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0 ratings0% found this document useful (0 votes)
93 views198 pagesCVT All 5units
Uploaded by
Pallapu NaveenCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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~The introduction of computer control into system design has led to modelling of discrete
me ystems through difference equations. The technique of Z - transform is useful in
difference equations. This technique is in particular useful in the area of digital signal
ing and digital filters. Z - transforms have properties similar to that of Laplace
One who is conversant with Laplace transform as well as Z-transform can
eciste the similarity between the results concerning both the transforms.
| Inthis chapter we study the Z-transforms and inverse Z-transforms. The Z-transform
lar to Laplace transform in many ways but the main difference is Lalpace transform
ed for functions of continuous variables as Z-transform defined for special functions i.e.
(squence is a function whose domain is the set of natural numbers) {f(n)}
we n= 0,+1,+2,.... But Z-transforms effects the sequences {f(m)} defined for non-
ive n i.e. for n > 0 and note that Z-transforms does not effect the sequences {f(n)} for
DEFINITION
Consider a function f(n) defined for n= 0,1,2,3,....0
Then the Z transform of f(n)is defined as ZL/(n)] = yf) 2"
n=O
Ifthe right hand side series is convergent, we write Z [/(]=F (2)
The inverse Z transform of F (2) is written as Z~'[F(z)] = f(n) whenever Z [/(n)] = F (z)
1.2 TRANSFORMS OF SOME STANDARD FUNCTIONS
©) Let f(m)=1 for n= 0,1,2,..0
© 2) =Zfml= S12"
n=O
© @) Let Sin) =a" for 1 =0,l2.-00-
Z1fom=Z (a) = Dare”
no
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Scanned with CamScanner tne [20 3]
Take a=-1 in the above.
Special case ?
z
. 20-0") = aT
QB) Let fmen for m= 01,2.
12
Then Z[f(m]= nz" Ot Sth Gt
Bettye oy
2,3 -) =H uy" We ¥
wbfte24 34...) 12) 2 Afet }
1 Z(n)=
G- a
(4) Let #(n) =n? (pis. positive integer)
Then Zfen)= Ze") =F ater =z Twn
m0 n=0
But we have Z(n?"!) = 'nPlg-* i)
co) 7
Differentiating (ii) wat, 2", we get
d a 2
glzor)] “he (-n-zr00) = en ene good 7)
Substituting (if) in (), we obtain
tice that hi :
Pane 's isa recurrence formula,
'8P=1 in(ivy, , we get
2m) =~ 2S rays - “4
2
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Scanned with CamScanner AND DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS 731
d
Zn") = -2G [20] (sp =2)
-f( } ap ee, 24D | Bt
az \@-1? *G-) G@-y GP
[JNTU 2005S, 2008S (Set No.2))
°
2 2 2 3
) +32) tu = 44 (2) «() +
z z, zz z
az" Nedtetete
wren) om)
z-1
Pie ak [et A § 5
LAL te oe sated, a
2s ee 22 ieee #-]
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Ea ear ad
fmf] f
= = clog (2) 2 sta)
. tod =-[a gat
2
(10) Z ~ transform of diserete unit step function : Lng
Unit step sequence /(”) is defined by f(n)=0 for n] [sve
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ue FE) LO
7
a)
Proof : We have
om fe SE" +f@E? +
zipmeFer= BIO? a
= HO ADE FO Hm
> co, we get
(ie) fO= HH, FG)
Now, taking limit as =
POLO)
Note that f= Ht 2LF@)- FO
fe Lt PLFA-SO- forth
fae? [EG)-f0)- f= - FOF] and so on,
43.7 FINAL VALUE THEOREM:
If Z[fn)] = FO, then FO = iB, (z-))F(@)
Proof : We have
Z[fn+0- fm] = Lhrwry- Fine
> 2lfo+n]-z[f@]= x [ree n- fo)"
=> AF @)-s@-F @)= Lue +)- fp)”
mm
=> F@)(@--2f(0) = Yyw+y-so)z”
Taking the limits on both sides as z = we get
LIF @)-D)- 0)= Evenson
= LE LO- f+ FO- FO
= E fe+t)- FO
© REDEO- f= te foney- sO)
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2 We-DFE) = Lod
2 Ufi= Ly -DF@).
oe) Bes
MPLES
12 find the values of f@2) and f(3).
$3412 _ 2254321 +1227)
«=F va-7"
By Initial Value theorem, we have
Lf@=0. f= Lt z[F@)-FO]=0
L 2 [f@-£- F0)2"] =5-0-05 {from (1)]
ai (6) = 2[S@-F0-Fe"-fz?] = Ue ?[f@)-0-0-5e7]
me 0
a 4 ghthc get oh Nay4
ue ofS #42 5]. py [Set8e2 11227 se)
(2-1) z ze rly
4 42029 - 3027 + 202-5
z(z-1)*
sit z
ne
{= +32? +122?
2 2323 - 182? +2025
7 7
we
“( )
Zz
18,20 = 5
= u{23-18,20_ 3 )/_f |.
“fl zg 5)
22? 442412
MOON 1 200) = Ee find, ad,
Sol, = HaU(2)= He 2 eH?
2 (1-1/2)
Similarly, = ,44, z[U/(2)-0]=0;
yeu #[U(@)-% -4| Pe 22? 442412 _ ea Beales?
. («= (iy
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Scanned with CamScanner 1 2442412 9
eal Gy F
oe
ponent] 212.
=)
22243244 12) >3, then find the value of
may olel> 3s AY), fay,
petandeed
sat. Given that F@)=""G —3y8
2 (2432! +427)
ie
spat a ae
:, By Initial Value theorem, f(0) = , f@)=0,
= - u|—2_=-ol=
70) = Bf - £0] = | ai ol=2
$Q) = 2 [f@-FO- fe") = Le
«i v[wete—en?
aa 22-3)
= a2? 3c? 4 de 2e3 41824 542454
z0% oS aa
23-3)"
= Le 2] 22-5004 54 ee len
bf] Ae =s0e+54] =, |__2 2 |=2
2@-3p ne ( 5)
z
Findi i
MBS(3) is lef to the Teader as an exerci
TCise.
ee +
aan i
"| wa find Z[ fn +2)]
tion, ' Given 2m ee
2-121 7 FO) (say)
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner gNVERSE Z- TRANSFORM
Z{f(n)} being clearly a function of zis briefly written as F(z)
ie. Z{f(@)} = FO)
which can also be written as
f(n)= ZF) } :
Then f (n) is called the inverse Z - transform of F(z).
Thus finding the sequence {f(7)} from F(z) is defined as inverse Z - transform.
1 Z-1 is the inverse Z - transform.
40 CONVOLUTION THEOREM : e
IE ZF) = fn) and Z'[G(@)]= g(”), then
ZlFE)-G@)l= so) ere) =F Fm) e(n—m)
m=0
Where ey denotes the convolution operator.
Proof: We have F(z) = Di sepz and Gz)= Sele
n=
n=0
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Consider aye [y f+ FF Vg f(Q)2 2 tot f(m)z™ +. ~|
{20+ (27 +322? +, tne,
. vi poy gin) + FD a(n = + LO) g(n-2)+...4 fin) a0],
= Z[ros0+ SW gin- +--+ fO)80)]
=r ifrenatey]= sO s+ FM ger“ DF LO) 8
= Yflmain=m)
m0
Hence the theorem. [ES
2 .
[ROTM Eton rl akzs) using convolution theorem,
zg
z -1 =d@
Sol, We have Z(a")=—2= or 2 (=; a
, -1(_2_)=3"
Consider “(a =1-and Z (5) 3
ez “(-5)
7 oe DE- al- z-1 z-3
7 x 1" -3"" = >" 3" using convolution theorem.
m0
}
|
|
i 2 30" -\).
1
fl Evaluate (/) Z* [le -) J (i z* ical using convolution
theorem.
a3 431 43 4? =
Sol. (i) Let (2) = 2.2
z-a'z-a
By Convolution theorem,
Z"[y@] = 2" (2 )ez (& ) = ale
Thus, Hoye Do a= Ya" =(n4t)a"
(i) Let f@) = Es
me blero lore)
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Scanned with CamScanner qrisisin@ F
(er
Jefe) peta
rye" | Te |" ta
Using convolution theorem, show that zl
sol. By definition
. _ 1 1
ritet| = 24 a Geom!
rists| oy nt Gm! .
er ell pe ee rl
mi (=D! 2! @—2! nt
we bgt By 2D, og ls
ml om 2 om nl
1f, 2, nf-1)
= iste 2 +... to (n +1) terms
n
= tan e™.
nl nl
Using convolution theorem, find (
—
@-9G-9)
[NTU 2007 (Set No. 3)]
2 wih Zz Pai
(z-4) (2-5) (@-4) 2-5
We know that 2~! {=} =a"
za
pal 2 =z" gheg }
(2-4) @=5) z-4 2-5
= 4" * 5°, using convolution theorem
“Bert es fes-o$fef
Sol. Let f (2) =
m0 m0 =
4 (4¥ (ay ay
=a [s-(3) +3) +4(3) } which is in GP,
aye
a 75" Gyayger = Seta,
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Scanned with CamScanner (ON BY PARTIAL FRACTIONS hy
i fe 2)
sl the inverse Z transform of functions of the Form 2 ther sy
13.11 INVERSI
To fin
methods but we shall explain the method of partial fractions,
This method is similar to that of finding the inverse Laplace trang; forms vig
Hs )
fractions, The method consists of decomposing —— into partial fractions, Up,
resulting expansion by z and then inverting the same.
oe [if the degree of numerator < the degree of Denominatoy}
Let FG)
R@)
and F(z)= Q@) + 5 (2) [if the degree of Numerator > degree of. Denominatoy
R@) . : 5 s
D(z) iSthen expressed into partial fractions.
F
‘We convert Fis) into partial fractions and not that of F(z).
z 2-a 2-5 Gb G-H
Then F()= arte ite +p= 2
zd = ray
ZF] = ar A)er( ers
Example 11 ; me functions cannot be expressed in the form “2 (Refer sohel
4) to
into partial fecionses fallow ‘into patil fractions, In such as case we esa 9
or “lal
Te
o find the inverse Z- transform of the function of the type
© Fe)
er bXeera’ ‘We write this ag —42_ s + ae
(i) FQ)
(abner? » We Write this as Att Bz? +Cz
in?
Z- trans +d) zsh’ tag and then apply
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Scanned with CamScanner [JNTU 2004, 2005, 2007S (Set No.4)]
gore ai
2
FE" Fyjizeza @+IKE+8)
2
galt
ye tl (1)
hen (+3.e+8)
_ yeaGe8) +BE*3) ~~ (Q)
. 1
aze-8in@) =B(-8+3)=-5B >B=-;
1
piz2-3in@) =A(3+8)=5A > A=
substituting the values of A and B in (1), we get
1 1
5(2+3) 5(z+8)
z 2
FQ) = S243) 5(z+8)
a ae
Heme Z'IR@) = 2 [5 as|
es fif 2) 51s
+ |= 4243-2
i (imal i zal tal]
= 3-9" -c9"] [: Ya"\=—
DRIER] Find the inverse Z-transform of ——!——.
(@+3)@-2)
Sol, Here we can resolve either F(z) or *o into partial fractions. Now we resolve
only into partial fractions as shown below.
z Az Bz Ce
A ce
@+37(@-2) ~ 743" Ga? z-2 (1)
Then z= Az(z+3)(z-2)+ Bz(z—2)+ Cz(z +3)?
Wien 2=2, 2=CQ)2+3% = Cot
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Scanned with CamScanner gott
When 2=-3) “3 B33) BES
zon both sides, we have
J the coefficients of
‘Comparin,
4(-4) 2 (z z
S)(2+3 “Ls. =]
[on substituting the values of A Ban
_rty-if_2_)_tz] J oAf_z
= 357 (4) 5 (a (5)
—_ de gn lacsyt Ler,
2-H" gn #9329
Cin
-1|__42*-22 ii) Z
[REDE Evaluate () 2 [tts] (3)
ava2z __2#(22-1)
Sol. (Let f@) = 57 s7 482-4 (2-1)(e-2)
Sf) __2(2-1)_ 4] 4, B
(2-1)(2-2)° (z-
= 22-1 = A(z-2)° +B(z-1)(2-2)+C(z-1)
Comparing the terms on both sides, 4+B=0, -44-3B+C
On solving the above equations, we get A= 1,B=-1,C=3
Substituting the values of A, B and C in (1), we get
2.2 2) | oi 6
and 44+2B-C=-1
1 3
pot tee al
z z-1 2-2 ae z-1 z-2 (2-2)
1 fig) = 22222, 2
z
«3
(Jee (5)
=2-2.2"4+3n2" |-> Z(na")=—Z— |.
. : =|
Hence f(n)=2" [f(]=227 (4)-2 a
@) Let fy-_2
Tao?’ Then
z+1)(z-1))
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Scanned with CamScanner + {on finding and substituting the values
of A, B and C]
sole
Lay edad
40) ahtgn ;
22” +32
pos Find the inverse Z - transform of 775/74) * [JNTU 200
22? +32
gal Let F) = Gaga’ THEM
2243 AB
= est La
G+2@-9 ~ z42 2-4 ay
2 2243=A(z—-4) + Be +2) wa (2)
Pa z=-2inQ) -1=A¢2-4) > A=
Paz=4in(2) =B¢+2) 3 B= 2
Substituting A and B in (1), we get
Fe) _ V6 16
2 242 2-4
rey= 4.24 He
6 742° 6 2-4
Hence ZR = 42 {ah
z+2
ie gi] dha3e | Leon gta [..
a Sn) = 2" +E" |e Za]
fm Find z— tos}
(z+3)"(z-2)
Sol Let Fez = z Then
(2+3) (2-2)
FL AB ¢
= (2432-2 33 Gap? 7a
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner pIFFERENCE EQUATIONS: :
et «¢ the differential equations are used for dealing with continuous processes in
le difference equations are used for treatment of discrete processes.
Just
ure, 1
finition = ; :
A difference equation is a relation between the differences of an unknown function at
qr more general values of the argument,
Thus Ay, + 29,0 ol)
and Sy, + 5Ay, + 6, = 0 wwe (2)
are difference equations. I
Analternative way of writing a difference equation is as follows :
Since AY, = Yet — Yr
<. (1) may be written as
Ye —In= 0 = G)
Also since, A?y,, = m2 — Yes *Yn
. 2) takes the form : y,.9+ 3¥ 41 + 2y, = 0 + A)
Another way to express the difference equation :
Putting A - E-1, equations (1) and (2) reduces to
we (5)
E’y,+3Ey,+2y,=0 (6)
» Order of a difference equation is the difference between the largest and the smallest
‘guments involved in the difference equation, divided by the unit of increment.
Ev, + Yq
(a+1)-n
1
(n+2)=n
1
. Solution of a difference equation is an expression for Y, Which satisfies the given
ifference equation.
1
Thus order of (3) =
and order of (4) =
The general solution of a difference equation is that in which the number of arbitrary
‘stants is equal to the order of the difference equation.
+ Definition :
A linear difference equation is that in which. Vici
are not multiplied together.
A linear difference equation with constant coefficients is of the form
Vath +O Yuher +O Imepiat + Oy Yq = flr) where a,, yy ---y Gy are Constants,
Ynez &te. Occur to the first degree only
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Scanned with CamScanner mm NCE EQUATIONS alt
TO DIFFERENCE | ;
12.12 APPLICATIONS form technique i sefl for solving Kinga ig
Justas the oe quire useful for solving linear difference equations "a
the a transfor inte procedure of solving linear difference gq
jore we SI ions,
transform technique:
Consider a sequence ¥
A relation of the form
+O Yn = LM)
——
You $M Mnoter FAI et?
where 0)52p,d3oe Af constants is called a linear difference quation
1953 wi
coefficients of onder k. .
‘The difference equation is called homogeneous if {(n)=0. Otherwise a
non-homogeneous equation. a | ney,
Working Procedure : To solve a given linear difference equation wig
coefficients by Z - transforms.
Step 1: Let ZQ,)=ZD@]=Y@)
Step 2: Take Z-transform on both sides of the given difference equation,
Step 3 : Use the formulae, Z(y,)= ¥ (2)
Z6pas) = AV(2)-Yoh ZO) =? [rox -4| and the given conditions,
‘Step 4: Simplify and find Y(z) by transposing the terms to the right and dividing
coefficient of (2).
Step 5 : Take the inverse Z transform of Y(2) and find the solution y,
This gives y, as a function of n which is the desired solution.
We illustrate the technique through some worked out examples.
GENIE Solve 41-29, =
Sol. Let Z(y,)=¥(2)
Then Z (yp41)=2(F (2)-yo]
Hence taking the Z-transform of the given equation, we get
2Ons1)-2Z (y,)=0
using Z-transforms.
‘€ SY @)~y1-2¥(2)=0 = (¢~-2) Y@)=0
orY(z)ay 2:
Onn ie =zvey
Hence y, = af z z
»}-nz(45) = yp(2” a=
Hence y, =2%y, s2 Faa) 7902") JZ Foa
Note : We . e
Substituting y, “ry, ia that this is a solution of the given siffeer?
0 Inthe given difference equation.
a ‘q
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Scanned with CamScanner | Using the Z-transform, solve Jns2-7¥n41 + 12yq = 0 given tht
et andy, = 2+
gol. Let Z (1%) =) we (1)
We know that Z (¥n42) = [rer-m- (2)
Z (yn) ==[¥@)- yo] we QB)
Taking the Z transform of the given difference equation, we get
Z(Yne2)—72 (nat) +12Z (Yn) =O
Using (1), (2), (3) in the above, we get
2 (v= tht [¥@)-y9]+12¥(2) =0
Hence (z?-72 +12) (=) =(2? ~72)yp +2,
2
2-72 z
-
724129 2 -72412
Use yy =I and y,=2. We get
2 ¥@)
=z,~@75)
272412
B
sea (say)
Put 2=4. Then B=-1
Put z=3. Then -A =-2 “ A=2
Hence Y¥(z)=2|
2-3 2-4
Ose (2 Jet, weve
3 af).
ZY] =22 (5) (5) -20 0
(ie) y= 2@")-4"
RIE Using Z-transforms, solve ypi2—4 ati +3y, = 5",
Sol. Let 2 (,)= ¥(2)
Taking the Z transform of the given difference equation, we have
2[re-¥ ~Al-as (@)~y0]+3Y (2) ==
z-5
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Scanned with CamScanner te ta DOE peas SN
hada ea ede ALOT ERS
ie. .
+ 3G@-5 * &e-D 4-5)
—3yp)2 , 3007") , —7— ie
or Y@ aS + Sea) * 8-5) *3@-0 * 4-5
On taking inverse Z - transform of both sides, we get
n=3¥% . 7-1 4 300-w) {2} patsy
a me a} 7 2 \e-as*8” 25
-1 rit}
+2 (Si 4} 4 2-3
yr 3m 300-1) lis tate"
=A oe +56)" +gO- GO)
-3v0,1 on w) Fe alsn
. ( 2 “}( 2 47 8
+. The solution isy, = +2 3” +35”
1, "73% = 300-m)_1
where ¢, 3 and cy 2 4
a
Using Z-transforms, solve Yn+2~5Yntt = 69m =?
Sol, Let ZO 1)
‘Taking Z-transform of the given difference — we get
2[r@- Yo - 4- 5z[¥(z)-yo]-6Y(2) =>
ie, (2? -52-6]¥(2)-[2? -5:] yy -2, =>
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a aa cl
sh 22 -$2-6] ¥(z)=(2? ~52) 99 +24 Hh
<5: ys), SF AE
le Set +2 5l- G-6 241 2-2
where co.c are arbitrary constants and A is a constant that will be determined.
or [
2 Je =Z"{¥(2)) = 69.6" +,(-1)" +A 2"
The part (ype = 6y-6" +q(-1)" Will satisfy yq42-S¥n41 Yn = 0
If Un)p =A.2” is to satisfy the equation A 2"? - 5.2"! -6.2"]=2"
or A[4-10-6]=1 we c12A51
7
=e6"+q(-" 3 is the general solution.
Note. More difficult types of difference equations are not included in this book as the
the knowledge of complex variable theory.
[ESMNSE] Using Z-transforms, solve Yne2- nti + 99n = 3” with yg =0 an
1.
Sol. Let Z (y,)=Y(2)
Taking the Z transform of the given difference equation, we get
Z (Yn42)—6Z Init) +92 On) = ZG")
2 2[re- Yor a. 62 [¥(z)- yo] + 9¥(z) = a
Using yp =Oand y, =1, we note that t
or (22-6249) ¥(z)=2+——
(2 -62+9) ¥(z)-z
2-3
2-22
1 ¥(2y=2
Gas (1)
We know that ep ae Z(n.a")=2 22?
Put a=3 a a
32 _3z(z-3) 327 492
2,38) =— 22 aE EED. 3?
GF Gp Se
Hence write z? ~2z = A (3z)(z-3)+B (327 +92)
:. Putz=3-+ Then
_
B =9-6=3, ¢, Bec-=—
(27427) =9-6=3. ». B= a is
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7 2 I,
Further comparing the coefficients of z”, ,
Az>
1e3A43B. ie 3A=1-3B=1 Aa
1 432
2 2-3) +<> 32" +92)
Henee = 2 ( is! a
sf 1 G2" +92)
a MO=G Lp? TS G-3 (From (1) and Qy
5 1 (32(2-3)), 1-1 322 492
oe ez NvG)] & 2 Z byl 32492
oom = ZNO = 7 ees 1° (3)
= 7 tig" 3 7 .
FREE sing Z-transform, solve 4u, — u,,, = 0 given that on
LINTU 20065 5,
Sol. Let Z(u,) = i (z)
Taking Z-transform on both sides of the given equation,
AZ (u,) — Z (u,,.) = 0
ie, 40 (z)- 2? [7 (z)—uy — 4,27]
ie, 40 (z)-2H(z)+2z =0 L- u,=0, u, = 2]
ie, @(z)(z?-4) = 2z
ia,
-4
w@=—4 2
2-2) 2e@+y
Taking inverse Z-transform, we get -
. 2" we] = 2*(S)-4--(5)
us tonto,
rac I~ FE 2N= (21) an 94 (ay
22" Caye
Ynea~ Wag + a pees the difference equation, using Z - transform
Sol’ n= O given that y= =
“Yat 307 2 and yy = 4 I
m= a1¥@)—y,)
and 2,
fete tne: eden
(@-2)(@+2) ~ 2[2-2° 242
+= 2 [y(2 vn
“%- FT]
z
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Scanned with CamScanner oo - *,
4 =3n+5, using Z -
Solve “n+2 = 2 tn ’ [4 transforms,
U@)
f both sides of the given equation, we get
+5Z(1)
Sol. Let Z(%,) =
Taking Z - transform o
Zhuggg}—2ZAnes + tn) = ZO)
Zz
ie. [vue »-}- 2e[UG)—o]+U@)=3 ° ee we
2 oa ees
ie, (22241) U)=(* 22) mo tm 24) Ce
2_ 22
+(z’
@-D
or Ul)-@-1? =
52 te =2z)Mo zu
We= Gat ete
Taking Inverse Z - transform on either side,
1 | 522-22 i 2-22 ZI Zz }
ae DN gZ +u, 21)
‘ ea : (a lear
2+ 3
5» 20?)== = and ZoP)=
7 (@-l
2? 22 Age +47? +2) BHD,
(-14 (-14 Gv
Equating atic of like powers of z, we find
Noting that Z(1) =
By partial fractions, we write
An Be1c=—2 andD=0
. ~| 2
. cece +z! tz a
- 2 (2-8 (IP 2
and Zt) 2 =22| _ eri z :
(2-12 pay oo
z-1 G cy
t\-
Gt
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Scanned with CamScanner io
am (12s (3) and (4), we have
fr = Lin? Zine (11) ap +1400) = Meg? en-3)ug(l-m +m
a) |
v
2 n=1(n+3) +g + n(-ug +4)
2
)
Z(n=In+3) te +e, where cy = Mp and ¢, = 4% —
3 yo =2"
pol Solve the difference equation, using Z-transforms 4,42 u,
here ‘i =0,0,=1 [INTU 2006 (Set No. DI)
whe 9 = 0 .
gol Let ZU, = Ue).
aking the Z- transform of both sides, we get
Tig) 20%) = 22")
ie -[vv--8]-ve = 3
Usingthe given conditions it reduces to
Zz
z-2
4] ie
z
[v@-0-
2(
ie @-DU@)= 2425 =
2(z-1) ry z
o UD)= Gazer (@-2Ke+D
bevizd (ade ELA) 5-4)
3\z-2 242. 3\z-2 2+1
On inversion, we obtain
= ty zf{4_)-241(
wll
es "a 2 Tanya
7 [2"-cn"] [: zat)=2-],
1
4
Solve the difference equation ty, +t a, -(3) :
20, u(0)=0, u, =1 using Z transforms. [NTU 2007 (Set No.1)]
ol. Let Z(u,) = U(z) + Then
2(u,.1) = 2[U(z) — up]
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Scanned with CamScanner Zakroyalorms
Dilieong_estation
Definitions: A Livan nikleventdid eauator) i tab fn Which
Yer, Uren Che. occurs tp Fv Degrer. only and one
Mok amulh’plied -togeiney.
A Linear, cldfevence canaten ain. Conbtant coepheietd 3 tig.
form
Une Bree yf Yneteat ot Oe yy = fem)
Whee aren, -- ob ane :
SI i.
—uing Differena ewations USing- 2-Tanshorme
To s ‘ |
‘olve oO given +Eneos, deFfeventa equation with constont
Cocticients by 2- transforms,
Is
StePl> Tane transtrg on both Steles given DiFfevence ema hin
Se dee 20 Yy) = 2lye] = Yaa)
St USe the following formulae
= ton) = = C¥@)-4]
z [neo] = 2 Ty)- - 4
Sees subsite ys yap We =)
5) 0 Bien. “simple
oy Sending AU te terms tp medi | aT a
SPS! Gake “the frente Zthanshrry of Ya) and kd the
Dbtom Fy. ;
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Scanned with CamScanner Problems:
Fo BOVE fy - 2 Y= Sing 2 Evanssorm s
Stem kee 2 Ldn) = Ya)
Liven dif krone eauaton Gnei en =O
Dake 2-transtorm on boh Sides
Zldnay) — 2 2(Yn) =O
ZLye)-Ho] =r yeer=0 [ 2th) -260-4) |
ZYl2)-2y5- 2 yz) =O
(-2) Viz) — Zy=0
N@)= ae
ZC) = oe
dn = pales) zi
2 Solve
Solvent Ina, —7 Sey +24 =0 given that Y=) ama y=
ser kek 2d) = Ya)
Givem Difference. eauatlorn
[> Yop = 0a]
Ener — Tne) + 24m =O
Toke 2 rontdorm on bath” Srales,
24] - 9 2(4nn} +2. 2(%] =0
The)-y,- x) 42 0e4,J 402 Ya =o
e~ 72402) Yiz) -2y, +924, — My =o
ey & 40) Yayo y ate 92) +29, >
Yeo= 272 w+ 2e
Zaye) @-3) 4)
Ye z= oy = zs)
2 (2-3) 2-4) 23{2-uy
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Scanned with CamScanner Ye) 2-5
= Gae-4) 9
—= = & 4 &
(2e-u) 2-3 2a)
Zaiog| | he _A(Zz-4) +8 (2-3)
-alaqy (2-3) (2=%)
Pub 2=3 puRz=4&
8-5 = A(B4) “ns = (4-3)
Ae2 Bos /
tom 0)
NO. eee
re .
ij ey en
ACM= 23
2(&) S317
; Z-&
w= 2 (23) (Ze
23 2-4
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Scanned with CamScanner 4
Using 2- Eramshrml solve.
o Gras — 6 tae sd Yon = 37 wih
do =0 amd Gor.
Solution yop 2l4)= Viz)
Diep daa = bags F Ity = 3”
Takéng 2-traméforms op bom Sides rege,
Z (YJ - 62 (Yn) +9204) = 237]
2 Lyte) te ) - 62 Yer] 44 Ved 2
I
23
fe -62 +9] Y(2) ALi) +08) zy, ey.
Ca yee SDP
bh
(2) Yiz) = o5 fa = iy
28
2m) = Zzae
(2-38
NE lemon =that oe
= OS %
=hnan) = Gage 17 [wan] = —“
Put o=3 (Qa)
2 (0-2) = aati ae | 5 2(na%)= 227492,
ee Gar
e 2-22 = 9(32 (2-3) B (22242) s¢)
prboa=d
= a ning (oct “i
3-2 B= B (3(P F903) p NR Sen Pe
3 = (54) |= S438
26=1-3,8-
Be "3 24 a [se we fe 3a)
Te"
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Scanned with CamScanner Soml)
teowze
= (Rt Ae
re (2G) ) wd, (a2%qz)
Ye2) = zeew
1 (2-a) 3
| 2(th)= = e [Bee] 82592)
| Gs Gaz
| Sey Ye) - s. nf 222 Ll
ear J thon ory
Gay
4, = %, 2? nye
Dien ty ty m7)
‘by i Tirterl
it
=
»
Sy. 3743
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Scanned with CamScanner Solve the didferents.
'. equation USing 2.
Baus form
- =9
Ont. — Un 2? aheve Ue =6, w=)
Solutian:
der 20Un) 2-2 il sn
(2 A) U2Z)-2-2 2.
; Zp pzrzeee
GAYums = fi ~ 2
bay of Bye = Sai
mY ONE) = re eA) _ i
2) euyl2Ary
a.
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Scanned with CamScanner = ..f *
Solve. Unta— Unmet Un = 3N4F using z-transforms.
lution:
tion det 2 (up) = UL)
Criven differena eavason
neg = 20 nay + Un = 34 &
fake z-trvonttrm on bor, Sides
' ZU} -2 zfuny]+z (we) = 320) + S Slr)
2° [U@)-4- YJ] -2% [ve)-vo] +UG) = 3-2 45. Z_
(2-)> Zl
(2 ree!) Ue) 2b ~ 2% #22 = BB 4 sz
a0" By
Z=27z4)] VI) = (eX 4z)u+Uz+ 32 5:
(Faz GReriardz+t Be + om
i wy serse(2-1)
VUE) = (202) up+ 9% + Be
U(@) = 62%9
=e “ z + (2722) a
| <2) Baye cy
| Un = S52 2 hye -
Gy [eS] sox fSbo
Formole
= 2 200" Eo, zis Bez yyy. Bete
B39
By Portal tracsims et write
BV 02 Al oz% a), B2¥2)
Z BEF) . ¢
evi “ena t a “eet DZ. bz
rc. BBS.
S292) = AGUzn) 460s). tay fe Wy?
F Apt 8 oy
e-F Hey eae 2)
ComPrd Cech icear of zt | OMParing Cotsen
Deo A-B+C =_y fz.
Compaonng Cescient of 23 5 >@
AtB+e=0 > San, &) ~~
Composing coekhtienk 2 | scr © a EE oon
wat (20) 2 & See
GA-20=5 @Q)
‘Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner y from © sob B= |
A-G4+C2_2_
A-14¢>—-a.
At+¢=-15@
Sowing @ 4 @er
yA-2qg¢ = Ss”
2A+2/
Lie
Ept +. 5)
os Sereselicea vu).
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Scanned with CamScanner LARLAC E, TRANSFORMS.
Laplace Transform of fe) és denoted by L fe) ond it is
clined as °
LU]= [ass we
3
Laplace Frans-form of Some Standbye! func bons:
4 Laplace trams form oP Constamb
fe Lfkj = (ost
J § a Kot
=k xst 0 — ook
[2 ) Séton= ef
= «(fe
=s
ed
** Srmvbe
2. L{k = ky
2 w(t] = yor
SZ [x] < ay nee
son?
y. Lear) — sar] — 1
few] = » er) ia
S- 1 CSimat) = Oo L[ Sinha) =
star ? Star
6. 2 (eat) = =, » Lb leoshat) = S_
-
6
47
a
h
a
a
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Scanned with CamScanner Conditions fr exnseence of Aoplce ‘Frensforms
an ainooit the furction $12 musk Sabsty -tye
Following Comins fer eave tnie ef 4apou Transforms
(1) The Fanckin Fld must be piece Wika. cond'noas in
Uvvted fatvval of acbes
i) the -fumckom £(b 1 ef exfonentyol order
be Ir wok =
boy © Fe = a tile Quanity
then -fixy % Exponenhal bblera .
Problems:
1 Gvatuote 2 (tab +5)
Sutin) Paras) = 4 (H)- 3h] +4)
Ba +56 | ME
aa L(d=%
2 ht % NN efede me
2. Cxduate 2 (tt e*h asimat]
Sotvtion: 1 (Ab+erhy rsimar) = 4 (t4]+ L(21} 2 Llsimr]
\
-4u4
ott
W
3. Exduate Lf Cost)
Bion: Le know that {costs = in caary
Lcose)= £ 2 AD |
{uci7+ zlcosir) |
i
(e+ Se
[+> HJ
a4
iz
ol.
m3
o
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Scanned with CamScanner peplate Tomb) Pern
Cvalwate LESat)
Solutionr Ne knowtak Sink = Incaser
dolution
L [siel) = 2b (ee)
feb] 4 eas] }
J
7
+. £
+f ‘
Evducte LC Sing t cos3e)
Solution: -
TT (Singr cosy) = + 2 ( 2Simyp ) ek sae
Sion os3= Sinto18)4 Snide)
ob [z aes Sin by
2BASinb= Sincare)—Sin GB
aL re (Sin3) re sim {f pea
2COSAOSB= COLO +6)¢ SCAB) 4)
et ZSiMSNb= CSA-L
ant |
et [=r
© L FG oy
Crdwote 2 [ 3c0s3t. cosy]
ete [3053+ cosy t]
2& (2 2 CoS3r @sqr’)
ae
=y% L [cos Fy St J
=y fz (cos) +L (ost))
a4 [Ss Hosein
4 SPR + 2]
~ 1 (Fst)
2EALAB= CSCS) ri eben-8)
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Scanned with CamScanner Fivst Shifing eoreny 1m Laplace Tronsems
a -
tf LAO] = FS) ten Lle fol= Fl) 5050
x“ ett fo =
‘Le 4] = [XCtel]
L(t £5) = [Z Cfe]) S2S¢a
Pros i iicuaae ee
Create Ll eFFeost]
Soltion:—
4 [e*cosp] = [4 [eesr]]
ea Fish
2S-2 (Shi com |
= (4) Sos3 [leeeS J
= 68. . of
Culuete 2 Saat] (SDF) SE +0
Sdvtion:- st
Lfe Sere) = [z Stor] :
> Sry [sng fh
- [te on
ee
TPT So54) { Lsnay) oh
= 2 a yo —
ewe ~ Fe
Cvdluate £(-£ E3H) “171
Auto 1 fee) [-tlescy, ay 7
7 (Ls ose [1x]
= =)
Cw S655 !
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Scanned with CamScanner Potems oy bys Shifting, ~Beereny
bo Evabeake GL CE Sina)
GLC ae fran]
Gi) oe (3 est
” LE &* gh Cosar]
S4\
= f2
[ez S> S+]
De = 2
GPF S5284 >
©), (é*eimae] (LCs) 55 Sea
- f2
lee leoan se
~ Buse
my Lee) a L029) Is aug
bs 3 z
sith] ie
Ses—
&
i Grsy*
ner
S35)
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Scanned with CamScanner eo Lf FF gigi b cooar)
= Lh sinur cur) 8-5 543
> St
sh [ L (2Sinus oss1)) XSiy a CoSB,
a
zs $2543 | = Simcrenys sinlA-6y
-+[
LGin7e + sink] =
Sed
s [Bs + =] Lbs
s+ Shr ney) = Bo
a | SFr As 5 op a
= =z ——
* U(sb 45 eon, |
L lew) > 4. ae t &,
CoS a FOS +58 Stbs + Jd
SS
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Scanned with CamScanner Division byt Pole
LC EB)= §"Pe [He]ds
Tategration Remobe
To Paregrate L(Smaty —» {he Tow ap,
x4ar
°
VORmrerate A (Coser) —» fo oy
Foy
log Fexy
1 dntepote L( et)
hope seat]
DP Jc = \oga
0}
= J A(Siwrt) ds
Lismnat)= &
(* > ds %
u“
— ota
$ Sai
Orr
-2 b( Tera]?
= Torr leo Toure)
=< tv |
wa u Son's = Coney
@ sce)
\
s A(COS3t) ols
-| Llasd) = 3
° =
Hn J? 28 Boy
SS tatm [is Sb» eg oy]
KL [eg (sray]
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Scanned with CamScanner Lleme It
Sa
Sabon = ign
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Scanned with CamScanner Division byt Role Prosums
Voluate ¢ L ‘oSat —to!
asco (ee) oo fem)
Q) 1 (chet) < tee as
Lle)= 1
= , ~ 3a |as
= aa (se) legs-o (Leste
= Oo- legts-4) leo4 (s-
| eee J
"IE ar
& Lf sh nose) _—
&
=I ° 2 (cosaty - Alcosst) 7
=) (J ug th 28
1 (" SG, Z|!
= 4 [leg (#0 - legtgie |
= fo= bg leet epee)
= £4 Sey
= log [s—
SHR
2
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Scanned with CamScanner Olu fi i ay et e: Sor,
Fl twos y Lhe]
at Sik]. is Aker) bs
i
J aa Soo Pot
Tear”
= (me) TP es
= Venby Thee y "a
A (Set) = a tts)
fe E"Srt-) 5 1» (ele Weer
ar
il [¥ MC osc¢)
=P -Rertery
At ties Pra] 3 4s 2 Eline
“AE Boog
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Scanned with CamScanner trvomsforms
Evaluation of _integrats (psig Laplace
Fotegras Ff +yPe r furdr Can be Evaluated eatery
using Laplace iran torai paeeive)
s~ &S* Fay ae = L Ce)
‘Prowler
Ewmluate cr Eth gmat dk Using Laplace transform.
8
Solvtion: =
ae ene Sars war = LCF)
* Hi :
Sim3b
° aSt gthae dee LC )
7 = 2
s43"
Larike G= 4 Em beth Sides WE QU
S? gS’emae = 2 = 2
. yra™ 1e*4
ws
Cuduate St SF ant de Using Weplace transforms
°
Solution .-
we Know tak [sre acts Soar = L[f@)
re Sngtdh = Lb € Srm3at}
=< -d. (singe, @ mu lh’pl cali
). =a 5 ‘on
ae 2] Etkd=— hho
iby
= MeO) = 2%
a ( ee ee) Asmat) = a
0-7)
wet Smad == SS
Sey%
tovite S= 3 on born eget
[P tettmara = SCD o IB =)
ay> 09” Be
uv
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Scanned with CamScanner \exuation of Integrals using laplats Transform}
Cvaluoke. \° CoSok - Cosbe ap Using Laplace trons forms.
Solotion: ae ————
Be kon Bat (se ‘Est 49 dt = Lier |
ce
sogst situs. el ——
E E
eo
= Se teso ct ds (using oivistn 6 t
~
elf 2 Sily_ 2S as Z losak
De
TS Sarr, ye ° Fee
= lege gles. SEB enstgdeon
=t[o- die) tog (4s)
a OS) asthe = t log Be) hga-loys = (Ga.
E Sar
Puk S=6
CoSab- -
a = beg (5
P nat 2 bg (&)” [ipa mga]
he ag be
sok
co
&
n
ce
H%4)
a
¢
It
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Scanned with CamScanner USing Laplw tramform Cxrluate [7
eee ty
é
Sdoten: 2
ly Ae knoe Kap [efor - L[£e)
fee Ean 2 Ge]
f Let e+] ds (sing Divityonty b
Rete)
iv
1
4 (em Sr PS pet) = 4.)
(Hatem -log (seay] Me = leg |
fe TRENT MIM I
"
"
u
~ leglssy + eG (Ser)
4
“ehh (GbE = bb _
|e fe (se) [aoa rg}
Arilte S20
a “6 x \
5 at (22 ae . eg (=)
\° chek =| =]
o> fd Ogu
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Scanned with CamScanner ‘ pavlnpheakion bg & Problens
Cvelaales[f + eh Sine de]
rain a ets feat) = 4 LCfo]
Lfesinat) = ; fee [Lisenrrs ]
--8 [a]
> fag]
us
Al &enps Gor
Lt €f9m4] « ( LESinat)] | i
St]
. (ear Bal dae
= 46+
(G9 Fy) -
Lleeimr) — @ CSV)
hep Crt
Af, eb Grote] =f eet
(s}2515) 27
m=
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SJAG=4
Z (2) oH
Scanned with CamScanner Molespicoson by
ENdnake Alte * Sin3t |
Salobi
b a
[sent] = {1 (sinaty 5
=-2 (3
& [xs]
1ie Lg * ee i a
L (-sinat) = a=
. ep
rf e smc} 2 [+tesmanl] 5
_ St 2
cra $5 S4r
= 6(8+2)
[envi]
L[@%esmse} = een
“ Ch asia)» a=
Oibek L [L Phe ae] -
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Scanned with CamScanner laphce Fawtlinm of Period. fonction
ers Flt) © Said Periodic if anol only If
fet) = fity tor Some volue of T for every Volue oft.
Here 1 a Period «
ze function With —? then
TE fy Ba a
ashy
nieuws Lette on Oe feu
Problens Ton
Find the Laplace Franblorm of the. Srusse-wave. furncion of Period 2%
defined o& F(E)=K when oxt t C Snags ~ Smbe)
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Scanned with CamScanner Convolutioy theorem
——— + —————
let L [He] = Fes) ons LO glo] = WY then Lf foxao)
¥G).56) or (FBO) - $Hxgle)
» ETFO: 96) = 5 4&)- gle-v) du
Using Convobtin ~theevorn find = (aga)
Sowtim'= ——miyen Let (Crcen]
Figs Sra EO = St
$6-fre) = ae- CO)
-_ =u (52) ~ © (58)
i f= arr ay Er
USing Conveluboy Keoyom
ee | I b
L" (Fes). Go@j= F6*36 = J foyqe-yay
= Vv 5
= re em ett boyy
= gt {d Se yy
SP EE May
or repr
7a (deve 1
Ol BSe0) -%, [eter
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner VSe Convolution theorem +o Cvalvate “(s% |
Solv tion:- -
der Foor 4 gist
3
Keon q
$= (F)) gaye u(se)
au(t
“ s) 2 smar
US*Y Convolution -Keoven
&es)\ JF $uea-ace-u) du
2
we
. hab Styrle-v Yd
- 4
Fa \r SnGr -2vJalv.
1 Foes Gr =) bE
re Ao
u
2
"
3 ( coSe—cosat |
uw (sy) = % C-@sib)
“tS
U8ing Conyolotion theevem Cveluate [C! (sey J}
Solution: ; = Ss
at Gives Lt (de)
FCs) = So Guy = ee
Fs o[ Fo] gH = -C8)]
alae] 7 OC]
Fw=Cesat ab= + Smat,
Using Convolution theererg
M[Foge\= [*tw- sew.
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Scanned with CamScanner oe (J = JS cosee 4 Smattu) dd
(Y cosav Sinft-avy du
w
—
v
&
S
=
b
3
-
>
3
‘E
>
sr Simab — Sim (av-at) du
“ta [Saat - - osbov—ots)) .
a o
Smat +L, Cosat)- (OF ag)
et [tsmat +, casal —{ otal’)
aes _ .
L se) = & Senat
Arey Convolution theorem +o Sng
oF (Eos oem]
(i)
uw ( xu)
©) ata
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Scanned with CamScanner Solving Ordlonany Diffeconbal Cayateon vsing Laplace trans form.
Working Rule
" Gake Laplace Lromsdocen f both Sites of the ven DE
V& the Lemos
ACabl= £ Lw-16)
LCM] = STAW-S 4O)-9bp)
25
L(g) = 22 -s"¥6)—sg'01- vey
5 Subsite YO), Bt), Y@) DIK-Ke Broa Ine Gnuihins.
4s Seed ai he terms —b ans Cucaph ¥.
Pn 5) wos 0 dnvtese Leprce-trontfoeny Leoknges to #1 b8.
Se
rolve. dy vsmy Aaplale-tronsSrevy ef gk % £0 Hiven tha Yloi=2,
W@)=0,
Sdlotion:. - oe
—= (riven p. d i
ivan De ai tkyro
“ThIS Cam be written ah
G4 kBao
Take Laplace 0” 60K Seles
Alaa nls) =o
S™Lay-S4@-t'y + K™ LY =O
Crew -S$C2)-0 =o
(+e) Wore
L@ =
SFee 3
J+ ae)
Gar CoSkE
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Scanned with CamScanner usmg Laplace Pramform Solve CO%GOrS)Y = 5 Fvon that qe=0,
d@zo.
btn — Gen de (Dp GD4)1 25
This DE Com be written af
Pe agasge 5
Take Loplace on 60th Sicles
L(+ gh (g) 45 dy) = LF)
SLY -S 40s) — - . =5
[s vo] + 4[ Sy -yei] +54 = Fup
(S+ases] Le
Ss
Ay-2o—
S (Sess)
=
— = Ay BSC
Slstqss5) et =<
SFT
g = A(Shus15) +8540) 5
S083 uS45) ‘StsFuses)
Pol Sz0 Comparing Coefhieemk of >
5 = A(0r0+5) O= Aare
Ax %/5 =| Be-az-
Comparing Cefhuen- Gs
jc C=e_ io
= , een th
S6%05) 7 ZT xs
; S53 G545
“ 5 - S+y)
= Saas L
meer KK bate “
Stuses) “S ra
Saar
Scanned with CamScanner
Scanned with CamScanner em 1 Gro}ho
Ay = —2— =e
® SSFUSASD — Sates
Gaal
g- ef(t)- i ( Gaver)
Gro)
sth af Ste
el-~ eve ( Se |
ao -erfe(& Jere}
Gi) Suh “2K = ev X@)=) alo) =—>_
Gy (We sv46)x = se gen x00) =2 and x!0)= |.
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Scanned with CamScanner Apel Convelotion Keorem +o fad (eoten
tion: c
7 Rls) = S& (sy- 3. qq
Say G(s)= Pe
$l) = e( Fw) que (Ftsy)
=e Sav) Abo= (Age)
fe= Corr P= CoSde
USING Convolution theovery
E'[ Feo. 9 esjJ= St fee gle-v) du
°°
fone Cos 3(€-v) du
m1 ‘Leesy Cos (36-30) do
>
PHSACOSB = CoSCAtG) + COSCA-B)
&
(Cos (2043+-30) + CoS8QU-2430)Jdy
on
+ s* [Cos C abv) + ©S (sv-ac)} du
°
[ Sm Ge-v) 4 Sin (suse)
— ——
rl
{ € Ed ae 4 Sin, mae) — = bemman
vi-
(Stat
[- tSmat + ot oH Sat)
=
of ch e [4 > binary +t (6Smary}
Frysmy = %- C-2Sme + 3sin3e)
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Aprly Convolution Heovem to find ¢- ( ay]
Scotim: ek FG)e be) =
s s¥aser
fo-e(s) awe (¢ Faser)
at
+e = eltmel
=e (eou)
= ete(ga]
db= atSmr
By Con Volutin theorem be ger
+ eeu lt fam]
é
= | dlt-v). f Cv) do.
SF of simce-v) de.
°
= [© €& & sm(e-vdu
4
= eb wee Sin (¢ -v) dv
= te [22 (sinte-nr 4 cosu) de
Trev’
= —[ e§ (Smo +008) — 1 CSinte caso}
= st (ef cost — sme -1)
j= ob [ cost - at snt-— 2°]
& (se%ceu)
APPLY Convolution theovem tofimd [4 (seu)
Solotiay, Fo
D = a FG)= f
4 &>
beck 5
-L *) Ihe & (ee)
af ely%e) = tet
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if Fos. Fes) = \f 4) gle-v) dv
2 {ue (t-») do
7 {fe ues vr é% do
= & fue
FL
= zu
3 9G du - [ureMdo
wy
VEy vel =
= Vee veer yo el
! sVU -|
VEN Me-2> lea ye (e227
Wee uaa, Wy 2 feu 2”
ria
k= Je*au= -2
w
& [-ver-e) e- (vet awet ae]
"
& (ce ee) -(0 ~)- (cere treet. e4
- SI - 6-0 -2)
CE ce aes Cee aaty me
i
AQ 22z Bf 2k Purdy seo
>) WB 242 =0 E> 2% Purely Emaginang.
Disses > (es (Gn@] de
> machlas f a Com ploy Um Se
Ab Qe arth Ea Gmplon Membr tem Pdibne
Sire mol fp te Sim of Vee FOP Prot sbird ores,
"PRIS Coes malelss Gsolore Vollos) f 2 Od TH 1K demoted 5 jx) dy
a
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Drgomd ; Ly
plen Tumsy 2raeil Cr $e wepraete
4 fo vepSedt- CoP) tn,
eng ih @lley imag nergy dni,
dD Cm
Veit forte Gis) Hee °
Yonik 1& called ved awk, ar
ev taben ef Complow mum $4, Poink— ay ‘a
2 “he wr ‘ " Camplin plook ww Arogond p
plorné- » erie
nl (yawkson~ P
Polen foton Complon Dlormk/
et pee
Wy poem pak voptehy «Pmt npn
Mamnger 2 2 atib te apprgend Plot Lf op or
tn angle B ih be foSihme becker Bxrow's oe
zm 6 (D4 Kn) i$ alted plan arm fee OP
wuomjey phere velaj= V aeagh oe “ape 74
whens O> Argument oy Anplinde tz oe
pry re IE ob aN” 2) -2
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ane ” o
drei) = Qt O= qatial (eaves aFaansir]
=)
+
wea find value & ud Lyhich tornsponds tm
0:
and also hind cbs ‘eal and
eat
P
. Sete Gtk
4) = 34 45
Reos ton of Ft = 3 eect
Smog many pot of fez) =
®) wen oe Ine
FD! C430) [sey sar]
= 1440 6: (¥ using +b) E a r06 147]
a I4 tet Ce pe
Fey= 846i eo
| Peal pant of Fa) = 3
Saginany Port of fray=h,
2 OF wafer 2%0 And tts veal, ama Dmaginary. Pants
also Find few) at 14 ¢- Me
Solvbion inti W = $v) = 2% 3)
Wribng B=x+i4 ve ger
= (n+iy) xa iy
= v4e "r3 tiny 4 ne i (ewe %rabes]
= at ys OMe Mery ran
wefiz)= (02 oon) a t i Oayeyy
Peak Poat Ff fry = yry4n
Umno grnaty por ffy= 2H 4 y.
ee FY S CDG t= tePeatatet ce at &
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le. ne Cogeln Woe
Compl. mumber "5. eepresented af p= UTCV
Dhere Uv ave veal om a rvectomguln system of cartesian,
Uy) coordnake pleeme . 7h i called the W-plane ov UW pln
bemevaatty
Aer Wi SC represented on this Plome. Then {00/ In nol< &
is Caltd Edise around Wo
This *4 albo called @ meighsourhod
Sretlanly se Tepretent- the Complen uanler 2 =H
oy of GX) Plame ama thik plome % tederred ob Complex z-plane
or wy Plame A Bdead ovoumd 29
aS obove + [
im tts, plomta Combe defined
Limit of £ (a)e
A Fumetion W= Fla) i Sid Leng to limit Q
ab Z opproaches apoint zp if’ Fovevers TLE We cam Ping
0 postive § Such tok (#014 & spy e<)2-29) <&
Wie sais woe’ 2 +20 km the S-cese im Zplame fr)
MF tn the C-oege a w-plome,
Symbol catty Ub com be ooritten of
Nokes
WOE the Limih FO Famer enTSE Of z.
2. ley fiers
“PZ. then th i Unique
COWS + very), 2= mrtg, z= Worl Ye
© Ben Condibion, -that tne Lint
bP Az) omrep af Zs
Sohihed i Lema only tt |
’
i
yr. Lon yetyemis Vauev,
3. lee foe) { 49%
4G ke no fumctions Whose Lene, F
And I % aint
zor f=Wo ,
F emeh abz,
Sa 82) =a, Hon
$,., Cte gay 2
ase.
WB) Io, (feo gajje Won,
(a) we fey
Ze
fe J Me wo
ae B
COE A= ely,
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‘Poiorn (): Sing cLefrnthon of mth Peeve stab te FEL 2
gene Uh Poy e 2
2-\
AL 2=) FO) % nok rine
She FH \ ery = zy - @A) 4
e's, Sa} -
|Fos-a] = Jeo) = a)
|Feo~2] 2 £6 Dhenevy (2 fee
Falerng S=\E he leoditen sfertumib ik
_ SalbaGea Ree evevag: @ 70) ‘
aeiw De 2)
2) Jaen By
(aa I
oh zew 2 = 2p
hen: \
= ley Fey a \
[4 _ Zo| = 2
AF toe tated Sse we Bh thap
I fey
teow bs te) << coho. Ral <§
Hea Proved
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Scanned with CamScanner Continuity: 9 funchm £¢2) & Said & be Conbnous ab 2=2 'f Fzo)iz
clefined amt HA) = 1G) OO
A funckey ff ig Conbnovs at O Pointzo, if Corveh forcing
to cath pobitive numtey €, a mumey 5 emdls Such trad l4@)-feokce
whenever 12-2] < 8.
A Sumckon (2) iA Conbnad in adomath If ib is Enknovs ab every
poink ef shat “Domain. .
% TF wafer) = LEY+IVENY) 16 Conbnous at Z= 20> Kor iY then
Vomd Nave alto Continovs ab Z=Zo Fe ab (Xoo) Conversely Cf
VOUS) ond VOUH ane both Continws at Clot) then fCx) will be ConbnovsabZ-Zy
Propertias oP Contiawus -funckons.
\s Lf fis 0 Continous fumction of Z at every Point in Closed region Ry
then fis bounded Mm R for Some Constant M-
lfal :
3. A Polynomial? -Pumckon ts Continvovs dor all Z.
Ge. AN teigonomelye amd exponen tad fumchiomns ano em nous,
s
FO} I& Condmous at 2p then HP) 1 algo Conbnow at,
Devivotive #0)! Ut som tay’ be Givin fumclion lefmed far all zy
im ameghbourheod f Zo Ff ww — Fl204b2) - Fl20)
es aso SS. exidts, the func
15 Said 1 be devivatle ot do ans he limit i& denoted 4y #'Cap)
Slo) if exists o& Gillad the devvakve of ft2) at 2p +
' = t@-
fe) = ib, P= fee)
Faxing Z-2o =x
“Z-Zo
TP £ id hf ferenbatle at
ach Poink @ a St Be ia diy
onal then Say Hat fis di Flecennatea
Note: y, Oe
9f " ,
ae aoe es % dibfrenbable ak a point then th s Conk
VE Converse of mop. tre. ve “
2. Pees rg nop differen babe aga €
3. #02)
>
TLIS Contrmans ab ON, bub mot chvivaa ab any ZO,
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& ANALYTIC Pune
Ret a function fz) Se dertvasie at every point Z im an
E methboushod ¢ Zo .
oe
fez) exisk (oe a Suchthat I2-Zol TF fey is amalyte at every Point % on Complex plane, tz) is Said
40 be om “emtlre Pumekon’ or integral fumcton.
Exomnita! (py se!” 78 “entire fumetion, becautty, This Grraly ie
Evecy here |
Singular Pol +
ZA $\tz) docd mol 2nigh ak Z=Zo then 20%
Gavea a “Simgulan Potml’. ee apoine at which om omaly he Puncitnn
Fails to hove a certvatve 76 Called a” Smgulan pore”
7 2S 4N2) exh at every point ma neighbourhood # 20° Suk
f'Ca) dod mot exist then Zo th Gadd tp be iboladed S;
m gular Pol ng
4 Fay
EXGn ples ¢ :
aT G=L M amatyke af
: : = every Poe 224-0. aon
be Fizyayp Ys g
¥ &rK2Z=0' Slay
eh ches Mo} ext
Kolates 31m
5 Nm guts) Pode ‘
eRe . F Amalysic fume Kon a) Patt a Fe
ot, pas me
> Ot fear, ge) oy amalyte fuck
ms then £ af.
Omaly be Fumeln? Prov: *9, 4-3, 44, #4 veatto
‘Sed G2) $0,
Dev)
NAVE F domaky be fumciton Help Omaly ke
> Analyste function fom amay de FomeHon 4 amaly 8c.
Pty Untive fumciton of an omtive fumekon
axe
% entire.
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Pee! | ae fy = Cag) + hvexy), HB analyte én a domain D
then Vand V Satisty Laplace equakon
v=
aoe vespechvely in Dy.
x
wy
Mer?
iis IN ea le le '
Sette, =0, oma y + Boro ana Called Laplace euahing
a ‘
Howmonie: faneton - “he, Aeneas Ste Psing Loplace enuatins de ow
05 “Hoxmavic fumbon. be ofimnchay g 1s cl 1 be Hormone
ry fae
i 7: sv =
if ae ‘dl He =I08 "a
* — NT - VATIONS x
* CAUcHy- RIEMANA Ce-r) Equations
Theorem + Te Necessary oma Sufficient 'Covelition for the desivakve of the.
function Piz)= w= UCuY)+ CV GUY) f exist for a values of 2 bn dkmaknR
ome
oO Bows ae OY ore Combinccs tumesns f x and y in R
rg ,
© Rt ho Bae ge ay eae
The above *elakons axe -kmown a Cauchy - Reemann Equations
Polax