**HISTORY OF ART & INTERIOR DESIGN**

ART:
An aesthetically pleasing and meaningful arrangement of elements, as words,
sounds, colors, shapes, etc. Form of human activity whose chief character is
determined by such arrangement.

ARCHITECTURE:
The science or profession of designing and constructing buildings or other structures.

DECORATIVE ARTS:
Any of the arts pertaining to or referring to the following: painting, sculpture, glass
and glassware, ceramic and pottery, metallurgy and plants.

**CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER OF STYLES**

PRE-HISTORY:

Dolmen-a prehistoric monument consisting of two or more large upright stones

supporting a horizontal stone slab, found esp. in Britain and France and usually
regarded as a tomb.

Trilithon-two upright megaliths supporting a horizontal stone called lintel.

Menhir-a prehistoric monument consisting of an upright megalith, usually standing

alone but sometimes aligned with others.

Megalith-a very large stone used as found or roughly dressed, esp. in ancient
construction work.

Monolith -a single block of stone of considerable size, often In the form of an obelisk
or column.

Cairn -a heap of stones piled up as a monument, tombstone, or landmark. Also, cam.

Passage grave -a megalithic tomb of the Neolithic and early Bronze Ages found In
the British Isles and Europe, consisting of a roofed burial chamber and narrow
entrance passage covered by a tumulus: believed to have been used for successive
family or clan burials spanning a number of generations. Also called chamber grave.

Stonehenge -megalithic monument erected in the early Bronze Age c2700 B.C. on
Salisbury Plain Wiltshire. England, consisting of our concentric rings of trilithos and
menhirs centered around an altar stone believed to have been used by a sun cult or
for astronomical observations.

Orthostat -an upright slab forming part of a larger structure.

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EGYPT:

Ancient Egyptian Period (3500-1000 BC) Divided into 8 or 9 periods which are
sometimes called kingdoms.
*Religion – Theocracy-Polytheism
The pharaoh (king) -was considered divine. Representation of the figure presented
the most reflexive view of each part of the body. Preparation for the afterlife was of
extreme importance. The body must be preserved if the soul or ka is to live on in the
beyond using the same body.
*Egyptian gods
Amon - The god of Thebes, sacred animals, the ram and goose
Anubis - Jackal-god, patron of embalmers, god of necropolis
Aten - The god of the sun-disk; worshipped as the creator god by Akhenaten
Bes - Helper of women in childbirth protector against snakes and other
Hapi/ Hathor/ Horus/ Imhotep/ Isis/ Maat/ Mut/ Osiris/ Ptah/ Ra(e) /Seth….

*Law of Frontality-Face must look straight ahead and each side must be exactly like
the other, although the hands and feet are in profile; eyes, shoulders in front view.
*Sculpture:
1. Lions, bulls of red granite
2. Seated figures of royalty
3. Sphinx
4. Sarcophagus

*Characteristics of Egyptian Architecture:

1. Rectangular forms in straight lines are its dominant features
2. Massive and solid
3. Excessively thick walls
4. Simple forms and few moldings
5. Proportions and support were heavy and sturdy
6. Trabeated construction- A system of column and lintel

IMHOTEP - The first recorded artist of Western history, architect to Zoser. Enjoyed
the status of a court official and was later deified.

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Architecture Types:
1. Mastabas-Funerary temples for commoners; Later developed into step
pyramids which were really mastabas on top of each other.
2. Necropolis-City of mastabas
3. Pyramids-place for Egyptian royalty; Found in Giza, these empty weights of
stone in construction.
4. Obelisk-Square shaft of stone with a pyramidal top used as a monument
5. Temples-Post and lintel construction characterized as a forest of columns.
a. Mortuary Temples - for the dead pharaoh
b. Cult Temples-for popular worship of the ancient gods
c. Rock-hewn tombs/temples-Located on cliffs where they cut labyrinth
passageways that led to ceremonial and burial chambers which were
later replaced by temples.

*Parts or an Egyptian Temple Plan:

1. Pylon - Entrance Gate

2. Peristyle - Open Court
3. Hypostyle Hall -Contains a double row of columns higher than the others
4. Sanctuary -Contains a small shrine which was used as receptacle for the
small statue of a god

*Architectural Landmarks:

1.The Giza Pyramids-the most elaborate of Egyptian requirement for the afterlife
Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops)
a. Pyramid of Khafre (Chephren)
b. Sphinx ... Hewn out of natural limestone with the addition of stone blocks;
Molded into a human-headed lion with the face representing Khafre A paved
open temple is located between its paws.
2. Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut-composed of three large terraces
connected to each other by ramps.

MESOPOTAMIAN ART:

The Lamassu-great stone statue of a human headed winged bull that preceded the
Palace of Ishtar.
Sculptures characterized by large circular eyes and curly hair and beard

The Law Code of Hammurabi-The text of Hammurabi's code comprising of 300

statues written in Akkadian on 51 columns.

Tower of Babel -A temple- tower presumed to be the great ziggurat at Babylon,

which no longer survives, though it was seen and described by the Greek historian.
Herodotus, in the 5th century B.C.: "And they said to one another. Let us make brick,
and burn it thoroughly and they had brick for stone, and slime for mortar. And they
said, Let us build a city and s tower whose top may reach unto heaven and let us

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make a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. "-
Genesis 11.4

*Architectural Forms:
Used arches and coral forms for roofs.
1.Ziggurat- Artificial mountains made of tiered rectangular layers which rose in
number from one to seven in the course of Mesopotamian history
2.Temple-Provided for civic, commercial and even industrial activities, often raised
upon a great platform, usually situated at the town center
3.Palaces The Assyrians introduced polychrome ornamental brickwork and also
high plinths or dadoes made of great stone slabs placed on edges; usually carved
with low relief sculpture

*Architectural Landmarks
1. Tower of Babel- Its mounds of ruind lay in Baghdad
2. Hanging Gardens of Babylon-a great palace built by Nebuchadnezzar

GREEK:

Greek Art (3200-32 BC) Art of the civilization that flourished on the Greek peninsula,
in Asia Minor, on the North coast of Africa, and in the western Mediterranean until
the establishment of the Roman dominion in 146.AD.characterized by a system of
construction based on rules of form and proportion.

The Typical Greek Temple:

Greek temple elevation is divided into three sections (from the ground up): platform,
colonnade (columns), entablature (what rests on the columns).
Platforms are more technically known as stylobates, and were the same for both
Doric and lonic orders. There were no plinths for the Doric order. Columns of both
orders were drummed, fluted and tapered towards the top, though the elevations
were different. Entasis was applied to create the illusion of height.

Doric columns-were comprised of a shaft and a capital. The capital included a

necking (the transition area between shaft and capital), a cushion-like echinus and
an abacus which served as a support for the entablature.

lonic columns-were comprised of a base, shaft and capital. The capital was a spiral
volute under an abacus.

Entablatures -were different for both orders.

The first part of the entablature was the architrave, also called a lintel.

Doric architraves were left plain.

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lonic architraves were divided into three bands or fasciae.

Above the architrave stood the frieze.

Doric friezes- were comprised of altemating triglyphs (a projecting, grooved section)

and metopes (open area between triglyphs often used for architectural sculpture).

Ionic friezes were left open primarily for continuous sculptural reliefs.
The cornice, the same for both orders, topped the structure and also framed the
pediment, which too held architectural sculpture.

ROMAN:

Roman Art:
• Developed as a republic in 510 BC
• Interest in commerce led them to protect their boundaries, and eventually lead
to war.
• Personal ambitions and difficulty in leading vast territories led to their downfall
in 31 BC

A. Three Periods:
1. Legendary period (509 BC) -Trojan hero Aeneas settled not far from Home,
His son Romulus was said to have founded Rome
2. Republican Period (509-527 BC) -leadership by a few, growth from a small
village to a large city. It ended with the deaths of Mark Antony and Cleopatra
3. The Imperial Period (27 BC - 5 AD) -Octavia, renamed Cesar Augustus
became its first emperor

B. Roman Republican Art: was more realistic.

Projected Roman interest in the family: portraits emphasized the peculiarities of a
man in order to capture the uniqueness of the person.

1. Sculpture
a. Sarcophagi
b. Bust
c. Equestrian Monuments
2. Mural paintings
3. In architecture:
a. Republican temple
b. Roman house and villa

C. Roman Imperial Art

Encompassed a variety of style and scale: among the most impressive are those
which honor the empire and the emperor.
*Roman fresco technique- a technique which involves painting directly on plaster wall

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D. Roman Architecture:
Characterized by massive brick and concrete construction employing features such
as semi-circular arch, barrel and groin vaults and the dome. The elaboration of
Greek orders as purely decorative motifs, and the use of marble linings, mosaics and
molded stucco for interiors
1. Construction
2. Post, lintel, truss
3. Arch from wedge-shaped stones; formed by the use of centering
4. Vault arched masonry that forms the ceiling of a building; an extended arch
5. Dome extended round arch
6. Concrete-mixture of small stones, sand, lime and water that was poured

*Vitruvius- established certain rule for standardizing the Greek orders for
architecture.

1. Proportions and details were slightly changed

2. Module -a measuring unit for each order
3. Diameter of the column at the base of the shaft
4. Entablature ¼ the height of column
5. Shaft 1/6 smaller in diameter at the top than its base

*Major Orders:
1. Composite-combination of Ionic shaft and Corinthian capital
2. Tuscan

*Forms of Roman Architecture:

Forum - The counterpart of the agora, it is composed of temples, triumphal arches,

pillars of victories, Roman basilica, senate and shops

Temple - Always rises on a podium, has temple porch and utilized engaged columns
-Parts:
1. Podium
2. cella (equivalent of pronaos)
3. the orders
4. pediment

Pantheon- began by Agrippe in 27 BC. Emperor Hadrian rebuilt 120 AD changing it

to the circular shape it has now.
Dome, the diameter of the floor plan is equal to the height of the dome and has an
oculus at the center to admit light.

Insular - blocks of flats used at shop and apartment

Villa -Housed the upper-class Roman

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Theater - Has more impressive skene than the Greek version It is usually built on
level ground the orchestra became semi-circular
Amphitheatre -Smaller than the Colosseum, it less emphasized decorative external
orders so that the arches are the predominant features
Circus-Long hairpin race course for chariot races: Also called hippodrome
Aqueducts- Large reservoirs/cisterns for lead pipes to transport water to
Ex. Pont du Gard
Tombs- Pyramidal, temple-shaped, coemetrian or subterranean vaults, monument
or sculpture memorials
Basilica-Building to house the law court, eventually became a hall of justice and
commercial exchange.
Thermae- Public baths of Imperial Rome. portray the customs of the pleasure- loving
populace Ex. Baths of Carcalla-
Pantheon-Began by Agrippa in 27 BC Emperor Hadrian rebuilt it in 120 AD changing
it to the circular shape it has now
Dome -the diameter of the floor plan is equal to the height of the dome and has an
oculus at the center to admit light.
Portico-incorporates elements of an earlier temple building
Colosseum (Arena). Also called Flavian Amphitheater built for Roman games;
Features a combination of Roman arch and vault construction; its exterior walls are
48 m high.

EARLY CHRISTIAN:

a. PLANS -Followed the BASILICAN model for their new churches. The basic
plan was LONG NAVE with either SINGLE OR DOUBLE AISLES on either side
culminating at the APSE enhance it usually has an ATRIUM [Forecourt]

b. WALLS- According to Roman methods of using HAND-LAID concrete of BRICK

or STONE sometimes faced with PLASTER.

c. OPENINGS:
ARCADES - spanned by either a SEMI-CIRCULAR ARCH or
DOORS -by a LINTEL
WINDOWS

Generally, ARCADES in nave rested directly on column capitals without intervening

the entablature.

d. ROOFS:
TIMBER ROOFS -covered the central nave and only simple forms of construction
such as king & queen post trusses were employed.

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Plan of Basilica IS LONGITUDINAL, its length generally twice its width and lies along
the EAST-WEST AXIS.
The ALTAR is on the EAST which points to Jerusalem and the MAIN ENTRY on the
WEST.

*ALTAR-given emphasis by the rhytmic rows of columns on both sides of the nave
carrying the entablatures or semicircular arches which in turn supports the timber
trusses which are exposed.

THREE AISLE-TYPE-common but there were also structures which had five aisles.

Roof on Side Aisles LOWER than the roof of Nave to GIVE LIGHT TO THE
CENTRAL PORTION of the building.
Architectural treatments were avoided on the exterior but not inside.
MATERIALS used for the Early Basilica came from EXISTING RUINS of the Roman
Empire buildings. Later however, they depended solely on WHAT IS LOCALLY
AVAILABLE.
A basilican church was usually erected over the BURIAL PLACE OF A SAINT- [in
almost all cases, a MARTYR-SAINT] to whom the CHURCH IS DEDICATED, and
immediately over this burial place was usually located the HIGH ALTAR.

**MAJOR PARTS OF THE EARLY CHRISTIAN BASILICA:

1. ENTRY-located at the WEST END of the building

2. AMBULATORY-a COVERED PASSAGE around the atrium.
3. ENTRY TO PRIEST'S QUARTERS
4. NARTHEX-ENTRANCE VESTIBULE to church proper, this space is reserved
for catachumens, those taking instructions in the Christian faith and to
penitents (sinners).
5. ATRIUM-FRONT OPEN COURT with an open central part called
IMPLUVIUM, used as a basin for absolution, church-goers cleanse
themselves before entering the God's temple.
6. NAVE -central aisle and lighted by a clerestory (small windows) openings
atop the side aisles; it is twice the width of the side aisles.
7. CANCELLI-space reserved for the Clergy; separated by a screen from the
body of the church.
8. SIDE AISLES-PASSAGES on both sides of the nave; generally it is 1/2 the
width of the nave.
9. GYNACEUM -a space reserved FOR THE WOMEN.
10. CHOIR-space for the clergy in an elevated platform in front of the sanctuary.
11. TRIFORIUM -a PASSAGE ABOVE THE SIDE AISLES opening to the nave.
12. CRYPT -a BURIAL PLACE under the choir or altar [CONFESIO]
13. BEMA -elevated ALTAR PLATFORM
14. TRANSEPT -TRANSVERSE PORTION OF CHURCH crossing the nave.
15. SANCTUARY-space for PRINCIPAL ALTAR covered by a BALDACHINO
[Ciborium], a canopy supported by marble columns covering the altar.

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16. AMBO -a RAISED PULPIT which is found on both sides of the altar;
one for the gospel reading, the other for epistle reading.
17. APSE -SEMI-CIRCULAR space at the east end of the building; an
enclosing wall of the sanctuary.
18. ALTAR -located OVER THE BURIAL PLACE in an underground crypt of
a saint or martyr to whom the church is dedicated with;
a. MESA- an altar table
b. TABERNACLE-receptacle for consecrated elements
c. CATHEDRA- a bishop's chair
19. SIDE ALTAR- also called DIACONICON
20.PROTHESIS -a MINOR ALTAR usually located on the north side.

**BASILICAN CHURCHES AND THEIR DESCRIPTIONS:

1. S. CLEMENTE, Rome [1084 - 1108] - Plan was the MOST TYPICAL OF

EARLY CHRISTIAN STYLE.
2. S. PAOLO FUORI LE MURA, Rome - The LARGEST and the MOST
IMPRESSIVE of all Basilican churches.
3. S. MARIA MAGGIORE, Rome - The only church with pagan origin. The
MOST BEAUTIFUL INTERIOR of three-aisled churches.
4. S. LORENZO FUORI LE MURA, Rome - The product of two churches with
their apses placed back to back.
5. CHURCH OF THE NATIVITY, Bethlehem Founded by Constantine over
theTRADITIONAL BIRTHPLACE OF CHRIST. - Surrounded by a high wall
which encloses the precincts of Latin, Greek and Armenian owners.
6. CHURCH OF THE HOLY SEPULCHRE, Jerusalem - Erected by Constantine
OVER THE TOMB OF CHRIST. -Entrance leads to the transept, to the left of
which is the rotunda with the Holy Sepulchre while on the right is the Church
of the Crusades.
7. S. JOHN OF THE STUDION, Constantinople - Attached to a monastery was
the
OLDEST EXISTING CHURCH OF THE BASILICAN. TYPE erected by
Constantine in the city.

*THE MARTYRDOM- It is similar to a MAUSOLEUM built for the Emperor.

The plan is generally CIRCULAR.

*BAPTISTERY:
a. Generally separated from the church used for baptism held only on three
occasions:
1. EASTER
2. PENTECOST
3. EPIPHANY

-Plan is generally CIRCULAR; sometimes it is OCTAGONAL. Space is large to

accommodate large numbers of people.

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BYZANTINE:

BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE-combined the ARTISTRY of Greece, STRUCTURAL

ENGINEERING of Rome and the COLOR of the East.

DOME- dominant character of Byzantine architecture which was used to cover a square
or a polygonal plan giving also vertical composition of the buildings erected during this
period.

The development of the PENDENTIVE:

The circular plan was incapable of meeting the functional requirements of the Christian
church. The Byzantine architects was able to build CIRCULAR DOME over a SQUARE
SPACE. The solution is found in the PENDENTIVE.

*Column capitals used the CLASSIC TYPES in the early buildings.

a. DONIC
b. IONIC
c. CORINTHIAN
d. COMPOSITE

*ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER:
The Byzantine style is a fusion of the DOMICAL CONSTRUCTION of the East with the
CLASSIC COLUMNAR STYLE.

*DIFFERENCE BETWEEN EARLY CHRISTIAN & BYZANTINE CHURCHES:

-TIMBER TRUSS BASILICAN PLAN-belongs to the Early Christian while, -DOMED

CENTRALIZED PLAN –belongs to the Byzantine.

Byzantine Churches has no CAMPANILE OR BELLTOWER. Grouping of subsidiary

domes around a Central Dome gives a VERTICAL IMPRESSION for the eye is
gradually drawn upwards toward the culminating dome.

Early Christian church-vista of columns, entablature and Simple Timber Roofs, gives a
HORIZONTAL IMPRESSION, for the eye is led along these horizontal lines to the
APSIDAL SANCTUARY which is the principal feature.

*BYZANTINE WALLS:

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Use of bricks, colored marble and glass mosaic.

Facade dominated by alternate layers and bands of stone and brick.
ZIGZAG -CHEVRON -HERRINGBONE -MEANDER FRET *ROOFS:
DOME TYPES:
1. HEMISPHERICAL DOMES:
a. Simple Dome on Pendentives
b. Compound Domes
2. MELON-SHAPE OR FLUTTED DOME
3. ONION-SHAPE OR BULBOUS DOME

-NEW CUBIFORM TYPE- the CUSHION CAPITAL with CONVEX SIDES over which
was usually placed a deep abacus or DOSSERET BLOCK, a new invention enlarging
the bearing surface of the capital to support the wide voussoirs of an arch or thick wall.

-BILLET MOULDINGS- formed by a series of circular cylinders, disposed alternately

with notches in a single or multiple rows.

ROMANESQUE:

*INFLUENCE:
The term "ROMANESQUE" includes those phases of EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE
which were BASED ON ROMAN ART from the beginning of the 9th to the end of the 12th
century when the GOTHIC STYLE combining the following and were generally adopted.
• POINTED ARCH
• FLYING BUTTRESS
• RIBBED VAULT
• TRACERIED WINDOW

*ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT : The style originated in FRANCE where it was

called the "STYLE OGIVALE" and is generally considered to have begun with the
ABBEY OF S. DENIS, built by the Abbot Suger for Louis VII ...
Various architectural features were introduced and developed in the Gothic period,
namely:
*POINTED ARCH: originated in Mesopotamia.
The adoption of the Pointed Arch as a BASIC STRUCTURAL ELEMENT crept
gradually in the 12th century, in an effort to solve the troublesome problem of the
INTERSECTIONS OF THE AMBULATORY VAULT.

*RELIGION:

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CHRISTIANITY, now the chief source of EDUCATION and CULTURE, was gradually
spreading throughout northern Europe and the CONSTRUCTION OF A CHURCH often
resulted in the FOUNDATION OF A CITY.

CHARLEMAGNE - was crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Leo III in
800 and ended the attempts of the Byzantine emperors to control the church.

To the schools attached to the MONASTERIES came the BEST MIND - MOST
IMAGINATIVE PERSONALITIES of the era. Monks and their pupils were often the
DESIGNERS OF CATHEDRALS and up to the 13th century, ARCHITECTURE was
regarded as a SACRED SCIENCE.

**Among the most important of the MONASTIC ORDERS were the:

1. BENEDICTINE
2. AUGUSTINIAN
-responsible for much of the architectural activity in England during this period.

*ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER The general architectural character of the

Romanesque is SOBER and DIGNIFIED, and often PICTURESQUE because of the
GROUPING OF TOWERS and the PROJECTION OF TRANSEPTS and CHOIRS.

*ROMAN BASILICA- served as models. BAY SYSTEM used in plan. Made in a

welldefined CROSS-IN-PLAN.

*FOUR PROMINENT FEATURES OF MOST ROMANESQUE CHURCHES:

1. Towers 2.Square 3.Octagonal 4.Circular

*FLAT BUTTRESS-relieved wall from the thrust of roof. Was also pierced by windows
which gives light to the interior.

*FLYING BUTTRESSES-a masonry structure that typically consists of a straight inclined

bar carried on an arch and a solid pier or buttress against which it abuts and that
receives the thrust of a roof or vault.

*OPENINGS:
ARCADES-consisted of massive circular columns or piers which supported semicircular
arches.
ORDERS-a series of receding molded planes in which are set circular shafts
surmounted by a continuous abacus.
VESICA or MANDORLA-an oval form, pointed at its end which was the chief figure of
the Roman openings.

*ROOFS:

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The general employment of VAULTING in the 11th century was probably due to the
DESIRE TO FIREPROOF THE BUILDING.

*DEVELOPMENT OF ROMANESQUE VAULTING:

1. GROINED VAULT - meant the distance between the piers of the arcade separating
the nave and aisles was the same as the width of the aisles.

2. TRIFORIUM GALLERY- SECOND STOREY over the SIDE AISLES which was
added to produce a HIGHER CENTRAL NAVE. This upper gallery could be opened
out to the nave with a series of arches.

3. QUADRIPARTITE [4-part] VAULTING: type of vaulting with a-transverse and

diagonal ribs.

4. SEXPARTITE [6-part] VAULTING: each nave vaulting compartment had two smaller
arches at the side clerestory walls.

*MONASTERIES:
Monasteries are of the various orders:
1. BENEDICTINE-was the chronicler and the most learned,
2. AUGUSTINIAN-was the preacher and given to disputations.
3. CISTERCIAN-interest in agricultural pursuits
4. CLUNAIC-was the student and artist
5. CARTHUSIAN-was the ascetic

**The typical monastery consisted of the following elements:

1. MONASTIC CHURCH-situated in a court open to the public.
2. CLOISTER COURT-usually set into the SW corner between the nave and
transept of the church.
a. CHAPTER HOUSE: where the official meetings of the monastery were
held. DORMITORY: where the monks slept, usually on an upper floor with
a staircase leading to the church.
b. REFECTORY-dining room and adjoining KITCHEN, with their noise and
smell, were on the southside of the cloister, away from the church, as was
also the LAVATORY, while the lower floor of the monks, dorm served as a
c. CELLARAGE: for wine, beer and oil.
3. INNER COURT- 4. COMMON COURT-
5. MILLS,WORKSHOPS, GARDENS, ORCHARDS, FISHPOND-completed the
monastic establishment.

*CASTLES: Castles were PRIVATE STRONGHOLDS for kings and lord and were an
outcome of the constant feuding between rival lords and between lord & king.

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GOTHIC:

Gothic style originated in FRANCE and until the beginning of the 13th century. French
influences was paramount.

*GEOLOGICAL:
It varies so much in Europe that they contribute a definite influence in differentiating the
styles according to countries.
STONE -was the principal building material.
*RELIGIOUS:
The 13th century saw the establishment of the FRIAR ORDERS and their CHURCHES
were designed FOR PREACHING.
• FRANCISCANS- Medicants or GRAY FRIARS were founded by St. Francis of
Assisi, fired the religious imagination of his time and revolutionized life.
• DOMINICANS-Preaching or BLACK FRIARS were founded by St. Dominic.
CARMELITES-WHITE FRIARS received Papal recognition.
The CRUSADES gave rise to the use of the:
a. POINTED ARCH b. FORTIFICATION OF CASTLES
saw erection of many GRAND CATHEDRALS, especially in France and these were the
work of the laity in contrast with Monastic Building of the Romanesque period.
**The Pointed Arch gave a dynamic VERTICAL EXPRESSION to the whole structure
which was the reverse of the heavy horizontality of most Romanesque design and the
artistic possibilities change were almost at once realized.
Another characteristic of a church roofed with RIBBED POINTED VAULTS was that the
WALLS began to LOSE MUCH OF THEIR STRUCTURAL SIGNIFICANCE and the
whole tended to become a FRAMEWORK OF STONE.
*FLYING BUTTRESS-was another element which made possible in the Gothic church.
If the buttress on the outside of the aisle wall were made heavy enough and carried
above the aisle roofs, the TREMENDOUS THRUSTING OUT FORCE OF THE NAVE
VAULT could be transferred across the SIDE AISLE space to a mass of masonry
*STAINED GLASS-another element in the growing skill of the workers during this
period. Fundamentally, a window composed of hundreds of COLORED GLASS, held
together by flexible lead strips is NON-RIGID & FRAGILE.
*ARMATURES- Iron frameworks which could be built into the stone and the stained
glass fastened to them by wiring where necessary, thus the so-called MEDALLION
WINDOW was developed.

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*TRACERY -since the AVERAGE NAVE BAY was almost 20 ft. and since it was
generally desired to fill the entire bay with the window, it became necessary to subdivide
this large area in SMALLER WIDTHS and thus TRACERY was originated.
There 3 kinds of traceried windows, namely:
1.PLATE TRACERY - the effect was that of piercing holes of various sizes in a SOLID
PLATE OF STONE.
2.BAR TRACERY - the effect is that one great arch is subdivided by a patterning of
stone bars, big enough for the purpose of strength but just as THIIN as the architect
dared to make them.
3.GEOMETRICALTRACERY this is a combination of the POINTED ARCHES and
CIRCLES.
**DEVELOPMENT OF GOTHIC VAULTING:
1. VAULTING WITH INTERMEDIATE RIBS In early Gothic, the plain 4-part
[QUADRIPARTITE]_Vault, primarily constructed as a skeleton framework of
Diagonal and Tranverse Ribs.
a. TIERCERONS - an intermediate uprising ribs inserted between the
Transverse & Diagonal ribs to GIVE ADDITIONAL SUPPORT TO THE
PANELS.
b. RIDGE RIBS - were introduced to RESIST THE THRUST OF THE
OPPOSING TIERCERONS and keep them in position.
c. WALL RIBS or FORMERETS - ENCLOSING THE LATERAL WALL
SPACE of the vaulting compartment.
2. STELLAR VAULTING : A general elaboration of vaulting is characteristic of the
14th century. This is due not only to the GREATER USE OF INTERMEDIATE
AND RIDGE RIBS but also to the addition of the
3. LIERNE RIBS [Fr.,LIEN - tie or bond- a term applied to ANY RIB OTHER THAN
A RIDGE RIB which does not start from the spring line of the vaulting
compartment.
4. FAN AND PENDANT VAULTING.: The 15th century saw the introduction of FAN
[also known as PALMI or CONOIDAL] Vaulting in England, in which the rising
ribs are at equal angles on inverted concave cones and are thus of the same
curve, and these are connected at different heights horizontal lierne ribs. Fan
vaults produced a FLAT, LOZENGE-SHAPED SPACE in the crown of the vault.
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER:
The predominanting quality of Gothic Architecture is VERTICALITY. The POINTED
ARCH, together with BUTTRESSES and the lofty PINNACLES gives to the style the
aspiring tendency which has been regarded as SYMBOLIC of the religious
ASPIRATIONS of the period. The Gothic architects further extended the application of
the EQUILIBRIUM, and by employing small stones laid in shallow course, endeavored
to secure the greatest elasticity compatible with STABILITY.

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FLYING BUTTRESS- known as the structural contrivance of transmitting the

accumulated pressures the ground.

SPIRE fulfilled NO STRUCTURAL REQUIREMENTS, but it served as a SYMBOL and

formed an outward and visible expression of the religious aspirations of the time and
directed the thoughts of men heavenward.
CATHEDRALS: [Greek word= SEAT or THRONE] was applied to the EPISCOPAL OF
THE DIOCESE.
CRUCIFORM- a Latin cross of which the short arms form the North & South Transepts.
Form was generally used for Church plans.
TRIFORIUM or BLIND-STOREY-which is the SPACE BENEATH THE SLOPING ROOF
OVER THE AISLE VAULT & enclosed on the nave side by a series of arches. Above
the Friforium is the CLERESTORY, a range of windows stretching from pier to pier TO
LIGHT THE NAVE (Above the pave arcade).
**The development of the Gothic style in France maybe divided into 3 periods:
1. PRIMAIRE or GOTHIQUE A LANCETTES-(later part of the 12th century).The
churches of this period are all somewhat tentative in their approach to the Gothic
ideal. In many of them ROUND & POINTED ARCHES are mixed. There is also a
-DOUBLE TRIFORIUM.
2. SECONDAIRE or RAYONNANT PERIOD [13th century] It was not until the 2nd
quarter of the 13th century that BAR TRACERY began to supersede the earlier
heavier form. The French architects had discovered the grace and possible
variety of this new form of design, they made it an important element in all of their
churches, and it is LIGHT & DELICATE, yet at the same time strictly
GEOMETRICAL TRACERY. The great ROSE WINDOWS that fills the ends of
the these transepts and nave & it is owing to the RADIATING CHARACTERS of
these ROSE or WHEELWINDOWS that the developed style of French Gothic is
known as RAYONNANT.
3. TERTAIRE or FLAMBOYANT PERIOD [14th, 15th and part of the 16th century]
In church architecture, the 14th century in France was a PERIOD OF REST. -
FLAMBOYANT work receives its name from the FLAME-LIKE SHAPES common
in its window tracery. This type of tracery was undoubtedly borrowed from the
earlier ENGLISH CURVILINEAR; the French gave it a. VITALITY
b. FLUID CHARACTER of their own
*LEAFAGE was naturalistic and often deeply undercut, so that the effect was
LACELIKE.

THE RENAISSANCE & BAROQUE PERIODS:

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"Renaissance" means "rebirth" of classical standards

Humanism: a philosophy centered on the wholeness of man and his needs.
Italian Renaissance innovators:
• Leon Battista Alberti - Three-dimensionality in perspective, the use of the grid,
wrote a treatise on perspective of buildings to create harmony with landscape
backgrounds; movement in artforms, dance as the language of soul ..
• Filippo Brunelleschi - Rediscovered antique methods of architecture through his
research of works of Vitruvius: scientific perspective of figures.
• Leonardo da Vinci - perspective in color called "sfumato), master of chiaroscuro;
developed system of drawing the human anatomy ("the Vitruviannan").
**Patronage: Kings (Francis I of France, Charles V of Spain and Holy Roman Empire,
Henry II of England) Wealthy families (de Medici, Duke of Urbino, Sforza, Gonzaga,
Visconti families) **Architecture in Italy:
Florence:
1. Brunelleschi - Florence Cathedral dome, Santa Maria del Fiore, Ospedale
Innocenti, Medici Chapel
2. Leon Battista Alberti - Santa Maria Novella, Palazzo Rucellai, Church of
Francesco Rimini Rome:
1. Donato Bramante - Tempietto de San Pietro, renovation of St.
Peter's Cathedral Michaelangelo de Ludovico Buonarotti Simoni
- Dome and cupola of St. Peter's
Cathedral, Laurentian Library stairway, Sistine Chapel Giacomo della Porta and
2. Giacomo Vignola - Il Gesu Church Venice:
1. Andrea Palladio - wrote a treatise on Renaissance architecture, "Quattro Libri Dell
Archittetura"; Villa Rotunda, Villa Barbaro

FRENCH STYLE PERIODS:

The French art period are often called after the names of the reigning monarchs, but as
the changes in the art forms do not exactly correspond to the lifetime of the rulers, it is
preferable to use the nomenclature given herewith.
Early Renaissance (1484 – 1547)
• Reigns of Charles VIII, Louis, and Francis I.
• Transitional Period
• Mixture of Gothic structural forms with Italian Renaissance architectural detail
and ornament

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• Important chairs maintained the aspect of thrones and were built up from small
chest underbodies. Other pieces were stools, benches, the x-shaped chair, and
the escabelle (chair supported on trestles). Middle Renaissance (1547 - 1589)
• Reigns of Henry II, Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III
• Gradual elimination of Gothic forms, with greater use of Italian ornament and
Renaissance architectural detail, with local variations.
• Catherine de Medici dominates the kingdom Furniture:
Pieces included the caquetoire ( gossip chair , small conversational chair on four legs),
the credence, and an Italian form of double cabinet called armoire.

Late Renaissance (1589 - 1643)

• Reigns of Henry IV and Louis XIII
• Continuation of Italian Renaissance influence mixed with Dutch and Flemish
influence Enlargement of wall paneling.
• More formal effects
Bun feet or Flemish feet with scrolls were used, and supports consisted of slender
classic column forms or spiral turnings
To brace table and cabinet legs, flat stretchers arranged in the shaped of letter X with
vase or turned final placed at the intersection were introduced Baroque (1643 -
1700)
• Reign of Louis XIV, 1643 - 1715
• Golden Age
• The first of the purely native styles
• The use of classic architectural orders
• Rectangular wooden wall paneling
• Enormous rooms, large scale furniture. Richly carved ornamentation and strong
color contrasts
• Curves formed by compass
Interiors:
Characteristics: great formality, pompousness, large - scale detail, extravagance of
workmanship and material.

Regency (1700 - 1730)

• Beginnings of economy in architecture and decoration
• Large-scale room continues, but free curved forms are introduced Traditional
Style Rococo (1730 - 1760)

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• Reigns of Loius XV, 1723 - 1774

• Further economies in production
• Smaller - scale rooms and furniture
• Efficiency and sentimentality produced
• Artificialities, pastorals, and conventionalizations. Accentuation of free forms and
delicate color schemes-
Straight intersections were avoided. Corners of rooms often curve. Panel moldings
reduced in size. Corner of panels broken or softened by a covering ornament. Panel
shapes were often vertical in proportion. Anything approaching a square was avoided.
Panels enriched with a scenic decoration of floral composition in delicate colors.
Furniture : Curvilinear forms were used, particularly cabriole legs.
Furniture was to have an agreeable contour following unconsciously lines of feminine
form
Case furniture: had bulging fronts known as bombe or serpentine Neoclassic
(1760 - 1789)
• Reign of Louis XVI, 1774 - 1789
• Further economies in production
• Return to naturalism and simplicity in decorative forms
• Straight lines and compass curves
• Revival of classic architectural orders
• Pompeian, Greek, and English Adam influence dominant
Furniture supports were distinguishing feature of the style. The cabriole leg began to
straighten out. The scroll foot disappeared.

Revolution and Directoire (1789 - 1804)

• Temporary Stagnation
• Effort to eliminate previous forms of art
• Introduction to military motifs
• Transitional Style Interiors:
a. Delicacy of forms and refinement of detail
b. New ornament motifs came in: military objects like drums, spears trumpets, stars,
liberty cap of the army, Delicacy of forms and refinement of detail
*Bent wrought iron and bronze furniture, with tripod supports designed in the Greek
manner, were popular Empire (1804 - 1820)
• Napoleon 1804-1815
• Symbols of Napoleons victories

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• Egyptian motifs, allegorical symbols of Roman and Grecian architecture,

decoration and furniture.
Furniture:
a. Basic forms of the furniture were simple, with definite and severe outlines; rather
heavy in proportion, with sharp corners; often monolithic in appearance
b. Moldings and panels disappeared
c. All tables were round or octagonal with marble tops. Many were supported by a
central pedestal leg, which rested on a triangular block. Tripod tables with metal
and wooden supports were made in imitation to those of Pompeii
Restoration Styles (1830 - 1870)
• Reigns of Louis XVII: Charles X. Louis - Philippe. And Napoleon III
• Revivals of late 18th century furniture and industrial art forms cheapened by
machine manufacturing
• Generally decline of good taste.

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