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0.2. In-Text Referencing Guidelines

The document provides guidelines for incorporating references into academic writing using direct quotations, paraphrases, and summaries. It explains that direct quotations can be either short, enclosed in quotation marks with an in-text citation, or long and blocked left without quotation marks but with an in-text citation. Paraphrases should be in the writer's own words with an in-text citation, while summaries focus on the main ideas and can include some directly quoted phrases in quotation marks with an in-text citation including the author(s) and year. The document also covers inserting or omitting words from quotations using square brackets and ellipses respectively.

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34 views2 pages

0.2. In-Text Referencing Guidelines

The document provides guidelines for incorporating references into academic writing using direct quotations, paraphrases, and summaries. It explains that direct quotations can be either short, enclosed in quotation marks with an in-text citation, or long and blocked left without quotation marks but with an in-text citation. Paraphrases should be in the writer's own words with an in-text citation, while summaries focus on the main ideas and can include some directly quoted phrases in quotation marks with an in-text citation including the author(s) and year. The document also covers inserting or omitting words from quotations using square brackets and ellipses respectively.

Uploaded by

sunil985959
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CVA101: Writing Skills

IN-TEXT REFERENCING GUIDELINES

Short direct quotation (> 3 lines):


• Quotation marks (‘…’ or “…”: be consistent)
• Surname(s) of author(s), year of publication, page number

Example:

‘100 mm concrete cubes were compressed to loads of 70, 80 and 90% of their ultimate
strength to simulate early loading at 1, 3 and 7 days after casting, which is typical of early
stages in construction of concrete structures’ (Claisse and Dean, 2013, p.152).

Long direct quotation (3+ lines):


• No quotation marks
• Text blocked left and indented
• Surname(s) of author(s), year of publication, page number

Example:

Claisse and Dean (2013, p.152) investigated concrete strength:


100 mm concrete cubes were compressed to loads of 70, 80 and 90% of their
ultimate strength to simulate early loading at 1, 3 and 7 days after casting, which is
typical of early stages in construction of concrete structures. These specimens were
reloaded at 28 days after being wet cured under laboratory conditions. Comparing
the results from early loaded specimens and control specimens, an increase in
strength was recorded for most, although not all specimens.

Paraphrase
• Surname(s) of author(s), year of publication, page number

Example:

A study into concrete strength by Claisse and Dean (2013, p.152) found that the majority of
specimens, but not all, increased in strength in comparison to early loaded and control
specimens after they had been ‘wet cured under laboratory conditions’ and then ‘reloaded at
28 days’.

Summary
• Surname(s) of author(s), year of publication

Example:

Claisse and Dean (2013) found that concrete specimens that had undergone wet curing in a
laboratory and then were reloaded into the compressor 28 days later generally increased in
strength compared to control specimens.

ALL: clear indication of which sentence(s) / part(s) of a sentence come from which source

1
CVA101: Writing Skills

3 ways of using supporting evidence

Method Definition Key features


Direct quotation To copy part of a • Beginning and end shown by quotation
sentence, a whole marks (‘…’)
sentence / group of • To be used sparingly
sentences from a book, • Use accurate punctuation to insert or
article, etc. omit words from a quotation (see below)

Paraphrase To express what • Different words used but meaning


someone has said or exactly the same
written in one’s own • Sentence(s) restructured
words whilst retaining • Groups of words from original indicated
the exact meaning of the by quotation marks
original text.

Summary To give the overview • Focus on the overall idea or main points
and/or main points from • Main points selected according to
a book, article, etc. purpose (use in your assignment)
• Main points paraphrased, not copied
• Phrases copied from original indicated
by quotation marks
• May be significantly restructured

Inserting words into a Quotation*

Square brackets enclose any


words that you insert into a
quotation.

‘This [academic writing] is then further developed in their undergraduate study’ (Martala,
2006, p.40).
* Do this to clarify meaning or to make the sentence grammatically correct.

Omitting words from a Quotation *

Original source: This study went on to further examine the relationship between the
increase in strength and initial loadings of specimens and found some correlation between
the initial displacements of specimens and the gain in strength.

Ellipsis (3 dots) shows that you have omitted some of


the original words from the quotation.

Quotation:
‘This study went on to … examine the relationship between the increase in strength and
initial loadings of specimens and found some correlation between the initial displacements of
specimens and the gain in strength’ (Claisse and Dean, 2013, p.152).

* Make sure that you do not change the meaning and the sentence remains
grammatically correct.

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