Scribd
Upload
23 views27 pages

Enthalpy

The document discusses enthalpy and how it relates to heat flow in chemical and physical processes. It defines enthalpy as a thermodynamic function that accounts for heat and pressure-volume work. The key points are: - Enthalpy change (ΔH) for a reaction is equal to the heat of the reaction (Q) at constant pressure. - Reactions are classified as endothermic (ΔH positive) or exothermic (ΔH negative) based on heat flow. - Hess's law states that the enthalpy change for an overall reaction is equal to the sum of enthalpy changes for the individual steps. - Standard enthalpies of formation can be used to

Uploaded by

Michael BJ Bragat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
23 views27 pages

Enthalpy

The document discusses enthalpy and how it relates to heat flow in chemical and physical processes. It defines enthalpy as a thermodynamic function that accounts for heat and pressure-volume work. The key points are: - Enthalpy change (ΔH) for a reaction is equal to the heat of the reaction (Q) at constant pressure. - Reactions are classified as endothermic (ΔH positive) or exothermic (ΔH negative) based on heat flow. - Hess's law states that the enthalpy change for an overall reaction is equal to the sum of enthalpy changes for the individual steps. - Standard enthalpies of formation can be used to

Uploaded by

Michael BJ Bragat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

Enthalpy

Objectives
• Explain enthalpy
• Use specific heat to calculate
the heat absorbed or removed
from the system
• Calculate the change in
enthalpy of a given reaction
using Hess Law
Calculate the change in internal
energy of the system and
determine whether the process is
endothermic or exothermic:

• A balloon is heated by
adding 850J of heat. It
expands, doing 382 J of work
on the atmosphere
Calculate the change in internal
energy of the system and
determine whether the process is
endothermic or exothermic:

• A 50-g sample of water is cooled


from 30 ̊C to 15 C
̊ , thereby losing
approximately 3140 J of heat
Calculate the change in internal
energy of the system and
determine whether the process is
endothermic or exothermic:

• A chemical reaction releases 6.47


kJ of heat and does no work on
the surroundings
Video Analysis
• What do you think would happen
to a system if pressure is
increased? Decreased?

• When the pressure is kept


constant as shown in the diagram,
what will happen to the
temperature as the volume is
decreased?
It happens at constant
pressure
Enthalpy
• thermodynamic function that accounts for heat flow in processes
occurring at constant pressure when no forms of work are
performed other than P-V work.
• The work involved in the expansion or compression of gases is called
pressure-volume work (or P-V work). When the pressure is constant, the
sign and magnitude of the pressure-volume work is given by:
W= - P∆V
• When a change occurs at constant pressure, the change in
enthalpy, ∆H, is given by the following relationship:
∆ H = ∆ (E + PV) = ∆E + P ∆V
• Recall that ∆E = Q + W and that the work involved in the expansion or
compression of gases is W = - P ∆V. If we substitute -W for P∆V and Q + W for
∆E into :

∆ H = ∆E + P ∆V = Q + W + (-W)
∆H=Q
Thus, the change in enthalpy is just equal to the heat gained or lost at a
constant pressure. Since Q is something that can easily be measured or
readily calculated and many physical and chemical changes of interest
occur at constant pressure, enthalpy is a more useful function than
internal energy
Enthalpies of Reaction
• Because ΔH =Hfinal - Hinitial , the enthalpy change for a chemical reaction is
given by the enthalpy of the products minus the enthalpy of reactants: ΔH
=Hproducts – Hreactants

• The enthalpy change that accompanies a reaction called the enthalpy of


reaction, or merely the heat of reaction, and is sometimes written as ΔHrxn ,
where “rxn” is a commonly used abbreviation for “reaction”. The ΔH indicates
the direction of heat transfer
Endothermic: Q = ΔH > 0 ; Hproducts > Hreactants
Exothermic: Q = ΔH < 0 ; Hproducts < Hreactants
Thermochemical
Equations
Composed of chemical equations and
enthalpy

2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(g) ΔH = -483.6 kJ


Enthalpy Diagram
Guidelines when using thermochemical
equations and enthalpy diagrams
• Enthalpy is an extensive property
• Enthalpy depends on the amount of the reactant or product
• Example : 2 moles of H2 = 483.6 kJ , 4 moles of H2 = (4/2) (483.6 kJ)

• The enthalpy change for a reaction is equal in magnitude, but opposite


in sign, to ΔH for the reverse reaction
• Example: 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(g) ΔH = -483.6 kJ

• The enthalpy change for a reaction depends on the state of the reactants
and products
• Different states of reactants will result to different change in enthalpy of
the reactions
Sample Exercise
Write the thermochemical equation for the following reactions that occur at
constant pressure :

a. Decomposition of mercuric oxide, HgO, to mercury and oxygen gas, requires


87.1 kJ of heat.
b. Combustion of hexane, C6H12, to carbon dioxide gas and water, releases,
3923.9 kJ of heat
CALORIMETRY
• the measurement of heat flow in a reaction while the device used to
measure heat flow is called calorimeter
• The temperature change experienced by an object when it absorbs a
certain amount of heat is determined by its heat capacity, C
• The heat capacity of an object is the amount of heat required to raise
its temperature by 1K (or 1 ̊C).
• The greater the heat capacity, the greater the heat required to
produce a given increase in temperature
• Molar heat capacity, Cm, is the heat capacity of one mole of substance
while specific heat capacity, Cs, is the heat capacity of one gram of
substance
Cs =Q /(m × ΔT )
Q= Cs m ΔT
Hess’s Law states that if a reaction is carried out in
a series of steps, ∆H for the overall reaction will
Hess’s Law equal the sum of the enthalpy changes for the
individual steps
Standard Enthalpy of Formation and Reaction

Elements (in standard states) → compounds (standard state)

ΔHrxn ̊= ∑n ΔHf ̊(products) - ∑n ΔHf ̊(reactants)


Practice Problem
Consider the following hypothetical reactions:

A→B ∆H = +30 kJ
B→ C ∆H = + 60 kJ

a. Use Hess’s Law to calculate the enthalpy change for the reaction A → C.
b. Construct and enthalpy diagram for substances A, B and C, show how Hess’s
law applies.
Practice Problem
Consider the following reaction, which occurs at room
temperature and pressure:

2Cl(g) → Cl2(g) ∆H = -243.3 kJ

Which has the higher enthalpy under these conditions, 2Cl or Cl2?
The complete combustion of acetic acid, CH3COOH, to form water and
carbon dioxide at constant pressure releases 871.7 kJ of heat per mole
of acetic acid.
a. Write a balanced thermochemical equation for this reaction.
b. Draw an enthalpy diagram for the reaction
Practice Problem
The specific heat of ethylene glycol is 2.42 J/g-K. How many
J of heat are needed to raise the temperature of 62.0g of
ethylene glycol from 13.1 ̊C to 40. 5 ̊C ?
A 2.2g sample of quinone (C6H4O2) is burned in a bomb
calorimeter whose total heat capacity is 7.854 kJ/ ̊C.
The temperature of the calorimeter increases from
23.44 C
̊ to 30.57 ̊C. What is the heat of combustion per
gram of quinone? Per mole of quinone?
The enthalpy of reaction for the combustion of C
to CO2 IS -393.5 kJ/mol C, and the enthalpy for the
combustion of CO to CO2 is -283.0 kJ/mol CO.

Using these data, calculate the enthalpy for the


combustion of C to CO
Calculate ∆H for the reaction:
2C(s) + H2 (g) → C2H2 (g)

given the following chemical equations and their respective


enthalpy changes:

C2H2 (g) + 2.5O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + H2O (l) ∆H = -1299.6 kJ


2C(s) + 2O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) ∆H = -393.5 kJ
H2 (g) + 0.5 O2 (g) → H2O (l) ∆H = - 285.8 kJ
Carbon occurs in two forms, graphite and
diamond. The enthalpy of the combustion of
graphite is -393. 5 kJ/mol and that of diamond
is -395.4 kJ/mol

Calculate ∆H for the conversion of graphite to


diamond.
Calculate ∆H for the reaction
NO (g) + O (g) → NO2 (g)

Given the following information:

NO(g) + O3 (g) → NO2 (g) + O2 (g) ∆H = -198.9kJ


O3 (g) → 1.5 O2 (g) ∆H = -142.3 kJ
O2 (g) → 2O(g) ∆H = 495.0 kJ\
Questions?

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy