RESEARCH METHODS A – Achievable - achievable using correct

statistical techniques
THE VARIABLE
R – Realistic - real results are not
- No two individuals are alike
manipulated
- A quantity or a characteristic that has two or
more mutually exclusive values of properties T – Time-bound - the shorter completion of
the activity the better
Types of Variables
 Criteria of a good research problem
1. Independent variable - chosen by the
o Interesting
researcher to determine its relationship to an
o Relevant to the needs of the people
observed phenomenon
o Innovative
2. Dependent variable - observed and measured
o Cost effective – 4Ms – man, money,
to determine the effect of the independent
materials and machinery
variable.
o Measurable and time-bound
3. Moderate variable - chosen by the researcher
to ascertain if it alters or modifies the - The statement of purpose for which the
relationships investigation is to be conducted.
4. Control variable - controlled by the researcher
in which the effects can be neutralized - Stated specifically in simple language in order
5. Intervening variable - variable which interferes that the researcher finds them easy to measure
with the independent and dependent variables - Statement of Research Problem/Objectives
Research Process Component - Problem and Objectives have the same
1. Problem/objectives 6. Research Design characteristics but they differ in form
2. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework 7. Data Collection - Problem – interrogative
3. Assumptions 8. Data Processing and Statistical
Treatment - Objective - declarative
4. Hypotheses 9. Analysis and Interpretation 2. Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
5. Review of Related Literature - provide clear explanations regarding the
relationships of variables.
10. Summary, Conclusion and
Recommendation - Theoretical framework- legal basis to describe
properly that process of the study
1. Problem/objectives - shapes the justification of the research
 Quality of researchable problem problem/research objectives
 no known solution - A symbolic construction which uses abstract
 solution can be answer concepts, facts or laws, variables and their
using statistical methods relations
and techniques - Conceptual Framework – presents specific and
 probable solutions but not well defined concepts which are called
yet tested constructs.
 require scientific 3. Significance of the Study
investigation to arrive at a- Should be presented comprehensively in
precise solution order to convince the screening committee of
 SMART the importance of the study
- Inductive – the researcher moves from
S – Specific – specifically stated particular to the general
M – Measurable - easy to measure by using - Deductive – general to particular
research instruments
 - The researcher should prove that the study has
important contributions in relation to:
Sources of Historical research
a. Solving the problem and need
b. Bridging a knowledge gap A. Primary sources
c. Improving social, economic and a. Documents
health b. Remains
conditions B. Secondary sources -
d. Enriching research instruments and materials as histories of
methods education, bibliographies,
e. Supporting government thrusts encyclopedias, and may
4. Scope and Limitation of the Study others.
- Includes the coverage of the study area, the
subjects, the research instruments, the research  Descriptive Design - the focus is present
issues or concerns, the duration of the study, condition.
and
the constraints that have direct bearing on the - The purpose is to find new
result of the study truth.
5. Definition of Terms Types of Descriptive Research
- Last section of chapter 1 of thesis, dissertation
and research paper. 1. Descriptive survey - to determine
2 ways to define key terms: the psychological and social aspects
1. Conceptual definition - are based of research
on concepts or hypothetic ones 2. Descriptive-normative survey - to
2. Operational definition - based on compare local test results with a
observable characteristics state or national norm
6. Review of Related Literature  Descriptive status - seeks to answer
- To determine the similarities and differences of questions to real facts relating to
the findings between the past and present existing conditions.
studies.  Descriptive- analysis - Its purpose is to
- Gives ideas to proceed with his study until its discover the nature of things
Completion  Descriptive- classification - employed in
Three parts of literature natural sciences
1. Related readings - these are laws  Descriptive-evaluative - appraise
and department directives carefully the worthiness of the current
2. Related literature - written study
materials such as book, journal,  Descriptive-comparative - comparative
magazine, novel, poetry, etc. survey where the researcher considers
3. Related studies - published and at least two entities
unpublished research studies  Correlational survey - designed to
determine the relationship of two
Justification of the Present Study - the variables
researcher should identify the bearing of the 7. Research Design
related studies upon the present study. - Experimental Design - a problem-solving
Four kinds of Research Designs approach that the study is described in the
future on “what will be” when certain variables
 Historical Design - study focused in the are carefully controlled or manipulated.
past Types of Experimental Designs
1. Single-group design
- is scientific and the narration
2. Two-group design
thereof is an art.
 3. Two-pair group design 
Qualitative Methods -
4. Parallel-group design useful in situations when
5. Pretest-group design historical data is not
6. Counter balanced or Latin square available.
design 2. Secondary Data Collection
7. Complete randomized design Methods – collecting data that is
8. Randomized complete block design already existing
9. Correlational Design
Quantitative Data Collection Tools
8. Sampling Design
- is necessary especially if the population is too - Online - Face-to-face
large where the 4 M’s resources of the
investigator are limited. - Mail - Phone
- Sampling – method of getting a representative Four different primary quantitative research
portion of the population. designs:
- Population - the aggregate or total of objects,
persons, families, species, etc. 1. Descriptive - explains the current
- Parameter – corresponding value from a status of a variable using observational
population distribution data collection.
- Sampling statistics - making of statements 2. Correlational - seeks to collect data
about population parameters for sample that shows relationships between
statistics different occurrences.
Advantages of Sampling
1. It saves time, money and effort 3. Experimental - also known as “true
2. It is more effective. experimentation,” uses the scientific
3. It is faster and cheaper method to determine the cause-and-
4. It is more accurate effect relationship between variables.
5. It gives more comprehensive
4. Quasi-experimental - also known as
information
“causal-comparative,” is similar to
experimental research.

Qualitative Methods:

Surveys - gather insights into their

preferences, opinions, choices, and
feedback

Polls - comprise of one single or

multiple-choice question.

Interviews - asks questions either face-

9. Data Collection Methods
to-face or through telephone to the
- a methodical process of gathering and
respondents.
analyzing specific information to proffer
solutions to relevant questions and evaluate the  Structured Interviews
results.  Semi-structure
Two Categories Interviews
1. Primary Data Collection Methods -  Unstructured Interviews
collecting the original data
 Quantitative Methods – are Tools you can use to easily collect data:
generally used to make Audio Recorder
long-term forecasts.
 Digital Camera Manual tabulation – data are manually
tallied by hand This is applicable if the
Camcorder
total number of cases is small.
Delphi Technique - market experts are provided Data Matrix – presentation of data is
with the estimates and assumptions of forecasts usually in tabular form. The data
made by other experts in the industry. processing output is either quantitative
or qualitative.
Focus Groups - a small group of people, around 11. Statistical Treatment
8-10 members, discuss the common areas of
the problem.

Questionnaire is a printed set of questions,

either open-ended or closed-ended.

Three commonly used qualitative data

collection methods:

1. Ethnographic - the study of human

societies and cultures.
2. Grounded Theory - to ground it in
reality rather than assumptions
3. Phenomenological – measures
12. Data Analysis and Interpretation
reactions to occurrences
Data Analysis – an examination of data or facts
Internal sources of secondary data:
in terms of quantity, quality, attribute, trait,
Organization’s health and safety records pattern, trend, relationship
Mission and vision statements
The basis in analyzing research data are specific
Financial Statements problems/objectives, hypotheses, measuring
Magazines instruments and statistical tools.
Sales Report

CRM Software

Executive summaries

External sources of secondary data:

Government reports

Press releases

Business journals

Libraries

Internet

10. Data Processing and Tabulation

Data Processing – converting information either
manually or by machine into quantitative and
qualitative forms for use in research analysis
3 Basic steps of Data Processing
1. Categorization of Data
2. Coding of Data
3. Tabulation of Data