threat of solid
waste often remain underestimated.

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 The municipality of Cabiao unfortunately has a number of important
environmental issues which need to be dealt with. One of these issues is with regard to
the mismanagement of garbage and wastes which can cause other types of
environmental disasters such as flooding, erosion, and other dangers on landfills and
dumpsites that include health concerns among the people living nearby. Unfortunately,
Cabiao still has no sustainable and effective waste disposal facility. Given the perennial
garbage problems in Cabiao which harm the environment, waste management is indeed
a necessary step to resolve and minimize all garbage-related problems in Cabiao.

Improper disposal of waste as pertains in Cabiao is of much concern for several

reasons. Garbage is found littered on streets and other open spaces in the community.
Residents do not take the pains to dump their garbage into the wrong place. Some of
those who take garbage to plastic bags simply discard on the ground rather than into
the proper way.

Uncontrolled dumping of solid waste can lead to wastage of land where we find
lots of land being used as damping sites for wastes. These same pieces of land are later
neglected by the inhabitants of the area. Furthermore, under the impact of natural
factors and as a result of improper disposal practices, solid waste may have a negative
impact on the environment and human health causing various types of health problems.

Naturally, this risk decreases if solid waste is disposed of properly since the
conditions of its disposal prevent the waste from emissions of some dangerous gases or
other products as well as from other dangerous reactions that may occur under the
impact of external factors or simply under the impact of time when solid waste simply
start to change or partially decay-causing a profound impact on the surrounding nature
and people living in the area.

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II. Statement of the Problem

The primary purpose of this project is to analyze and manage a plan on how to
maintain Cabiao’s cleanliness. And able to help the villagers on how they can prevent or
lessen the waste disposal problems and other types of environmental problems. The
improper management of waste causes serious environmental problems in terms of air,
water, and land pollution. This study will be focused on improper waste disposal in
Cabiao and its possible health effects.

Some of the catastrophic effects of Municipality of Cabiao today’s Waste

Management Systems are listed below:

● Mixed waste collection through bulk waste in a dumpsite.

● The adverse effect of mixed waste on the environment.
● People’s inability to understand the rationale of the Ecological Solid
Waste Management and its long-term benefits.
● Lack of facilities for waste processing particularly in composting,
recycling, and alternative technologies for Residual Waste.
● Insufficient funds for high-cost facilities like sanitary landfills.
● Lack of manpower.
● Institutionalization of MENRO and staff.
● Fund allocation for MENRO and its staff.

Public Health

Human health is at risk through our inaction. Especially in the Municipality of

Cabiao. We keep producing large amounts of trash, we do not dispose of it correctly, and
at the end that will be our downfall as it is for the environment and wildlife in the
ecosystems, we all share. We cannot prevent or promote longevity with how we treat
our Earth. The more emissions that we produce due to how much trash we generate,
affect us long term.

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III. Aims an Objectives

To promote and implement the Ecological Solid Waste Management

system in Cabiao, where the concepts of reuse, source reduction, identifying
responsibilities, inexpensive collection be known to the public as well as containment of
hazardous waste.

The aim of this project is to maintain the cleanliness in Cabiao and be able to
manage the environmental problems.

Specifically, the objectives of the project are the following:

● To maintain a suitable environment in Cabiao.

● To help the villagers and environment to protect their natural beauty.

● To make a recommendation and conclusion, how to solve improper waste

management problems in Cabiao.

● To analyze what are the major and minor causes of improper waste
management in Cabiao.

● To evaluate the proposal in the operation for maintaining the natural

environment and cleanliness in Cabiao.

● To critically assess bulky waste operations by local authorities, including

volumes/types of materials arising and current disposal/recovery routes.

● To control waste generation as much as possible (waste minimization)

● To recycle generated waste as much as possible (recycling)

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 ● To safely dispose of wastes that cannot be recycled in an environmentally
friendly manner (waste stabilization)

● To reduce the Solid Waste burden on landfills, dumpsites, and waterways.

● To improve the general environmental condition of the affected

landscape. The communities and the country in general.

● And to implement a technology for the garbage conversion to

electricity/energy project that is easy to maintain and in line with the
global standards.

These goals and objectives are based on the results of the Waste Analysis and
Characterization Study (WACS) conducted for the Municipality of Cabiao, Nueva Ecija.
Major findings of this waste assessment are listed below:

The average per capita waste generation within the municipality is 0.723kg/day.
Within the whole municipality, total waste generation is.

● 51.59 % (29.19 tons/day), Biodegradable Wastes,

● 12.32 % (or 6.97tons/day) Recyclable Wastes,
● 35.47 % (or 20 tons/day) Residual Wastes,
● 0.63 % (or 0.355 tons/day) Special Wastes,

Total potential wastes for diversion within the whole municipality is 16.13 %,
Major waste generators within the whole Municipality are Households, Public Market,
and Commercial establishments.

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 Figure 3.1 Total Waste Generation in Cabiao, Nueva Ecija

Figure 3.2 presents the hierarchy as an inverted triangle which places efforts to reduce,
reuse and recycle waste above energy recovery and landfilling.

Figure 3.2 The Waste Management Hierarchy

Waste to Energy (WtE) technology, especially for this project, can meet all the
above objectives as WtE plant will give important products like the much-needed

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electricity/energy, saves on land, and other environmental benefits like
avoidance/controlled emissions to air, water, and soil (as the less dumping area is
needed), health benefits to society and aesthetic value of the landscape.

3.2 The Waste Management Hierarchy aims to:

● Minimize the generation of waste.

● Maximize the recovery and re-use of resources.
● Minimize the amount of waste that goes to landfills.

IV. Waste Management

Waste management is the activities and actions required to manage waste from
its inception to its disposal. This includes the collection, transport, treatment and
disposal of waste, together with monitoring and regulation of the waste management
process.

Effective solid waste management is extremely important for a number of

reasons. Disposal of any solid waste into land or in water remains hazardous to people’s
health and the environment. That is why solid waste management is necessary which
will prevent you from hazardous outcomes of solid waste material. Waste management
officers organize and manage waste disposal, collection, and recycling facilities.

4.1 Solid Waste Management

- Landfills
Any waste that is not recycled or reused has to go somewhere, and it usually
ends up at a landfill site. Landfill sites can be created from a void made by quarrying or
may form part of a land reclamation scheme.

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 Landfill sites are ugly. And it’s not just the eyesore of increasing piles of waste
that’s the problem, landfills are a major source of pollution, and there are many
negative issues associated with them. Rubbish buried in landfills breaks down at a very
slow rate and remains a problem for future generations.

- Recycling or the 3R’s

Another method, which sets off before waste disposal is waste reduction through
recycling or often coined as the 3 R’s: Reuse, Reduce, and Recycle. On the local or
regional level, reducing wastes is accomplished through these methods by source
separation and subsequent material recovery.

- Incineration
Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of
substances contained in waste materials. Industrial plants for waste incineration are
commonly referred to as Waste-to-Energy (WtE) facilities.

4.2 Liquid Waste Management

● Management Plan
● Wastewater Treatment Facilities
● Injection Well

4.3 Hazardous Waste Management

● Landfills
A place to dispose of refuse and other waste material by burying it and covering
it over with soil, especially as a method of filling in or extending usable land.

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● Incineration
Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are described
as "thermal treatment". Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue
gas, and heat.

The ash is mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste and may
take the form of solid lumps or particulates carried by the flue gas. The flue gases must
be cleaned of gaseous and particulate pollutants before they are dispersed into the
atmosphere. In some cases, the heat that is generated by incineration can be used to
generate electric power.

V. Discussions

5.1 Waste Recycling and Composting

Environmentally suitable recycling of waste to recover material resources

through a process of segregation, collection, and reprocessing to create new
products is the next preferred alternative. In the waste management hierarchy
composting is considered as an organic material recovery process and is often
considered at the same hierarchical level as inorganic waste recycling.

5.2 Waste to Energy (WtE)

Is the process of generating energy in the form of electricity and/or heat from
the primary treatment of waste, or the processing of waste into a fuel source is
preferred? Biomethanation, Waste Incineration, Production of Refuse Derived Fuel
(RDF), and co-processing of the sorted dry rejects from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
for use in cement kilns are commonly adopted “Waste to Energy” technologies.

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5.3 Waste Disposal

The collection, processing, and recycling or deposition of the waste

materials of human society. Waste is classified by source and composition.
Broadly speaking, waste materials are either liquid or solid in form, and their
components may be either hazardous or inert in their effects on health and the
environment. At the end of the hierarchy are disposed of in sanitary landfills and
dumpsites. All over the world, landfills which flare landfill gas. The least
preferred option is to dispose of waste in landfills, where no landfill gas capture
is planned.

5.4 How Is Waste Converted into Energy?

One way generate electricity is to burn solid waste, like the material
found in landfills. Instead of a traditional landfill, a community might have a waste-to-
energy facility that incenerates garbage, transforming chemical energy to thermal
energy.

That thermal energy is transformed into electrical energy, usually by

turning a turbine. Another energy resource that comes from our garbage is the
methane gas that is produced as the ways decays. This gas can be used as fuel.

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 Figure 5.4.1 Shows how Waste to Energy (WtE) Works.
Source: Based on The Asian Post

5.5 Transforming Garbage into Useful Materials

As we’ve mentioned, proper waste management involves turning recyclable

materials into useful substances. You can also contact a skip bin company for your green
waste. Your grass clippings, twigs, palm fronds, and leaves can be recycled and turned
into compost. Compost is an excellent fertilizer that can be used in farming and
cultivation.

When you turn your green waste into quality compost, you are reducing the need
for artificial fertilizers. At the same time, you can also encourage crops to grow
healthier. Non-recyclable waste typically goes through a controlled process of
incineration.

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 Waste energy would then be captured to generate electricity. Keep in mind that
without proper waste management, you will not be able to transform your rubbish into
useful substances. They will just end up in the landfills or worse, floating in the ocean.

VI. Existing/Current Scenario

Waste generation in Cabiao, Nueva Ecija has accelerated at a fast pace due to
rapid economic and population growth and has contributed to environmental
degradation. The objective of this project is to review the current Municipal Solid Waste
Management (SWM) and its challenges in the community, and discuss the possible and
innovative ways to manage solid waste issues.

Therefore, in order to have an effective SWM in the Philippines, the LGUs should
have the political will to innovatively comply with RA 9003, through mobilization of all
sectors concerned towards minimizing solid waste and uplifting the economic status of
the vulnerable groups involved in SWM.

6.1 Sources and composition of Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW)

The amount, composition, and sources of solid wastes generated can be

statistically determined through the conduct of Waste Analysis and Characterization
Studies (WACS).

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 Figure 6.1 Percentage contribution of the various sources of Municipal
Solid Waste (MSW).

Source: Based on the National Solid Waste Management Report, 2015.

MSW comes from residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial sources.

Residential waste constitutes the bulk (56.7%) of MSW and includes kitchen scraps,
yard waste, paper and cardboard, glass bottles, plastic containers, and sandbags, foils,
soiled tissues and diapers, and special wastes such as containers of household cleaning
agents, batteries and Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE).

Commercial sources which include commercial establishments and public or

private markets contribute 27.1% of which, in some regions, about two-thirds of
commercial wastes come from the latter. Institutional sources such as government
offices, educational and medical institutions account for about 12.1% while the
remaining 4.1% are wastes coming from the industrial or manufacturing sector.

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6.2 Composition of Municipal Solid Waste

Figure 6.2 Composition of Municipal Solid Waste

Source: Based on the National Solid Waste Management Report, 2015.

Biodegradable Wastes - comprise about half (52.31%) of MSW although primary data
suggest that figures can range from 30% to as much as 78%. Typical bio-waste consists
of kitchen or food waste and yard or garden waste. From the available information, it
could be estimated that 86.2% of compostable waste comes from food scraps while
13.8% are leaves and twigs.

Recyclable Wastes - account for almost a third (27.78%) of MSW with an estimated
range of 4.1% to 53.3%. Plastic packaging materials comprise around 38% of this waste
fraction and followed by paper and cardboard waste, which contributes about 31%. The
remaining 31% is made up of metals, glass, textile, leather and rubber.

Special Wastes - which consist of household healthcare waste, WEEE, bulky waste and
other hazardous materials contribute a measly 1.93% with values ranging from
negligible up to 9.2%.

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 Finally, residuals have been found to make up 17.98% of generated MSW. Most
LGUs present these data as a combination of disposable wastes as well as inert
materials, which comprise about 12% of the residual waste.

VII. Benefits to the Environment

7.1 Benefits of Waste to Energy (WtE)
Waste-to-Energy (or energy-from-waste) facilities provide a safe,
technologically advanced means of waste disposal that reduces greenhouse gases,
generates clean energy and recycles metal.
Waste-to-Energy (WTE) is widely recognized as a technology that can
help mitigate climate change. This is because the waste combusted at a WTE facility
doesn’t generate methane, as it would at a landfill; the metals that would have been sent
to the landfill are recovered for recycling instead of being thrown out; and the
electricity generated offsets the greenhouse gases that would otherwise have been
generated from coal and natural gas plants. WTE facilities are the only form of energy
generation that actually reduces greenhouse gases.
Additionally, the energy produced at waste-to-energy facilities is reliable
baseload power, meaning that it is generated 24 hours a day, seven days a week. That
provides the opportunity to not only sell electricity onto the grid but also provide steam
delivered to houses, public buildings, and industry.

VIII. Municipal Profile

8.1 Location
The Municipality of Cabiao is located at the southern tip of Nueva Ecija. It
is bounded by the Municipality of Arayat at the south and Magalang at the southeast
both of which are towns of Pampanga, Concepcion, Tarlac and San Antonio, Nueva Ecija
at the east, San Isidro at the North and Candaba at the South East. Cabiao has a land area
of 12,148 hectares with 2 to 3% slope and is composed of 17 rural barangay and 6
urban barangays with 2 to 3% slope with varying degrees of lowly flat terrain.

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 Figure 8.1. Administrative Boundary Map

8.2 Population

People are considered the most important growth factor of an economy. It is the
population, its composition and characteristics that dictate the development suited in
the area. Careful planning is required to affect changes that will cope with the demands
of its increasing populace.

As population increases, land resources have been at stake, growth patterns

change also. Cabiao is a first-class partially urban municipality in the province of Nueva
Ecija, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 79,007.
It borders the municipalities of San Isidro in the province of Nueva Ecija. Cabiao
is politically subdivided into 23 Barangay which are Bagong Buhay, Bagong Sikat,
Bagong Silang, Concepcion, Entablado, Maligaya, Natividad North, Natividad South,
Palasinan, Polilio, San Antonio, San Carlos, San Fernando Norte, San Fernando

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 Sur, San Gregorio, San Juan North, San Juan South, San Roque, San Vicente, Santa
Isabel, Sinipit, Sta. Ines, Sta. Rita.

The barangay demography of Cabiao Nueva Ecija is shown in Table 8.2

Table 8.2 Barangay Household Demography

All barangay with coloured cells are urban while others with plain white are rural.

8.3 History
The name Cabiao originated from the term “Kabyawan”. This is the name of a
stone device operated by means of a carabao and which was used to crush cane to get
the juice, which later was made into molasses or crude sugar. The first Kabyawan was
supposed to have been introduced here by a woman named Romana. The Kabyawan or
Batong Kabyawan became familiar to the neighboring places and the place where it
was located was identified as Kabyawan and later shortened to “Kabyaw”.
The spelling was altered by the influence of the foreign alphabet letters.
Kabyawan hen is prevalent among the narratives constituting mainly the ancient tribes
of Tagalogs that hails from Bulacan and Capampangan of which they came in waves of
migration from mainland Malay origin as evident from their language. The Municipality
of Cabiao was created in 1848.

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 8.4 Physical Characteristic

Geographic Location - Cabiao is bounded by the towns of San Isidro, Nueva

Ecija in the north; by Arayat, Pampanga in the south; by the Municipality of San Miguel,
Bulacan in the east and by the town of Concepcion, Tarlac in the west. It has a total land
area of 12,140 hectares of which around 91.16 is devoted to agricultural use. The
municipality consists of 23 barangays, of which four(4) barangays cover the urban
(Poblacion) area.

Climate - Based on the distribution of rainfall, the Municipality of Cabiao has two
distinct seasons; wet and dry. It is wet during the months of May to November and dries
during the rest of the year. The heaviest rainfall comes during the months of June to
August; a considerable percentage of the climatic disturbance hitting the country affects
the area. Integrating temperature and rainfall as criteria, the climate can be divided into
two; temperature to hot during the dry season and semi-humid during the wet season.

Water Resources - The area is endowed with lots of rivers and creeks the
biggest of which are the Pampanga River and Nabao Creek.

Topography - Generally, Cabiao has a slope ranging from 0%to3% and almost
all of the entire area is cultivated land and considered as one of the prime agricultural
areas of the province of Nueva Ecija.

Soil - Cabiao has four types of soil namely Quingua silt loam, Quingua fine sandy
loam, Bantog clay loam, and Quingua fine sand. The first type which covered the biggest
area is found on the southwestern portion of Cabiao, while the Bantog clay loam which
ranks next is found in the eastern portion and the two remaining types which cover
around15% of the total land area is situated on the central northern portion of the
town.

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 These areas are planted with various crops like rice, corn, sugar, and root crops.
Some flood-prone areas were filled with talahib and cogon during the dry season
although occasionally farmers planted this area with sugar and rice during the days
when the climate and weather is fair.

Table 8.4 Communication Counterparts and Its Effects

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IX. Definition of Terms

This part is used to define terminology specific to the problem domain,

explaining terms, which may be unfamiliar to the reader.

Waste - Waste means any substance or object which the holder discards or
intends or is required to discard; includes all items that people no longer have any use
for, which they either intend to get rid of or have already discarded. Additionally,
wastes are such items which people are required to discard, for example by lay because
of their hazardous properties.

Many items can be considered as waste e.g., household rubbish, sewage sludge,
wastes from manufacturing activities, packaging items, discarded cars, old televisions,
garden waste, old paint containers etc. Thus, all our daily activities can give rise to a
large variety of different wastes arising from different sources.

Garbage - Garbage is a waste of what you have used. You don't need it anymore,
you throw it away. But you throw it in the right way, not anyhow. It is something that
doesn't have any value.

Waste Management - is how you deal with the garbage after using it, you either
throw it or keep the once that might be reused again in a safe place to use it later and
you also burn the ones which are not needed again. Waste management is the process
of treating solid wastes and offers a variety of solutions for recycling items that don’t
belong to trash.

It is about how garbage can be used as a valuable resource. Waste management

is something that each and every household and business owner in the world needs.
Waste management disposes of the products and substances that you have used in a
safe and efficient manner.

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 Proper Waste Disposal - is a removal of all potentially contaminated objects
(e.g., objects soaked with saliva or blood) and placement in a secure site to prevent or
decrease the risk of infection.

Improper Waste Disposal - is the disposal of waste in a way that has negative
consequences for the environment. Examples include littering, hazardous waste that is
dumped into the ground, and not recycling items that should be recycled.

9.1 Form of Waste

● Biodegradable are materials that decompose through bacteria,

fungi, and other living organisms.

● Non-biodegradable are waste materials that do not decompose for

so many years like plastics.

9.2 Types of Waste

Municipal Waste (including Household and Commercial) - Municipal waste is

generated by households, commercial activities, and other sources whose activities are
similar to those of households and commercial enterprises. It does not include other
waste arising e.g., from mining, industrial or construction, and demolition processes.

Municipal waste is made up of residual waste, bulky waste, secondary materials

from separate collections (e.g., paper and glass), household hazardous waste, street
sweepings and litter collections. It is made up of materials such as paper, cardboard,
metals, textiles, organics (food and garden waste) and wood.

Biodegradable Waste - is waste from households and commercial activities that

is capable of undergoing biological decomposition. Food waste and garden waste,
paper, and cardboard are all classified as biodegradable municipal waste. Alternatives
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to landfill include composting, mechanical-biological pretreatment recycling, and
incineration (with and without energy recovery).

Agricultural Waste - is composed of organic wastes (animal excreta in the form

of slurries and farmyard manure, spent mushroom compost, soiled water, and silage
effluent) and waste such as plastic, scrap machinery,
fencing, pesticides, waste oils, and veterinary medicines

Recyclable Waste - are items and materials bound for the waste stream that can
be converted into reusable material. Recyclables in healthcare include the usual
suspects found in commercial buildings such as paper, cardboard, beverage and food
containers, metal, and glass.

Liquid Waste - are usually waste water’s that contain less than 1 percent solid.
Such waste may contain high concentrations of dissolved salts and metals. Sludge is the
class of waste between liquid and solid. They usually contain between 3-25 percent
solid, while the rest of the material is water dissolved materials.

Hazardous Waste - Hazardous or harmful wastes are those that potentially

threaten public health or the environment. Such waste could be inflammable (can easily
catch fire), reactive (can easily explode), corrosive (can easily eat through metal) or
toxic (poisonous to humans and animals). In many countries, it is required by law to
involve the appropriate authority to supervise the disposal of such hazardous waste.
Examples include fire extinguishers, old propane tanks, pesticides, mercury-containing
equipment (e.g, thermostats) and lamps (e.g. fluorescent bulbs), and batteries. The
effect may be immediate or long-term. Toxic waste may be in the form of solid, liquid,
and sludge. Examples are lead and some metals that are found in computer and
technological items. Examples include asbestos, used-up engine oils, batteries, solvents,
farming chemicals, cleaning chemicals, and parts of refrigerators and computers.
Construction and demolition waste Construction and demolition waste is made up of
two individuals.

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 9.3 Policy and Regulatory Requirement

Solid Waste Management is mainly governed by the R.A. 9003 end other related
laws enacted and adopted in the Philippines. The respective LGU’s need to formulate
their own policies for successful implementation of RA.90C3.

The target I-Gus that generate more than 11400 TPD waste and manage such
quantities of waste require integrated approach and technologies. Therefore. Maxi
Energy is in the process Of Implementing processing facilities for treatment of wastes
There are several biological and thermal options available for treatment of MSW. These
technologies are discussed in detail elsewhere in the document.

The waste processing technologies are important for overall waste management
life cycle, its success is very much dependent on-pre-stream management, ire, waste
segregation at source, collection, transportation end pre-treatment at Transfer Station
and at the processing site, these basic requirements for waste management are
detailed in the following sections,

9.4 Source of Garbage: Source segregation is prerequisite for any waste

management strategy. But in this project, garbage (segregated or not) from
municipalities can be transported to the WTE facility for processing (RDF) and serve as
feedstock to produce electricity. Consequently, ashes produced from combustion
wastes may be used for construction i road-base. and the creation of products such as
bricks, hollow blocks, etc. Implementation this basic strategy will lead to considerable
saving of energy in terms of transportation, handling and drying of waste.

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 Figure 9.4A and B, Compatible Trash Bins to Hauling

Trucks

9.5 Transportation Strategy: The waste transportation is through covered

dump trucks (Figure 5a and b) and other covered vehicles. The vehicles are provided
with a leachate collector ta prevent drippings to the roads that leave a bad smell.
Covered transportation not only helps in preventing unhygienic conditions during
transportation, but also for preventing waste getting additional moisture due to its
hydro-scoping/hygroscopic nature and rainfall.

Figure 9.5A and B, Ideal Covered Truck for Waste

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 Transportation

The proper transportation strategy will also help in the ease of delivering the
wastes to the WtE facility. This saves a considerable amount of transportation fuel and
also save in energy for pre-processing of waste. Segregation of collected waste is done
during the sorting process, inside the WtE facility, where large items are to be sent for
recycling. Radioactive materials are detected at the facility entrance and treated
separately_ Inert materials can also be segregated during the sorting process and it can
be disposed Of or used separately, therefore saving on landfill area and energy
consumption during reprocessing of wastes at the WtE facility.

Above MSW Philosophy is in line with R.A. 9003, R.A. 2513, and other
guidelines. It will help in reducing the overall burden on landfill and reducing the
existing landfill volume by way collecting and using legacy wastes in the WtE plant It
will also help in cleaning waterways improving water quality and reducing flooding by
collecting garbage in rivers and canals by the community and transporting it to the
WtE facility.

9.6 Objectives of the Project

The proposed project aims are as follows:

• Provide environmentally safe and sustainable solutions to solid waste

disposal problems.

• Implement an affordable system and technology for the WtE project that
is easy to maintain and in-line with the Philippine and global standards.

• To reduce the Solid Waste burden on landfill, dump sites and waterways.

power grid.

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 • To improve the general environmental condition of the affected
landscape. the communities and the country in general.

9.7 Project Benefits

The implementation of WtE project (Table 5) is beneficial in many ways as

summarized below:

Table 9.7 Beneficial use of WtE

1. Reduction of Implementation of the WtE project reduces the
Landfill area waste volume at least 90% considering the life
requirement cycle of 25 years. It will save and/or reduce Landfill
area requirements if needed.
2. Compliance to R.A The Local Government Units lack institutional
9003, R.A 8749 arrangements for waste management. This has
and R.A 9513 reflected through the utilization of unregulated
dumpsites and landfills exhaustingly although other
alternatives can be considered. Primary reasons
inadequate technical and financial resources. The
project also conforms to the Renewable Energy Act.
3. Environmental There are several environmental benefits from this
Benefits project like
i. Avoidance of spillage 01 waste local
communities and environs.
ii. Prevention of smoke. dusts.
reduction of CFCs and fugitive
emissions to nearby areas and the
atmosphere.
iii. Studies showed that about 22
diseases can be prevented by
properly managing solid waste.
iv. Prevention of pollution to air,
surface, and ground water resources.

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 v. Removal of community eyesore
improving the aesthetic value of the
landscape.
vi. Construction of rainwater harvesting
reservoir for use in the water
requirements of the facility to avoid
utilization of precious groundwater and
reduce local flooding.
vii. Utilization of water giants and other solid waste
dumped in the waterways as additional
feedstock thereby declogging rivers and canals
reducing local flooding and improving water
quality.

4. Reduction in Using waste for production of energy will save on fossil fuel and in
Green House turn reduce Green-House-Gas (GHG). emission It is estimated that
implementation of WtE plants will save more than a million tons
Gas (GHG) of C02 equivalent GHGs in 20 years.
Emissions

5. Resource The project will produce Energy from the plant having capacity at
Conservation 30 MWH, this will help in conserving resources. The project will
also help conserve forest resources through the availability of
electrical energy for household use and supporting reforestation
in the community further reducing GHGs and promoting
biodiversity.

6. Social Benefits The project may have multiple health benefits to the people of
nearby areas and will improve the overall health benefits to the
entire province by way of achieving better environmental quality.
The rag picking menace, child labor and other hazardous recycling
activities can be prevented implementation of WtE Project. The
project will also need workers from the local community and
generate additional livelihood options to the community.

The waste analysis report clearly snows that waste generation will absolutely increase
in the future. That may require a solution on now to manage this growing problem and
technology will provide solution in the processing of solid waste materials and convert

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it to electricity. The implementation of the project will generate work for the
community and generate livelihoods.

9.8 Marketing Aspect

Subsequently, in line with the countries growing problem regarding waste and
its proper disposal, the Project could help the country from its growing problem of
waste disposal and landfill are, that could help dispose of all this and produce
electricity in return. Target investors who wish to invest in the growing needs of
renewable energy could help protect the environment and earn more in these growing
energy crises.

This technology as mentioned above Mass Burn facilities have been in

existence for decades the technology literally everything. There are over 100 of these
facilities operating in the U.S. and considerably more in Europe and Asia. Refuse
Derived Fuel (RDF) or engineered fuel is the process of removing recyclable and non-
combustible from the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) and producing combustible
material, by shredding the remaining waste. As energy price climb and landfill
permitting gets more difficult this could be a solution to this problem.

Upon consideration of macro environmental fundamentals and evaluating the

result of the In — depth industry analysis using Michael Porter's Five Farces Model,
this study generated a number of appropriate end viable options that would optimize
the project's inherent capabilities, attain and maintain its competitive position achieve
market leadership and dominance.

The Philippines has been able to slowly rebuild itself after the economic slump
which devastated most of the major industries. The administration of President
Rodrigo Roa Duterte is now focusing on protecting our environment and developing
more power plants that could be derived from renewable energy, through this the
county is getting back on track, reviving the country’s tattered reputation due to the
past presidents of the country.

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 It will also fortify its existing policies while formulating and implementing new
ones which are in line with the government goal of pursuing a progressive and
sustainable environment. In addition, even if the Philippines is experiencing volatile
trends due to past and unforeseen external factors, such conditions could still be
viewed positively by investors by taking advantage of the technology on acquisition
and development with minimal risks involved. Such moves would put them in a better
position when the economy picks up.

Business study integrated with Mechanical, Architectural and Engineering

plans captures current market data which guides the Planner to produce an
34 | P a g e
industrialized development competitively. Price would be better than currently
available in the market. Market projections are based on field surveys and are
qualified and its impact applied in the financial projection.

The timing of construction activities is synchronized with the loan financing

closing the financing gap between generated income and the running construction
cash outflows. Three varied disciplines — architectural, engineering and business are
integrated in one study thereby producing a developer's guidebook combining
technical solutions with practical basic approach and financial principles.

The PROPOSED MAXI ENERGY WASTE TO ENERGY POWER PLANT provides

many important factors which are beneficial to the CCU's and the community, and for
the protection Ff our environment. Through the said project, waste materials which
are supposed to be going ta landfill could be used to generate power and could help
preserve a cool and green environment for our children's future.

The PROPOSED MAXI ENERGY WASTE TC ENERGY POWER PLANT in gay,

Laguna would require development capital Of Php 12,500,000,000.00 which covers
hard and soft costs of renewable energy power plants, The cost includes building
structures, permit, government clearance, land acquisition. Consultant Fees, Study,
Labor Cast, Heavy Equipment, Equipment, Machineries and Trucks and fixtures for the
renewable energy power plant. Additional Documents include Floor Plan of MAXI
ENERGY POWER PLANT, perspective of the Project, Birds Eye View, Pert CPM and
Other important data needed for the entire project.

The market/buyers of the generated power will be the energy distributors

connected to the Maxi Energy power plant.

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9.9 Environmental Considerations

9.9.1 Air Emission Standards of WtE Facility

International emission standards for processing of MSW through WtE
technologies were reviewed like international standards by Environmental Protection
Agency (US-SPA) and European Commission (EU) for incineration and combustible
waste processing. The emission of the power plant the same technology in the tested
are comparable to International Standards end therefore, its compliance will meet the
environmental requirements for the WtE project in the Philippines.

Considering the air emission control to be employed with WtE Plant, the
following control methods will be considered in the planning and implementation of
the project,

1. Suspended Particulate Matter: High efficiency Bag filters Will be

provided to remove dust and discharge clean flue gas and maintain the
level at or below 30mg/Nm3.
2. Oxides of Sulphur: According to the CPCB norms the Chimney height of the
boiler is calculated using the formula: Height = 14 X Q1/3, where Q=Qty. of
Sulphur Dioxide in kg/hr. By neutralization with lime, the acidity of the gas is
reduced thus ranging the height of stack 50-60m.

3. Oxides of Nitrogen: Thermal DeNOx method can be installed under which,

ammonia solution will be injected in a controlled manner into the furnace in
a region having optimum gas temperature ta achieve optimum reduction,
Waste to Energy plants equipped with SNCR have achieved NOX reductions
of about 45%,

4. Carbon Monoxide: By efficient combustion with proper distribution of

primary and secondary air and continuous agitation oi fuel on the grate with
minimum excess air, CO concentration can be minimized. The Boiler must
have Gas recirculation system to re-circulate the flue gas thus enabling the
reduction in unburnt carbon. Thus, provision of a gas recirculation system
will increase the Boiler efficiency.

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 5. Dioxin and Furans: The dioxin and furans emission tan de controlled by,
● Extensive segregation of chlorinated plastics such as PVC, rubber etc.
• Furnace design with 2 sec retention and higher temperature after
secondary air injection will ensure destruction of any Dioxin formed.

• Controlling the SPM levels to further control any potential emission of

dioxins and furans.

• Powdered activated carbon to be injected into flue gases before

entrainment into bag filters to enable adsorption of any dioxins/furans.

Thus, it is also necessary to maintain high Standards Of emissions. A Continuous

Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) for stack emission and regular ambient air
quality monitoring is needed to ensure the air quality as well as to take corrective and
preventive actions as and when required.

9.9.2 Water Quality Standards

Water requirement for the project will be of two categories- potable water
requirement as well as process water requirement. The water requirement of
approximately 4.5 MLD (million liters per day) for the proposed WtE plant will be met
by the Water Treatment Facility.

The potable water requirement shall be calculated as 46 liters per person per day
(1/person/day) requirement for staff. The potable water should meet the IS: 10050
standards for drinking water quality.

Water shall be required at various treatment processes. The quantity utilized

should reach the quality standards for smooth functioning of plants especially for
boilers and cooling systems

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 9.9.3 Leachate Quality Standards

There will be no water discharge from the project as leachate from waste
collection, storage and processing areas effluent from the power generation process
and sewage generation. It is mandatory to treat all these waste water to the Water
Treatment Facility before reuse. The individual discharge norms are discussed below.

Leachate management is very critical and needs immediate action for collection
and treatment. A systematic approach for treatment and disposal of leachate is a
mandate. The rule also provides the mode of disposal standard for leachate.

9.9.4 Treated Effluent Water

An Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP} end Sewage Treatment Plant (STP),

respectively Will installed to treat the wastewater generated at the site. The treated
discharge from the STP shall be reused in the process (if applicable), and for dust of the
and unloading landscaping watering requirements etc.

9.9.5 Storm Water Quality

It is required to design a robust storm water collection network as the runoff

water may contain impurities due to the nature of the project. The collected storm
water shall be treated as per the National Building Code (NBC) Best Practices for
stormwater management. Any discharge of stormwater to nearby surface water bodies
shall be monitored for its quality. Ali this will run through the Water Treatment
Facility for reuse.

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 9.9.6 Noise Quality Standards

The site is located outside the poblacion limit and near same residential areas.
With the proposed WtE Plant, the noise during pre-construction and post construction
will vary depending on the distance from the site.

Note:

● Day time shall mean from 6:00am to 10.00pm

● Nighttime shall mean from 10:00pm to 6:00am
● Silence zone is defined as an area comprising not less than 100
meters around hospitals, educational institutions, and courts. The
silence zones are zones which are declared as such by the competent
authority.

The monitoring or the various noise levels during the construction and operation
phases and while processing waste is the primary requirement and should adhere to
the levels specified.

The site-specific noise level data are not available at present, but the site is rural
in character where vehicles (Jeepneys, motorcycles, and trucks) passes

night and day continuously. Therefore, the residents of the area are attuned to these
noises and can now estimate the noise level in the area.

For vehicles running et speed of maximum of 100 km/hr: Cars (n=37,686) the
mean noise level is 71 dB; non-articulated trucks, the mean (n= 6,822) noise level is
76 dB; Articulated trucks, the mean (n— 25,527) noise level is 77 dB; Motorcycles,
the mean (n=990) noise level is 75 dB (Schreurs, Eric et al. 2011). For Jeepneys, we can
estimate the noise level between 71 and 77 dB. Vehicles running at lower speed have
lower noise level and residents living at distance from the roadways have lower noise
level,

Environmental noise researchers and road transport authorities are both

interested in understanding the temporal variation of environmental noise at a

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resolution that is valid to be the accurate prediction of acute health effects. There is an
increasing community reaction from night-time noise due to increased operations of
freight traffic (Austroads, 2007). Here it was recognized that there is a major and
negative community reaction to the noise made by heavy vehicles an urban roadway,
particularly during the night when many trucks prefer to travel because of levels of
congestion timely' to markets. This is a problem if the effect of transport noise on
human sleep depends on the maximum noise level number of noises in the traffic
stream.

Continued exposure to noise above 85dBA (Adjusted decibels) Over time will cause
hearing loss. The volume (dBA) and the length of exposure to sound will tell you how
harmful the noise is, general, the louder the noise, the less time required before
hearing loss will occur.

According to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the
maximum exposure time at dBA is eight hours. At 110 dBA, the maximum exposure
time is one minute and 29 seconds. If you must be exposed to noise, it is recommended
that you limit the exposure tine and/or wear hearing protection. A three dBA increase
doubles the amount of noise, and halves the commended amount of exposure time.

What is acceptable noise level? With noise, OSHA's permissible exposure limit
(PEL) is 90 dBA for all workers for an 8-hour-day. The OSHA standard uses a 5 dBa
exchange rate. This means that when the noise level is increased by 5 dBA, the amount
of time a person can be exposed to a certain noise level to receive the same dose is cut
in half.

The following decibel levels of common noise sources are typical but will vary.
Noise levels above 140dBA can cause damage to hearing after just one exposure. This
is demonstrated using 85 decibels as a safe sound level by hearing health
professionals and their organizations, in media reports, and in publications. Therefore,
even at 100 km/hr traffic in the area, the noise level is still very safe.

40 | P a g e
 9.10 Financial Aspect

9.10.1 Funding Scenarios and Financial Model

The most important aspect for Solid Waste Management (SWM) is its processing
in environmentally safe manner and at the same time, deriving useful products
including energy_ There are many examples worldwide for thermal processing of
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) for energy production. The advantage of thermal
processing is that about of volume and about of weight be reduced by MSW. The
final residual ash can further be utilized far brick and hollow block making and filling
of low-lying areas including abandoned landfill. Another important advantage of
thermal processing is recovery of energy from waste, i.e. Waste to Energy (WtE )
projects.

The WtE projects are cost intensive due to higher inputs for Plant & Machinery
and later on pollution control equipment required during plant operation. However.
WtE projects are still a viable option considering the long term waste management and
pollution control.

The DENR is promoting all the technology options available for getting up
projects for recovery of energy from solid wastes. In developed countries,
environmental concerns rather than energy recovery are the prime motivator for
waste-to-energy facilities, which help in treating and disposing of wastes. Energy in the
form of biogas, heat or power is Seen as. e which improves the viability of such
projects.

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 9.10.2 Project Funding Models

The projects can be implemented by way of different financial models.

The two most preferred models are Design Built and Operate (DBO) model and
Design, Built, Finance, Operate and Transfer (DBFOT} also known as Public Private
Partnership (PPP). The important features of these two models are given below:

9.11 Design, Built and Operate (DBO) Model:

In this model, Contractor is responsible for Design. Construction and Operation

of the project for a specified period. Financing is done by Owner. In this model, the
Owner retains the total ownership of the facility and thus has control over unexpected
changes in performance requirement. The control on design, build and asset quality
can be better kept in this model.

This model requires intensive effort from the owner to define project
requirements end risks prior to bidding of the project. Extensive administration over
the Life of the project is also required.

The Contractor operates the plant for an agreed period of (say) 25 years
renewable for another 25 years for which they get the operation service charges.

9.11.1 Project Finance

Based on the proposed development plans of the Designer regarding the

construction Of the Maxi Energy Power Plant with corresponding quantitative analysis
has been undertaken to determine its performance once the project is pursued. The
income approach will be used in this study, thug deriving the value of development
from the expected income streams over the foreseeable future. These income streams
42 | P a g e
be based on financial projections of revenues and expenses discounted at an
appropriate discount rate reflective of the risk of similar assets to arrive at the Net
Present Value. The project's internal rate of return (IRR; will also be computed to aid
management decisions.

The bottom line to any business development venture is the project's financial
viability. Thus, this section of the study aims to determine the project's financial
standing considering all elements of the development in relation to a given set base
assumptions.

In estimating the cash flows Incof the business, we project the revenues that can
be generated and operating expenses that may be incurred during the business
operations. We also deduct the necessary tax provisions to derive the net income after
taxes. Because cash flows only consider cash outlays, non-cash expenses such as
depreciation and amortization are added back into the net income.

9.11.2 Cost Assumptions

• Administrative Salaries — Salaries are escalated by 10% annually and

includes 13th month pay as mandated by the Philippine laws.
• Capital Expenses — Includes cost of building construction, equipment’s,
machineries, heavy equipment, garbage trucks, consultant fees and interior fit
– out costs.
• General and Administrative Expenses - includes office supplies and services,
professional fees.

• Marketing Commissions – set a 5% of project cost to be given as an incentive

to groups nor individuals to make this project possible.
• Depreciation Expenses — Construction cost is spread over 10 years using
straight line method for the building structure Land Development and 5
years for the Heavy Equipment and machineries.
• Amortization Cost — Professional fees are amortized over 5 years.
• Building Insurance – Initially pegged at 0.35% of construction cost.

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 9.11.3 Financial Ratios

Profit Margin

With an assumption that operation will commence on the project turn over
from securing of business permit, the projected gross sales of Php3,124,980,000.00in the
Third year. Return of investment at 10th year will be Php14,969,114,123.16. With an
Interest Rate of 4% Per Annum.

9.12 Financial Summary

Project Interest Rate Loan Value Project Payback
After 9 Years
Waste to Energy 32% Not Applicable 10 Years
Power Plant

Capital Investment = Php12,500,000,000.00

9.13 Computation of Revenues & Expenses

Annual Total Revenue: Php2,246,400,000.00 Per Year of Operation

Collectible Revenue Rate/Month Total Generated Amount Per

Annum

27 Mega Watts of Power/Hour Php167,040,000.00 Php2,004,480,000.00

at Php8.00

Tipping Fee of Php33,750,000.00 Php405,000,000.00

Php1,000.00/ton @
1,600/tons / day

Recyclable Material @15% of Php22,500,000.00 Php270,000,000.00

1,600 mtpd collection
@Php5,000.00/ton

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Additional Carbon Credit and Php33,750,000.00 Php405,000,000.00
Raw Products

9.14 Annual Operating Expenses Php 336,814,900.79

Operating Expenses Rate / Month Annual Rate

Manpower Salary include 13th Php4,182,000.00 Php50,184,000.00

month pay

Manpower Benefits etc. Php2,661,741.67 Php31,940,900.00

Utilities and Chemicals Php245,833.33 Php2,950,000.00

Supplies / Maintenance Php15,561.000.74 Php186,740,000.79

Management Fee Php5,000,000.00 Php60,000,000.00

Misc. Php433,333.33 Php5,000,000.00

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9.15 Social Impact of WtE Project

The social impact for proposed WtE project can be summarized as shown below:

9.15.1 Loss of Livelihood in Waste Picking

After implementation of the WtE project, some activities like garbage picking and
some recycling businesses would be affected at the same time, it will prevent the large
scale of informal labor and unsanitary working conditions. Most of the recycling
businesses thriving a material from pickers are also illegal in nature. However,
MaxiEnergyv GCtE facility will generate employment opportunities to the community and
prioritize to hire and train those affected individuals from the areas and give them jobs
with a better working conditions and benefits at the same time utilizes local businesses as
support to the needs of the facility thus helping improve the economy.

9.15.2 Health Impact

Some concern assumed that certain technologies for WtE may give rise to air
emissions and water pollution. Such emissions, if there is any • will have a health impact
on the nearby populated areas.

Considering the present condition at dumpsites and landfills, where fire happens
frequently, the health impact is much more at high risk for the population. However. the
modern MaxiEnergy GCtE facility “One Line Process" garbage are delivered in an enclosed
building with negative pressure equipped with very high efficiency Computerized
Emission Monitoring System (OEMS) that monitors the emission of the facility in
compliance to the stringent Government emission and pollution standards, therefore,
emissions would be properly monitored and MaxiEnergy is committed to a Zero water
discharge and pollution from the facility.

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 9.15.3 Aesthetic and Overall Environmental Quality

The aesthetic value to the surrounding environment is highly affected due to the
stray animals and scavengers which invade the garbage dumps. Obnoxious odors also
pollute the air due to decomposition of organic wastes. Accumulation of solid waste in
open areas is an eyesore, diminishing real estate and property values, a breeding ground
for insects and other disease carrying vectors.

Foul/bad odor is emitted at the disposal sites due to continuous decomposition of

organic matter and emission of methane, hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, etc. Spreading of
the waste in the area adjacent to the dustbin is due to activity of garbage pickers causing
degradation of aesthetic quality. Domestic dogs, cats, rats, birds, and other scavenging
animals act as resent for many organisms and diseases transmissible to people, including
plague, forms of typhus, leptospirosis, trichinosis, psittacosis, salmonella infection and
bovine tuberculosis

Proper design and implementation of waste-to-energy facilities and improving the

landscape site are helpful in improving the aesthetic value of the area. The emitted gases
or smoke from chimneys which may have negative impact could be reduced or eliminated
by installation of control measures

9.15.4 Community Health and Safety

Hazards posed to the public will be mainly during material movement specifically
during peak traffic hours. If vehicular movement is not for the project, may cause traffic
accidents and vehicle collision with pedestrians. Potential negative impact can be avoided.
The transport company will be required to:

• Plan material movement in a way to avoid peak-pedestrian and traffic activities.

Transport should be done during night time — from 8:00 PM to 4:00 AM

47 | P a g e
 • Drivers should be given proper training on speed limits and safe driving

• Vehicles should be properly end regularly maintained.

• Safety signage, speed limits, entry exit routes. etc. should be displayed at all
required locations in the language and should be highly visible.

• If required, traffic marshals should be installed.

9.15.5 Greenhouses gases (GHGs) and Clean Energy Production

Waste-to-energy facilities contribute to the production of renewable energy from

solid waste streams and make them less dependent on non-renewable energy resources.
So, the material left after the segregation of recyclables and organics far composting
which came from renewable sources, the derived component of waste stream could be
used as clean, sustainable and renewable fuel for heat and electricity production. It has
been confirmed by many independent studies that waste to energy facilities have capacity
to generate electricity and avoid the greenhouse gases emissions and ere much more
beneficial and effective than landfills.

9.15.6 Benefit of WtE Technology for Reducing GHGs

Waste to energy technologies are currently the best methods of municipal solid
waste management and utilization. It takes the excess waste out of landfills and gets rid
of it in non-polluting way and also becomes a source of renewable energy to generate
electricity. WtE is expected to be a major option for many cities in the Philippines. While
self-reporting and regulating emissions is a must. WtE will become the right choice for
the Philippines when it becomes more inclusive with increased public understanding.

Due to the socio-economic and environmental perspective, landfill is not favorable

waste treatment option. As various landfill in the Philippines will be overfilled in the near

48 | P a g e
future, the waste to energy programs are becoming more important than ever. Landfill
space is difficult to find in and around urban areas.

49 | P a g e
X. Conclusion
Thus, taking into account all above mentioned, it is possible to conclude that solid
waste needs to be disposed of properly in order to minimize its negative impact on human
health and the environment. Often, the municipal government is considered to be
responsible for the environmental situation in the area and, especially for the waste
disposal problem. Naturally, due to such a view on the power of municipal government, it is
often believed that it can solve the problem of the waste disposal problems effectively.

However, it is not always so and, in actuality, it is necessary to remember that

municipal government is not a community itself, it only governs but it cannot fully control
all actions of local people.

Based on the data gathered of this project, the following were drawn:

● Proper Waste Management depends on the people on how they dispose of

their waste.

● The community will have a clean environment if they will do proper Waste
Management.

● Proper Waste Management plays a significant role in maintaining,

preserving, and protecting our environment and our Mother Earth.

In fact, speaking about the possible effectiveness of municipal government in the

solution of the problem of household hazardous waste, it is necessary to underline that it
can really undertake steps and establish a larger control over the household hazardous
waste. Nevertheless, the efforts of the municipal government, whatever effect they are,
cannot resolve this problem totally. What is meant here is the fact that, in order to solve
50 | P a g e
this problem effectively, it is necessary to primarily eliminate the cause of the problem. In
the case of household hazardous waste, the ‘cause’ is the local population or, to put it more
precisely, those people or households that are not responsible enough to assist in the
effective recycling and processing of wastes. In such a situation, it is necessary to underline
that enforcement may work only to a certain level to the extent that people simply want to
avoid some material punishment for the household hazardous waste, for instance.

However, it will not fully solve the problem. In this respect, it is possible to
recommend the use of educational programs, involving children and informing them about
the negative consequences of household hazardous waste as well as it is necessary to
conduct a public campaign against such waste simply informing people about its dangerous
effects. In other words, it is necessary to make people more conscious of the consequences
of their actions and effects of the household hazardous waste that will solve this problem
more effectively than any restrictive measures. Recycling and processing of wastes are
really important, especially nowadays, when environmental pollution is growing to create a
serious threat to human health. It should be pointed out that landfill expansion traditionally
provokes strong opposition from the part of the community since it increases the risk of
being affected by the wastes.

On the other hand, often there is practically no other choice but to expand landfills
because many communities grow, industry progresses and the quantity of wastes is
constantly increasing. In such a situation, there are few alternatives to landfill expansion.
This is why the primary task of the operators of such facilities is to make them really safe to
the health of people living nearby Also, it should be said that the improper disposal of
wastes also increases the costs of environmental protection to the local community, while
proper disposal of waste can make the use of funds more effective and improve the
ecological situation. In fact, the ignorance of the problem of improper disposal of waste
leads to the gradual deterioration of the ecological situation negatively influencing both
human health and the environment.

51 | P a g e
 Naturally, it is impossible to ignore this problem and, therefore, it is necessary to
develop really effective technologies and methodology for the disposal of solid waste in
order to minimize their negative effects on health and the environment. Otherwise, the
problem will be growing more and more serious to the extent that it may even lead to an
environmental catastrophe if the proper disposal of waste is ignored. The health effects
connected to improper waste disposal are many and habitants living close to illegal
dumpsites, open burning or illegally dumped waste are easily affected.

Since this proposed project was all very aware of the waste situation in their
surroundings and the risks for several different health effects I conclude the situation is in
immediate need for a plan of action. This is something really scary because I don’t know
what will happen to the Municipal in the future. "Simple things like cleaning up garbage
can’t be done, what more for bigger things".

XI. Recommendation
Certain household products become hazardous when used, stored or disposed of
incorrectly. If disposed of with regular household waste, they end up in landfills where they
can seep into the soil and contaminate the groundwater. Flushing these types of materials
down a toilet or drain can interfere with waste treatment processes, contaminate the
effluent that runs into the ocean and affect the biosolids used as fertilizer. Waste left in the
street typically enters storm drains and washes out near waterways. We do have some
sustainable recommended solutions, options that let us meet our current needs and
provide for future generations as well.
Here are some recommendations to lessen the waste disposal problems in Cabiao,
Nueva Ecija. Instead of simply throwing everything away in the trash, get in the habit of
recycling what can be reused or remade. Metal, paper products, certain plastics, motor oil,
electronics, appliances, mattresses, wood, rubber, glass, and other things can all be
recycled. In some cases, you have to pay to have it hauled away. Other things people will
gladly remove from your recycling pile on the street. If everything that could be recycled

52 | P a g e
was recycled across the board, the aggregate trash amount would be drastically reduced
every year.

Having a home garbage disposal reduces landfill waste by pulverizing food waste
and washing it down the drain. The food waste does not become liquid, but it is altered
enough not to ruin sewer pipes. A garbage disposal is a step in the right direction, but it
solves less than half of the problem. Plenty of waste gets thrown away even with a disposal.
Not only that, but also the materials that can be put down a garbage disposal would be
better used in a compost pile. Taking all of your organic food scraps including coffee
grounds and eggshells (excluding meat, bones, skin and lard) and throwing it in layers on a
compost pile eventually breaks it down and becomes nutrient-rich fertilizer. You must keep
the amounts in proportion and add grass clippings and other yard debris as well, but when
done right you are helping to complete the cycle of life.

This is one of the best ways to dispose of (food) waste. We suggest that the Cabiao
Local Government Unit should strictly implement the Ecological Solid Waste Management
Act, particularly the provision on segregation at source. Separating the biodegradables
from the non-biodegradables already takes care of 50% of the waste. Further segregation
of recyclables is likely to take care of another 40% or more, leaving only 10% or less that
needs to be managed and a lasting solution found and also train and invest on waste-
pickers to educate them on how to properly handle the waste.
Waste management is an important issue that needs governmental action quickly. At
present, there is very little awareness regarding this issue in our society. The practices of
bringing forth waste are too risky not only for today but they could be dangerous for our
future generation. It is very important to educate people and tell them to adopt practices
for Recycle, Reuse, and Reduce rather than generating waste. The municipality of Cabiao,
Nueva Ecija should pay importance to the disposal of waste. Individual participation is
required. “This will not only uplift their morale but will also ensure their health and safety”.
53 | P a g e
XII. References https://www.denr.gov.ph/index.php/priority-programs/solid-waste-
management Cabiao Ecological Solid Waste Management.
Republic Act 9003 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations.

National Solid Waste Management Report, 2015.

Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016.

https://nswmc.emb.gov.ph/

https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2001/01/26/republic-act-no-9003-s-2001/

https://environment.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Summary-Report-Waste-M
anagement-in-ASEAN-Countries-UNEP.pdf

www.conserve-energy-future.com/sources-effects-methods-of-solid-waste-management.p
hp.

World Energy Council, 2013.

www.kqed.org/how-is-waste-converted-into-energy.

The Asian Post

ClimateColab.org

Municipality Of Cabiao, Nueva Ecija.

54 | P a g e
PERMITS, CERTIFICATES &
LICENSES
“Bringing sustainable solutions to the world”
“Bringing sustainable solutions to the world”
“Bringing sustainable solutions to the world”
“Bringing sustainable solutions to the world”
“Bringing sustainable solutions to the world”
Joint venture
agreement
FINANCIAL STATEMENT
DRAWINGS
 LOADING BAY
SCRUBBER STACK FLY
ASH BUNKER 1 ASH 1
1
G R E E N
LOADING BAY
BAGHOUSE
MEDICAL 1
WASTE

UNLOADING BAY
CONDENSER
WEIGHING AREA
TURBINE
BOILER BLDG
BLDG
PLANT PROCESSING BUILDING

COOLING TOWER

QUEUING AREA
SANITATION AREA

BAGHOUSE STACK FLY

1 1 ASH 1

SCRUBBER
PLANT PERSONNEL PARKING
1
PLANT PERSONNEL PARKING PLANT PERSONNEL PARKING PUMPING
STATION

ADMIN AND VISITOR

PARKING

G R E E N
RESERVOIR
RAIN WATER
COLLECTION POND
G R E E N

RAIN WATER COLLECTION POND

ADMIN BUILDING G R E E N

SECURITY
AND
P.R.O.
RECREATION
AREA
G R E E N FILTRATION TANK

BUS PARKING

QUEUING AREA

WAITING WAITING
AREA/DROPPED OFF GATE 1 GATE 2 AREA/DROPPED OFF GATE 3
GARBAGE TRUCK EMPLOYEE AND VISITOR MAINTENANCE SERVICE
ENTRY AND EXIT ENTRY AND EXIT ENTRY AND EXIT

1 BUILT UP LAYOUT
A-SDP-02 SCALE 1:1500M

ENGINEER

BUILT UP LAYOUT

ENGR. CHRISTIAN DAVE M. RIVERA

PRC 0171121
PTR 7085013
DATE JUNE 10, 2021 BARANGAY STA ISABEL, CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
PLACE CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
 LOADING BAY
SCRUBBER STACK FLY
ASH BUNKER 1 ASH 1
1
G R E E N
LOADING BAY
BAGHOUSE
MEDICAL 1
WASTE

UNLOADING BAY
CONDENSER
WEIGHING AREA
TURBINE
BOILER BLDG
BLDG
PLANT PROCESSING BUILDING

COOLING TOWER

QUEUING AREA
SANITATION AREA

BAGHOUSE STACK FLY

G R E E N 1 1 ASH 1
G R E E N

SCRUBBER PUMPING
PLANT PERSONNEL PARKING
1 STATION
PLANT PERSONNEL PARKING PLANT PERSONNEL PARKING

ADMIN AND VISITOR

PARKING

G R E E N
RESERVOIR
RAIN WATER
COLLECTION POND
G R E E N

RAIN WATER COLLECTION POND

ADMIN BUILDING G R E E N

SECURITY
AND
P.R.O.
RECREATION
AREA
FILTRATION TANK
G R E E N

BUS PARKING

QUEUING AREA

WAITING WAITING
AREA/DROPPED OFF GATE 1 GATE 2 AREA/DROPPED OFF GATE 3
GARBAGE TRUCK EMPLOYEE AND VISITOR MAINTENANCE SERVICE
ENTRY AND EXIT ENTRY AND EXIT ENTRY AND EXIT

1 SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

A-SDP-01 SCALE 1:1500M

ENGINEER

SITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN

ENGR. CHRISTIAN DAVE M. RIVERA

PRC 0171121
PTR 7085013

DATE JUNE 10, 2021 BARANGAY STA ISABEL, CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
PLACE CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
 Office Address: Barangay Concepcion, Cabiao, Nueva Ecija
PROJECT : WASTE TO ENERGY FACILITY COMPLEX
Email:rbrbuilders_readymixconcrete@yahoo.com
LOCATION : BARANGAY STA ISABEL, CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA DATE : 10-AUG-21 START : 01-JUNE-21 Call Or Text : Cell# 09178094973
END : 21-JULY-23 Tel.# 044 940 4005

SUBJECT : SCHEDULE OF WORKS

PROCESSING PLANT,BOILER BLDG., TURBINE BLDG., ADMIN BLDG., AND SECURITY BLDG. 2021 2022 2023
EARLY EARLY
WBS TASK WORK DAYS JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY
START (ES) FINISH (EF)
1.0 Pre-Construction Phase
1.1 Design Phase
1.1.1 Conceptual Drawings 01-Jun-21 14-Aug-21 54
1.1.2 Permit Drawings 15-Aug-21 04-Sep-21 15
1.1.3 Tender Drawings 15-Aug-21 04-Sep-21 15
1.1.4 Construction Drawings 05-Sep-21 26-Oct-21 55
1.1.5 Occupancy Drawings 14-May-22 19-Apr-23 243
1.2 Permitting
1.2.1 Fencing Permit 05-Sep-21 25-Sep-21 15
1.2.2 Excavation Permit 05-Sep-21 25-Sep-21 15
1.2.3 Building Permit 05-Sep-21 19-Nov-21 55
1.2.4 Occupancy Permit 14-May-22 18-Jun-23 285
1.3 Tender Phase
1.3.1 Selection of Tenderer 05-Sep-21 11-Sep-21 5
1.3.2 Tender Preparation 05-Sep-21 25-Sep-21 15
1.3.3 Tender Invitation 12-Sep-21 18-Sep-21 5
1.3.4 Tender Pre-Bid Meeting 19-Sep-21 20-Sep-21 1
1.3.5 Tender Queries 21-Sep-21 29-Sep-21 7
1.3.6 Submission of Tenders 30-Sep-21 30-Sep-21 1
1.3.7 Evaluation 01-Oct-21 09-Oct-21 7
1.3.8 Submitted Tender Clarificatory 10-Oct-21 12-Oct-21 2
1.3.9 Awarding 13-Oct-21 14-Oct-21 2
1.3.10 NTP, Signing of Contract 15-Oct-21 25-Oct-21 7
2.0 Mobilization Phase
2.1 Temporary & Permanet Utilities
2.1.1 Application of Permanent Power Connection 26-Oct-21 09-Dec-21 33
2.1.2 Application of Permanent Water Connection 26-Oct-21 16-Nov-21 16
2.1.3 Temporary Power (Generator) 26-Oct-21 09-Dec-21 33
2.2 Submission of Project Plan
2.2.1 Procurement Plan 26-Oct-21 06-Nov-21 10
2.2.2 Project Management Plan 26-Oct-21 06-Nov-21 10
2.3 Kick Off 07-Nov-21 08-Nov-21 1
3.0 Construction Phase
3.1 Plant Processing Building 09-Nov-21 20-Mar-23 355
3.2 Boiler Building 09-Nov-21 15-Sep-22 223
3.3 Turbine Building 09-Nov-21 14-May-22 134
3.4 Admin Building 09-Dec-21 09-Dec-22 262
3.5 Security Building 09-Dec-21 13-May-22 112
4.0 Project Hand-Over Phase
4.1 Final Inspection 14-May-22 18-Jun-23 285
4.2 Taking-Over 14-Jun-22 19-Jul-23 287
4.3 Hand-Over 16-Jun-22 21-Jul-23 287

PREPARED BY:

ENGR. CHRISTIAN DAVE M. RIVERA

RBR BUILDERS

SCHEDULE-OF-WORKS_PROJECT_REV02_081021
 ENGINEER

AIR CLASSIFIER

ENGR. CHRISTIAN DAVE M. RIVERA

PRC 0171121
PTR 7085013
DATE JUNE 10, 2021 BARANGAY STA ISABEL, CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
PLACE CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
 ENGINEER

BAG HOUSE

ENGR. CHRISTIAN DAVE M. RIVERA

PRC 0171121
PTR 7085013
DATE JUNE 10, 2021 BARANGAY STA ISABEL, CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
PLACE CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
 ENGINEER

BOILER

ENGR. CHRISTIAN DAVE M. RIVERA

PRC 0171121
PTR 7085013
DATE JUNE 10, 2021 BARANGAY STA ISABEL, CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
PLACE CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
 ENGINEER

CONDENSER

ENGR. CHRISTIAN DAVE M. RIVERA

PRC 0171121
PTR 7085013
DATE JUNE 10, 2021 BARANGAY STA ISABEL, CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
PLACE CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
 ENGINEER

BUILT UP LAYOUT

ENGR. CHRISTIAN DAVE M. RIVERA

PRC 0171121
PTR 7085013
DATE JUNE 10, 2021 BARANGAY STA ISABEL, CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
PLACE CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
 ENGINEER

BUILT UP LAYOUT

ENGR. CHRISTIAN DAVE M. RIVERA

PRC 0171121
PTR 7085013
DATE JUNE 10, 2021 BARANGAY STA ISABEL, CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
PLACE CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
 ENGINEER

PRIMARY SHREDDER

ENGR. CHRISTIAN DAVE M. RIVERA

PRC 0171121
PTR 7085013
DATE JUNE 10, 2021 BARANGAY STA ISABEL, CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
PLACE CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
 ENGINEER

BUILT UP LAYOUT

ENGR. CHRISTIAN DAVE M. RIVERA

PRC 0171121
PTR 7085013
DATE JUNE 10, 2021 BARANGAY STA ISABEL, CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
PLACE CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
 ENGINEER

TROMMEL SORTING

ENGR. CHRISTIAN DAVE M. RIVERA

PRC 0171121
PTR 7085013
DATE JUNE 10, 2021 BARANGAY STA ISABEL, CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
PLACE CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
 SECONDARY SHREDDER

CHRISTIAN DAVE M. RIVERA

PRC 0171121
PTR 7085013
DATE JUNE 10, 2021 BARANGAY STA ISABEL, CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
PLACE CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
 STEAM TURBINE GENERATOR

CHRISTIAN DAVE M. RIVERA

PRC 0171121
PTR 7085013
DATE JUNE 10, 2021 BARANGAY STA ISABEL, CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA
PLACE CABIAO, NUEVA ECIJA