VELTECH MULTITECH DR. RANGARAJAN DR.

SAKUNTHALA ENGINEERING
COLLLEGE
(AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTION)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

191EC311- COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
QUESTION BANK
UNIT- 1 ANALOG MODULATION
Amplitude Modulation – AM, DSBSC, SSBSC, VSB – PSD, modulators and demodulators – Angle
modulation – PM and FM – PSD, modulators and demodulators – Superheterodyne receivers
CL-
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LEVEL
PART- A
The parameter of an AM signal varies to carry the information is -----.
a) Frequency
1 b) Amplitude CO1.1 CL1
c) Phase
d) Wavelength
In AM, the carrier signal is typically a high-frequency sinusoidal
waveform. What happens to the carrier frequency in an AM signal
when it is modulated with a message signal?
2 a) It remains constant. CO1.1 CL2
b) It decreases.
c) It increases.
d) It varies linearly with time.
For an AM signal with a carrier frequency of 1 MHz and a
modulation index of 0.5, what is the bandwidth of the modulated
signal?
3 a) 0.25 MHz CO1.1 CL2
b) 0.5 MHz
c) 1 MHz
d) 2 MHz
A broadcast station is transmitting an AM signal with a carrier
frequency of 950 kHz. If the message signal has a frequency range of
5 kHz to 10 kHz, calculate the upper and lower sideband frequencies.
4 a) Upper sideband: 955 kHz, Lower sideband: 945 kHz CO1.1 CL3
b) Upper sideband: 955 kHz, Lower sideband: 950 kHz
c) Upper sideband: 960 kHz, Lower sideband: 950 kHz
d) Upper sideband: 955 kHz, Lower sideband: 940 kHz
In an AM receiver, what is the purpose of the envelope detector?
a) To extract the carrier frequency
5 b) To remove noise from the signal CO1.1 CL1
c) To demodulate the AM signal and recover the message signal
d) To amplify the received signal
In AM modulation, the _______ carries the information, while the
carrier remains constant.
a) Phase
6 CO1.2 CL1
b) Frequency
c) Amplitude
d) Wavelength
 DSBSC modulation is achieved by suppressing the carrier frequency.
Which modulation technique is used to suppress the carrier?
a) Phase modulation
7 CO1.2 CL2
b) Frequency modulation
c) Amplitude modulation
d) Phase-shift keying
In SSBSC modulation, only one sideband is transmitted along with
the carrier. Which of the following is an advantage of SSBSC
modulation?
8 a) Reduced bandwidth CO1.2 CL2
b) Improved signal quality
c) Higher power efficiency
d) Simplicity of demodulation
VSB modulation is commonly used in television broadcasting. What
is the primary purpose of the vestigial sideband in VSB modulation?
a) To carry the audio signal
9 CO1.2 CL3
b) To carry color information
c) To carry additional data
d) To reduce the bandwidth requirements
In a VSB modulation system, the vestigial sideband contains
information that is critical for signal recovery. What is the
significance of the vestigial sideband?
10 a) It contains the entire message signal. CO1.2 CL3
b) It contains only redundant information.
c) It contains a portion of the message signal.
d) It carries the carrier frequency.
The Power Spectral Density (PSD) of a signal is a measure of its
_______ content.
a) Amplitude
11 CO1.3 CL1
b) Frequency
c) Phase
d) Wavelength
In amplitude modulation (AM), the modulator varies the _______ of
the carrier signal according to the message signal.
a) Frequency
12 CO1.3 CL2
b) Phase
c) Amplitude
d) Wavelength
Frequency modulation (FM) is a modulation technique where the
_______ of the carrier signal is varied in proportion to the message
signal.
13 a) Amplitude CO1.3 CL2
b) Frequency
c) Phase
d) Wavelength
In a phase-locked loop (PLL), the _______ is used to demodulate
frequency-modulated signals.
a) Voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)
14 CO1.3 CL3
b) Phase comparator
c) Low-pass filter
d) Amplifier
In a coherent demodulation scheme, the received signal is multiplied
by a _______ signal to extract the message signal.
a) Carrier
15 CO1.3 CL3
b) Phase-locked
c) Frequency-modulated
d) Amplitude-modulated
 In angle modulation, the instantaneous phase of the carrier signal is
varied with respect to _______.
a) Time
16 CO1.4 CL1
b) Frequency
c) Amplitude
d) Power
For frequency modulation (FM), the greater the amplitude of the
message signal, the _______ the frequency deviation.
a) Smaller
17 CO1.4 CL2
b) Larger
c) Unchanged
d) Inverted
Phase modulation (PM) and frequency modulation (FM) are both
types of _______ modulation.
a) Amplitude
18 CO1.4 CL2
b) Angle
c) Power
d) Digital
In FM modulation, if the modulation index is increased, what happens
to the bandwidth of the modulated signal?
a) It decreases.
19 CO1.4 CL3
b) It remains constant.
c) It increases.
d) It becomes undefined.
A narrowband FM signal is one in which the modulation index is
_______.
a) Less than 1
20 CO1.4 CL3
b) Equal to 1
c) Greater than 1
d) Undefined
The primary parameter modulated in FM is the _______ of the carrier
signal.
a) Frequency
21 CO1.5 CL1
b) Phase
c) Amplitude
d) Wavelength
In Phase Modulation (PM), the carrier signal's phase is varied in
response to the _______ signal.
a) Amplitude
22 CO1.5 CL3
b) Frequency
c) Phase
d) Wavelength
Which modulation technique, FM or PM, is generally more resistant
to amplitude noise and interference?
23 CO1.5 CL2
a) FM
b) PM
When discussing FM modulation, the rate at which the carrier
frequency varies with the modulating signal is called the _______.
a) Modulation index
24 CO1.5 CL3
b) Deviation frequency
c) Frequency deviation
d) Modulating frequency
 Phase Modulation (PM) is a type of modulation where the _______ of
the carrier signal is modified.
a) Frequency
25 CO1.5 CL1
b) Phase
c) Amplitude
d) Wavelength
In a superheterodyne receiver, the incoming RF signal is mixed with a
_______ signal to produce an intermediate frequency (IF) signal.
a) Low-pass
26 CO1.6 CL3
b) High-pass
c) Local oscillator
d) Phase-locked
The main advantage of a superheterodyne receiver over a direct
conversion receiver is its improved _______.
a) Sensitivity
27 CO1.6 CL2
b) Selectivity
c) Frequency stability
d) Bandwidth
Superheterodyne receivers use a process called _______ to convert
incoming RF signals to a fixed intermediate frequency.
a) Modulation
28 CO1.6 CL1
b) Demodulation
c) Heterodyning
d) Amplification
One of the key components in a superheterodyne receiver is the
_______ filter, which helps in selecting the desired RF signal.
a) Low-pass
29 CO1.6 CL2
b) High-pass
c) Bandpass
d) Notch
The intermediate frequency (IF) in a superheterodyne receiver is
chosen to be a fixed value to simplify _______.
a) Tuning
30 CO1.6 CL3
b) Amplification
c) Detection
d) Modulation

PART –B
An amplitude of a sinusoidal carrier is modulated by a single sinusoid to
1 obtain the amplitude modulated signal S(t)= 5cos 1600πt + 20 cos1800πt CO1.1 CL2
+ 5cos2000πt. Find the value of the modulation index.
Consider sinusoidal modulation in an AM system. Assuming no over
2 modulation, find its modulation index (H) when the maximum and CO1.1 CL2
minimum values of the envelope respectively are 3V and 1V.
● Calculate power in each sideband, if power of carrier wave is 176W and
3 CO1.2 CL2
there is 60% modulation in amplitude modulated signal?
A wave is modulated by two sin waves having modulation indices of 0.3
4 CO1.2 CL2
and 0.5. Calculate the total modulation index?
A Carrier wave of 10 MHz frequency and 10 V peak value is
amplitude modulated by 5 KHz sine wave of 6V
5 amplitude .Determine the modulation Index, percentage of CO1.3 CL2
modulation, LSB frequency and upper side band frequency.Also draw
its frequency spectrum of the modulated signal.
6 Sketch the VSB spectrum and explain the significance. CO1.5 CL1
A frequency modulated voltage wave is given as V= 10 sin (2 π x 10 8t +
7 5sin400 πt). Find its carrier frequency and maximum deviation of the CO1.7 CL2
signal.
8 List the advantages of frequency modulation over amplitude modulation CO1.7 CL1
9 Give the expression for FM wave and sketch its waveform. CO1.7 CL1
10 Give the expression for PM wave and sketch its waveform. CO1.8 CL1
11 Compare FM and PM in terms of their modulation techniques. CO1.8 CL2
12 Draw the block diagram of AM Superheterodyne Receiver. CO1.9 CL1
PART –C
Give the expression for DSB FC AM wave with its power calculation
1 CO1.1 CL1
and relevant block and phasor diagrams.
An audio frequency signal 10sin2π100t is used to amplitude modulate
at a carrier signal of 50sin2π105t. Find out
a.Modulation Index
2 b.Side band frequencies CO1.2 CL2
c.Bandwidth required
d.Frequency spectrum
e.Total power delivered to the load of 600 Ω
f.Amplitude of sideband
Discuss about any two methods of generation of SSBSC waves with
3 CO1.3 CL1
block diagram and expressions.
Draw the circuit diagram of a Balance modulator and square law
4 CO1.4 CL1
modulator and explain its working with relevant expressions.
5 Explain the concept of modulation in VSB with suitable block diagram. CO1.5 CL1
Outline the generation of SSB wave using modified phase shift method
6 CO1.6 CL1
using necessary block diagram.
Explain the theory behind frequency and phase modulation with
7 CO1.7 CL2
necessary equations.
Compare AM,FM and PM with necessary waveform and phasor
8 CO1.8 CL2
diagram.
Draw and explain briefly about the concept of AM Superheterodyne
9 CO1.9 CL1
Receiver.
i)A super heterodyne receiver is tuned to 555Khz.Its local oscillator
input to the mixer is 1010 KHz.Find the image frequency.
ii)An FM transmission has a deviation sensitivity of 4KHz /volt and
10 CO1.9 CL1
carrier frequency of 95KHz.Find out the frequency deviation for a
modulating signal Vm(t)=8cos(2π2000t).Also determine the
modulation index of the transmitter.

UNIT- 2 PULSE MODULATION

Low pass sampling theorem – Quantization – PAM – Line coding – PCM, DPCM, DM, and
ADPCM And ADM, Channel Vocoder - Time Division Multiplexing, Frequency Division
Multiplexing
CL-
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PART- A
The Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem states that in order to
accurately reconstruct a continuous signal from its samples, the
sampling frequency must be at least _______ times the highest
frequency present in the signal.
1 CO2.1 CL1
a) Half
b) Equal to
c) Greater than
d) Less than
 If a continuous signal with a maximum frequency of 4 kHz is sampled
at a rate of 10 kHz, what is the minimum bandwidth required to
represent the sampled signal accurately?
2 a) 2 kHz CO2.1 CL3
b) 4 kHz
c) 8 kHz
d) 10 kHz
The Nyquist frequency is also known as the _______ frequency.
a) Sampling
3 b) Carrier CO2.1 CL2
c) Modulation
d) Bandwidth
In practical applications, anti-aliasing filters are used before sampling
to ensure that _______ frequencies are removed from the input signal.
a) Low
4 CO2.1 CL3
b) High
c) Bandpass
d) Phase-shifted
The Nyquist-Shannon Sampling Theorem is essential in the field of
digital signal processing for accurately converting _______ signals
into digital form.
5 a) Analog CO2.1 CL1
b) Modulated
c) High-frequency
d) Complex
In the process of quantization, continuous amplitude values are
mapped to a finite set of _______ values.
a) Time
6 CO2.2 CL2
b) Phase
c) Amplitude
d) Frequency
Quantization error, also known as quantization _______ or
quantization noise, occurs due to the limited number of quantization
levels.
7 a) Deviation CO2.2 CL1
b) Variation
c) Distortion
d) Oscillation
In a digital audio recording system, increasing the number of
quantization levels (i.e., using a higher bit depth) results in _______
quantization noise.
8 a) Lower CO2.2 CL3
b) Higher
c) Constant
d) Variable
Quantization is an essential step in the analog-to-digital conversion
process, where an analog signal is converted into a _______ signal.
a) Digital
9 CO2.2 CL2
b) Complex
c) Continuous
d) Modulated
The process of quantization introduces an inherent trade-off between
_______ and quantization noise.
a) Accuracy
10 CO2.2 CL3
b) Complexity
c) Bandwidth
d) Modulation
 In Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM), the _______ of the pulse
signal varies to represent different amplitude levels of the message
signal.
11 a) Frequency CO2.3 CL2
b) Phase
c) Amplitude
d) Duration
In PAM, the continuous message signal is sampled at specific
_______ intervals to generate discrete pulses.
a) Phase
12 CO2.3 CL1
b) Frequency
c) Amplitude
d) Time
Increasing the number of amplitude levels used in PAM leads to
_______ signal fidelity but also requires a higher bandwidth.
a) Improved
13 CO2.3 CL3
b) Reduced
c) Constant
d) Unchanged
In PAM, the bandwidth of the modulated signal is determined by the
_______ of the pulses and the pulse rate.
a) Amplitude
14 CO2.3 CL2
b) Phase
c) Shape
d) Duration
If a PAM system uses 8 different amplitude levels to represent the
message signal and the signal is sampled at a rate of 10 kHz, what is
the minimum bandwidth required for the modulated signal?
15 a) 10 kHz CO2.3 CL3
b) 5 kHz
c) 20 kHz
d) 40 kHz
In line coding, the process of converting binary data into a specific
pattern of electrical voltage or current levels is known as _______.
a) Modulation
16 CO2.4 CL2
b) Demodulation
c) Encoding
d) Decoding
One of the key advantages of line coding is that it helps in mitigating
the _______ effect, ensuring reliable data transmission.
a) Echo
17 CO2.4 CL3
b) Attenuation
c) Distortion
d) Interference
Unipolar, bipolar, and Manchester are examples of different types of
_______ used in line coding schemes.
a) Modulation
18 CO2.4 CL1
b) Encoding
c) Bandwidth
d) Demodulation
In line coding, what is the purpose of using a transition bit, such as in
Manchester encoding?
a) To represent a logic 0
19 CO2.4 CL2
b) To represent a logic 1
c) To ensure synchronization
d) To increase the bandwidth
 Differential Manchester encoding is a line coding scheme that is self-
clocking and provides a higher level of _______ immunity compared
to some other schemes.
20 a) Noise CO2.4 CL3
b) Delay
c) Voltage
d) Frequency
In PCM, the analog signal is sampled and then quantized into a
discrete set of _______ levels before being encoded.
a) Frequency
21 CO2.5 CL2
b) Phase
c) Amplitude
d) Duration
DPCM is a form of compression that encodes the difference between
successive samples. What advantage does DPCM have over PCM in
terms of data transmission?
22 a) Lower quantization noise CO2.5 CL3
b) Higher bandwidth efficiency
c) Simplicity of encoding
d) No need for synchronization
Delta modulation (DM) is a simple form of analog-to-digital
conversion where each sample is compared to the _______ sample.
a) Next
23 CO2.5 CL1
b) Previous
c) Average
d) Maximum
In ADPCM, the quantization step size is adapted based on the
_______ of the signal, leading to improved compression.
a) Frequency
24 CO2.5 CL2
b) Phase
c) Amplitude
d) Duration
The Channel Vocoder is a signal processing technique commonly
used in speech and audio applications. It analyzes the _______
content of a signal for compression and transmission.
25 a) Amplitude CO2.5 CL3
b) Frequency
c) Phase
d) Duration
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a technique used in
telecommunications to transmit multiple signals over a shared channel
by allocating each signal a unique _______.
26 a) Carrier frequency CO2.6 CL2
b) Time slot
c) Phase modulation
d) Amplitude level
In Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), each signal is assigned a
distinct _______ for transmission.
a) Carrier frequency
27 CO2.6 CL3
b) Time slot
c) Phase modulation
d) Amplitude level
 TDM and FDM are both methods used to achieve _______ multiple
access to a shared communication channel.
a) Simultaneous
28 CO2.6 CL1
b) Serial
c) Serial-to-parallel
d) Parallel-to-serial
In TDM, the time slots allocated to different signals are usually of
_______ duration, ensuring that each signal gets a fair share of the
channel.
29 a) Equal CO2.6 CL2
b) Varying
c) Fixed
d) Random
FDM is often used in applications such as radio broadcasting and
cable television. What is the primary advantage of FDM in these
contexts?
30 a) Reduced complexity CO2.6 CL3
b) Higher bandwidth efficiency
c) Lower power consumption
d) Improved signal quality

PART –B
1 State sampling theorem. CO2.1 CL1
2 Discuss the process of Quantization and its types. CO2.1 CL1
3 ● Give some of the line coding techniques. CO2.2 CL1
4 Mention the principle of PAM with the waveform of PAM. CO2.2 CL1
5 List out the types of Digital modulation techniques. CO2.2 CL2
Draw the waveforms of Pulse Width Modulation and Pulse Position
6 CO2.2 CL2
Modulation.
7 Explain about Delta Modulation with necessary diagram. CO2.3 CL1
8 Define pulse time modulation and draw its spectrum. CO2.4 CL1
9 Give the advantages of ADM over DM. CO2.5 CL2
10 Compare the PCM and DPCM with their advantages. CO2.6 CL2
11 Mention about the channel vocoders. CO2.7 CL1
12 Compare FDM and TDM in terms of their parameters. CO2.8 CL2
PART –C
State Quantization and explain about the types of quantization in
1 CO2.1 CL1
detail.
Explain the principle of generation and demodulation of PPM using
2 CO2.2 CL1
block diagram.
3 Explain Pulse Code Modulation System using necessary block diagram. CO2.3 CL1
What is Differential Pulse Code Modulation System using necessary
4 CO2.4 CL1
block diagram.
Why ADPCM and ADM is used over DM, explain with relevant
5 CO2.5 CL2
modulation and demodulation techniques.
Give the block diagram of ADPCM and its demodulation technique
6 CO2.6 CL1
and explain in detail.
Give the block diagram of ADM and its demodulation technique and
7 CO2.7 CL1
explain in detail.
8 Explain about Channel Vocoders and its types. CO2.8 CL1
Discuss about FDM and TDM and Compare FDM and TDM in terms
9 CO2.9 CL2
of their parameters.

UNIT- 3 DIGITAL MODULATION AND TRANSMISSION

Phase shift keying – BPSK, DPSK, QPSK – Principles of M-ary signaling M-ary PSK & QAM –
Comparison, ISI – Pulse shaping – Duo binary encoding – Cosine filters – Eye pattern, equalizers
CL-
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LEVEL
PART- A
In digital communication, what does Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
primarily modulate?
a) Amplitude
1 CO3.1 CL2
b) Frequency
c) Phase
d) Polarization
Which of the following PSK schemes uses two phase shifts, 0° and
180°?
a) BPSK
2 CO3.1 CL1
b) QPSK
c) 8PSK
d) 16PSK
Consider a PSK communication system where a carrier signal is
phase-shifted by 45° for transmitting a '0' bit and phase-shifted by
135° for transmitting a '1' bit. If the original message signal is
101001, what will be the corresponding PSK-modulated signal?
3 CO3.1 CL3
a) 135°, 45°, 45°, 135°, 135°, 45°
b) 45°, 135°, 135°, 45°, 45°, 135°
c) 45°, 45°, 135°, 45°, 135°, 135°
d) 135°, 45°, 135°, 45°, 45°, 135°
Which of the following is a benefit of using Phase Shift Keying
(PSK) in communication systems?
a) Higher bandwidth efficiency
4 CO3.1 CL2
b) Longer transmission range
c) Lower power consumption
d) Reduced interference
Which type of phase-shift keying is particularly useful for combating
phase drift in long-distance communication systems?
a) BPSK
5 CO3.2 CL2
b) DPSK
c) QPSK
d) MSK
In BPSK modulation, if the original binary signal is '1', what phase
shift is typically applied to the carrier signal?
a) 0 degrees
6 CO3.2 CL1
b) 45 degrees
c) 90 degrees
d) 180 degrees
Imagine a communication system using QPSK modulation. In this
system, the carrier signal is modulated with a data sequence at 1
Mbps. What is the symbol rate for this QPSK system?
7 a) 1 Msymbols/s CO3.2 CL3
b) 0.5 Msymbols/s
c) 2 Msymbols/s
d) 4 Msymbols/s
In DPSK modulation, how does the phase of the carrier signal change
to represent a '0' bit?
a) No change
8 CO3.2 CL2
b) Shifted by 45 degrees
c) Shifted by 90 degrees
d) Shifted by 180 degrees
 For M-ary PSK with M = 8, how many distinct phase angles are used
to represent different symbols?
a) 4
9 CO3.3 CL1
b) 6
c) 8
d) 16
In M-ary QAM, the constellation points are arranged in a grid pattern
in the complex plane. If you have an M-ary QAM signal with M = 16,
how many points will be in the constellation diagram?
10 a) 4 CO3.3 CL3
b) 8
c) 16
d) 32
In M-ary PSK, as the value of M (the number of phase angles)
increases, what happens to the bandwidth efficiency?
a) Increases
11 CO3.3 CL2
b) Decreases
c) Remains constant
d) Cannot be determined
Imagine an M-ary signaling system using 16-QAM modulation. If the
amplitude levels are uniformly spaced between -A to A on the I and Q
channels, what is the distance between adjacent constellation points in
terms of A?
12 CO3.3 CL3
a) A/2
b) A/4
c) A
d) 2A
In a communication system, which modulation technique is more
susceptible to Intersymbol Interference (ISI) when transmitted over a
dispersive channel, all else being equal?
13 a) PSK CO3.4 CL2
b) QAM
c) Both PSK and QAM are equally susceptible to ISI
d) Neither PSK nor QAM is susceptible to ISI
Consider a scenario where a PSK-modulated signal and a QAM-
modulated signal with the same symbol rate are transmitted over a
communication channel with significant multipath propagation.
Which modulation technique is more likely to experience severe ISI
in this situation, and why?
a) PSK, because it relies solely on phase modulation, making it
14 sensitive to phase distortions caused by multipath. CO3.4 CL3
b) QAM, because it uses both amplitude and phase modulation,
making it more susceptible to amplitude and phase distortions caused
by multipath.
c) Neither PSK nor QAM is likely to experience ISI in this scenario.
d) Both PSK and QAM will experience ISI to the same extent due to
the equal symbol rate.
In digital communication, why is pulse shaping applied to the
transmitted signal?
a) To increase the carrier frequency
15 CO3.5 CL2
b) To reduce signal bandwidth
c) To increase signal power
d) To decrease the signal-to-noise ratio
 Which pulse shape is commonly used in pulse shaping to minimize
intersymbol interference (ISI) when the transmitted symbols are closely
spaced?
16 a) Rectangular pulse CO3.5 CL1
b) Triangular pulse
c) Raised cosine pulse
d) Sine wave pulse
In a communication system, a pulse-shaped signal is transmitted over
a channel with significant multipath propagation. How does the
choice of pulse shape impact the signal's resilience to multipath-
induced distortion?
a) The pulse shape has no impact on multipath-induced distortion.
17 b) A longer pulse shape is more resilient to multipath-induced CO3.5 CL3
distortion.
c) A shorter pulse shape is more resilient to multipath-induced
distortion.
d) The impact of pulse shape on multipath-induced distortion depends
on the specific channel characteristics.
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship
between pulse shaping and the Nyquist criterion in digital
communication?
18 a) Pulse shaping ensures that the Nyquist criterion is satisfied. CO3.5 CL2
b) The Nyquist criterion dictates the choice of pulse shaping.
c) Pulse shaping is unrelated to the Nyquist criterion.
d) Pulse shaping is an alternative to the Nyquist criterion.
In duo-binary encoding, what is the primary purpose of using a duo-
binary signal rather than a standard binary signal?
a) To reduce the signal's bandwidth
19 CO3.6 CL1
b) To increase the signal's amplitude
c) To simplify the decoding process
d) To improve error correction capabilities
In a duo-binary communication system, the input signal is encoded
using duo-binary modulation and transmitted over a channel. When
the received signal is observed, it exhibits less intersymbol
interference (ISI) compared to a standard binary signal. What
20 characteristic of duo-binary encoding contributes to this reduced ISI? CO3.6 CL3
a) Duo-binary encoding uses three distinct signal levels for encoding.
b) Duo-binary encoding incorporates a precoding technique.
c) Duo-binary encoding relies on amplitude modulation.
d) Duo-binary encoding is inherently resistant to ISI.
Which of the following duo-binary encoding techniques involves the
use of an additional channel, often called the precoding channel, to
create a duo-binary signal?
21 a) Delay modulation CO3.6 CL2
b) Phase-shift keying (PSK)
c) Amplitude modulation (AM)
d) Frequency modulation (FM)
 In a duo-binary system, the encoding process relies on the principle of
combining two binary signals, often referred to as the main channel
and the precoding channel. How is the duo-binary signal generated
from these two channels?
a) By summing the main channel and precoding channel signals
22 CO3.6 CL3
b) By multiplying the main channel and precoding channel signals
c) By phase-shifting the main channel with respect to the precoding
channel
d) By applying amplitude modulation to the main channel using the
precoding channel
In digital communication, cosine filters are commonly used for
shaping the transmitted signals. What is the primary advantage of
using cosine filters in this context?
23 a) They increase the signal's bandwidth. CO3.7 CL2
b) They reduce the signal's energy.
c) They minimize intersymbol interference (ISI).
d) They amplify the signal's amplitude.
In a communication system employing cosine filters, the filter's roll-
off factor plays a critical role in shaping the transmitted signal. How
does varying the roll-off factor affect the signal's spectral efficiency
and ISI mitigation?
a) Increasing the roll-off factor improves spectral efficiency but
worsens ISI mitigation.
24 CO3.7 CL3
b) Increasing the roll-off factor worsens spectral efficiency but
improves ISI mitigation.
c) Decreasing the roll-off factor improves both spectral efficiency and
ISI mitigation.
d) Decreasing the roll-off factor worsens both spectral efficiency and
ISI mitigation.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the frequency
response of a cosine filter?
a) It is a flat response with a constant magnitude across all
frequencies.
25 b) It is a bandpass filter with a center frequency at zero Hertz. CO3.7 CL1
c) It has a cosine-shaped frequency response centered at its roll-off
frequency.
d) It exhibits a linear phase response with a slope of 45 degrees per
Hertz.
In digital communication systems, cosine filters are often used in
conjunction with which modulation technique to shape the transmitted
signal and minimize bandwidth?
26 a) Amplitude modulation (AM) CO3.7 CL2
b) Frequency modulation (FM)
c) Phase modulation (PM)
d) Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)
In digital communication, what does an eye pattern primarily
represent when observed on an oscilloscope?
a) The actual eye structure of the transmitter
27 CO3.8 CL2
b) The phase of the received signal
c) The signal's modulation depth
d) The signal's quality and performance
 In a high-speed data communication system, the received signal
exhibits a degraded eye pattern due to channel impairments. Which
type of equalizer is typically employed to mitigate the effects of
intersymbol interference (ISI) and restore the eye pattern?
28 CO3.8 CL3
a) Feedforward Equalizer (FFE)
b) Zero-Forcing Equalizer (ZF)
c) Adaptive Equalizer
d) Decision Feedback Equalizer (DFE)
In an eye pattern, what do the open and closed portions of the eye
represent?
a) Open represents 0s, and closed represents 1s.
29 b) Open represents 1s, and closed represents 0s. CO3.8 CL1
c) Open represents transitions, and closed represents steady-state
signals.
d) Open represents the receiver, and closed represents the transmitter.
In a communication system, the eye pattern of the received signal is
almost completely closed. What does this indicate about the signal's
performance?
30 a) The signal is highly distorted and has a high bit error rate (BER). CO3.8 CL2
b) The signal is clean and free from noise.
c) The signal is operating at its optimal performance.
d) The signal is modulated using amplitude-shift keying (ASK).

PART –B
1 Classify Digital Modulation Schemes CO3.1 CL1
2 Compare various digital schemes. CO3.1 CL2
3 ● Describe QPSK with its waveform. CO3.2 CL1
Compare DPSK and BPSK modulation techniques with its block
4 CO3.3 CL2
diagram.
5 Define M – ary signalling in detail. CO3.5 CL1
Explain the key difference between Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK)
6 and Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) modulation techniques. How CO3.4 CL2
does QPSK offer a higher data rate compared to BPSK?
Provide an example of an M-ary modulation scheme. How does
7 increasing the value of "M" impact the number of bits encoded per CO3.5 CL2
symbol?
What is Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) in digital communication?
Briefly describe one technique or method used to mitigate ISI effects.
8 CO3.6 CL2
How do equalizers help in recovering transmitted data in the presence of
ISI?
What is pulse shaping, and why is it necessary in digital communication?
9 Provide the names of two common pulse shaping techniques and briefly CO3.7 CL1
explain their roles in reducing ISI.
What are Cosine filters, and why are they used in pulse shaping? Provide
10 a brief overview of their impact on the spectral characteristics of CO3.6 CL1
transmitted signals.
In the context of communication receivers, briefly explain the function of
11 an equalizer. How does an equalizer help improve the accuracy of data CO3.8 CL1
recovery in the presence of channel distortion?
Describe Duo Binary Encoding as a modulation technique and mention
12 CO3.9 CL1
one advantage it offers in terms of spectral efficiency.
PART –C
Draw the block diagram of QPSK modulator and explain its operation.
1 For QPSK modulator, construct the truth table, phasor diagram and CO3.1 CL1
constellation diagram.
 Outline Binary Phase Shift Keying with their block diagram with
2 CO3.2 CL1
balanced ring modulator.
3 Compare the various types of digital modulation techniques. CO3.3 CL2
Define the term M-ary PSK and draw its constellation diagram with
4 CO3.4 CL1
equivalent phases.
5 Discuss about the QAM modulation with necessary diagrams. CO3.5 CL1
Discuss Duo Binary Encoding as a modulation technique. How does
6 it combine both binary and analog signalling and what advantages CO3.6 CL1
does it offer in terms of spectral efficiency?
Examine the trade-offs between modulation techniques
(BPSK,DPSK,QPSK,M-ary PSK and QAM) in terms of bandwidth,
7 CO3.7 CL3
efficiency, noise resilience and complexity. Provide practical
examples of applications where each modulation scheme is preferred.
What is an eye pattern in the context of digital communication? How
8 it is generated and what information does it convey about quality of a CO3.8 CL1
received signal?
Elaborate the role of equalizers in communication receivers. How do
9 equalizers compensate for distortion and ISI introduced by the CO3.9 CL1
channel and why are they essential for accurate data recovery?

UNIT- 4 INFORMATION THEORY AND CODING

Measure of information – Entropy – Source coding theorem – Shannon–Fano coding, Huffman
Coding, LZ Coding – Channel capacity – Shannon-Hartley law – Shannon's limit – Error control
codes – Cyclic codes, Syndrome calculation – Convolution Coding, Sequential and Viterbi
decoding
CL-
S.NO Q&A CO
LEVEL
PART- A
In information theory, the measure of information is based on the
concept of _________, which quantifies the surprise or uncertainty
associated with an event.
1 a) Entropy CO4.1 CL2
b) Probability
c) Redundancy
d) Noise
In the context of information theory, the measure of information
increases as the ____________ of an event decreases.
a) Probability
2 CO4.1 CL1
b) Uncertainty
c) Redundancy
d) Complexity
Consider two messages, one with a higher entropy and the other with
a lower entropy. Which message is likely to convey more
information, and why?
a) The message with higher entropy because it contains more
3 redundancy. CO4.1 CL3
b) The message with lower entropy because it is more predictable.
c) Both messages convey the same amount of information.
d) The message with higher entropy because it is less predictable and
contains more surprise.
In information theory, entropy is a measure of ____________ in a
probabilistic system, where a higher entropy value signifies greater
uncertainty or randomness.
4 a) Order CO4.2 CL2
b) Chaos
c) Predictability
d) Certainty
 For a fair six-sided die, what is the entropy of the outcome when
rolling the die?
a) Zero
5 CO4.2 CL1
b) 1 bit
c) 2 bits
d) 3 bits
In a communication system, two messages have different entropy
values: one message has higher entropy, and the other has lower
entropy. Which message is more efficient to transmit in terms of data
compression, and why?
a) The message with higher entropy because it contains more
6 CO4.2 CL3
information.
b) The message with lower entropy because it is less redundant.
c) Both messages are equally efficient to transmit.
d) The message with lower entropy because it is more predictable and
requires less data for representation.
In the context of the Source Coding Theorem, if a source has a lower
entropy, it implies that the source has __________ redundancy.
a) Higher
7 CO4.3 CL1
b) Lower
c) Equal
d) Maximum
The Source Coding Theorem, formulated by Claude Shannon,
establishes a fundamental relationship between the rate of
compression and the ___________ of the source.
8 a) Entropy CO4.3 CL2
b) Redundancy
c) Complexity
d) Probability
Consider two different sources of information: Source A has higher
entropy, and Source B has lower entropy. According to the Source
Coding Theorem, which source is more challenging to compress
efficiently, and why?
9 a) Source A, because it contains more information. CO4.3 CL3
b) Source B, because it is less predictable.
c) Both sources are equally challenging to compress.
d) Source A, because it has lower entropy and more redundancy,
requiring a higher compression rate.
In data compression, which coding technique focuses on assigning
shorter codes to more frequent symbols or sequences?
a) Shannon–Fano Coding
10 CO4.4 CL2
b) Huffman Coding
c) LZ Coding
d) Run-Length Encoding (RLE)
When comparing Shannon–Fano Coding to Huffman Coding, which
coding technique typically results in shorter average code lengths for
symbols in the source?
11 a) Shannon–Fano Coding CO4.4 CL1
b) Huffman Coding
c) LZ Coding
d) Run-Length Encoding (RLE)
In LZ Coding, the dictionary-based compression technique, what is
the primary advantage of using a larger dictionary size?
a) It improves compression efficiency but requires more memory.
12 CO4.4 CL3
b) It reduces compression efficiency and increases processing time.
c) It has no impact on compression efficiency or memory usage.
d) It enables lossless and lossy compression simultaneously.
 Imagine two communication channels, Channel A and Channel B,
both with the same bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio. However,
Channel A employs a more efficient modulation scheme compared to
Channel B. How do the channel capacities of A and B compare?
a) Channel A has higher capacity due to its more efficient modulation.
13 b) Channel B has higher capacity because of its identical bandwidth CO4.5 CL3
and signal-to-noise ratio.
c) Both channels have the same capacity since they share the same
bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio.
d) Channel capacities cannot be compared based solely on modulation
scheme.
In information theory, channel capacity quantifies the ____________
of a communication channel to transmit information efficiently.
a) Bandwidth
14 CO4.5 CL2
b) Speed
c) Robustness
d) Limit
For a given channel with a certain bandwidth and signal-to-noise
ratio, what does an increase in signal power do to the channel
capacity?
15 a) Increases it CO4.5 CL1
b) Decreases it
c) Has no effect on it
d) Makes it infinite
The Shannon-Hartley Law provides a mathematical formula that relates
the __________ of a communication channel to its maximum achievable
data rate.
16 a) Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) CO4.6 CL2
b) Modulation scheme
c) Bandwidth
d) Latency
For a given channel with a fixed bandwidth, what impact does
doubling the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) have on the maximum
achievable data rate according to the Shannon-Hartley Law?
17 a) It decreases it. CO4.6 CL1
b) It increases it by a factor of 2.
c) It increases it by a factor of 4.
d) It has no effect on it.
In the context of the Shannon-Hartley Law, consider two
communication channels: Channel X with a bandwidth of 10 kHz and
Channel Y with a bandwidth of 20 kHz. Both channels have the same
signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). According to the Shannon-Hartley Law,
which channel can transmit data at a higher maximum rate?
18 CO4.6 CL3
a) Channel X
b) Channel Y
c) Both channels can transmit data at the same maximum rate.
d) Maximum data rate cannot be determined based solely on
bandwidth and SNR.
For a given communication channel, if you want to approach
Shannon's Limit (maximum data rate), what parameter should you
strive to maximize while keeping the other parameters fixed?
19 a) Bandwidth CO4.7 CL1
b) Signal power
c) Noise power
d) Latency
 In a communication system, two channels have the same bandwidth,
but Channel A has a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared to
Channel B. According to Shannon's Limit, how do the maximum data
rates of these channels compare?
a) Channel A can achieve a higher maximum data rate due to its
higher SNR.
20 CO4.7 CL3
b) Channel B can achieve a higher maximum data rate because it has
the same bandwidth.
c) Both channels can achieve the same maximum data rate because
they share the same bandwidth.
d) Maximum data rates cannot be compared based solely on SNR and
bandwidth.
Shannon's Limit, also known as the Shannon Capacity, represents the
___________ data rate that can be reliably transmitted over a
communication channel.
21 a) Maximum CO4.7 CL2
b) Minimum
c) Average
d) Unpredictable
Error control codes, such as forward error correction (FEC) codes, are
designed to add redundancy to transmitted data. What is the primary
purpose of this redundancy in the context of error control codes?
22 a) To increase the data transfer speed CO4.8 CL2
b) To reduce the data compression rate
c) To enable data encryption
d) To enhance error detection and correction capabilities
In error control coding, which of the following describes the process
of correcting errors by adding redundant bits to the data?
a) Parity checking
23 CO4.8 CL1
b) Bit stuffing
c) Hamming distance
d) Error detection
Consider two error control codes: Code A and Code B. Code A has a
higher code rate but provides lower error correction capabilities
compared to Code B. In a scenario where minimizing data overhead is
crucial, which code should you choose, and why?
24 a) Code A, because it has a higher code rate and less redundancy. CO4.8 CL3
b) Code B, because it offers better error correction capabilities.
c) Both codes are equally suitable, and the choice depends on specific
requirements.
d) Neither code is suitable for minimizing data overhead.
In cyclic codes, a common technique for detecting and correcting
errors is to calculate the syndrome of the received data. What does the
syndrome represent in the context of cyclic codes?
a) The number of cyclic shifts applied to the data
25 CO4.9 CL2
b) A set of values indicating the locations and types of errors in the
received data
c) The parity check matrix used in encoding
d) The generator polynomial used in encoding
 In cyclic codes, if the syndrome calculation results in all zeros, what
does this indicate about the received data?
a) There are no errors in the received data.
26 CO4.9 CL1
b) There are errors, but they cannot be corrected.
c) The received data is scrambled.
d) The received data is invalid.
In the context of cyclic codes, suppose you receive a syndrome vector
that indicates errors in the received data. How can you use this
syndrome to correct the errors?
a) By determining the number of cyclic shifts applied to the data.
b) By directly mapping the syndrome values to the erroneous bit
27 CO4.9 CL3
positions.
c) By applying the syndrome as a feedback to the encoder to correct
the errors.
d) By using the syndrome to identify the erroneous bit positions and
then applying appropriate operations to correct them.
In Viterbi decoding of convolutional codes, what is the primary
advantage of using larger constraint lengths in the convolutional
code?
28 a) It reduces the decoding complexity. CO4.10 CL3
b) It increases the data rate.
c) It improves error correction performance.
d) It allows for faster decoding.
In convolutional coding, information bits are encoded into longer
sequences by passing them through a convolutional encoder. What
property of convolutional codes makes them particularly useful in
error correction?
29 CO4.10 CL2
a) They provide high data rates.
b) They have minimal complexity.
c) They introduce redundancy.
d) They use differential encoding.
Sequential decoding is a technique used to decode convolutional
codes. How does it differ from Viterbi decoding in terms of decoding
process?
30 a) Sequential decoding requires fewer computations. CO4.10 CL1
b) Viterbi decoding is less susceptible to decoding errors.
c) Sequential decoding does not consider branch metrics.
d) Viterbi decoding processes all possible paths simultaneously.

PART –B
Explain the concept of entropy as a measure of information content in a
1 message. How does the entropy change when the probability distribution CO4.1 CL1
of symbols changes within a message?
Briefly outline the Source Coding Theorem in information theory. What
2 fundamental idea does it convey about the relationship between source CO4.2 CL1
redundancy and efficient data compression?
● What do you mean by Entropy? What is the Entropy if there are 5 Symbols
3 CO4.3 CL3
(S1 – S5) with Probabilities (0.4, 0.3, 0.12, 0.1, 0.08)
Compare and contrast Shannon-Fano coding and Huffman coding as two
widely used techniques for lossless data compression. Highlight their
4 CO4.5 CL2
differences and provide an example scenario where one might be
preferred over the other.
 State Shannon-Hartley Theorem. Find the rate of data to be transmitted if the
5 Bandwidth is 5000Hz and S/N ratio is 9.
CO4.6 CL1
6 Explain Error Control codes and its types. CO4.7 CL3
Describe the concept of channel capacity in communication theory. How
7 does it relate to the maximum achievable data rate in a communication CO4.7 CL1
channel, and what factors influence it?
Define Variance. Calculate the variance if the Source emits five symbols
8 with Probabilities 0.4, 0.2, 0.2, 0.1, 0.1 and the Average length is 2.2 CO4.8 CL3
binits/symbols.
Explain Shannon's Limit in the context of communication theory. What
9 does it suggest about the ultimate limits of data transmission in noisy CO4.8 CL1
channels, and how is it related to channel capacity?
Discuss the purpose and function of error control codes in data
10 CO4.8 CL1
transmission.
Provide a brief overview of cyclic codes and how syndrome calculation
11 CO4.9 CL2
is used for error detection and correction.
Describe convolution coding as a technique for error correction in digital
12 communication. Explain how sequential decoding differs from Viterbi CO4.9 CL2
decoding in the context of convolutional codes.
PART –C
Explain the concept of entropy as a measure of information content in
1 detail. How does entropy relate to the uncertainty or randomness of a CO4.1 CL1
source? Provide examples to illustrate the concept.
Discuss the Source Coding Theorem in information theory. What
fundamental principles does it convey, and how does it relate to data
2 CO4.2 CL1
compression techniques such as Huffman coding and Shannon-Fano
coding?
The source of information A generates the symbols {A0, A1, A2, A3 and
A4} with the corresponding probabilities {0.4, 0.3, 0.15, 0.1 and 0.05}.
3 Construct Shannon-Fano code, Determine Efficiency and Redundancy of the
CO4.3 CL4
code.
Consider a source with eight symbols s1, . . . , s8 with probabilities 0.25,
4 0.21, 0.15, 0.14, 0.0625, 0.0625, 0.0625, 0.0625, respectively Construct CO4.4 CL4
Huffman Binary code , Determine Efficiency and Redundancy of the code.
The Generator Polynomial of a (7,4) Cyclic code, G(P) = P 3+P+1. Find all
5 the code Vectors for the code in Non-Systematic Form.
CO4.5 CL4
6 Perform Viterbi decoding procedure or the given output y= 11 01 00 10 CO4.6 CL3
You are working as a communication engineer on a project that involves
designing a convolutional coding scheme for error correction in a
wireless communication system. The system operates with a rate 1/2
convolutional code. The encoder uses a convolutional code with
constraint length K = 3.
1. For a given input bit sequence 1010101, compute the output
codeword using the rate 1/2 convolutional encoder with K =
7 3. Show the state transitions and output bits at each clock CO4.7 CL4
cycle.
2. Assume that the codeword obtained in part 1 was transmitted
over a noisy channel, causing errors. The received sequence
is 1100101. Using the Viterbi decoding algorithm, determine
the most likely transmitted input sequence.
Provide an overview of error control codes in digital communication.
8 Explain the purpose of error detection and correction codes and their CO4.8 CL1
significance in improving data reliability
Discuss the role of information theory in modern communication
systems. How do concepts like entropy, coding, and capacity impact the
9 CO4.9 CL1
design and optimization of communication networks? Provide real-world
examples to illustrate their practical applications.

UNIT- 5 SPREAD SPECTRUM AND MULTIPLE ACCESS

PN sequences – properties – m-sequence – DSSS – Processing gain, Jamming – FHSS –
Synchronisation and tracking – Multiple Access – FDMA, TDMA, CDMA
CL-
S.NO Q&A CO
LEVEL
PART- A
Pseudorandom Noise (PN) sequences are often used in various
communication and navigation systems. What fundamental property
of PN sequences makes them valuable for these applications?
1 a) Their predictability and repeatability CO5.1 CL2
b) Their high-frequency content
c) Their constant amplitude
d) Their low bit rate
In the context of PN sequences, what is the primary function of a
feedback shift register (FSR)?
a) Generating a truly random sequence
2 CO5.1 CL1
b) Storing and retrieving data
c) Generating a long and pseudorandom binary sequence
d) Adjusting the amplitude of the signal
Consider two PN sequences: Sequence X with a longer period and
Sequence Y with a shorter period. In terms of their utility in a
communication system, which sequence would be preferable for
applications requiring a high level of security and unpredictability?
a) Sequence X, because it has a longer period and is less predictable.
3 CO5.1 CL3
b) Sequence Y, because it has a shorter period and is more
predictable.
c) Both sequences are equally suitable for high-security applications.
d) Sequence X, because it has a shorter period and is more
predictable.
In the context of PN sequences, what property ensures that they
appear random but can be generated deterministically?
a) Their high data rate
4 CO5.2 CL1
b) Their long period
c) Their unpredictable phase
d) Their continuous amplitude modulation
PN sequences are widely used in communication and radar systems.
What important property of PN sequences allows them to have low
autocorrelation values even when shifted?
5 a) Their constant amplitude CO5.2 CL2
b) Their high-frequency content
c) Their predictable randomness
d) Their large period
In a communication system, you need a PN sequence for
synchronization purposes. Which type of PN sequence would be more
suitable for this application: a maximal-length sequence (m-sequence)
or a Gold sequence, and why?
a) A maximal-length sequence (m-sequence), because it has a longer
6 CO5.2 CL3
period.
b) A Gold sequence, because it is more predictable.
c) Both sequences are equally suitable for synchronization.
d) A maximal-length sequence (m-sequence), because it has lower
autocorrelation values.
 Maximal-length sequences (m-sequences) are often used in
applications requiring synchronization and spreading in
communication systems. In such systems, how does the length of the
m-sequence impact its utility and performance?
a) Longer m-sequences have higher autocorrelation values, making
them less suitable for synchronization.
7 CO5.3 CL3
b) Longer m-sequences provide better synchronization and spreading
capabilities.
c) Longer m-sequences have a predictable phase, reducing their
usefulness in spreading.
d) Longer m-sequences have shorter periods, making them unsuitable
for synchronization.
In the context of m-sequences, what distinguishes them from truly
random sequences?
a) M-sequences have shorter periods.
8 CO5.3 CL1
b) M-sequences have higher autocorrelation values.
c) M-sequences can be generated deterministically.
d) M-sequences exhibit a predictable phase.
Maximal-length sequences (m-sequences) are known for their unique
properties, including their long period and low autocorrelation. What
type of mathematical operation is used to generate m-sequences?
9 a) Complex integration CO5,3 CL2
b) Matrix inversion
c) Linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs)
d) Fourier transformation
In Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) communication, what is
the primary purpose of spreading the signal over a wider bandwidth
compared to the original data rate?
10 a) To reduce data transmission speed CO5.4 CL2
b) To decrease signal strength
c) To improve resistance to interference and jamming
d) To decrease the range of communication
Which of the following techniques is commonly used in DSSS to
spread the signal by multiplying it with a pseudo-random sequence?
a) Frequency modulation (FM)
11 CO5.4 CL1
b) Amplitude modulation (AM)
c) Phase modulation (PM)
d) Direct sequence spreading
In a DSSS system, if you increase the length of the spreading code
used to encode the data, what impact does this have on the system's
resistance to interference and its processing complexity?
a) Increases resistance to interference and decreases processing
complexity
12 b) Decreases resistance to interference and increases processing CO5.4 CL3
complexity
c) Has no effect on resistance to interference but decreases processing
complexity
d) Has no effect on resistance to interference but increases processing
complexity
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) can be used in various
wireless communication systems. How does DSSS contribute to
secure communication in such systems?
a) DSSS ensures that all transmitted data is encrypted.
13 CO5.4 CL2
b) DSSS makes it difficult for unauthorized users to demodulate and
recover the original data.
c) DSSS reduces the data transfer speed to enhance security.
d) DSSS increases the signal's amplitude for secure transmission.
 In a spread spectrum communication system, what is the primary
advantage of having a high processing gain?
a) It increases the data rate.
14 CO5.5 CL2
b) It decreases the signal power.
c) It improves resistance to jamming and interference.
d) It shortens the transmission range.
Jamming is a deliberate attempt to disrupt communication by
transmitting interference on the same frequency band. In a spread
spectrum system, what happens to the jamming signal when
compared to the spread spectrum signal?
a) The jamming signal is typically stronger than the spread spectrum
signal.
15 CO5.5 CL1
b) The jamming signal is spread over a wider frequency band than the
spread spectrum signal.
c) The jamming signal is always weaker than the spread spectrum
signal.
d) The jamming signal and spread spectrum signal have identical
characteristics.
In a spread spectrum communication system, if you increase the
processing gain, how does this affect the system's resistance to jamming
and interference, and why?
a) It decreases resistance because the signal becomes less spread out.
b) It has no effect on resistance since processing gain does not impact
16 CO5.5 CL3
interference.
c) It increases resistance because the jamming signal becomes more
diluted.
d) It has no effect on resistance because jamming is independent of
processing gain.
In Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) communication, why
is the transmitter designed to switch frequencies rapidly and in a
predetermined pattern?
17 a) To reduce the data rate CO5.6 CL2
b) To decrease interference from other wireless devices
c) To increase the signal strength
d) To minimize the number of available frequencies
Which fundamental technique is used in FHSS to spread the signal
across multiple frequencies?
a) Amplitude modulation (AM)
18 CO5.6 CL1
b) Frequency modulation (FM)
c) Phase modulation (PM)
d) Frequency hopping
In FHSS, if the hopping sequence is synchronized between the
transmitter and receiver, what advantage does this provide in terms of
secure communication?
a) It increases data transmission speed.
19 CO5.6 CL3
b) It ensures data encryption.
c) It allows for selective frequency hopping.
d) It makes it difficult for unauthorized users to intercept the
communication.
In FHSS communication, what happens when the transmitter and
receiver lose synchronization in their frequency hopping sequences?
a) The communication is terminated.
20 CO5.6 CL2
b) The data rate increases.
c) The communication becomes more secure.
d) The bit error rate (BER) increases.
 In a wireless communication system, what is the primary function of a
phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit?
a) It amplifies the received signal.
21 b) It reduces the signal power. CO5.7 CL1
c) It synchronizes the receiver's local oscillator with the incoming
carrier signal.
d) It encrypts the transmitted data.
In a communication system, why is synchronization crucial for
accurate data reception?
a) Synchronization ensures that the transmitted data is encrypted.
22 b) Synchronization prevents interference from other wireless devices. CO5.7 CL2
c) Synchronization aligns the receiver's timing with the transmitter's,
allowing for proper data recovery.
d) Synchronization reduces the processing gain.
Tracking the phase and frequency of a received signal is essential for
maintaining synchronization in communication systems. In a scenario
where the received signal's frequency drifts over time due to various
factors, what type of tracking mechanism is typically employed?
23 CO5.7 CL3
a) Phase tracking
b) Frequency tracking
c) Time tracking
d) Code tracking
In a communication system, what key advantage does the Code
Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technique offer compared to other
multiple access methods like Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)?
24 a) CDMA allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously on the CO5.8 CL2
same frequency band.
b) CDMA assigns unique time slots to each user.
c) CDMA increases the signal power for all users.
d) CDMA requires less complex synchronization.
In Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), how is access to the
communication channel managed among multiple users?
a) By dividing the available frequency band into different sub-bands.
25 CO5.8 CL1
b) By assigning unique spreading codes to each user's data.
c) By allocating distinct time slots for each user's transmission.
d) By using orthogonal modulation schemes.
Suppose you are designing a wireless network that requires high data
rates and efficient use of available bandwidth. Which multiple access
technique would you choose and why: FDMA or CDMA?
a) FDMA, because it allows for simultaneous transmission by
multiple users.
26 CO5.8 CL3
b) CDMA, because it provides greater flexibility and accommodates
varying data rates.
c) Both techniques are equally suitable, and the choice depends on
specific requirements.
d) CDMA, because it assigns unique frequency bands to each user.
 In FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), multiple users share
the same communication channel by using different frequency bands.
What is the primary advantage of using FDMA in this context?
a) It allows for simultaneous transmission and reception by multiple
27 CO5.9 CL2
users.
b) It reduces the total available bandwidth.
c) It increases the signal power.
d) It simplifies synchronization requirements.
In TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), multiple users share the
same communication channel by using different time slots. How does
TDMA handle simultaneous access to the channel by multiple users?
28 a) It allows all users to transmit and receive data simultaneously. CO5.9 CL1
b) It assigns unique time slots to each user for sequential access.
c) It increases the signal power to accommodate all users.
d) It divides the bandwidth into different frequency bands.
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is known for its resistance
to interference and secure communication. What key technique does
CDMA use to achieve this resistance to interference?
29 a) Assigning unique time slots to each user CO5.9 CL3
b) Using orthogonal frequency bands
c) Applying unique spreading codes to each user's data
d) Employing frequency hopping
In a wireless communication system, two neighboring cells employ
different multiple access techniques: Cell A uses FDMA, and Cell B
uses TDMA. What factor should be considered to minimize
interference between these cells?
30 CO5.9 CL2
a) Ensuring that both cells use the same frequency bands
b) Synchronizing the time slots used in both cells
c) Using the same spreading codes in both cells
d) Increasing the signal power in both cells

PART –B
Describe the key properties of PN sequences in the context of
1 CO5.1 CL1
Communication Engineering
Explain the concept of jamming and its impact on Frequency Hopping
2 CO5.2 CL1
Spread Spectrum (FHSS) communication systems.
● Discuss the significance and applications of m-sequences in
3 CO5.3 CL1
communication systems.
Explain the concept of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) and
4 CO5.4 CL1
its role in modern communication.
Define Processing Gain and elucidate its importance in DSSS
5 CO5.5 CL1
communication systems.
Analyse the challenges posed by jamming in communication systems
6 CO5.6 CL1
and propose effective countermeasures.
Explain Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) and its
7 CO5.7 CL1
advantages in wireless communication.
Describe the key aspects of synchronization and tracking in
8 CO5.7 CL1
communication systems.
Differentiate between FDMA, TDMA, highlighting their unique
9 CO5.8 CL2
advantages in multiple access schemes.
Differentiate between FDMA, CDMA, highlighting their unique
10 CO5.8 CL2
advantages in multiple access schemes.
 Elaborate on the fundamental principles of Multiple Access techniques
11 CO5.8 CL2
and their importance in modern communication systems.
Discuss the role of Processing Gain in Code Division Multiple Access
12 CO5.9 CL1
(CDMA) and its implications on system performance.
PART –C
Explain the concept of PN sequences in detail. Discuss their properties,
including periodicity, autocorrelation, and cross-correlation. How are PN
1 sequences used in various applications, such as spread spectrum
CO5.1 CL1
communication?
Describe the characteristics and generation of m-sequences (maximum-
length sequences). What makes m-sequences particularly useful in
2 applications like Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) communication?
CO5.2 CL1
Provide examples of m-sequences and their applications.
Explain the concept of processing gain in the context of spread spectrum
3 communication. How does processing gain contribute to signal robustness CO5.3 CL1
and security in the presence of interference and jamming?
Discuss the challenges and solutions related to synchronization and tracking
in spread spectrum communication systems. What methods are used to
4 achieve synchronization between the transmitter and receiver, and why is it
CO5.4 CL1
essential for proper communication?
Describe Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) as a spread spectrum
technique. Explain the principles of FHSS, including how it spreads the
5 signal across multiple frequency channels and its advantages in anti-jamming
CO5.5 CL2
and security.
Describe the characteristics and generation of m-sequences (maximum-
length sequences). What makes m-sequences particularly useful in
6 applications like Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) communication?
CO5.6 CL2
Provide examples of m-sequences and their applications.
Explain the fundamentals of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) in
communication systems. How does CDMA utilize spreading codes, and what
7 advantages does it offer in terms of capacity, interference resistance, and
CO5.7 CL1
security?
Explain the concept of multiple access techniques in communication
systems. Compare and contrast Frequency Division Multiple Access
8 (FDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), and Code Division CO5.8 CL2
Multiple Access (CDMA) in terms of their advantages, limitations, and
typical applications.
Compare and contrast the various multiple access techniques (FDMA,
TDMA, CDMA) in the context of modern wireless communication systems.
9 Consider factors such as spectral efficiency, scalability, and resistance to
CO5.9 CL2
interference in your analysis.