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Porges socialEngagementAttachment

This document discusses social engagement and attachment from a phylogenetic perspective. It presents a model of social engagement derived from the Polyvagal Theory. The model emphasizes phylogeny as an organizing principle and includes six key points: 1) well-defined neural circuits support social engagement behaviors and defensive strategies; 2) these circuits form a phylogenetically organized hierarchy; 3) the nervous system unconsciously evaluates risk and regulates adaptive behavior to match the environment's safety; 4) social engagement requires a perception of safety; 5) social behaviors like nursing require immobilization without fear; and 6) immobilization without fear is mediated by co-opting the neural circuit regulating freezing through oxytocin. The model provides a phylogenetic interpretation of neural mechanisms underlying
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
22 views17 pages

Porges socialEngagementAttachment

This document discusses social engagement and attachment from a phylogenetic perspective. It presents a model of social engagement derived from the Polyvagal Theory. The model emphasizes phylogeny as an organizing principle and includes six key points: 1) well-defined neural circuits support social engagement behaviors and defensive strategies; 2) these circuits form a phylogenetically organized hierarchy; 3) the nervous system unconsciously evaluates risk and regulates adaptive behavior to match the environment's safety; 4) social engagement requires a perception of safety; 5) social behaviors like nursing require immobilization without fear; and 6) immobilization without fear is mediated by co-opting the neural circuit regulating freezing through oxytocin. The model provides a phylogenetic interpretation of neural mechanisms underlying
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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