CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Gambling is betting or staking of something of value, with consciousness of risk

and hope of gain, on the outcome of a game, contest, or uncertain event whose result may

be determined by chance, accident, or have an unexpected result due to the bettor's

miscalculation. Gambling have been practiced throughout human history and continues to

thrive around the world, both legally and illegally, as a lucrative industry and popular

entertainment activity.

Gambling becomes type of addiction for the most people who are involved in

game. People may look gambling can be pleasure in seeking behavior, but sometimes it

can be really difficult to stop this kind of activity or even avoid a certain type of emotional

pain once they started it. Some researchers think that addictive gambling can be referred as

a type of mental disorder and the number of people who have a gambling addiction

problems are increasing every year. People who are having a lot of problems in their life

are the one who are being addicted in gambling because they think that by playing poker,

slot machine, online gambling and other platforms of gambling can make them forget

about their problems and escape the real life problems.

Gambling has been around for centuries and has grown into an industry worth

billions of dollars each year. It is an industry that is constantly expanding, with new

casinos opening around the globe. A large percentage of gamblers now prefer to place bets

without ever leaving the comfort of their own homes due to the development of online

gambling. Each year, in addition to the time-tested online businesses, creative ones appear,
such as bitcoin casinos. During this time, online gambling also experiences an enormous

increase in popularity (Statistica, 2022).

While the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic hit gambling industry hard, it has

since rebounded back to pre-pandemic levels. While brick-and-mortar gambling

establishments look to be declining, the online gambling industry looks set to grow. This is

due to the ongoing digitalization of the industry and laws changing to legalize online

gambling across the globe. Expanding the industry’s online presence makes it easier for

players to gamble from anywhere, at any time, increasing the convenience and accessibility

of gambling. The legalization of sports betting in the United States is also seen as a major

step toward worldwide growth. In addition, trends such as mobile casino games,

cryptocurrency gambling, and virtual reality (VR) casinos are looking to shape the future

of the gambling industry (Statista.2022). The global online gambling market was valued at

USD 105 billion in 2022 and is expected to reach USD 213.58 billion by 2028, growing at

a CAGR of 12.56%. The market is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, as

people are not only interested in playing online casino games. Also, the interest in

investing in online casinos or gambling is increasing. The new generation will likely make

paid live streams for designing games, affiliate marketing for gambling sites, betting

sessions, and funding for the new technologies that online gambling portals require.

Further, apart from increasing demand from developed markets, factors such as enhanced

marketing and online promotion have contributed to the growth of the online gambling

market. The global online gambling market is moderately fragmented, with many local and

international players. The competition among these players is intense.(Arizton,2023). The

rapidly changing technological environment could adversely affect vendors as customers

expect continual innovations and upgrades in the digital gambling domain (Wood, 2023).
 As a consequence of this, an ever-increasing percentage of people all over the

world have developed an attachment to gambling, which has led to addiction. The act of

betting in gambling is intriguing to a lot of people, and as a result, they want to give it a

shot. They will usually say something like "it is okay if I do not I win, I just tried to play

this," but when they do win, they will continue to gamble until they have reached a point

where they are content with the winnings they have. (Smith, 2023).

Gambling in the Philippines is enjoyed by members of the younger generation as

well as adults. Gambling is not just done through physical bets, as has been stated, but later

internet gambling appeared, and it is where youngsters in today's society are becoming

addicted to, along with the majority of adults. But there are also a lot of young people who

participate in it. Because this form of gambling does not require the participant to leave the

comfort of their home, which required them to participate in a variety of online gambling

games is an electronic wallet as well as a reliable internet connection (Hebron & Mapa,

2023).

According of PNP Santa Maria ( DWRS, 2020) an anti-illegal gambling operation

in Brgy. Mangayngay, Sta. Maria, Ilocos Sur, resulting in the arrest of three individuals.

The Arrested persons were given a medical examination and filed a criminal complaint.

The police are committed to enforcing the law, preventing and controlling crimes,

maintaining peace and order, and ensuring public safety. In addition, the three Tong-its

gamblers are facing charges of violation of Presidential Decree 1602

This study aimed to determine the causes and effects of gambling in the

Municipality of Santa Maria, Barangay Langaoan, Province of Ilocos Sur. The results of
the study will be benefited the following; the students, this study could improve the

students’ understandings on the causes and effects of gambling, also the output of this

study could serve as they guide and reference for the students undertaking similar studies.

The teachers, this study will aim them their discussions regarding related lessons. It will be

easier for to tackle related topics about this research. The future researchers, this research

will be useful reference for the researchers who would plan to make any related study.

Lastly, this study may lead to the awareness of the residents regarding the cause and effect

of gambling in their day to day activities that would divert from doing gambling.

Statement of the Problem

This study aim to determine the perceived causes and effects of gambling in

Langaoan, Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur.

Specially, in seek to answer the following questions:

1. What are the profile of the respondents in terms of the following:

a. age;

b. sex;

c. civil status;

d. educational attainment;

e. monthly income, and

f. occupation?

2. What are the perceived causes of gambling in Langaoan, Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur?

3. What are the perceived effects of gambling in Langaoan, Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur?

4. Is there a significant relationship between the profile and the perceived causes of

gambling?
5. Is there a significant relationship between the profile and the perceived effects of

gambling?

Scope and Delimitation

This study is delimited to determine the perceived causes and effects of gambling

to the residence in Barangay Langaoan, Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur, which motivates the

residents in the said Barangay to indulge in gambling. The respondents of this study is the

head of the family in every household of the said barangay.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

Gambling can be defined as betting money on an outcome of uncertain results to

win money. All forms of gambling, even those typically considered to be more skill-based,

like poker and sports betting, contain an element of luck. Another common characteristic

of gambling is that it is a zero-sum game: when one player wins, the other must lose.

Gambling is a popular leisure time activity in most countries, and the vast majority of

adults have engaged in some gambling activity at least once in their life, and between 40

and 80% have participated in some form of gambling in the last 12 months. For most

individuals, gambling is a form of entertainment. For some consumers, the motivation for

gambling is influenced by social interactions because gambling venues offer social settings

to meet people, whereas others are mainly motivated by the dream of winning money. By

contrast, some use gambling to escape their problems, and this is especially common

among problem gamblers. Gambling is typically viewed as a continuum, with most people

gambling only occasionally or not at all and some gambling more frequently. Along this

continuum, people can experience negative financial and social consequences, although

harms tend to be more common among frequent gamblers. Harms caused by gambling can
co-occur with other difficult situations in life, usually intensifying along with crises and

continuing even after the problematic behavior comes to an end. Gambling-related harm

can affect multiple domains of life, including financial and health problems, psychological

and emotional distress, and impaired social and cultural relationships .They have an

influence on multiple levels: gambling-related harms restrict the gambler and their family,

friends, workplace, community, and society. Because of these significant influences on

society and the population’s overall health, gambling is a critical public health issue.

(Latvala,et.al, 2019).

A gambling addiction is a progressive addiction that can have many negative

psychological, physical, and social repercussions. It is classed as an impulse-control

disorder. Problem gambling is harmful to psychological and physical health. People who

live with this addiction may experience depression, migraine, distress, intestinal disorders,

and other anxiety-related problems. As with other addictions, the consequences of

gambling can lead to feelings of despondency and helplessness. In some cases, this can

lead to attempts at suicide. The rate of problem gambling has risen globally over the last

few years. In the United States in 2012, around 5.77 million people had a gambling

disorder that needed treatment. Because of its harmful consequences, gambling addiction

has become a significant public health concern in many countries. Some of the signs and

symptoms of problem gambling include: Gambling is not a financial problem, but an

emotional problem that has financial consequences. It also impacts the way in which the

person with the disorder relates to his or her family and friends. For instance, they may

miss important events in the family, or they might miss work. Anyone who is concerned

about their gambling might ask “Can I stop if I want to?” If the answer is “no,” it is

important to seek help. For someone with a gambling addiction, the feeling of gambling is
equivalent to taking a drug or having a drink. Gambling behavior alters the person’s mood

and state of mind. As the person becomes used to this feeling, they keep repeating the

behavior, attempting to achieve that same effect. In other addictions, alcohol, for instance,

the person starts developing a tolerance. An increasing amount of alcohol is necessary for

the same “buzz.” A person who has an addiction to gambling needs to gamble more to get

the same “high.” In some instances, they “chase” their losses, thinking that if they continue

to engage in gambling, they will win back lost money. A vicious circle develops, and an

increased craving for the activity. At the same time, the ability to resist drops. As the

craving grows in intensity and frequency, the ability to control the urge to gamble is

weakened. This can have a psychological, personal, physical, social, or professional

impact. Gambling becomes a problem when the person can no longer stop doing it, and

when it causes a negative impact on any area of the individual’s life (Newman, 2018).

Moreover, it is important to note that those who are partaking in gambling disease

typically discover a way out on how they may continue to do their addiction. Which

demonstrates that mood and substance use problems, in addition to self-harm, are at a high

risk among highly involved gamblers, and that this is one of the negative effects that it has

on them. Also that, illegal gambling problems has been linked to a variety of detrimental

effects, including those on both mental and physical health. It is likely that lying about

gambling or relying on others to bail you out financially could cause strain in your

personal relationships. The same goes for counting on others to bail a person out

financially. Absence from school or work, as well as poor performance in either setting,

may have extra unfavorable effects on a person's social standing. After sustaining

significant financial losses and amassing growing amounts of debt, some gamblers may
turn to engaging in illegal activities in an effort to alleviate their financial crisis (Kraplin &

Goudriaan, 2018).

Additionally, Gambling is now a well-recognized public health issue and forms the

focus of extensive harm reduction initiatives. Recent developments in policy, practice and

technology, such relaxation of regulations, the increasing influence of global gambling

corporations, and the development of devices such as mobile phone apps and fixed odds

betting terminals (FOBTs) mean that the landscape is a complex, dynamic, and fast

moving one. Gambling is now practiced using new technologies, in various spaces and

places, and features in a range of social surroundings. Therefore, research is needed to

inform appropriate gambling harm reduction strategies that can respond to this complex

domain. Yet, research and policy approaches to the reduction of gambling harm are

predominantly framed through psychological and economic models of individual

behaviour, addiction, and ‘rational’ action. This is beginning to change, with a growing

corpus of socio-cultural approaches to gambling research now emerging. ( Gordon &

Reith, 2019).

Furthermore, for the majority of people, gambling is a losing venture. When

speaking to a government select committee in 2020, the Chief Executive of a prominent

UK gambling operator confirmed this by saying, "I am not going to sugar-coat it: 99% of

the customers who play on our sites will lose, so you're probably losing more if you play

more." (Alexander, 2020).

Recently, the Philippine gambling market, and particularly internet gaming

emerged as a significant economic engine for the nation. For many Filipino residents, the

growth of this contentious business has been a source of concern. Business Process
Outsourcing (BPO) has been a significant engine of the Philippine economy for the past 20

years. Online gaming, on the other hand, has become a new economic sector and seems set

to displace traditional BPOs. As internet gambling has grown in popularity, any citizen can

now easily access a website and play the common casino games like poker, roulette, slots,

or even sports betting. Online gambling is as simple as having your wallet in your pocket

right now and waiting for the money to arrive; all you have to do is whip out your phone

and start gambling right immediately. Online gambling is allowed in theory, unless it is run

by an overseas business with a license from the Philippines. The Philippines does not

strictly prohibit gambling like other nations do. (Alexis & Yuliana, 2021)

B. Review of Related Studies

This section presents relevant theories and findings used by the researchers as a basis in

conceptualizing this study.

The study of Mojica, Carl Baldwin et.al (2018) conducted on the "Causes and

Effect of Illegal Gambling". According to the results of their study that on age the

respondents belong to the age group of 18-25 years old (130 or 40.50%), in addition to

Civil status, the majority of the respondents are married (122 or 38.01%). On Educational

Attainment, the highest number of respondents with 98 or 30.53% finished high school

education. Moreover, on Monthly income, the majority of the respondents are receiving an

income of Php 5,000 and below. In the light of their findings, most of the respondents

believed that "enjoyment is influenced by others" and "for curiosity sake" and described as

High. In addition, most of the respondents perceived that the effects of gambling are "it

gives problems in the locality" "it makes people lazy" "it may lead to criminality" and

"addiction to gambling" and described as "High".

 The study of Galdores and Infanta (2021) who conducted on the “Causes and

Effects of Gambling” They found out that the age of the respondents range from 21 years

old. Most of the respondents belong to the age bracket between 21-30 with 35 of them or

42.7. This was followed by age bracket 31-40 with 30 or 36.6. Age bracket 41-40 years old

has 10 or 12.2 of the total respondent, and the least bracket 51-60 has 7 or 8.5. They found

out that the sex of the respondents was distributed by either male or female. There were

more male with 79 or (96.3%) of the 82 respondents. There were only 3 or (3.7%) female

respondents. They found out that the educational attainment of the respondents are High

School Graduates with 59 of them or (72%), while the remaining or (28%) belongs to

College Graduates. They found out that the civil status of all the respondents. The greatest

number of respondents with 50 or (61.0%) are single. While married has only 32 or (39.o

%). They found out that the monthly income represents the monthly expenses of the

respondents. The highest monthly income of the 82 respondents is Php 5,000 and below

with 67 or (81.7%) and other 15 or (18.3%) with monthly income of Php 5,000-Php

10,000. They found out that the perceived effect of gambling is the highest effect of

gambling to destroy the morality of youth with mean of a 3.93 and the lowest is it makes

people lazy with mean of a 3.71.

More, in Ponce et. Al. (2015) “Illegal Gambling in Quezon Municipal of Cabugao,

Province of Ilocos Sur” among the 100 actual respondents they found out that the age

bracket of 21-40 and female respondents were commonly involved in gambling. On civil

status, single person was involved, in educational attainment Bachelor’s Degree are

involved, and person involved has Php 11,000- Php 20,000 family income. On occupation

the respondents are employed. And the causes of gambling are “For Fun” 3.13 Moderate
and “For additional source of cash “3.07” moderate and the effects are “illegal work” 3.53

or much and “Immorality” 3.36 moderate.

The study by academics from City, University of London and University of

Glasgow looked at whether gambling addiction is connected to a greater risk of suicide

among 16-24 years old, both men and women are greater risk of suicide if they also

struggle with gambling addiction. The study found out that 37% of male respondents who

had attempted suicide in the previous year had links with problem gambling. I make

respondents who’d attempted suicide in the previous year, 14.5% had results which

suggested gambling addictions. In the conclusion, the authors suggest more research is

needed but young people with gambling addictions should be considered at risk for suicide

attempts.

Lastly, the study of Edralin et al. (2017), on the “ Causes and Effects of Gambling

in the Municipality of Magsingal, Province of Ilocos Sur” among the 116 actual

respondents. I was found out that the age bracket of 59 years old and the male respondents

was commonly involved in gambling . On Civil Status single and married person are

involved; in educational attainment, high school graduates are involved, person involved

has Php. 5,000 and below family income. Moreover the causes of gambling that found out

from the 46 actual respondents is “ Past time” 12%, “ Happiness” 9% and the effects of

gambling is “ Addiction” 17%, “ Wasting of Money” 15%.

 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Profile of the Respondents

a. Age range
Causes of Gambling
b. Sex
c. Civil Status
d. Monthly income
e. Occupation
Effects of Gambling
f. Educational Attainment

Figure 1.

The Research Paradigm

The illustration above shows the procedure undertaken by the researchers on the

conduct of the study. The figure illustrates the independent and dependent variable. The

independent variable is the profile of the respondents such as age, sex, civil status,

occupation, monthly income and highest educational attainment and the dependent variable

is the causes and effects of gambling.

Operational Definition of Terms

 The following terms have been operationally defined for better understanding of
the study.

Addiction- It refers to the condition of being addicted of gambling.

Age- It refers to the number of a year during which the bettors has existed based on his last

birthday.

Causes of Gambling- It refers to the reasons that motivate the residents to play gambling.

Civil Status- It refers to the marital status of the bettors whether single, married, separated,

or widower.

Effects- It refers to the perceived consequences of gambling.

Educational Attainment- It refers to the highest level of educational attained by the

respondents.

For curiosity sake- It refers to eager design to know, the quality of being curios and the

ring had curiosity value only.

Financial problems - A situation in which you are unable to pay your bills on time or

afford basic necessities.

Gamblers- People who are playing gambling.

Gambling- It refers to wagering of something of value on a random event with the intent

of winning something else of value, where instances of winning something else of value,

where instances of strategy are discounted.

Habit- It refers to practice of the gambling.

Happiness- It refers to the good life, flourishing, rather than simply an emotion.
Influence of other- It is the power to have an important effect on someone or something.

If someone influences else, they are changing a person or thing in an indirect but important

way.

Occupation- It refers to the primary source of income.

Monthly Income of the Gambler- It refers to the average monthly income from the

primary source of income of the gambling.

Past time- The term refers to an activity that someone does regularly for enjoyment rather

than work.

Poverty- This term refers to a multifaceted concept, which may include social, economic,

and political elements. Absolute poverty, extreme poverty, or destitution refers to the

complete lack of the means necessary to meet basic personal needs such as food, clothing

and shelter.

Profile of the respondents- It refers to the personal characteristics of the respondents such

as age, sex, civil status, educational attainment, monthly income and source of income.

To try their luck- To attempt something despite the possibility of failure.

Sex- It refers to the character or distinction between bettors that is whether the bettors is

male and female.

Suicide- The act or an instance of taking one’s own life voluntarily and intentionally and it

gives a pressure to a person’s life just because he\she lose in a critical moment.

ASSUMPTIONS

The researchers will be guided by the following assumptions:

1. The data collection tool was unbiased, trustworthy, and beneficial.

2. As the information obtained from the respondents was factual, it was valid and

dependable.

3. The respondents comments accurately and honestly expressed their views on the reasons

for and impacts of unlawful gambling.

HYPOTHESES

This study is guided by the following hypothesis:

a. There is no significant relationship between the profile of respondents and the perceived

causes of gambling.

b. There is no significant relationship between the profile of respondents and the perceived

effects of gambling.

Research Methodology

Research methodology is needed to obtain and analyze the data of this study. This

chapter outlines the specific steps that will be used in conducting research. It covers

research design, population and sample, data gathering instrument, data collection and

analysis, the statistical tools used by the researchers to interpret the data gathered and the

treatment of data.

Research Design

This study uses a descriptive correlation method of research the data needed were

gathered, tabulated, analysed and interprets to answer the problem raised in this research

study.

Population and Sample

Table 1

Distribution of Respondents
RESIDENCE TOTAL NUMBER DESIRED PERCENTAGE
OF THE FAMILY SAMPLE
SIZE
580 180 150 55%

The barangay langaoan is composed of 580 residents, 180 household and 6

sitios. The researchers will get the 55% of 180 and in choosing the respondents, the

method that will be used in every sitio is cluster sampling, the researchers will only

select 25 person in each sitio, especifically every household’s head in the family.

Data Gathering Instrument

The researchers formulated a self-constructed questionnaire that was based

on studies of the following: Causes and Effects of Illegal Gambling (Mojica, Carl

Baldwin et al., 2018), Causes and effects of gambling (Galdores and Infanta, 2021)

and “ Causes and Effect of Gambling in Barangay Magsingal, Ilocos Sur, Edralin et

al., 2017). The questionnaire consisted four parts, the Part I contains the Profile of

the respondents. Part II the Causes of gambling. Part III, the Effects of gambling

and the Part IV is the Comments. Researchers usually treat Likert scale derived

data as ordinal. Here, response categories are presented in a ranking order.

Scale Norms Item Description Overall Description

5 4.21-5.00 Always (A) Very High (VH)

4 3.41-4.20 Often (O) High (H)

3 2.26- 3.40 Sometimes (S) Moderate (M)

2 1.81- 2.60 Rarely (R) Low (L)

1 1.00- 1.80 Never (N) Very low (VL)

Data Gathering Procedure

 The researchers prepared a letter request signed by the adviser and the Dean

of the college of Criminal Justice Education for the approval of the Barangay

Chairman before the researchers gathered the data needed in their study. The

questionnaire will be personally distributed and retrieved by the researchers to

ensure 100% collection data.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The following statistical tools will be used to analyze the data collected in

this study:

1. Frequently count and Percentage were analysed to determine the profile of the

respondents.

2. Weighted Mean to determine the causes and effects of gambling.

3. Correlation coefficient to determine the significant relationship of the profile of

the respondents and their perceived causes and effect of gambling.

 CHAPTER II

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents, analyses, and interprets the data gathered in this study and presented
in tabular and narrative form.

Problem 1.What is the profile of the respondents in the term of age, sex, civil status,

highest educational attainment, monthly income?

Table 2. Profile of the Respondents

Indicators Frequency Percentage
I.AGE (in years)
51 and above 18 12.00
46-50 28 18.67
41-45 19 12.67
36-40 34 22.67
31-35 6 4.00
26-30 21 14.00
21-25 14 9.33
16-20 10 6.67
TOTAL 150 100.00
II.SEX
Female 96 64.00
Male 54 36.00
TOTAL 150 100.00
III.CIVIL STATUS
Widowed 11 7.33
Separated 14 9.33
Married 82 54.67
Single 43 28.67
TOTAL 150 100.00
IV.MONTHLY INCOME
Php. 35,001 and above 1 0.67
Php. 30,001-Php. 35,000 1 0.67
Php. 25,001- Php. 30,000 1 0.67
Php. 20,001- Php. 25,000 3 2.00
Php. 15,001- Php. 20,000 15 10.00
Php. 10,001- Php. 15,000 11 7.33
Php. 5,001- Php. 10,000 22 14.67
Php. 5,000 and below 96 64.00
TOTAL 150 100.00
V.OCCUPATION
Government Employee 17 11.33
Private Employee 17 11.33
Self- Employed 64 42.67
Student 8 5.33
Out of School 44 29.33
TOTAL 150 100.00
VI.EDUCATIONAL
ATTAINMENT
With Master’s Degree 4 2.67
 College Graduate 45 30.00
College Undergraduate 29 19.33
High School Graduate 43 28.67
High School Undergraduate 8 5.33
Elementary Graduate 13 8.67
Elementary Undergraduate 3 2.00
No Formal Education 5 3.33
TOTAL 150 100.00

Legend:

4.21-5.00 Very High

3.41-4.20 High
2.26- 3.40 Moderate
1.81- 2.60 Low
1.00- 1.80 Very Low

As shown in the data, the socio-demographic profile of the respondents in terms of;

Age. Most of the respondents are 36-40 years old with 34 of them or (22.67 %). Next, are

the ages 46-50 years old with 28 of them or (18.67 %) followed by the ages 41-45

respondents with 19 of them or (12.67 %) and lastly, the age group 51 and above with 18

of them or (12.00 %).

As seen in the table below, the age bracket of people involved in gambling is 36-40 years

old. This means that younger generation are more active in gambling. This could be

attributed to the fact that younger generation are more aggressive nowadays.

According to millennials and Gambling Addiction (2017), Millennials are much more

likely to participate in gambling-related activities if they feel that it tests their abilities in
some ways. This could something as simple as hitting the right series of hitting the right

buttons in a row or as complex as calculating the odds of winning a hand of poker.

Sex. Majority of the respondents (96 or 64.00 %) are Females while remaining 54 or

(36.00 %) are Males.

According to Salonen, et al. (2022), there are changes occurring in the world of gambling

addiction that are having an effect on groups that were not have been affected by it in the

past, such as women. When it comes to gambling disorders, men are typically more prone

to suffer from these issues than women are. However, the prevalence of gambling

disorders among women aged 30 to 44 is on the rise at an alarming rate. Men and women

are distinct in the ways in which they begin gambling and the ways in which they advance

to serious gambling problems. Problems in gambling is more likely to develop in women

than in men, but once it does, women tend to advance through the stages of problem

gambling more rapidly than men. This makes it quite evident that we need to increase

awareness about the growing issue of compulsive gambling, which disproportionately

impacts women as compared to men. In addition to this, we need to expand the range of

therapeutic alternatives.

Civil Status. Most of the respondents are Married with 82 of them or (54.67 %). Next, are

Single with 43 of them or (28.67%) followed by the Separeted respondents with 14 of

them or (9.33%) and lastly, the Widowed 11 of them or (7.33 %).

The table below shows that the majority of those who engage in gamble are married, which

indicates that married people gamble more frequently. This may be due to the fact that

married individuals these days tend to be more assertive. According to Syvertsen, A.,

Leino, et al (2023). Marital status and gambling disorder. Disordered gambling in one
individual is estimated to affect six others on average, among whom spouses/partners

report the most distress. This includes a wide range of psychological and emotional

difficulties, alongside higher prevalence of divorce. Untruthfulness, and possible illegal

behaviors such as stealing money from one’s spouse may particularly damage

relationships.

Monthly Income. Most of the respondents (96 or 64.00%) have the range salary of Php.

5,000 and below, while 22 of them or (14.67 %) has monthly income of Php. 5,001- Php.

10,000. This means that those who engage in gambling are those who earn not much but

still playing gambling. This is supported by Clerk (2021) that for some people, gambling

is fun past-time, especially to individuals who only use the money they intend to lose.

In the table shown, the majority of those respondents had an income of PHP 1,000–5000,

with 41 percent and 21 percent having an income of PHP 6,000–10000. The monthly

income or allowance and gambling behavior showed highly significant results. According

to Salonen A.,et al(2022) The respondents who have lower income were more likely to

develop gambling behavior because of their desire to have more money to provide for their

basic needs. In terms of employment, unemployed respondents are more at risk to develop

problem gambling. They believe that gambling is the easiest and fastest way of producing

money.

Occupation. Majority of the respondents with 64 or (29.33%) are Self-employed, while 44

or (29.33) are Out of School.

According to Binde, P.,et al. (2020) Majority of the respondents with 64 or (29.33%) are

self- employed, while 44 or (29.33) are Out of school. Regarding the two gambling

variables, we discovered a substantial difference between the occupational groups. Male

workers in manual labor generally received good marks, particularly in situations when

there was no set workplace. Even after we adjusted for gender, there were still a number of

noteworthy discrepancies. The study suggests that prioritizing certain occupational groups

in the prevention of problem gambling could be a policy recommendation. As opposed to

the abstract socio-demographic variables that are typically taken into account in relation to

gambling involvement and problem gambling, the study theoretically demonstrates that

occupational categories indicate real-life cultures and contexts of gambling and non-

gambling.

Educational Attainment. Most of the respondents (45 or 72 %), are College graduates,

this is too close with the (43 or 28.67%) High School Graduates.

The educational attainment and the degree of gambling have significant differences

between variables. The outcomes uncovered that college graduates and high school

graduates were bound to foster betting in light of friend impact and the propensity to

endeavor to create higher measures of cash in order to support their daily wants and needs.

Generally, most of the respondents are 36-40 years old (34 or 22.67%); majority (96 or

64.00 %) are females; most of them are married with (82 or 54.67%); most (45 or 30.00 %)

are College Graduates; majority (64 or 42.67%) are self-employed and most (96 or

64.00%) has the ranges salary of Php 5,000 and below. These findings are supported by the

previous studies, theories, and organizations which were mentioned above.

Problem 2. What are the perceived causes of gambling to the residents of

Langaoan, Santa Maria Ilocos Sur
Table 3
Causes of gambling by the Respondents
CAUSES MEANS DESCRIPTION
I consider it a leisure for enjoyment 3.35 Sometimes
(Ibilangko dayta a panaglinglingay para iti panagragragsak)
For curiosity sake 3.29 Sometimes
(Panangpadas ko gapu ta isu ti uso)
Pastime 3.51 Often
(Pampalipas oras)
It is my easiest way to gain money 2.90 Sometimes
(Nalaka a pagkakuartaan)
I’ve been influenced by peers 3.33 Sometimes
(Naimpluwensiyahan nak kadagiti kakaduak)
I feel more relaxed or confident engaging to gambling 3.01 Sometimes
activities
(Gapo ti sugal makariknaak iti pannakabang-ar wenno
kompyansa ti bagik)
It serves as my reliever to my loneliness/ Boredom 3.37 Sometimes
(Agbalin daytuy nga panakaliwa iti panagmaymaysak ken nu
awan maubrak )
To try my luck 3.21 Sometimes
(Padasek ti gasat ko)
I make it a habit 2.94 Sometimes
(Nakasanayak detoy nga ub ubraen )
Because of family problems. 2.61 Rarely
(Gapu iti problema ti pamilya)
I feel that gambling will resolve my financial Problems. 2.81 Sometimes
(Atuy ti makasulbar ti problemak ti kwarta)
Being introduced to gamble at early age 3.09 Sometimes
(Naamwak iti sugal iti nasapa nga edad/ kinaubingak)
To support charity 2.57 Rarely
(Tapno suportaran ti charity)
Social involvement 2.93 Sometimes
(Pannakipaset iti kagimongan)
OVERALL 3.07 Moderate

Legend:
4.21-5.00 Very High
3.41-4.20 High
2.26- 3.40 Moderate
1.81- 2.60 Low
1.00- 1.80 Very Low

Based on the table provided, Past time has the highest mean rating of 3.51. This shows that

gambling serves as the pleasure for some people. The second is loneliness/ Boredom that

has a mean rating of 3.37, this means that a person finds amusement when they gamble.

Table 4
Effects of gambling by the Respondents

EFFECTS MEANS DESCRIPTION

PERCENTAGE
SCORE
Apprehended for illegal Never
 1.59
gambling
(Natiliwakun gapu iti sugal)
Tend to steal or pawn family properties 1.77 Never
(Nagtakaw ken nagisalda nak iti sanikua ti pamilya mi)
It may lead to emotional 3.25 Sometimes
breakdown
(Agbalin daytuy nga gapu ti problemak)3.44
It may lead to financial 3.44 Often
problems/bankruptcy
(Mabalin daytuy nga agtungpal ti panakaawan ti kwartak)
Poor work performance/job loss 3.10 Sometimes

(Agbalin nga agtungpal daytoy iti panakaikkat ko ti

trabahok)
Increased consumption of alcohol 3.17 Sometimes

(Immado ti panaginom ko ti arak)

Feeling of shame and hopelessness 3.22 Sometimes
(Pannakariknak ti bain ken pannaka-awan ti nam-namak)
Severe debts and loss of property 3.15 Sometimes
(Nakaro nga pannakautang ko ken pannaka-awan ti
sanikuak)
Losing family recreations and intimate bonding 2.89 Sometimes

(Pannakaawan ti
panagkakadwa mi ti pamilyak)
Losing of savings and children allowance 3.03 Sometimes
(Pannakapukaw dagiti urnong ken kwarta dagiti
annak ko)

Loses self-care and health conditions 3.81 Sometimes

(Mabay bay an ti bagik)

Prone to suicidal thoughts and attempts 3.57 Often

 (Madi atuy panagpapanunot ken panangpadas nga
agpakamatay)

Forced to stop/ cannot focus to study 3.09 Sometimes

(Pannakapilit nga agsardeng ken hannak

makafocus ti panagadal ko)

It makes people lazy 2.57 Often

(Agbalin nga sadot nak)

Feeling of guilt and regret 3.57 Often

(Pannakariknak ti panagbasol ken panagbabawik)
OVERALL 3.01 Moderate

Legend:
4.21-5.00 Very High
3.41-4.20 High
2.26- 3.40 Moderate
1.81- 2.60 Low
1.00- 1.80 Very Low
The data effects with a 3.81 mean is that they loses self- care and health conditons, which

that, if a person who had been addicted to gambling has no intention of his/her self-care

and health conditions, instead, he takes gambling as a key to his success. Lastly, it prone to

suicidal thoughts and attempts, feeling of guilt and regret with a mean of 3.57, well know

that gambling is wrong and for that, some takes gambling as means of income even if it is

illegal.

Stewart and Muggelton (2021) in their article, “Our study of gambling and its harms shows

it’s time to intervene” stressed that they find all levels of gambling are associated with a

higher mortality rate for men and women, young and old.

Table 5
 Correlation Coefficient between the profile of the Respondents and the causes of
Gambling.

Independent Variables Causes

r-value p-value Decision

Age -.250** 0.002 Significant

Sex 0.120 0.145 Not Significant

Civil Status -.220** 0.007 Significant

Education Attainment -0.047 0.565 Not Significant

Monthly Income .219** 0.007 Significant

Occupation 0.071 0.385 Not Significant

**.Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Based on the table, age, civil status and monthly income are significant related to the

choices of the respondents with r-value of -.250**, -.220** and .219** respectively.

This conveys that the aforementioned above are the main causes of gambling. This may be

attributed to Bio-Psycho-Social-Spiritual Model of addiction where biological such as age

and sex and Socio-cultural influences such as Civil Status, Educational Attainment, and

Monthly income are some of the main causes of gambling. This is supported by Horvath,

et al. (2021) who discussed Bio-Psycho-Social-Spiritual Model of addiction in their article:

“What Causes Gambling Addiction.

 Table 6
Correlation Coefficient between the profile of the Respondents and the effects of
Gambling.
Profile Effetcs

r-value p-value Decision

Age -0.107 0.191 Not Significant

Sex 0.013 0.877 Not Significant

Civil Status -0.112 0.174 Not Significant

Education Attainment -0.048 0.562 Not Significant

Monthly Income 0.159 0.053 Not Significant

Occupation 0.038 0.647 Not Significant

**.Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

*.Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

Based on the table, monthly income with r-value of 0.159 is not significant the first choice

of respondents as effect of gambling, followed by age with r-value of -0.107.

This implies that monthly income and age tend to affect the rating of the respondents as the

effect of gambling in our society. This is supported in the study of Wu and Chen (2015) in

their study entitled: "The social, economic, and environmental impacts of casino gambling
on the residents of Macau and Singapore" where they found out that those who earn more

are most likely to gamble.

CHAPTER III

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings obtained in this study, the conclusion

and the recommendation proposed by the researchers.

SUMMARY

The purpose of this study aimed to reveal and to determine the perceived Causes

and Effects of Gambling. Specifically, It sought to answer the following: What is the

profile gambling in terms of age, sex, civil status, educational attainment, and monthly

income ? ; What are the perceived causes of gambling in one barangay of langaoan , Santa

Maria?; What are the perceived effects of gambling in one barangay of langaoan, Santa
Maria?; Is there a significant relationship between the profile of respondents and perceived

causes of gambling?; and Is there a significant relationship between the profiles of the

respondents and the perceived effects of gambing?

FINDINGS

The following are the salient findings of this study;

1. On profile of the respondents.

On age. Most of the respondents are 36-40 years old with 34 of them or (22.67 %). Next,

are the ages 46-50 years old with 28 of them or (18.67 %) followed by the ages 41-45

respondents with 19 of them or (12.67 %) and lastly, the age group 51 and above with 18

of them or (12.00 %).

On sex. The respondent was distributed by either male or female. Majority of the

respondents (96 or 64.00 %) are Females while remaining 54 or (36.00 %) are Males.

On educational attainment. Most of the respondents (45 or 72 %), are College graduates,

this is too close with the (43 or 28.67%) High School Graduates.

On civil status. It is the status of all the respondents. Most of the respondents are married

with 82 of them or (54.67 %). Next, are Single with 43 of them or (28.67%) followed by

the separated respondents with 14 of them or (9.33%) and lastly, the widowed 11 of them

or (7.33 %).

On monthly income. Most of the respondents (96 or 64.00%) have the range salary of

Php. 5,000 and below, while 22 of them or (14.67 %) has monthly income of Php. 5,001-

Php. 10,000. This means that those who engage in gambling are those who earn not much

but still playing gambling. This is supported by Clerk (2021) that for some people,
 gambling is fun past-time, especially to individuals who only use the money they intend to

lose.

Occupation. Majority of the respondents with 64 or (29.33%) are Self-employed, while 44

or (29.33) are Out of School.

2. On perceived causes of gambling

The highest cause of gambling is pastime with mean rating of 3.51 and the lowest is to

support charity with mean of 2.57.

3. On perceived effect of gambling

The highest effect of gambling with a 3.81 mean is that they loses self- care and health

conditons and the lowest is Apprehended for illegal gambling with mean of 1.59.

4. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of respondents and perceived

causes of gambling?

There is a significant relationship between age, civil status, monthly income and perceived

effects of gambling

5. Is there a significant relationship between the profiles of the respondents and the

perceived effect of gambling?

There is no significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and perceived

effect of gambling.
 CONCLUSION

In the light of findings, the following conclusion were drawn;

1. Most of the respondents are from ages 36-40; females; Married; College Graduates;

Self-employed and has the range salary of 5000 and below.

2. There is a significant relationship between age, civil status, monthly income; and,

the perceived of causes of gambling.

3. There is no significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and

the perceived effects of gambling.

4. The highest causes of gambling is Pastime and the second is loneliness/ boredom.

5. Most of the respondents perceived that the effects of gambling are Feeling of guilt

and regret and Prone to suicidal thoughts and attempts.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings and conclusions, the following are strongly recommended by the
researchers;

1. Residents should engage to a more productive activities in line with their age

bracket and their occupation.

2. Barangay officials should initiate to conduct seminars on the ill-effects of

gambling to prevent residents in patronizing residents.

3. There should be creation of sports and recreational activities as a source of

enjoyment so that the residents will not engage from gambling.

4. Parents should set as good example to their children. They should not engage

themselves in gambling.

5. Barangay officials should monitor and apprehend gambling.

6. The residents should refrain from gambling, instead used their money to meet the

needs of their family particularly in these difficult economic times.

7. Minors should not be allowed to indulge in gambling.

8. Officials in one Barangay of Langaoan, Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur, should prohibit

constituents from gambling because it has nothing to offer in solving their financial

difficulties but only false premises of instant big cash prices.

9. Residents in one Barangay of Langaoan, Santa Maria, Ilocos Sur, should avoid

gambling since it makes them lazy and should indulge in more profitable activities.

10. Barangay Official should empower the youth ages 18-25 years old through

infusing livelihood programs that develop their skills to become productive and

forget gambling.

11. For future researchers, they may include the different types of gambling.
 QUESTIONNAIRE
Dear Respondents

Greetings of Joy and Peace!

We, the undersigned criminology students of the College of Criminal Justice Education, University
of Northern Philippines, are currently conducting a research study entitle “CAUSES AND EFFECT
OF GAMBLING IN SANTA MARIA, ILOCOS SUR”
In line with this, may we ask permission from your good office to allow us gather necessary data
needed by administering questionnaires. Data gathered will be treated with utmost
confidentiality. We are hoping for your positive response regarding this matter.
Thank you and God bless!
Respectfully yours,
Researchers
PART 1. Profile of the respondents

Name: (optional): __________________________________________________

Direction: Please fill up or check (/) the item’s that correspond to your answer.

a. Age: b. Sex: c. Civil Status d. Educational Attainment:

__16-20 __Female __Single __No Formal Education
__21-25 __Male __Married __Elementary Undergraduate
__26-30 __Separated __Elementary Graduate
__31-35 __ Widow/er __High School Undergraduate
e. Estimated monthly
__36-40 __High School Graduate
income
__41-45 __College Undergraduate
__ Php. 5,000 and below

__ Php. 5,001- Php. 10,000 f. Occupation

__ Php. 10,001- Php. 15,000 __Government Employee
__ Php. 15,001- Php. 20,000 __Private Employee
__Self- employed (pls. specify)_______________
__ Php. 20,001- Php. 25,000 __Student

__ Php. 25,001- Php. 30,000 __Out of school

__ Php. 30,001-Php. 35,000