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Testing of Relays (Compatibility Mode)

The document discusses power system protection and overcurrent relays. It provides information on various types of overcurrent protection including non-directional, directional, and inverse time overcurrent relays. It also discusses the main functions of power system protection which are to safeguard the system, minimize damage, and ensure personnel safety. Differential relays are described as the best technique for transformer protection requiring high speed in the range of 20-40 milliseconds.

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James Benjamin
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58 views

Testing of Relays (Compatibility Mode)

The document discusses power system protection and overcurrent relays. It provides information on various types of overcurrent protection including non-directional, directional, and inverse time overcurrent relays. It also discusses the main functions of power system protection which are to safeguard the system, minimize damage, and ensure personnel safety. Differential relays are described as the best technique for transformer protection requiring high speed in the range of 20-40 milliseconds.

Uploaded by

James Benjamin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 43

P RAMANATHAN ME BGL

AEE P&C SALEM


ramanathangobi@yahoo.com
BASIC RULE OF PROTECTION

Isolate only the faulty section of the power system.

Leaving the rest of the system undisturbed.


Power System Protection – Main Functions

To safeguard the entire system To minimize damage and repair

To ensure safety of personnel


Power System Protection
Power System Protection
Power System protection
Over current Protection

Protection which depends on only the magnitude of


the current, is known as the “non-directional over
current protection”.

“Directional Relay’’ is made by combining over current


protection equipment with an equipment to measure the
phase displacement between the current and the
polarization variable.
INVERSE TIME OVER CURRENT RELAY
Operating time of the relay is less when the magnitude of the fault
current increases.
INVERSE DEFINITE MINIMUM TIME
OVER CURRENT RELAY (IDMT)

This is Possibly
the most widely
used
characteristic.

Characteristics is
inverse in the
initial part.

Definite minimum
operating time as
the current
becomes very
high.
NORMAL INVERSE 3.0 SEC CURVE :

0.14 (TMS)
t = -----------------
(PSM)0.02 – 1

Where,
t = Relay Operating Time
PSM = Plug Setting Multiplier
TMS = Time Multiplier Setting

VERY INVERSE EXTREMELY INVERSE

13.5 (TMS) 80 (TMS)


t = ----------------- t = ----------------
(PSM) – 1 (PSM) – 1
OVER CURRENT RELAY
OVER CURRENT RELAY USING
INDUCTION DISC
TRIPPING CHARACTERISTIC
FEEDER VCB SETTING
CT Ratio = 300/1A
Plug setting = 100%
Relay Graph = 3.0sec
TLS = 0.05
High Set = 4A

For 10 times fault current, Relay operating time = 3.0 x 0.05 = 0.150 sec

Max 22 KV Bus fault current = 101000 / (√3 X 22) = 2650.5A

P.S.M. = ( 2651 / 300 ) = 8.8

0.14 (TMS)
t = -----------------
(PSM)0.02 – 1

Relay Operating Time = 0.05 X 0.14 / [( 8.8 )º·º² – 1] = 0.157 sec


TEST CIRCUIT
TEST RESULTS

PSM CURRENT TIME TIME


IN AMPS EXPECTED IN OBTINED IN
SEC SEC

1.3 1.3 1.33

2 2 0.501

5 5 0.213

8.8 8.8 0.157

10 10 0.150

PICKUP IN AMPS
PICKUP LIMIT
HIGH SET
HIGH SET
PRIMARY INJUCTION TEST
DIFFERNTIAL RELAY NECESSITY

Electrical relays (viz differential relays) can be


used for heavy faults where high speed
(20 – 40 m sec) is necessary.

The best protection technique now and for


more than 50 years for fault with in the Power
transformer is known as Differential Protection
TERMINOLOGY

Differential Current :
In a differential relay, a current which is the phasor
difference between specified incoming and outgoing currents.

Through Current :
In a differential relay, that portion of the total incoming current
which is also present in the outgoing current.
WORKING PRINCIPLE

Relay
For the internal faults,

Relay
CHARACTERISTIC
PICKUP TEST CIRCUIT
Bias Coils

Operating Coil

Actual Relay Pick-up


Relay
(Amps) Manufacturer
Phase Pick-up
Limit
Fixed HV LV

12% to 18% of
A Phase 0.15 0.15 0.15 rated
current
Operating Time Measurement

Manufacturer Data : 45 m sec at 2 times Setting Current Id

Id = 0.15 Amps

Operating time measured for 2 Id = 46 m sec.

HIGHSET TEST

Actual Relay Pick-up Manufacturer


Relay (Amps) Limits of set
Phase Pick-up current
Fixed
HV LV

A Phase 10A 9.2 9.2

B Phase 10A 9.4 9.4 + 10%

C Phase 10A 9.5 9.5

Operating time measured = 21 m sec.


BIAS SLOPE TEST CIRCUIT

Bias Coils

Operating Coil
Id
% Bias = --------------- x 100
Ib + (0.5 Id)

Operating
Current Calculated % Manufacturer
Setting Phase
Measured “Id” Bias Limits
(Amps)

A 0.34 29%

Ib : 29%
B 0.34
1.0A
C 0.36 30.5% + 10% of
% Bias :
Bias Setting
30% 29%
A 0.68 (%)
Ib : 29%
B 0.68
2.0A
C 0.69 29.4%
BIAS SLOPE
• General
Pickup should be below 0.5 In
IB = 0 to 1 A, Id required to operate relay is 0.5 In
IB = 1 to 2.5 A, Id required to operate relay is 1 In
IB = 2.5 A and above, Id required to operate relay is > 1.5 In

• 2nd Harmonics
Inrush current up to 30 times the CT rating when the transformer
energized .

Second harmonic content is at least 63% during charging and less than
20% during fault.

The inrush current decays rapidly for the first few cycles and then very
slowly. Sometimes, they take 4 to 6 seconds to sub side.
INRUSH CURRENT

1
INRUSH CURRENT
HARMANIC RESTRAINT TEST CIRCUIT

Bias Coils

Operating Coil

2
0.212 I2
% Restraint = ---------------------- x 100
0.45 I1 + 0.5 I2

Keep I2 = 0.467A DC Constant for 1 A relay

Manufacturer
IDC Set “I2” IAC measured % Restraint Limits
Phase
(Amps) “I1” (Amps) calculated

HV 0.467 0.99 14.5%


A Phase
LV 0.467 0.97 14.7%

HV 0.467 1.11 13.5%


B Phase 12% to 20%
LV 0.467 1.11 13.5%

HV 0.467 1.07 13.8%


C Phase
LV 0.467 1.07 13.8%
PICKUP VS BIAS
REF PROTECTION
REF PROTECTION
REF PROTECTION
THANK U

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