Narrative Convention Plot twist

- These are the techniques used by ➔ tells a surprise ending

the writers to create meaning in a Cliffhanger
story. ➔ tells an abrupt ending which places
- These may be particular to the main character in a perilous
characters, development of plot, situation with no resolution.
settings, point of view and style. Flashback
➔ tells an interjected scene of the story
Types of Setting that takes it back in time from the
- Time setting is a period in which the current point in the story and often
story takes place. Time setting could used to tell the events that happen
be a time of the day, season or time before another important event
period of history. Flash forward
- Place setting is a place where the ➔ tells a scene that takes a narrative to
story is set. a future time from the current point
- Writers when writing a story used of the story
locations to portray the complete Story within a story or hypodiegesis
story. ➔ tells a story within a story.
- Setting is of vital importance and Deus – ex machina
has a crucial influence over the ➔ is a plot device whereby a seemingly
story. unsolvable problem is suddenly and
- It affects all the narrative abruptly resolved by unexpected and
conventions of a specific story. unlikely occurrence.
- Settings are like backbones of the Foreshadowing
story, it holds all the elements ➔ indicates or hints something in the
together and portrays in a manner later part of the story
which could be overwhelming to the Point of view
readers. It binds the reader to the ➔ It is the “eye” or narrative voice
story. through which you tell a story.
➔ When you write a story, you must
Plot Conventions decide who is telling the story, and
Backstory to whom they are telling it.
➔ tell the events of the story that ➔ The story could be told by a
happen before the present story. character who is involved in the
Chekhov’s gun story, or from a perspective that
➔ tells of an inherent object inserted in sees and knows all of the characters
the narrative. but is not one of them.
In Medias res
➔ Latin of “in the midst of things” Types of Point of View
➔ narration that starts at the middle of First person point of view
the story. - One of the characters is narrating
➔ The practice of beginning a narrative the story.
by plunging into a crucial situation - This is generally revealed by the “I”
that is part of a related chain of sentence construction and relies on
events. first person pronouns (“I went to
➔ The situation is an extension of work.”)
previous events and will be - The reader assumes that this
developed in later action. character is closely related to the
Narrative hook story’s action—either a main
➔ tells a catchy story opening to hook character or someone close to the
the attention of the readers. protagonist.
 - First person narrative can provide - The underlying message of the
intimacy and a deeper look into a central idea which are reflected in
character’s mind, but it is also limited characters, words and actions,
by the perceptive abilities of the events and other elements.
character.
Second person point of view LITERARY APPROACHES
- structured around the “you” pronoun, Gender Criticism
and is less common in novel-length ● This approach “examines how
work (“You thought you could do it.”) sexual identity influences the
- Second person can allow you to creation and reception of literary
draw your reader into the story and works.”
make them feel like they’re part of ● Originally an offshoot of feminist
the action because the narrator is movements, gender criticism today
speaking directly to them. includes a number of approaches,
Third person point of view including the so-called “masculinist”
- The author is narrating a story about approach recently advocated by
the characters and refers to them poet Robert Bly.
with the third person pronouns ● Feminist critics include “analyzing
“he/she.” how sexual identity influences the
- This point of view is subdivided into reader of a text” and “examin[ing]
third person omniscient and third how the images of men and women
person limited. in imaginative literature reflect or
- reject the social forces that have
Third person objective historically kept the sexes from
- has a neutral narrator that is not achieving total equality.”
privy to the character’s thoughts or Feminist literary criticism
feelings? ● tells about women identity in
Third person omniscient literature
- narrator knows all the feelings and New Historicism Historical Criticism
thoughts of the character ● It deals with the cultural context
- all-knowing during the writing of the piece of
Third person limited literature.
- the narrator relates only their own ● This approach “seeks to understand
thoughts, feelings and knowledge a literary work by investigating the
about various situations and the social, cultural, and intellectual
other character. context that produced it—a context
that necessarily includes the artist’s
Convention Style biography and milieu.”
Language used ● A key goal for historical critics is to
- used figurative language. understand the effect of a literary
Sensory detail work upon its original readers.
- mental images of scenes using ● No-in-depth research
descriptive words. ● Structural purposes of text
Dramatic visualization ● Literary devices
- description of gestures and ● Compliments one another
dialogues making scenes vivid to the ● Knowledgeable of fiction
readers. ● Text mismo

Theme Archetypal Criticism

 ● depends heavily on symbols and
patterns operating on a universal FEMINISM
scale. ● is concerned with "the ways in which
● It is based on Carl Gustav Jung’s literature (and other cultural
(1875-1961) psychological theory. productions) reinforce or undermine
● Jung believed in a collective the economic, political, social, and
unconscious that lay deep within all psychological oppression of women"
of us and contained the “cumulative (Tyson, 1983).
knowledge, experiences, and
images of the entire human race” Si Mabuti ni Genoveva Edroza-Matute
(Bressler, 1994, p. 92). Malirip – pag iisip, pagmumuni- muni o
● Jung identified certain archetypes, magkukuro tungkol sa kahalagahan ng mga
which are simply repeated patterns bagay bagay.
and images of human experience Naulinig – narinig
found in literature, such as the Kariktan – kahali-halina
changing seasons; the cycle of Agam-agam – pagdadalawang isip
birth, death, rebirth; the hero and Kandungan – nasa binti o masasandalan
the heroic quest; the beautiful Napatda – nahinto, natigilan o hindi
temptress. makakibo
Formalism/New Criticism Magmasid – magmanman, magsiyasat o
● deals with the cultural context during magmatyag
the writing of the piece of literature.
● approach interprets literature for its Genoveva Edroza-Matute
meaning or idea in a particular ❖ retired teacher
socio-historical atmosphere ❖ In 1980, she was the head of the
● This approach regards literature as Philippine Normal College under the
“a unique form of human knowledge Department of Filipino, and Dean of
that needs to be examined on its Instruction
own terms.” All the elements ❖ known Feminist
necessary for understanding the ❖ received four Palanca Awards for
work are contained within the work her creative works
itself. ❖ The first prize she was awarded was
● Of particular interest to the formalist in 1951 for her short story entitled
critic are the elements of form— Kwento ni Mabuti.
style, structure, tone, imagery,
etc.—that are found within the text. Why did her students call her Mabuti?
● A primary goal for formalist critics is - She always say the word Mabuti
to determine how such elements - The narrator sees her as a good
work together with the to shape its mother to her child and a good
effects upon readers. teacher to them

Sociocultural Context Who are the characters in the story?

● Reading using the sociocultural - Mabuti
context helps you understand the - Fe (Narrator)
social, economic, political, and - Mag-aaral
cultural forces affecting the work that - Anak na babae
you are reading. - Ama ng anak ni Mabuti
● Analyzing the sociocultural context
of the text makes you examine the Narration/ Point of View
role of the audience (readers) in What point of view is used?
shaping literature.
 - First person point of view is used in Tata Selo ni Rogelio Sikat
the story Paulik-ulik - pagdadalawang isip
Who is telling the story? Tinungkod - pinalo ng isang bagay
- The student Fe Na-embargo - nasamsam
- The writer of the story is the one Istaked - kulungan
who’s telling the story. Propitaryo - may-ari ng lupa
Why is she telling the story? Cabeza - pinuno
- She was inspired by the strong Lilik - kasangkapang panggapas na may
personality of Mabuti as a woman. pabalikukong talim at may ngiping gaya ng
- She’s telling not only a story but the sa lagari
reality of life.
How is the story told? What technique is Tata Selo
used? - Won the Palanca Awards, 2nd prize
- It is told by recalling the important for Filipino Short Stories (1963)
circumstances that happened in her - Published in the anthology “Mga
life. Agos sa Disyerto” in 1965
- Flashback - written in 1963
Setting Rogelio Sikat
- School - novelist ,storyteller, dramaturge,
- Library interpreter, professor of literature,
- classroom creative writing, language and
Conflict translation
- Man vs Himself - was a professor at UP Diliman
Theme - former Dean of the College of Arts
- To persevere in the battles of life. and Literature in UP 1991-1994
Plot - Notable works: Impetigo Negro
(1962), Tata Selo, and Moses,
Moses

How do you feel about Tata Selo?--

Pathos - the emotional or motivational
appeals; one of the modes of persuasion

What reality does the fiction present?

- The text was written in 1963, are
these themes still present today?
(New Historicism)

Character Analysis - Saling (Feminism)

“Hindi ka na sana naparito Saling,” wika ni

★ After examining the story “Si Mabuti”
Tata Selo na napaluhod. “May sakit ka,
through Feminism and New
Saling, may sakit ka!”
Historicism approaches it can be
deduced that the story: empowered
“Umuwi ka na, Saling” hiling ni Tata Selo.
the female character and that
“Bayaan mo na...bayaan mo na. Umuwi ka
conservatism is present in the text
na, anak.
as it also reflects the author’s milieu
Huwag, huwag ka nang magsasabi."
and the cultural context of its
production.
“Nando’n amang si Saling sa Presidente,”
wika ni Tata Selo. “Yayain mo nang umuwi,
umuwi na kayo.”

Character Analysis Through Formalism -

Tata Selo In medias res
- (Latin: “in the midst of things”)
The story revolves around one character. - Supplies exposition thru flashbacks
Is the character physically described? or conversations
How detailed are these descriptions, and Exposition (flashback)
who gives them to you? - Tata selo’s dialogue
Nasa loob ng istaked si Tata Selo. Mahigpit Resolution
na nakahawak sa rehas. May nakaalsang - denouement
putok sa noo. Nakasungaw ang luha sa Theme
malabo at tila lagi nang may inaaninaw na - Injustice
mata. Kupas ang gris niyang suot, may mga Point of view/ Narration
tagpi na ang siko at paypay. Ang kutod - Third-person objective
niyang yari sa matibay na supot ng asin ay - has a neutral narrator that is not
may bahid ng natuyong putik. privy to characters’ thoughts or
feelings. The narrator presents the
How do Tata Selo's words and actions story with an observational tone.
characterize him? Setting
“Binabawi po niya ang aking saka " - Sakahan
“Doon ba sa may sangka. Pinaalis ako sa - Istaked
aking saka, ang wika’y iba na raw ang - Munisipyo
magsasaka. Nang makiusap ako’y - Atmosphere
tinungkod ako. Ay! Tinungkod ako, amang,
nakikiusap ako sapagkat kung mawawalan Naggitgitan ang mga tao, nagsiksikan,
ako ng saka ay saan pa ako pupunta?” nagtutulakan, bawat isa’y naghahangan
“Tinungkod po niya ako ng tinungkod... Ay! makalapit sa istaked. Naggitgitan at
Tinungkod po niya ako ng tinungkod ng nagsiksikan ang mga pinagpawisang tao.
tinungkod..." Itinaas ng may-katabaang alkalde ang
dalawang kamay upang payapain ang
Formalism/ New Criticism pagkakaingay. Nanulak ang malaking
- A perspective under the umbrella of lalaking hepe. Situational irony occurs
linguistic context that focuses on the when the actual result of a situation is totally
language used in the literary work different from what you’d expect the result
and how it is used to convey to be.
meaning
- it is concerned exclusively with the Characters
text in isolation from the world, Flat Characters
author, or reader - Kabesang Tano
- mga pulis
Plot Structure - Alkalde o Presidente
- kahanggan ni Tata Selo
- Hepe
- binatang mayaman
Tata Selo
- Round character
- The story revolves around him
 - was characterized as weak, - Most of Arguilla's stories depict
helpless,polite, and a loving father scenes in Barrio Nagrebcan,
Bauang, La Union where he was
Saling o daughter of Tata Selo born.
- who worked for the captain in his - His bond with his birthplace, forged
house but went home to Tata Selo by his dealings with the peasant folk
sick, the nature of sickness we know of Ilocos, remained strong even after
little about but may pertain not to a he moved to Manila where he
conventional sickness but to a studied at the University of the
sickness of which woman reputation Philippines where he finished BS
is at stake. Education in 1933 and where he
- buntis became a member and later the
president of the U.P. Writer's Club
*** Through Tata Selo’s struggle for justice, and editor of the university's Literary
Rogelio Sikat was able to use his Apprentice.
protagonist to symbolically represent the - He married Lydia Villanueva,
injustices that the poor are experiencing as another talented writer in English,
well as the exploitation of the landlord to his and they lived in Ermita, Manila.
tenant/ kasama. Here, F. Sionil José, another
seminal Filipino writer in English,
Filipino social beliefs present in the recalls often seeing him in the
story: - “utang na loob” and “padrino National Library, which was then in
system. the basement of what is now the
National Museum. you couldn't miss
Morning in Nagrebcan by Manuel E. him", Jose describes Arguilla,
Arguilla "because he had this black patch on
stray goats – goats that have no shelter his cheek, a birthmark or an
and owner. overgrown mole.
clay stove – it is used for cooking and does - He was then writing those famous
not require any firewood or charcoal. short stories and essays which I
whore – a woman who is a sex worker or admired."
encounters a lot of relationships. - He became a creative writing
bitch – a person who has unpleasant teacher at the University of Manila
behavior. and later worked at the Bureau of
husky legs – having a strong leg Public Welfare as managing editor of
rice straw – it is a rice product produced the bureau's publication Welfare
when harvesting. Advocate until 1943.
bawl – something that is loud or cry noisily. - He was later appointed to the Board
of Censors. He secretly organized a
Manuel Estabillo Arguilla (1911 – 1944) guerrilla intelligence unit against the
- was an Ilocano writer in English, Japanese.
patriot, and martyr. - In October 1944, he was captured,
- He is known for his widely tortured and executed by the
anthologized short story "How My Japanese army at Fort Santiago.
Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife,"
the main story in the collection "How Setting of the Story
My Brother Leon Brought Home a - It was during sunrise, and as the sun
Wife and Other Short Stories" which started to give warmth to the whole
won first prize in the Commonwealth barrio.
Literary Contest in 1940.
- Style of writing: realities
 - At the House of Baldo in Nagrebcan, - New beginnings
situated near the cornfields and - Dreads it kasi mauulit na naman
tobacco fields where the Mother dog
Katayaghan Hills are visible. - Nana elang - love for her children
Theme - Tang cisco - neglects his children
- It is just a usual start of day in
Nagrebcan where people start doing VIETNAM LITERATURE
their job, then how a very pleasant Types of Poetry:
morning turned into a horrible one ● Lyric Poetry - refers to the broad
just because of a misunderstanding. category of poetry that concerns
- The innocent little puppy is the feelings and emotions.
object of the conflict between the ● Narrative Poetry - form of poetry
two brothers, which resulted into its that tells a story.
violent death from the hands of a ● Descriptive Poetry - form of poetry
bad man; their father that uses detailed words to create
Characters imagery of a person, animal or
Baldo inanimate object.
- 10-year old boy, the elder of the two Subtypes:
siblings ❖ Sonnet - fourteen line poems
- Has tendency to be abusive or won’t consist of an octave and a sestet.
let his future family suffer Sonnets generally use a meter of
- Victim of abuse - domestic violence iambic pentameter and follow a set
Ambo of rhyme schemes.
- 7-year old boy, the younger of the ❖ Shakespearean or English - the
two siblings typical rhyme scheme for English
- Has tendency to be abusive or won’t sonnet is ABAB CDCD EFEF GG
let his future family suffer ❖ Petrarchan or Italian - the sonnet
- Victim of abuse - domestic violence employs the Petrarchan rhyme
Tang Ciaco scheme of ABBA ABBA CDECDE
- Mabisyo ❖ Haiku - an unrhymed poem
- Violent consisting of 17 syllables arranged
- provider in three lines of 5, 7, 5 syllables
- Father of Baldo and Ambo, and the respectively.
Husband of Nana Elang ❖ Elegy - a sad poem usually written
Nana Elang to praise and express sorrow for
- Mother of Baldo and Ambo, and the someone who is dead.
wife of Tang Ciaco ❖ Limerick - a poetic form comprising
- Mirrored many filipino women who one stanza with five lines, a rhyme
suffer abuse (comfort women) scheme of AABBA that is usually
- Dependent on her husband humorous.
- Victim of abuse - domestic violence ❖ Ballad - a poem that tells a story,
usually in four-line stanzas called
Stigma: peaceful and happy life in the quatrains.
province ❖ Ode - form of lyric poetry,
expressing emotion and it’s usually
SYMBOLS addressed to someone or
Nana elang, ambo, and baldo something.
- Symbolizes abused filipinos ❖ Epic - a long narrative poem that is
Banana with skin usually about heroic deeds and
- Mapait pero tinitiis events that are significant to the
Sunrise (morning) culture of the poet.
Sound Devices: ➢ Irony - the use of words to express
★ Alliteration - term for repeated letter something other than and especially
sounds (usually consonants, but not the opposite of the literal meaning.
always) at the stressed part of two or ➢ Metonymy - is a type of figurative
more words. language in which an object or
★ Assonance - is the repetition of concept is referred to not by its own
sounds in multiple words. name, but instead by the name of
Assonance describes repeated something closely associated with it.
vowel sounds in the middle of words ➢ Synecdoche - refers to a figure of
with different consonant end sounds. speech in which the word for a part
★ Consonance - is one of several of something is used to refer to the
poetic devices that can be used to thing itself, or less commonly, when
heighten emotion or enhance an the word for a thing itself is used to
image in poetry. refer to part of that thing.
★ Onomatopoeia - A figure of speech
in which the sound of a word "The Cherished Daughter"
imitates its sense (for example, -- Anonymous (c. 1700 AD)--
“choo-choo,” “hiss,” or “buzz”).’ trans. Nguyen Ngoc Bich
★ Rhyme -is the repetition of syllables, Magpie - a long tailed crow boldly marked.
typically at the end of a verse line. Areca nuts - seed of an areca palm.
Rhymed words conventionally share Quan - fist
all sounds following the word's last Suit of clothes - traditionally worn by
stressed syllable. Rhyme is one of businessmen.
the first poetic devices that we Matchmaker - person who arranges
become familiar with but it can be a relationships and marriages.
tricky poetic device to work with.
★ Rhythm - Rhythm in poetry can be The Cherished Daughter
thought of as the beat or the flow of - Written in 1700s
a poem. It is made up of beat and - A folk poem
repetition, so it usually refers to - Unknown authors
features of sound. It is created by - Based on work chants, love chants,
stressed and unstressed syllables in ballads, riddles, and sayings
a line or a verse. - Themes of love, marriage, religion,
work, and nature
Figurative Devices:
➢ Simile - a figure of speech involving Analysis
the comparison of one thing with ➔ the daughter is longing to get
another thing of a different kind, married however, because of their
used to make a description more culture and respect to her mother,
emphatic or vivid (e.g., as brave as a she needs
lion, crazy like a fox ). ➔ to follow and obey what her mother
➢ Metaphor - a figure of speech in ought her to do.
which a word or phrase is applied to Speaker
an object or action to which it is not - The daughter
literally applicable. - The speaker seems exasperated
➢ Personification - is a figure of (intensely irritated and frustrated) in
speech in which an idea or thing is the first 3 stanzas of the poem and
given human attributes and/or the last stanza indicates
feelings or is spoken of as if it were desperation.
human Theme
- Marriage
 - Mother and daughter and The poem is bound up in Vietnam's history,
relationship specifically their war history; the 2 decades
Vietnamese Culture present in the poem: of war killed millions of soldiers, villagers,
Filial piety men, women, and children.
- a Confucian virtue of honoring the
elders in family Historicism/ Historical Approach
- service to one’s parents - Under the umbrella of sociocultural
Family and clan are valued over reading context.
individualism - Historicism or traditional historical
- Families have a major voice in the criticism is a perspective dealing
selection of wives and husbands of with the history that influenced the
their children, they consider the writing of literature.
following factors: social status, and Analysis
consulting horoscopes often done by Stanza 1
Buddhist monks. ● The boy apologizes for his actions in
What poetry type is The Cherished class, worried that he might become
Daughter? a nuisance/cause interruption in
Lyric Poetry class.
- A lyric poem is a private expression ● typical school scenario
of emotion by an individual speaker. ● A student is having trouble paying
- It is also highly musical and can attention at school as he sleeps
feature poetic devices like rhyme during lectures and sometimes
and meter. shouts and screams.
Stanza 2
Language in the Poem ● presented the hopeful dream of the
Literary/Sound Device speaker
REPETITION ● Being free and no worries; clinging
“ Mother, I am eighteen this year and still to his fantasies
without a husband. What Mother, is your Stanza 3
plan?” ● HIS REALITY
➔ the repeating of any words, phrases, ● The word “ BUT” was used as a
sentences, or lines within a poem. contradiction on the 2nd stanza
➔ the primary way of creating a pattern Historical Approach
through rhythm - The most immediate effect of the
➔ it brings attention to an idea Vietnam War was the staggering
Metaphor: Magpie death toll.
➔ believed to bring good fortune and - The war killed an estimated 2 million
good luck Vietnamese civilians, 1.1 million
SOUND DEVICE: North Vietnamese troops, 200,000
- Assonance South
POETRY TYPE: Stanza 4
- Lyric Poetry - The speaker described what was
A School Boy’s Apology happening around him
By Le Thanh Huan - The line “ My home will be burnt to
Shrivel - to become dry and wrinkled from the ground”
heat, cold or old age - The speaker sounds so sure that
Dewdrop - a drop of dew this is going to happen
Partitioned - wall or screen that separates Historical Approach
one area from another
 - The My Lai massacre was one of Distraught - very upset : upset that you are
the most horrific incidents of not able to think clearly or behave normally
violence committed against unarmed Conflagration - a large destructive fire
civilians during the Vietnam War. suspended - to stop (something) for a
- A company of American soldiers usually short period of time
brutally killed most of the people, mist - water in the form of very small drops
women, children and old men — in floating in the air or falling as rain
the village of My Lai on March 16, Stumps - the basal portion of a bodily part
1968. remaining after the rest is removed.
What reality of life is reflected in the Smouldering - burning slowly without
poem? flames but usually with smoke
- Trauma derrick - a tall tower that is built over an oil
Type of poetry well and used to support and guide the tool
Narrative poem that is used to dig the hole and get oil out of
- tells a story the ground
- has full storyline with all the taunting - to reproach or challenge in a
elements of the mocking or insulting manner Their stares
- traditional story were taunting.
- The poem contains the story/ Emblazoned - to write or draw (a name,
experience of the picture, etc.) on a surface so that it can be
- speaker, his memory of the war that seen very clearly
haunts him wherever he is. protrude - to cause to project
Literary device akimbo - having the hand on the hip and
Visual Imagery - appeals to the reader’s the elbow turned outward
sense of sight by describing something the frantic - feeling or showing a lot of fear and
speaker or narrator of the poem sees. worry.
Sound devices - Alliteration Epitaph - phrase or form of words written in
memory of a person who has died,
Inside Submarines especially as an inscription on a tombstone
by Phan Nhien Hao
tr. Linh Dinh Characters:
Odd-shape - An irregular shape doesn't - Yazid - protagonist
have equal sides or equal angles. - Adam (Yazid’s friend) - Tertiary
Illusion - a thing that is or is likely to be character
wrongly perceived or interpreted by the - Old Man (Died due to effects of of
senses. burns) - Tertiary character
Plastic Horizon - The magnetic attraction - Jamal (Yazid’s coworker, and also a
of recycling plastics friend) - deuteragonist
Void - not valid or legally binding. - Ghani (Yazid’s co-worker) - Tertiary
Vague - of uncertain, indefinite, or unclear character
character or meaning. - Ibrahim (Yazid’s co-worker) -
Rouse - cause to feel angry or excited Tertiary character
- Yazid’s father (Committed suicide by
ELEMENTS OF POETRY: taking poison)
Figurative Devices - William (Yazid’s co-worker and has
- figurative language used in the an acute senses) - Tertiary
poem is personification character

BRUNEI LITERATURE Types of characters:

The Oilfield Labourers ➔ Protagonis
➔ Antagonist
 ➔ Deuteragonist - He crossed the bridge and looked
➔ Love interest down. The water was black due to
➔ Tertiary character the oil spill. In between puddles of
➔ Foil character oil, he saw his own reflection, his
➔ Confidant character head white, covered with dew. From
Settings: above, all Yazid could see were
- Kampong Umbi/ Village black and grey roofs among the
Point of View white tanks His eyes hurt from the
- Third person piercing glare of the sun. The black
Style river flowed to the sea
- Dramatic Visualization ● Metaphor or simile.
Plot Device: ● Character traits
- Cliffhanger - a component of a story
- ends unresolved, usually in a "One thousand and one nights" or "The
suspenseful or shocking way, in Arabian Nights"
order to compel audiences to turn - Famous Cliffhanger in Literature
the page or return to the story in the - a centuries-old
next installment - Stories-within-a-story
Literary Device: - frame story
- Foreshadowing - a valuable literary - Story of Scheherazade and King
technique a writer can use to create Shahryar
and build suspense that will keep - Includes the following stories:
your readers turning the page Aladdin, Ali Baba, and Sinbad the
- the word "hint" is the key Sailor

2 Types of Foreshadowing Plot

★ Direct foreshadowing (or overt - Forty houses were burned down
foreshadowing) from Kampong Umbi, and a lot of
★ Indirect foreshadowing (or covert human casualties took place. Yazid
foreshadowing trembled from the sight of his burned
village.
5 Foreshadowing Techniques - An internal turmoil engulfed Yazid
● Dialogue while he was at his friend Adam’s
- "Dad was not ill when he bedroom because of the outcome of
died. He committed suicide the oil spill from the village.
by taking poison, " Yazid - He then reminisced about the old
"Everyone has the right to man, a friend of his who died
choose on how he wants to because of fire burns.
die." (dialogue of Yazid) - Due to him being a derrick climber,
"Why do you want to talk he was greatly distressed. Soon
about death?" (Jamal) after he woke up, he went back to
"Because death is work at the oil derrick and then he
necessary, " Yazid replied, saw his co-workers named Jamal,
"to sever something." He Ghani, and Ibrahim while climbing
avoided looking at Jamal's the derrick. Hours later before
face lunchtime, Yazid and Jamal went
● Title down the derrick and had a
- “The fall of the House of Usher” conversation about death wherein
● Setting Yazid also revealed his father
committed suicide by taking poison,
and died not because of illness.
 - After lunchtime, Jamal told Yazid - Covered with coal dust his naked
that a new derrick would be erected feet had turned black.
offshore at aluh tiga after the - Very high-spirited
depletion of the oil of the current - head white, covered with dew of
derrick they are using. This steps were slow
information came from their fellow - He hesitates to commend bravery
derrick climber William. but he has always believed in
- The oilfield labourers began to climb diligence and hard work.
the derrick, and after reaching a high - He had been troubled since
altitude someone committed suicide morning.
by falling to the ground. Based on - Very careful with his steps
build-up of the story, Yazid chose his
own death by committing suicide. From your details above, how do you
Theme find Yazid, Adam, Jamal,and William?
- Life and Death ● Yazid is traumatized by the
- destruction of his house due to the
Character Analysis fire and I think he talks about death
1. What role does Yazid play in the because he witnessed it with his
story? Is it major or minor? father and one with the old man who
- Yazid is a major character in the was burnt alive.
story because most of the dialogue ● Adam is a helpful friend. He insisted
and inner thinking happens with the on giving Yazid a shelter and even
Yazid and he is the central to the expressed his desire to remove his
main plot. worries.
● Jamal is someone who does not
2. Who does he interact with? Who is/ want to feel so much physical pain.
are important to Yazid? ● William might be a curious person
- Yazid is interacting with his friends
who are also oilfield labourers, 6. It was not clear who fell. Who do you
especially to Jamil whom he had a think fell? Was it intentional or an
deep talk with. His co-workers are accident?
important to Yazid. And also an old- - We think Yazid was the one who fell
man because we can see how much and it was intentional. Because while
he cared for him. he was talking to Jamal, it was
stated in the story that Yazid was
3. What possessions does Yazid have? looking from the top of the derrick
- Yazid had a house, shoes, helmet, down to its base.
and safety buckle as we can notice - Probably, he got an idea that he
in the story. could kill himself by jumping from the
derrick. In addition, maybe he urged
4. What characteris Yazid? to commit suicide because that was
- He was physically and mentally the way why her father died.
strong because even if he was one - Lastly, he is the major character in
of the victims of fire and had visions the story and it was stated at the last
of the dead old man, he managed to sentence of the story that Minutes
go to the graveyard and work at the later his eyes shut and he turned stiff
oilfield by climbing the derrick. - pertaining to Yazid.

5. What words are used to describe Settings

Yazid?
1. Does the description of the burnt village Comport – to behave in a particular way,
give you a vivid picture? What words or bear or conduct oneself
descriptions help you picture out the place? Tranquility – a state of peace or quiet
- The description of the burnt village Sultanate – place ruled by a sultan
gives us a vivid picture. It was
described that there were two 1. From your readings, does each moniker
conflagrations of fire that were seen fit Brunei?Name proofs.
about a hundred and forty-two yards - Negara Brunei (state of brunei)
from the burnt houses. There was a Darussalam (abode of peace)
tiny smoke dancing in the haze and - Yes, what each poem moniker says
nothing was left untouched by the where fit since Brunei just is seen as
flames. a kingdom of tranquility and an
- According to the story the oilfield abode of peace.
was a hot and humid place and - Brunei is a perfect blend of the
there were tall derricks there. heritage it has preserved and the
- The author is good enough in modern world it has evolved into.
making the reader understand the - Bruneians are proud to have
story because he used adjectives centuries of royal heritage.
that help us to visualize the
scenario. 2. What is the intention of this piece? Why
do you think it is created?
Culture - to describe the immense beauty of
1. What cultures of Brunei are shown in Brunei.
the fiction? - to preserve and protect the
- The cultures of Brunei that are ecosystem of the place.
shown in the fiction are how they - The piece was created because they
value their work. wanted every reader to know more
- They are also valuing their about what things would be the best
friendship and they are always description in the place.
there to help each other. Jamal 3. Does it serve its purpose?
asked Yasid to stay in his place to - Yes
take a shower and take a rest.
Valuing
2. Are there any similarities with the 1. Based on the poem, would you expound
Philippines whether the people of Brunei are proud of
- There are similarities with the their country or not?
Philippines. Like in Brunei, Filipinos - Based on the poem we can say that
known for their bayanihan. the people in the Brunei are proud of
- In the story, we can notice that Yasid their country like in the poem it said
and Jamal were willing to help to dig that
the old man's grave. ❖ A gem of a nation
❖ An abode of peace
Borneo's Green Heart ❖ A heaven of tranquility
❖ A kingdom of treasure
Den – Comfortable room or place ❖ An oasis of modern empire
Neoclassical – constituting a revival or ❖ An environment of treasures
adaptation of the classical especially in
literature, music, art, or architecture Elements of Poetry
Oasis – a pleasant or peaceful area, or Is there any element that makes the poem
period in the midst of a difficult or hectic appreciative?
place or situation
 - Yes , Imagery is the element that - The one telling the story seems to
makes the poem appreciative. be the friend of the kindergarten
- From the imagery elements the poet teacher, who was a lecturer at the
writer uses this as a product of University of Yangon and served as
image makers with the use of not a middle school teacher in his
only do the words in a poem create hometown, Taungdwin-gyi where the
a physical image on the page, but in story took place.
their meaning and connections, they
convey to the readers. 2. What point of view is used?
- - The story was narrated from the
What rhythm is used? Is it effective? first-person point of view.
- The poem used Caesura which - The narrator used the word I which
created uneven rhythm pause in the implies that what he was narrating
poetic line. was his observation of the
happenings around him.
MYANMAR LITERATURE
Kindergarten Teacher 3. Why is he telling the story?
By: Aung Thinn - He was telling this story to share to
the reader his realizations from what
Shriek - to utter a sharp shrill sound he saw from his “kindergarten
Dame - a woman of rank, station, or teacher” friend. He’d been way off
authority the mark with his evaluation of “good
Reluctant – unwilling or hesitant teaching” and seeing how his friend
Plum – an oval freshly fruit that is purple, taught the children became a wake-
reddish, or yellow when ripe and contains a up call for him to improve.
flattish pointed pit
Gape – to gaze stupidly or in openmouthed 4. How is the story told? What technique
surprise is used?
- The story was a recount of what the
Characters: narrator experienced in his trip to his
● U Nyan Sein - teacher of hometown in 1963.
kindergarten - A flashback technique was used
● Friend of U Nyan Sein as he narrated his realizations from
● Daw Aye Tha - grandmother of pupil what he experienced.
Theme: - The imagery was also creatively
● The theme of the story is the love, used in the story to make the scenes
care and effort of a kindergarten appealing to the readers.
teacher to his/her students. 5. What do you think if the story is told in
Setting: another perspective?
● at the primary school next to the - Telling this story from another
pagoda perspective would change the mood
Point of View and the appeal that it already has.
● Third person point of view - The change in perspective could
Style make this story more appealing or
● Dramatic Visualize the other way around.
- But one thing is for sure, it cannot
Narration convey the message exactly as what
1. Who is telling the story? the narrator wants it to be.
 - There could be a change in the 4. How does the narrator feel about his
emotional impact because there will kindergarten friend teacher as compared to
be an inevitable change in the way him who is also a teacher?
the characters are made from a new - The narrator realized that the
perspective. character of U Nyan Sein is the best
example of a good teacher which is
Emotional Appeal different from his evaluation of “good
1. How did you feel while reading? teaching”.
- So much respect for the teachers - He saw how the students react to
who devote their time and effort to the activities and that’s because they
unleash the potential of their enjoy what they are doing. To make
students. the students enjoy the learning
- It was an everyday dilemma for them process was the essence of
to think of ways that will make the teaching.
students enjoy the learning process.
- Being a teacher requires a lot of New Historicism
effort and patience, especially for a 1. What expressions in the story tell you this
kindergarten teacher. is not millennial? that it is Myanmar?
- The kind of students they have can - The story took place in Taungdwin-
be easily defocused when they see gyi in 1963.
something that catches their - It happened a long time ago, and to
attention. say a millennial, it should have
- Their work does not end when the happened between the 1980s to
class ends. These people already 2000. The setting of the story was in
devote and identify themselves as Myanmar.
teachers anytime, anywhere. - The culture and the tradition of the
people were shown in the story
2. Read the story parts that make you feel - It was said that the narrator loves
that way. spending time at Shwe In Taung
- For two or three days I would just pagoda.
see him making drawings and telling - Myanmar alphabet was also different
stories, so I asked him why he was from those of the other countries in
not teaching anything. “I can teach the region.
reading and writing anytime,” he 2. Are the parents outside the classroom
replied. similar to the parents in the Philippines?
- “Yes, it’s true, I mean it, but right - mother waiting outside the
now children must enjoy school; they classrooms was the unusual
must love coming to school, not fear scenario everyday.
it. It’s the most important step.
Valuing
3. What are these lines that make you feel 1. Does the kindergarten teacher love his
that way? pupils? What is your proof?
- This just proves that teaching for U - Yes, it was evident in the story that
Nyan Sein was not just a task or a the kindergarten teacher loves his
job that he needed to do. He’s doing pupils. It was manifested in his
all that out of passion and love for efforts to make them enjoy going to
what he was doing. He cares for his school first for them to enjoy the
pupils. learning process as well.
- Every meeting was interactive so
that the students could also express
themselves.
 - He would do that by drawing Stingy - unwilling to give or spend;
something on the board and let his ungenerous:
students guess what he illustrated. fussy - fastidious about one's needs or
requirements; hard to please
2. What is the relevance of pupil skills of the spinster - break or cause to break into
drawing and plum lessons? small sharp fragments:
- The Myanmar alphabet as described Nirvana - a state of perfect happiness; an
in the story was based on the circle ideal or idyllic place:
and the letters are in that sense
deviations of the sweet plum, a very Characters:
round little circle. ● Ma Thaw (Daughter)
- It would be easier for the students to ● Daw Pan U ( Mother)
learn their alphabet by drawing it ● U Po Sein ( Father)
- By thinking of the plum, they can Theme:
visualize it in their minds and it ● House and home are two different
would help their brain to remember things.
things. Setting:
● House of MaThaw`s parents.
- True story Point of View
- Unyan Sein - main character ● Third person point of view
- Dapat magustuhan ng mga Style
estudyanteng pumasok sa school ● Dramatic Visualize
- Myanmar -Burma Literary Devices:
- Burmese Culture Irony
- Alphabet - Cah-loh (round) ● the use of words to convey a
- Palm leaves - paikot meaning that is opposite of what is
- Outmost importance of education actually said
- 1-5, 6-9, 10-12 Situational Irony
● at play when an expected outcome
Creative nonfiction is subverted
- Factual based on facts Parallelism
- Biography, autobiography, memoir, ● also known as parallel structure, is
feature writing when phrases in a sentence have
similar or the same grammatical
writing nonfiction structure
- Rule of tongue: show don’t tell

Close Proximity
by Journal Kyaw Ma Ma Lay

rubbish - criticize severely and reject as

worthless
pagoda - a Hindu or Buddhist temple or
sacred building, typically a many tiered
tower, in India and East Asia.
Bickering - argue about petty and trivial
matters
Toddler - a young child who is just
beginning to walk.
heave - lift or haul (a heavy thing) with great
effort
 ● "He sits there all dignified as the - Ma Thaw is the most affected in the
head of the household and does not situation in their house and that is
want to use his money for anything her fear
and then he bad-mouths me, and I'm - Her fear in everything she does for
the one earning my own living. It's her family is undeniably sad.
only because of you, you know, it's - As she faced everything, everything
only because I worry about you that I was limited.
have not left this house." Ma Thaw - Daw Pan U has strong affirmation
could not waste anymore time but a fearful ambiance of caring.
listening to her mother, and leaving - She limits herself to be with her
her still muttering carried the tray on husband, she is also limiting herself
her head to the shrine upstairs. to feel some love that a family must
"Whenever I think of that time I feel have.
like crying; it's only because I worry - U Po Sein is a caring one because
about you that I am still living in this he stayed for the greater good in the
house." Ma Thaw placed the glasses first place, but he is always scared of
of water on the shrine. She could not being apart from his daughter.
waste anymore time listening to her - U Po Sein is limiting himself to enjoy
father, and came downstairs; she what he has to like bonding with her
must prepare her mother's offering daughter Ma Thaw.
tray.
Emotional Appeal
Characterization 1. How do you feel about Ma Thaw and her
1. How is Ma Thaw as a daughter? Daw parents?
Pan U as mother? And U Po Sein as father? - They don’t have a strong family
- Ma Thaw is a good daughter. bond.
- Ma Thaw as a daughter is someone - She is in the situation, she is in
who diligently follow her parents between her parents who are not in
despite their difficult personality. a good state of affairs, so she needs
- Ma Thaw is loving and caring. to understand both of them.
- Daw Pan U as a mother is - Ma Thaw is also affected by their
somewhere between the scale of attitude.
being a good parent and a selfish - I feel sorry for Ma Thaw for having to
one. live until thirty-five with that kind of
- She is a good parent in a way that relationship with her parents.
she still manages to stay in their - She had absorbed all the hatred that
home in order to give her daughter a her parents had towards each other.
complete family, yet, she also has a As a family they need to give each
selfish and stingy quality within her. one a love that will help them to
- U Po Sein as a father has a difficult have happiness in their hearts, but in
relationship with her daughter. the case of Ma Thaw parents they
always quarrel in front of her.
2. What matters most to Daw Pan U and U
Po Sein? 2. Read the lines that make you feel that
- Their ego, their sense of self- way.
importance and also the materials - “May all creatures have neither
they have. hatred nor enmity; may they have
neither anxieties or fears; may they
3. Do the characters have fears and keep themselves in well-being and
limitations? prosperity.”
- Yes they have fears and limitations.
 - On hearing this blessing Ma Thaw - The story has many realistic
felt a sudden sadness rise up in her features, from parents arguing, to
heart, as if she wanted to cry, and the damage it can deal to their
felt choked. children.
- Another reality of life shows how
3. What is used by the author in those lines unprepared, immature and close
making you feel that way? minded some lovers are.
- The author had used emotional - With very little openness to each
appeal for the reader in making other, and understanding of their
those lines. lover's attitude, this can result to a
- It’s as if the character of Ma Thaw poorly made relationship which can
had felt sadness where the author damage not only both the parents,
described in the story “that rise up in but also their children
her heart” that she was hurt and
wanted to cry. 2. Which parts of the story reveal this?
- As she saw and heard her mother’s - The story told that Ma thaw’s
prayer, she may have thought that it parents, Daw Pan U, and U Po Sein,
is the opposite of what is happening were maid and doctor, which is a
in their lives. strong indication of a middle class
- The author also used irony, where family that requires no family blood
the character of Ma Thaw’s mother ties associated.
being religious and prayerful, - The story then showed that Daw
praying for goodness without hatred Pan U owns a shop which generates
and anxieties, hates someone such income to not rely on her husband’s
as her husband. earnings.
- From the past experience of Daw
4. If it were not written that way, do you Pan U on the appraisal that U Po
think you will still feel the same? Sein gave her while she was at
- From the plot of the story to the Maternity, we can say that the
character’s dialogue, the writer couple weren't earning that well.
effectively delivered the message. - Ma thaw’s parents are very stubborn
- The way he narrates the story is and close minded, since they're very
clear and has appealed to the old, when Ma thaw was born her
emotions. parents were 40yrs+, which can
- The short story mainly is about explain the incapability to
family. understand other people and open
- The idea of learning to love and to up.
be loved that starts from the family,
was opposite to what was shown in 3. Why is it the title of the fiction?
the story.
- The story’s theme is about hate,
misunderstandings and failed
relationships that could happen
inside a family.
- The story tries to tell that bitterness
and hate do not just happen outside
of the house, but it could also
happen inside a home.

Theme:
1. What reality of life is shown in the story?
 - In the fiction, we can notice that the - Yes. Knowing others' culture is
family were near to each other yet beneficial and it is not bad if we
they are not okay. I think the real study and learn their culture.
reason why close proximity is the - Knowing their culture may help us to
title of the fiction because the author be aware so that when we meet
wants us to realize that even them, we have an idea on how they
though you are near to the people live because we know their culture.
who you love that doesn’t mean - The differences between cultures
that you’ll create a great bond or and practices in the workplace can
strong relationship because also affect the unity of the team as
sometimes when you have been well as its performance.
with them for a long time their true - Being professional you must ensure
identity is revealed including their that you are able to learn the culture
negative traits and it’s up to you on of other people and understand why
how you are going to handle it. people do things the way they do.
- Moreover, workers can easily
Culture: communicate and it will prepare
1. What cultural practices are shown in the them for interacting with global-
fiction? society, it can help them avoid
- Family life is a major part of the culture shock and conflicts such as
culture and heritage of Myanmar. related to diversity and
- In the story, even though U Po Sein misunderstanding in the workplace.
and Dawn Pan U were not on good
terms they were still living in one Mental health
house with their daughter who is ● includes our emotional,
already forty years old. It was just psychological, and social well-being.
fine with them to live in one house It affects how we think, feel, and act.
even if they are old because that is ● It also helps determine how we
one of their cultural practices. handle stress, relate to others, and
- Birthdays are time for individuals to make choices.
visit pagodas for prayer and offer ● important at every stage of life, from
donations to shrines and the monks childhood and adolescence through
the same number of spoonfuls of adulthood.
rice as the years have reached. ● Over the course of your life, if you
2. Do you think Filipinos would adopt these? experience mental health problems,
- The Philippines and Myanmar have your thinking, mood, and behavior
their similarities and differences. And could be affected. Many factors
these differences can be the reason contribute to mental health
why Filipinos will not adopt the problems, including: Biological
culture of Myanmar. factors, such as genes or brain
- The Philippines has a Christian chemistry
majority and Burma has a Buddhist ● Life experiences, such as trauma or
majority. abuse
- But culturally, the Filipino and ● Family history of mental health
Burmese peoples share traits of problem
personal warmth and hospitality,
even pity. What aspects of Burmese Culture can be
3. As a future businessman, teacher, found in the literary text?
engineer, health worker, technician, ➔ Modesty and Face; Social
engineers, etc., does knowing their culture Hierarchies
be of any help? ➔ Sensitive Interaction
 ➔ Gender Roles - Sensory detail (mental images of
➔ Household Structure scenes using descriptive word)
➔ Relationships and Marriage Plot Summary
➔ Spirituality, Stoicism and Patience The group of people dressed in their best
stood in the narrow lane, necks stretching to
1. FICTION - refers to literature created catch a glimpse of the car coming towards
from the imagination them on the bumpy road. They could see it
2. NON-FICTION - refers to literature based in the dust, rolling as slowly as if it were a
in fact. horse-drawn cart. This was the car taking
them to the wedding. In their eyes the car
The Wedding Reception rolled on the bumps as if it were a boat
by Nyi Pu Lay riding the waves. It was, but just barely. The
Jetty - a walkway back end of car had been cut, re-modelled
Shuddered like a malarial victim - to and roofed; it was exactly the sort of car
tremble with a sudden convulsive used for
movement transporting vegetables from the jetty to the
Mend - recover market. But they could not be choosy: they
Melee - a confused fight, skirmish, or scuffle were already late, and some of them must
Sprigs of flowers - a small spray of flower go
Spick and span - fresh, brand-new: early and hurry back in time to go to work.
spotlessly clean Anyway, in their part of Mandalay, there
High chignon - a woman's hairstyle where never has been such luxury as a car rented
the hair is arranged in a knot or roll at the for the purpose of taking guests to a
back of her head wedding. This time, the bride being the
Sauntered up - to walk in a slow and school teacher and all, and with the groom's
relaxed manner, often in no particular best. Sein Hla, the groom, tried to pack in
direction as many as possible, for he did not want his
Goner - a person o thing that is doomed or friend-making too many trips. Gas prices
cannot be saved were not cheap, as he well knew. The car
False tress - false curly hair began to look like a piece of candy with ants
climbing all over it. It was indeed a happy
Characters: scene. To everyone's alarm the car would
Sein Hla - groom not start for a few minutes; then they were
Ko Sein - the owner of the van taked to off in a cloud of dark smoke. A quarrel broke
fetch the guest out between two children about who was to
Uncle Than Sein and Grand Uncle Win wear the one pair of slippers belonging to
Maung - The father of the groom both. Kywet Thoe, the best man, sauntered
U san tin - owner of the house with tv up, hands in the pockets of his jacket. When
Mar Mar Tin - bride

Theme:
- The theme of the story is the kind of
wedding cultures does Myanmar are
underway to have a successful
wedding.
Setting:
- In a village of mandalay
Point of View
- Third person point of view
Style
the car came back it had picked up the bride
Mar Mar Tin from the beauty salon. here Imagery
were comments about how pretty she How do you find the story?
looked and they all asked how much it cost, - natural.
the name of the shop and in the melee they - It depicts the real scenario in a
heard a piping voice of a girl: "She doesn't wedding, the simplicity, the conflicts,
look pretty at all!" Mar Mar Tin pretended the unexpected problems, the
not to hear but her knuckles were itching to thoughts of the couple, problems
rap the little brat on the head. properly. The about money, etc.
wedding hall was filled with guests. The - This story brings back the characters
bridal couple live in the same of Sein Hla and Mar Mar Tin to
neighbourhood so there were no strangers. reality, that the wedding was not a
As the car went back for the third trip two fairy tale kind of set up at the end of
kids did not stay behind but went back for the day.
another ride; it was a treat for them. The
ladies manning the gifts table were busy Pick out some parts in the story which
making a list of the presents, while eating you can easily imagine.
cake and gulping down tea. The newlyweds - "The group of people dressed in
had already given pocket money to the their best stood in the narrow lane,
young men. It is called 'Payment for necks stretching to catch a glimpse
Stones', a sum paid off to avoid the teasing of the car coming towards them on
throwing of stones on the house that night. the bumpy road. They could see it in
These guys trooped out joyfully for drinks the dust, rolling as slowly as if it
and food. As for the girls they had promised were a horsedrawn cart.
to take them all to watch TV that night. bride - "Her hair was done in a high
sat close to him. The program started. Well! chignon, and the false tress that
How they enjoyed it all: the jokes, the dangled on the side was darker than
songs, the dancing. It was as if they were all her hair. The rhinestone hairpin
nailed to the floor. They were still smiling as sparkled.’Around her neck, she wore
they took their leave when the show ended. a gem necklace and a strand of
Sein Ha lifted up his father and his face fell: pearls, and in photos, they would
the old man had peed, probably without surely look real. "Her face was pink
noticing it. There was a small wet patch on with the western foundation. Not
the floor. U San Tin must surely notice! Sein used to having false eyelashes
Hla did not know what to do. He grabbed glued on her lids she kept batting
the brand new handkerchief Mar Mar Tin her eyes. The beautician had done
was clutching and made as if to wipe the away altogether with her scanty
floor. "Never mind, my boy, never mind." It eyebrows: they had been shaved off
was an unexpectedly kind word from U San and he had drawn a curvy line in its
Tin. They said their good-byes, apologizing. place in sea-green pencil.
U San Tin squeezed Father's hand as they
left. Mar Mar Tin paid for her guests, What words make you vividly see the
bargaining with a beating heart to let off four scene?
kyat. The TV owners agreed, he said, just - The first one made me picture the
for this night. Mar Mar Tin carried the folding scene of the people who prepared
chair with the wet burlap seat wondering themselves for the wedding of Sein
how she could keep the make-up on until Hla and Mar Mar Tin.
tomorrow. Sein Hla carried his father,
wondering about how this night U San Tin
had been so nice. The audience made their
way home, talking about the show
 - The next one describes the look of - All eyes are on the bride when she
the bride. Mar Mar Tin for her walked down the aisle towards her
wedding day. I can imagine how she man.
felt beautiful with her make-up, hair,
and gown for that special moment. Characterization
How is Mar Mar Tin as a bride and a
Culture daughter-in-law?
Aside from the imagery used, what other  caring
factor makes you easily understand the  Mar Mar Tin, as a bride, captures
wedding culture of Myanmar? the attention of he people when she
- The simplicity of the plot and the use arrived at the church looking even
of imagery made it easier for me to mohair style.
visualize and understand the  She's a daughter-in-law that every
wedding culture in Myanmar. father would wish for their sons. She
cares for him as she asks about him
Is the wedding culture comparative to if he was fine when they are on their
our wedding in Philippines? way to the church.re beautiful with
- Yes. As to what I picture out from her gown, makeup, and
the story, it was similar to the
weddings of the ordinary citizens in How Sein Hla as a groom and son?
the Philippines such as those living  Sein Ha, as a hands-on groom.
in the province.  He made sure that everything was
- The wedding celebration does not set for his wedding even forgetting
end in the church because Filipino that he, himself, was the most
couples and their visitors often important person in his wedding
proceed to a wedding reception right aside from her soon-to-be wife. Mar
after the wedding which usually Mar Tin.
takes place in the house of the wife's  As a son, he was loving, caring, and
family, just like what happened in the understanding. His father's condition
story. must not be easy for him but his
care for him manifest out of his
Which are similar? Give details. actions.
- The wedding culture in Myanmar is  He made sure that his father was not
very similar to our wedding culture just left behind while the others are
here in the Philippines. celebrating.
- It was evident in the story that the
groom has the biggest part on Name other characters and comment on
making sure that the wedding would their words, actions, and clothes.
be fine. Sein Sein Aye - who is a bug-eyed
- In Philippines, the groom and the girl dressed in red scampered up.
bride are really hands on when it She was wearing a pick tone make-
comes to the details of the wedding. up clashed alarmingly with her dark
skin. She's always slow in
What factors make our wedding cultures everything.
similar? Sein Hla's friend - He was the one
- The groom always makes it sure that who lends his car to Sein Hla so he
the guests are doing well and that all will have acara to use for his
the visitors would be able to eat and wedding.
enjoy in the reception.
 A lady who is part of the guests - - Feelings of admiration and love of
reminded Sein Hla that he should boatman towards his girl can be
prepare himself already and change seen in the song.
his clothes for the wedding. - The boatman's feelings were
Kywet Thoe - the best man genuine and full of love.
Groom's father - they thought that he - He praised her so much and showed
was already a goner but thankfully how much he liked her.
he was already on the mend.
Ma Ma Than -Sein Hla's neighbor; What does the chorus mean " Does it
looked over Sein's Hla father on his support the poets' view on love?
wedding day. - The boatman is singing about his
U San Tin - the owner of the place beautiful lover wherein he praised
and the TV where the girls and the everything about her from head to
children watch during the night after toes with overwhelming
the wedding compliments.
- Yes, it supports the poet's view on
What are their priorities in the wedding? love because based on the song, the
 The wedding itself was everybody's poet's perception about love is about
priority but at the same time, Sein appreciating your lover so much by
Hla's father's condition was always praising every part of them strongly,
on the minds of the couple which we can see on the chorus
part.
Theme
What is the focus of the story? What figures of speech are used in the
- The story focuses on the wedding song? In what part of the song it is
culture in Myanmar, particularly the evident? Does it appeal to
wedding reception which happened  The figure of speech that is used in
after the wedding proper. the song is Simile.
 Because there is a comparison in
How does the author make you see this? the lyrics of one thing to another.
What are used? Like in the part of:
 The author utilized descriptive  My praise shall be strong as the tide
depictions of the scenes which made That flows. Thy eyebrow black, I'm
it easier for the reader to visualize sure that each Is a shiny as any
and understand the story. healthy leech; Thy frame is as light
as the forest stag And as strong and
Is it realistic? firm as a rocky crag; Thy feet and
 Yes, the story in itself was narrated toes (the more good luck) As pretty
realistically. It sounded a cliché and broad as the web-footed duck.
because the scenes in the story are
very familiars and I believe that it Which part of the song appealed you the
happens to a lot of couples out most? Justify your answer.
there.

THAILAND LITERATURE
Boatman's Love Song

What description can you give to the

feelings of the boatman?
 - chorus part which is "Begin with the  critical judgment of a motion picture.
head and end with the toes; My It focuses on the art of the film
praise shall be strong as the tide that maker and evaluates the techniques
flows", because as he repeats the employed by the director.
chorus, I much appreciated as seen  As part of the introduction, it is a
in the chorus the lines which he must that you mention and give
expressed how he accept his lover credits to the screenwriter, director,
from head to toe despite of the flaws cinematographer, actors, production
and imperfections that his lover has designers and executive producers.
and by also comparing how strong  In order to provide the readers with
his admiration was to his lover. the needed information and for you
to analyze the movie/film review very
What is the mood of the song? Does it well, the following elements are of
affect on your mood also? great help. Try to expand your
 the mood of the song "Boatman's review or critic by answering the
Love Song "shows affection and the following
boatman is describing the woman
she loves by stating and GENRE
appreciating the whole appearance. - is the kind or type of film
 Yes, it does affect our mood - Is it comedy? Tragedy? Musical?
because we can feel the Action? Thriller? Horror? Sci-Fi?
appreciativeness that the boatman is Romance? Historical? Melodrama?
implying. The tune of the song itself Animation?
makes us feel calm and it delivers a
message to appreciate everything SYNOPSIS
around us. - is the gist or summary of the film.
Compare the feelings of the boatman to - What is the film all about? What are
the feelings of Filipinos? the objectives of the film? How were
 The feelings of a boatman can be the elements of the story interrelated
compared to the feelings of a Filipino with one another?
that is genuine, full of love and
sincere. CHARACTERIZATION
- is the development or portrayal of
How will you express romantic love in the characters.
deeper and enduring ways? - How will you describe the characters
o There are many ways of expressing in the film? What are their
love to someone, it can be by deprivations and motivations? Are
composing a song, writing secret their acting skills convincing and
letters, and buying gifts. powerful for the viewers?
o In my case, if I'm the one to express
love to the person I like, it will be the SOUND
same with the boatman. I will - is the essential aspect of the film
demonstrate my love through words. and it consists
Giving compliments and
encouragement, saying "I love you," SPEECH
and leaving notes of affection and - as the voice of the actors
appreciation are my ways of letting
her know MUSIC
- as the soundtrack or song laid in the
Film Review film
SOUND EFFECT
- embedded sound in the film.

CINEMATOGRAPHY
- is the manipulation of the filmstrip
and photographic image by the
camera.
- How was the coordination of one
shot with the succeeding shot? Does
the speed, motion, and
transformation of each photographic
image help in the quality of the film?

PRODUCTION DESIGN
- refers to the costumes and make-
ups matched to the characters' role?
- Do the props stimulate the ambiance
for the scene?
- Does the production design depict
the setting of the story?