Solution

SCIENCE - UNIT1 - VSA - PART2

Class 10 - Science
1. Photosynthesis is an example of endothermic reaction.
2. Corrosion is responsible for this coating. Black coating is due to formation of silver sulphide (Ag 2S ) and green coating is due to
formation of copper carbonate [C uC O . C u(O H ) ] 3 2

3. Displacement reaction
4. The sulphuric acid is one of the strongest acids. So, when we dilute the sulphuric acid, it evolves a huge amount of heat. Hence,
the dilution of sulphuric acid is an exothermic reaction.
5. Burning of magnesium wire is an exothermic reaction as during the reaction there is release of energy in the form of heat and
light.
6. Reaction of calcium with nitric acid:
Ca + 2HNO3 ⟶ Ca(NO3)2 + H2
Reaction of magnesium with nitric acid
Mg + 2HNO3 ⟶ Mg(NO3)2 + H2
7. The basic difference between a physical change and chemical change is that in a physical change, no new substance is formed,
whereas in a chemical change, new substance(s) is or are formed.
8. (i) Combination reaction as substances A and B combine together to form C.
(ii) Displacement reaction as A being a more reactive metal than B has replaced it from its salt solution.
9. The balancing of chemical equation is based on the 'Law of Conservation of Mass'. This law states that, "Mass can neither be
created nor be destroyed during a Chemical reaction".
10. The reaction is displacement reaction.
11. i. In the first step, oxidation takes place and in the second step, redox reaction takes place.
ii. The metal initially taken in powder form was copper.
12. When lead (Pb) reacts with hydrochloric acid (HCl), lead displaces hydrogen from hydrochloric acid slowly to form lead chloride
(PbCl2) with the liberation of hydrogen gas (H2). The bubbles of gas seen are of hydrogen gas.
13. Sodium is a very reactive metal and reacts vigorously with dilute hydrochloric acid to form sodium chloride. This reaction is
exothermic (liberation of heat) and is hence highly explosive.
14. Silver reacts with sulphur present in the air and forms a layer of silver sulphide. Therefore, silver article gets tarnished.
15. Zinc carbonate (s) → Zinc oxide (s) + Carbon dioxide (g)
ZnCO3(s) → ZnO(s) + CO2(g)
This is decomposition reaction.
16. The colour of solution will be blue.
17. 4Na + O2 ⟶ 2Na2O
Heat

18. i. Heat: CaCO3(s) −−−→ CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Light

ii. Light: 2AgCl(s) −−−→ 2Ag(s) + Cl2(g)

Electric current

iii. Electricity: 2H2 O(l) −−−−−−−−−→ 2H2(g) + O2(g)

(Acidulated)

19. When aluminium (Al) and dilute hydrochloric acid react a large amount of heat is produced in the reaction i.e. the reaction is
exothermic. Hence, the temperature of the reaction mixture rises.
2Al + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2
20. The sodium hydroxide is one of the strongest bases. So, when we add the NaOH into the water, a huge amount of heat evolves.
Hence, the dissolution of sodium hydroxide is an exothermic reaction.
21. The light purple colour of the solution fades and finally disappears. The colour of the solution disappears because of dilution. No
reaction is involved in this.
22. Corrosion - It is a process of slow and gradual conversion of a metal into its undesirable compounds by the attack of air and
moisture present in the atmosphere.Green coating on copper and black coating on silver are examples of corrosion.
Rancidity - When the food items are kept for a long period, the fats and oils present in them get oxidised and their smell and taste
change. They become rancid and so the process is called rancidity.

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23. In displacement reaction only one atom or ion is displaced, that is why it is also known as single displacement reaction.
24. It is a redox reaction as oxidation and reduction both take place in the same reaction. Ferrous (Fe2+) is getting oxidised (loss of
electron) to ferric ion (Fe3+) whereas oxidation number of Sulphur changes from +6 to +4 (gain of electron)
25. Skeletal chemical equation are unbalanced. We need to balance chemical equation because of law of conservation of mass. It
states that 'matter can neither be created nor be destroyed'. Therefore chemical equation must be balanced in each and every
chemical reaction.
26. Copper does not react with dilute sulphuric acid because it is less reactive than hydrogen and therefore, cannot displace hydrogen
from acids.
27. A protective coating of aluminium oxide (Al2O3) is formed on the surface of the foil which prevents it from getting corroded in
the presence of air and water. Hence, food items are saved from getting spoilt when packed in aluminium foils.
28. When quicklime is added to water, it forms slaked lime along with evolution of heat. There will be a rise in temperature of the
bucket.
29. During photosynthesis, the energy is absorbed from the sunlight. That's why it is considered an endothermic reaction.
30. i. Calcium oxide (quick lime) reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide (slaked lime)which is white in colour.
ii. When green coloured ferrous sulphate crystals are heated, the residue of ferric oxide is formed which is brown black in colour.
31. When white silver chloride is left exposed to sunlight, it becomes grey. It is a photochemical decomposition reaction.
32. Electrolysis
33. When quick lime is added to water, it produces slaked lime with the evolution of large amount of heat. It can be represented as:
CaO(s) + H2O - Ca(OH)2 + Heat
34. The ammonium chloride is a very weak acid. obviously it is soluble in water but heat is absorbed during dissolution in water.
Hence, the dissolution of ammonium chloride is an endothermic reaction.
35. When a solution of slaked lime is applied on the wall, it slowly reacts with the carbon dioxide gas present in the air and forms
calcium carbonate. Hence, it does not form the white color immediately.
36. Zinc(Zn) is oxidised to form Zinc oxide while Copper oxide (CuO) is reduced to form Cu.
37. Writing the physical states of substances makes chemical equations more informative. Thus, it is advised to show the physical
states of substance when writing a chemical equation.
38. The decomposition of ferrous sulphate is an endothermic reaction because heat is required to decompose the compound into its
components.
39. The reason for change in colour is the reaction between iron and copper sulphate solution. Iron is more reactive than copper. It
displaces copper from its solution. It is an example of the displacement reaction.
40. Silver bromide is kept in coloured bottles because it decomposes in presence of light, so as to prevent this decomposition, it is
kept in coloured bottles.
41. The given reaction is combination reaction. It is also an oxidation reaction and the product formed is magnesium oxide.
Magnesium and oxygen combine to form magnesium oxide.
42. When an aqueous solution of sodium sulphate reacts with an aqueous solution of barium chloride, precipitate of barium sulphate
is formed and reaction takes place. If reactants are in solid state, then reaction will not take place.
43. Potassium bromide (aq) + Barium iodide (aq) → Potassium iodide (aq) + Barium bromide (s)
2K Br (aq) + BaI2 (aq) → 2K I (aq) + BaBr2 (aq)

It is double displacement reaction.

44. i. Take a dry test tube.
ii. Always keep the mouth of test tube away from yourself.
45. Silver is a very less reactive metal (as it placed below hydrogen in reactivity series). Thus, it does not react with dilute HCI.
46. Reduction reaction
47. P = AgNO , Q = AgBr
3

2AgBr(s) → 2Ag(s) + B r2 (g)

Photochemical decomposition reaction

48. i. C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) ⟶ 6CO2(g) + 6H2O
ii. 3Fe(s) + 4H2O(g) ⟶ Fe3O4(s) + 4H2(g)
49. The corrosion of silver can be recognised by black layer on the surface of silver articles.
50. The substance (atom, ion or molecule) that gains electrons and is thereby reduced to a low valency state is called an oxidising
agent, while the substance that loses electrons and is thereby oxidised to a higher valency state is called a reducing agent.

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 2Mg + O2 →
​ ​2MgO
Oxidizing agent : O2
Reducing agent : Mg
51. The ratio of hydrogen and oxygen in a water molecule is 2:1, respectively. Therefore, when water is electrically decomposed, the
constituent gases hydrogen and oxygen are produced in the same molar ratio, 2:1. Thus, the amount (volume) of hydrogen gas is
double than that of oxygen gas. So, this gas is hydrogen.
52. i. Here, Mg is more reactive than H. Hence, magnesium displaces hydrogen from HCl. Therefore, it is a displacement reaction.
ii. In this reaction, the two metal ions are exchanged between the two reactants. Hence, it is a double displacement reaction
53. A reversible reaction is denoted by a double arrow pointing both directions in a chemical equation. For example, a two reagent,
two product equation would be written as
A+B⇄C+D
54. i. Combination reaction
ii. Double displacement reaction (Precipitation reaction)
iii. Decomposition reaction.
55. The equations in which gaseous are written in atomic form instead of molecular form and equation is not balanced, are called
skeletal type equation. They represent gaseous elements formed in atomic state and equation is not balanced.
electrolysis

H2 O −−−−−−→H + O (skeletal equation)

Hydrogen and oxygen are written in atomic forms and equation is not balanced.
H2 O ⟶ H2 + O2

is also skeletal equation.

2H O ⟶ 2H + O
2 2 2 (Balanced chemical equation)
56. Ethanol is burnt in air to form carbon dioxide, water along with the evolution of heat.
C2H5OH + 3O2 ⟶ 2CO2 + 3H2O + heat
This is a combustion reaction.
57. The equation can be written as
Fe2​O3​+3CO→2Fe+ 3CO2
The above reaction is a redox reaction as both oxidation of carbon monoxide and the reduction of iron is taking place.
58. i. Ca + 2H2O ⟶ Ca(OH)2 + H2
ii. N2 + 3H2 ⟶ 2NH3
59. (a) Hydrogen (H2) is oxidised as it combines with oxygen to form water (H2O).
(b) Copper oxide (CuO) is reduced as it loses oxygen and gets converted into Cu.
60. No, hydrogen gas is not evolved when silver metal reacts with dil. H2SO4 because silver is less reactive than hydrogen and cannot
displace it.
Ag (s) + dil. H2SO4 à No reaction
61. In the presence of oxygen in the air, the fats present in the fatty food are oxidised to compounds which have a bad smell i.e. the
food becomes rancid. Flushing with nitrogen cuts off the contact of food with oxygen and protects the food from rancidity.
62. Silver (Ag) reacts with hydrogen sulphide (H2​S) in the presence of humidity and moisture to form a black coloured layer of silver
sulphide(Ag2​S).
63. When Chlorine gas is passed in an aqueous potassium iodide solution we get potassium chloride solution and solid iodine
Cl2(g) + 2KI (aq) ⟶ 2KCl(aq) + I2(s)
This is a Single displacement reaction.
64. The reaction of magnesium with nitrogen is a combination reaction as these two reactants ( Mg and N2​) combine together to form
a single product as magnesium nitride (Mg3​N22). The equation can be written as:
3Mg(s)+N2​(g)→Mg3​N2(s)
65. Thermit reaction, iron (III) oxide reacts with aluminium and gives molten iron and aluminium oxide
Fe2O3 + 2A ⟶ Al2O3(s)+ 2Fe (l)
This is a single displacement reaction as aluminium displaces iron in iron(III) oxide to form aluminium oxide.

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