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S6 Chemistry of Period 3

Self studying tool for Chemistry

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Muli sa Emmanuel
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37 views12 pages

S6 Chemistry of Period 3

Self studying tool for Chemistry

Uploaded by

Muli sa Emmanuel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chemistry of period three nt tion in melting poin ints, atomic radius, bond type & structure of period 3 elements le 29: Melting poi Element __ [Mg [al__ [Si [teaae ne Seen LCL " Pvelting point Toso [660] 1423 [44 120 =101 radius/nm_ 5 0.136 0.125 O11 0.110, 1.04 0.099. S fetallic_| Metallic | Metal Covalent | Covalent | Covalent | Covalent Giant [Giant Giant | Simple Simple | Simple Giant. | eatattic | metalic | molecular | molecular | molecular | moleculat ‘um, strong metallic bonds have to be broken. The strength Juminium because of the increase in the number of electrons ued per atom to form the metallic bond and the decrease in atomic radins. However, there is litle increase in melting point from magnesium to aluminium This is because though aluminium has three electrons in the outer most energy level, only Po of the outer electrons are used to form an electron cloud. From sodium to alumini jnereases from sodium to al Silicon hes a higher melting point than aluminium. This is because silicon uses its four valence electrons to form an infinite three dimensional assembly of atoms joined by sie covalent bonds in a giant molecular structure. The melting point of silicon is high use it involves breaking these strong covalent bonds. ‘or non metals, phosphorus, sulphur and chorine which exist as simple molecules, the ‘atoms within the molecules are held by strong covalent bo ne another by weak van der waals forces whose magnitude increases with increase in molecular mass. The forces inctease in the order Cl> Mg(OH)2 > Je aa 4 : electronegativity increases in order Na < Mg < AI and hence , cota difference between the metal and the hydroxyl group decreases in order Mg(OH), > Al(OH);. The ‘sreater the electronegativity difference between the two aton the more ionic’is the bond and hence the greater is the tendency to split off the h group: pa Aluminium hydroxide is amphoteric; Aluminium is more electronegative than sodium magnesium and therefore aluminium hydroxide gecupies an intermedi ition as i Parts away with its hydroxide ions to a sufficiently strong acid or with hydrogen ions to sufficiently strong base, The: acidity of oxyacids increases in order FiSi0s MCh + HO g ™m oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid solution to form aluminium chloride and water AlOx9) + 6HClogy Acidic silicon (IV) oxi acids. pena Chey + 30g ide, oxides of phosphorus, sulphur and chlorine do not react with a. Reactions of the oxides with sodium hydroxide | Sodium kygfroxide and magnesium oxide do | they are basic. Aluminium oxide reacts with sodium hydroxide on heating to form sodium aluminate ‘because it is amphoteric | AbOxs + 20H" Gq + 3H,0¢) ————> 2AIOH)4 (ag) not react with sodium hydroxide because iting to form sodium silicate and water. SiOx) + 20H ay———> Si03"aq) + HO losphorus(V) oxide reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium phosphate and water © Oiys) + 12NaOHeg —————> 4NaPO dag + 6H20q Se thea at Glos 0 ee pO Serer area iena totem stde phosphite and water 4NasPOsaq) + 620, Og) + 12NaOH pg > ton : ulphur dinxide reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium sulphite and water 135 vow H,0y Na,SOxa + H20n 2NaHSOs(eq) > 2NaHSOs(a0) es 2NaOH (ag) ~ Sulphu form sodium sulphate and way, cide fo, for vith sodium hydroxj Bet ioNide rgapts with sodiym fy TBigxide reae SO,, foe Na SOumw + H2On ——— 2NaHSO4(aq) Wa) 2NaOHa sensi SOs) + Na;SOui) + H20p Overall 2NaHSOsiag) 280) + 2NAOH je) ee wee to form sgdium chlorate!) and yp ‘ Dichlorine oxide react with sodium by 2NaClO%uq) + HzOo) ss ClO) "+ 2NaOHy ai a ees to form sodium chloratecyy F Dichlorine heptoxide redcts with Seon a z HOw Mater ClO + 8 — \ ee f 2NaClOxaq) + HO PUN HE BNNs &: Reaction of the oxides Sodium oxide and NaQy + with water naldle are soluble in water to form alkaline Solutions th water to form acids of increasing strength when heated under high pressure to form silicic acid,” Oxy + Hy 0 === > 2,50. = 3Kaq) y—Phosphorus( oxide : h ith to form Phosphorus acid PO) + 6EOy, = 4 HsPOseny 7 Phosphorus V) oxide Teacts with Water to fo, ia) + 80 = andes : eta Electrical conductivity in molten state pH of aqueous | 7 eS solution of pao | a. Preparation of the chlorides ry by neutralizing an aqueous Sodium chloride is conveniently prepared in the laborator solution of sodium hydroxide with,dilute hydrochloric acid. The solution is concentrated by evapouration.on allowing concentrated solution to cool, crystals of sodium chloride separate. The salt is not prepared by the action of chlor drogen chloride on sodium as the reaction is violent NaOH aq) + HCleaqy ———> NaClag) + 120 i Solutions of magnesium metal, its oxide, hydroxide or carbonate in dilute hydrochloric acid gives a solution of magnesium oktofide, from which crystals of the hydrate, MeCl.6H,0, can be obtained. For example MgCOx). + 2HCleq) —————>_ MeChoa + H,09 + COxe) ‘This cannot be dehydrated directly to the anhydrous salt because, when heated it undergoes hydrolysis to a basic compound MgCh, 6,0, a Mg(OH)Cle, + HCl + SHL00 Stronger heating will leave magnesium oxide Mg(OH)Cly ——————> Ma) + HCl Anhydrous magnesium chloride is prepared by heating magnesium in dry chlorine or dry __ hydrogen chloride Mg) + Clg) > MgCl2o Mg +2HChy ——> MgCl * Fa Anhydrous aluminium chloride is prepared by passing "chloride over heated aluminium ie 3Cyl BR 047, 0UClge = ae 2AIClys) + 3Ha(@) bea rine or hy‘ 137 dry chlorine or dry hydrogen. eniormne over meas > Silicon(IV) chloride is prepared by pass» 7 a Sigg) + 2Cl4y > fe i cated white or red ssin hlorine over heate ide: is obtained by passing dry cl f eee tts ais ei aay i aa Before passing chlorine over phospl us in an z aes panne is displaced by a stream of carbondioxide. Pas) + 6Chig) ——————> 4PChayy way from Phosphorus(v) chloride: this chloride cannot be prepared a Gare uy a0 Phosphorus directly. This can be prepared by passing an exces: 4 phosphorus trichloride. + ry eee Phy + Cy ==> PCleisy X—ray crystallographic studies have shown that solid phosphorus(V) chloride consists of PCl,* and PCle” units Sulphur forms disulphurdichloride, S3Cl,, tetrachloride, SCI, sulphur, sulphur dichloride, Cl, and unstable sulphur Disulphurdichloride is prepared by passing dry chlorine over molten ae SR Spit Ch — et SsClogy Sulphur dichloride is pre a ?ared by reacting chlorine with disulphurdichloride at 273K. it is red liquid which dissoci fates readily into disulphurdichloride and chlorine at room temperature Shy + Che == 25chy Dry chlorine is Prepared in the laboratory by reacting concentrated h: drochloric aci Potassium manganate(VI1) ry oric acid and 1 ati Saat, 81,0, : Syke meleoder- Jae od as a: MgCl, : eT Ale SiCh PCE | Sthy ch AM increase in covalent ¥ Man { ¢ ea ee © @ clon atng sou vate Pow’ bet character in order trostatic force in the aCI AICI; hence melting point decrease in the same order 7 Polarizing power can be calculated as below Jarizing po OD Polarizing power is directly proportional to charge density, thus as charge density increase polarizing power increases Charge density = charge lonic radius Na =105 0055 Is =30.8 ee 0.065 Al” = 3 =60 0.050 From aluminium chloride to silicon(IV) chloride, there is a further fall in melting point. Silicon(IV) chloride molecules interact via van der waals forces with are weak and easy to break. Phosphorus(v) chloride has peculiar constitution. It exist in vapour state as PCs molecules, but at ordinary temperatures, it is a white solid consisting of PCI,” ions and PClg ions. the ionic structure is responsible for the melting point being higher than expected, Disulphurdichloride and chlorine interact via van der waals’ forces of attraction and the strength will decrease with decrease in molecular weight. Reactions of period(II1) chloride with water Sodium chloride dissolves in water to form neutral solution. NaChy. + ag. ——————> Na*as) + Clam (ain'y ov “Magli @RiStide hydrolyses in water forming an acidic solution of pH6.5. MeClyy + #0) ————>_,__ MBCOH)Cl + HCl Or Mg(i,0)2%y + 120) <== [Mg(H:0);OHT "ay + HO" 1Q che mchy ~ \ Aluminium chloride is hydrol y water to form an acidie solution 2+ Oe A100), + HOw = ===> _[AIGHO)OHPaqg + F heavely \yydiectec! : con(IV) chloride is hydrolysed by water to form an acidic solution ea lay + AZO, > Si0,2H;0¢) + 4HChy 4 on horus(III) chloride dissolve in water forming phosphorous #° hydrogen chloride gas PClyy + 3H,0q ———> —H;POys) + 3HCIg) Phosphorus(v) chloride dissolves in water in two ways; (@ With calculate mass of water, it forms phosphorus trichlorid chloride PClyg) + H,0g ——————>_ POChy + 2HClg) (ii) With excess water, further reaction occurs to form phosphorit chloride. POC! + 3Hz0Qg—————> HsPOseq) + 3HChe) sae and pnydrogen jeoxide seid and HYSrOBER ic Over all PClsg) + 4H, ————————> HPO) + 5HCle@) Disulphurdichloride hydrolyses in water to give sulphur dioxide, hydt0* yellow deposit of sulphur. a 28:Cl, + 3H,0gq © —————> 4HClaq)+ H2SO3@0) ae a Chlorine disproportionates in water formin chloric(1) acid and hydrochloric acit Clog) + H20 y= HOCIag) + HClaay chloric acid and d. Action of heat on aluminium chloride Aluminium chloride sublime when heated at 456K and at temperatures little above value, it shows a vapour density of 133, which corresponds to a molecule Al,Cl,. vapour density persists unchanged to 620K, then begins to decrease and falls to about at 1020K. This corresponds to a molecule A/CI,. The AlCl dimer is covalently b The bridging chlorine atoms can be thought of as donating a lone pair of electrot aluminium atom in the other half of the molecule so that the octet should be attaii the outer energy level of each aluminium atom.. ch. Cl, os a Si el a Sor Nar Athigher temperature, the dimer dissociates into AICI; molecules i ph foto rails of Fe 2a be dp fet Mh be same swans fos 5 foils vealed FAA + My + cH0 ans anion os AU + 3HC05 = feo + 3h 3 i SGahe ydrides of period three ©; by Ze Of period three hydrides yarid 1s a Tiquid, mainly exist Gas “Covalent — a. Preparation of hydrides Sodium, magnesium, and almin; stream of hydrogen gas at about asyne yes 2Nay) + Hayy ea Mg) + Hog Aly + Hap Pees eL, are prepared by heating the metal in a ‘ing magnesium silici : Mg2Siy + Clay ‘enesium silicide and dilute hydrochloric acid. Phosphine is! pre pare rat anaemia 2MECIxa ISH 9 i Pitbared by heating phosphorus with sodium hydroxide solution, The Pas) + 3NaOHq) +3H,0, : ee LO ———> Ply + __ Hydrogen sulphide is prepared by burning sulphur inby fe 8) + 1b ai re ELS@ Hydrogen chloride is prepared by reacting hydrogen and chlorine in the presence of nickel catalyst. : Hyg) + Chg) —————3 2HCi, 6, Reaction with water The hydrides of period three therefore change from basic to acidic across the period. Sodium hydride, magnesium hydride and aluminium hydride are jonic and react with water to form alkaline solutions and hydrogen gas. The alkaline solutions are composed of hydroxyl ion. NaH) + HzOq ———— Na0Hoq * Haw Ne = nei Alig, + 3ELO gee eee C0 0 ji i d from the solution, so that ae the hydroxyl ions are being remover i a | " — nr ba and more acidic; hence from sodium hydride to . = oe ott decreases in alkalinity but increases in acidity. This is ium hydride, . 141 decreases, and charge aug decreases, ionic radius bond tend to because the covalent character increases as a increases and the increases from Na* to 4?" ion, Thus polarizing powe sche covalent, : polar since phosp! a Phosphine does not react with water because its non Bonding electrons betw hydrogen have the almost similar electronegativity values. a eel hydrogen are equally shared, making the ee is soluble in water forming silicic acid hydrogt > SiO sm) + 4H hydrogen chloride in concentrated alkalis to form silicates and Phosphorous and Silane is slightly Silay + 3H09 Note: Silane also dissolves Bas. Silly + Hz0g + 20H) ——_—> Si0;"nw) + 4Fa@ tor 40 oe Hydrogen sulphide is an acidic sulphide which slightly dissociates in wate acidic solution HS) + 1,09 ———— HS a + HO'ay Hydrogen sulphide is also highly soluble in alkaline solution FS@ + OH aq) a > BS ep tO 5 Hydrogen chloride completely dissociates in water to form an acidic solution HCig + H,0, ——____, HsO%Gq + Cleag Hydrogen chloride is also highly soluble in alkaline solutions, HEI + OH (aq) a ach (0) + HpO(qy 189

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