CHAPTER 3: CYTOLOGY

Anatomy and Physiology 131

Vocabulary Matching
Match the following:

A) Messenger RNA
B) Synthetase enzymes
C) ATP
D) Transfer RNA
E) Ribosomal RNA

E 1) _____ Forms part of the subunits for the protein synthesizing organelle. Ribosomal RNA

D 2) _____ A molecule that binds to a specific codon and specific amino acid simultaneously. Transfer RNA

B 3) _____ Attaches the correct amino acid to its transfer RNA. Synthetase enzymes

C 4) _____ Provides the energy needed for synthesis reactions. ATP

A 5)_____ Produced in the nucleus, this molecule specifies the exact sequence of amino acids of the protein to
be made. Messenger RNA

E 6) ____ May be attached to the ER or scattered in the cytoplasm. Ribosomal RNA

Match the following:

A) Anaphase
B) Telophase
C) Early prophase
D) Late prophase
E) Metaphase

B 7) ____ Chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin. Telophase

A 8) ____ Chromosomal centromeres split, and chromosomes migrate to opposite ends of the cell. Anaphase

D 9)____ Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate. Late prophase

E 10) ____ Chromosomes align on the spindle equator. Metaphase

C 11) ____ Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell. Early prophase

Match the following:

A) Ribosomes
B) Cytoskeleton
C) Nucleus
D) Golgi apparatus
E) Peroxisomes

D 12) _____This organelle modifies, concentrates, and packages the proteins and lipids made at the RER for
domestic use or export. Golgi apparatus

A 13) _____ The organelle that facilitates peptic bond formation between amino acids. Ribosomes

E 14) _____This organelle contains oxidases and catalases. Peroxisomes

B 15) _____ This is an elaborate network of rods and accessory proteins found in the cytosol that support
cellular structures and provide the machinery to generate various cell movements, as well as provide the "roads"
for vesicular trafficking. Cytoskeleton

C 16) _____The vast majority of the cell's genetic material is housed here. Nucleus

Match the following:

A) Tight junctions
B) Desmosomes
C) Gap junctions

A 17) _____ Help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells.

B 18) _____ Type of anchoring junction.

C 19) _____ Allows ions and small molecules to pass through from one cell to another.

C 20) _____ Present in electrically excitable tissues.

B 21) _____ Abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress.

True/False Questions
22) True/False: Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has exactly the same genetic
composition.

23) True/False: Apoptosis is programmed cell death; cancer cells do not undergo this process.

24) True/False: Introns represent a genome scrap yard that provides DNA segments for genome evolution and a
variety of small RNA molecules.

25) True/False: Enzymes and proteins needed for cell division are synthesizes and put into place during G 2
phase.
26) True/False: Phagocytosis is used by the cells to secrete intracellular substances to the outside of the cell.

27) True/False: Osmosis is the passive movement of water, but it follows almost completely opposite laws of
physics when compared to the diffusion of ions or other small particles.

28) True/False: Dividing cells must pass through the phases of mitosis in the following order: Prophase,
Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase.

29) True/False: DNA transcription is another word for DNA replication.

30) True/False: Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material.

31) True/False: Aquaporins are believed to be present in red blood cells and kidney tubules, but not in any other
cells in the body.

Multiple Choice
32) Which of the following is FALSE regarding the membrane potential?
A) In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential.
B) The resting membrane potential occurs due to active transport of ions across the membrane due to the
sodium-potassium pump.
C) The resting membrane potential is determined mainly by the concentration gradients and differential
permeability of the plasma membrane to K+ and Na+ ions.
D) The resting membrane potential is maintained solely by passive transport processes.

33) Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages?
A) exocytosis
B) phagocytosis
C) pinocytosis
D) intracellular vesicular trafficking

34) In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________.
A) the smooth ER
B) the rough ER
C) both smooth and rough ER
D) the cytoplasm

35) The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation is ________.
A) rRNA
B) mRNA
C) tRNA
D) ssRNA

36) A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________.

A) shrink
B) swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached
C) neither shrink nor swell
D) swell and burst

37) Which of the following describes the plasma membrane?

A) a single-layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell
B) a double layer of protein enclosing the plasma
C) a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell
D) a membrane composed of tiny shelves or cristae

38) Which of the following structures would aid a cell in allowing more nutrients to be absorbed by the cell?
A) stereocilia
B) microvilli
C) primary cilia
D) flagella

39) Which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion?

A) The rate is independent of temperature.
B) The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate.
C) Molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate.
D) The lower the temperature, the faster the rate.

40) In a tissue type that undergoes a relatively great deal of mechanical stress, like the tissue that lines the
intestine, you would expect to see an abundance of ________ between the individual cells of the tissue.
A) gap junctions
B) desmosomes
C) connexons
D) tight junctions

41) If cells are placed in a hypotonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what
could happen?
A) The cells will swell and ultimately burst.
B) The cells will lose water and shrink.
C) The cells will shrink at first, but will later reach equilibrium with the surrounding solution and return to their
original condition.
D) The cells will show no change due to diffusion of both solute and solvent.

42) Mitosis ________.

A) is the formation of sex cells
B) is division of the genetic material within the nucleus
C) creates diversity in genetic potential
D) is always a part of the cell cycle

43) If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is
ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA?
A) TGCAA
B) ACGTT
C) UGCAA
D) GUACC

44) Passive membrane transport processes include ________.

A) movement of a substance down its concentration gradient
B) movement of water from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low concentration
C) consumption of ATP
D) the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration

45) Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
A) lipid metabolism and cholesterol synthesis
B) steroid-based hormone synthesis
C) breakdown of stored glycogen to form free glucose
D) protein synthesis in conjunction with ribosomes

46) Mitochondria ________.

A) contain digestive enzymes called acid hydrolyses
B) are single-membrane structures involved in the breakdown of ATP
C) contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
D) synthesize proteins for use outside the cell

47) Peroxisomes ________.

A) are functionally the same as lysosomes
B) are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action
C) function to digest particles ingested by endocytosis
D) sometimes function as secretory vesicles

48) Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes?

A) digesting particles taken in by endocytosis
B) degrading worn-out or nonfunctional organelles
C) help in the formation of cell membranes
D) breaking down bone to release calcium ions into the blood

49) In which stage of mitosis do the identical sets of chromosomes line up along the midline or equator of the
cell?
A) prophase
B) metaphase
C) anaphase
D) telophase

50) Which of the following is a principle of the fluid mosaic model of cell membrane structure?
A) Phospholipids form a bilayer that is largely impermeable to water-soluble molecules.
B) Phospholipids consist of a polar head and a nonpolar tail made of three fatty acid chains.
C) The lipid bilayer is a solid at body temperature, thus protecting the cell.
D) All proteins associated with the cell membrane are contained in a fluid layer on the outside of the cell.

51) A cell engulfing a relatively large particle will likely utilize ________.
A) phagocytosis
B) pinocytosis
C) receptor-mediated endocytosis
D) exocytosis