ORAL COMMUNICATION Process:

1. The speaker generates an idea.

COMMUNICATION – to share commonness 2. Encode or covert an idea into words.
 “communicare” - to share 3. Transmits or send the message.
 “communis” - commonness 4. The receiver gets the message.
- systematic process by which people interact 5. Decodes or interprets the message based on the
through the exchange of verbal and non-verbal context.
symbols to create and interpret meaning 6. Feedback
- process of exchanging info from one person to
Functions:
another
 Control
Definitions: - Exercise restraint or direction formally or
 Merriam Webster: infos are exchanged b/w informally
individuals through the common system (symbols, - Regulate or control, manage an individual or
signs & behaviors) group
 Business Dictionary: two-way process of reaching  Motivation
mutual understanding, not only exchange info but - Energy that influences a person’s behavior
also create and share meanings - Stimulate people to act on their goals
 Oxford Dictionary: imparting or exchanging of info by o Positive – bridge towards self-assessments,
speaking, writing, or using other medium confidence, knowledge, etc.
 Hamilton 2005; Tubbs 2013: sharing of experience o Negative – can lead to either communication
that is clear and understandable apprehension, social anxiety, shyness, or
public speaking anxiety
Misconceptions:
 Social Interaction
1. Key to solve all our problems
- Acting and reacting to the behavior of people
2. The more people communicate, the better
around us
3. Telling is communicating
 Emotional Expression
4. Meanings are in word
- The release or unloading of emotions, resulting in
5. A good thing
catharsis
6. A verbal process
- Facilitates people’s expression of their feelings
7. Interpersonal communication means intimate
and emotions
communication
 Information Dissemination
8. Communicative competence means being an
- Provides data and information
effective communicator
9. A natural ability 7 C’s
Nature:  Completeness
1. Communication is a process - Should include everything
- A step-by-step process - Answers the 5W and H question
- Two-way process (active participation of sender  Correctness
and receiver) - Content +++, spelling, word choice, punctuation,
2. Much more of an art than a science grammar, conversation style
- no right or wrong way to communicate - Eliminates negative impact on the audience
- no set of absolute rules to be followed  Conciseness
3. Has a sender and receiver - occurs b/w 2 or more - Less is more
people - Eliminates unnecessary and repetitive words,
4. Verbal or non-verbal phrases, and sentences (filler words)
5. Inevitable - Take place even when someone does not  Courtesy
want to or intend to communicate - Respect the culture, values, and beliefs of the
6. Irreversible - what you have aid can never be unsaid receiver
7. Unrepeatable - can’t be duplicated - Appropriate gender references
- Select gender-free terms
Elements:  Consideration
 Sender – source of info or message - Consider one’s feelings, emotions, beliefs,
 Message – info, ideas, or thoughts conveyed opinions, etc.
 Encoding - converting message into words, actions,  Clearness
or others - Use simple words and refrain from using jargon
 Channel – medium for the means - Keep proper context or focus on your goal
 Decoding - interpret the encoded message  Concreteness
 Receiver - one who decoded the message - Straight to the point
 Feedback - reactions, responses, or info provided by - Build mental images (use examples and
the receiver descriptive words)
 Context – an environment where communication
takes place Barriers
 Barrier - factors that affect communication - aspects or conditions that interfere with the
effective exchange of ideas or thoughts
 - Sender and receiver have commonalities
1. Physical Barrier
- Distractive to our senses (sight, hearing, etc.) VERBAL COMMUNICATION
 extraneous noise - Interaction in which words are used to relay a
 unbearable weather message
 visual distraction - Spoken or written message
2. Cultural Barrier - Involves speaking and listening
Culture – one country’s attributions, norms, and
Types of Listening:
orientation
1. Informative Listening
 Language
- Gather info
 Concept of time
- Give the message a meaning
 Values
Key variables:
 Social relation
a. Vocabulary
 Concept of space
b. Concentration
 Gestures
c. Memory
3. Psychological Barrier
2. Emphatic Listening
- Cause of distorted communication because of
- An attempt to understand the other person
human psychology problem
- Perceiving things from the other person’s
Causes:
perspective
 Attitude and opininons
3. Critical Listening
 Emotions
- Listen to challenge the value of a speaker’s
 Filtering and distortion of message
message
 Status difference
- The listener evaluates the accuracy, meaning and
 Fear and defensiveness
purpose of the message
 Closed mindedness
4. Appreciative Listening
 Fields of experiences
- For Enjoyment
 Group identification
- Listening for fun and relaxation
 Self-image
 Premature evaluation Principles:
 Distrust  Brevity – the message is brief
4. Semantic Barrier  Clarity – use simple words
- Related to the meanings of words  Ethics – know what words to say
- Distorts the message  Appropriation – word choice and language style
 Listener’s limited vocabulary  Vividness – descriptive word
 Speaker’s use of foreign language
 Differing…. Place of articulation:
 Homophones – same pronunciation, diff. spelling 1. Bilabial – upper and lower lips pressed together or
 Homographs - same spelling, diff. pronunciation almost touching one another (b, p, and m)
 Homonyms – same pronunciation and spelling, 2. Labio - dental – upper teeth and lower lip (v and f)
diff. meaning 3. Lingua - dental – tongue and the upper teeth (th)
 Denotation (literal) and Connotation (figurative) 4. Lingua - alveolar – alveolar ridge (h, t, d and l)
5. Physiological Barrier 5. Lingua - palatal – tongue makes contact w/ the hard
- Limitation of the body palate (y)
6. Lingua - velar – tongue is raised and touches the soft
Models: palate (n/ng, k, and g)
 Shannon-Weaver’s Model 7. Glottal – produced by closing the glottis (h)
- “Telephone Model”
- Based on the experience of using the telephone NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
back in the 1940s wherein the message was - Behavior is used to convey and represent
hindered by noise. meanings
- The message received by the listener was not Types:
necessarily the message sent by the sender 1. Kinesics
 Transactional Model - Language of the body
- “Circular Model” - Movement study of hand, arm, body, and face
- Sender and receiver take turns in sending and movements
receiving the message  Facial expression
- Used for interpersonal communication (everyday  Eye contact
talk)  Body language
- Have common social and cultural systems  Physical appearance
- Barriers may take place  Gestures
 Schramm Model 2. Proxemics
- Sender and the receiver should have the same - Language of space and distance
field of experience - Edward Hall: space plays a big factor in a person’s
- Can take place only if there is an overlap b/w the social and interpersonal relationships (1963)
field of experience of the participants Levels of distance:
  Intimate – 0-18 inches (1.5 ft.) Stage 6: Integration
 Personal – 18 inches to 4 feet (1.5-4 ft.) - Start to go beyond their own cultures and see
 Social – 4-12 ft. themselves and their actions based on
 Public - 12 ft. to infinity multifarious cultural viewpoints
3. Haptics - “I can look at things from the perspective of
- language of touch various cultures.”
- aids in giving emphasis to what one needs to say
4. Chronemics
- Language of time
- Communicates a characteristics of a person
5. Chromatics
- Language of the objects
- Colors of the objects
6. Olfactics
– language of smell
7. Paralanguage
- Refers to the “how” of saying something other
than what is said
- The meaning of words spoken depends on how
they are said

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
- Sending and receiving messages across…
 Ting-Toomey, 1999: individuals interact, negotiate,
and create meanings while bringing in their varied
cultural backgrounds
 Gudykunst, 2003: communication among people
from different nationalities
 Gudykunst and Kim, 2003: draw their cultural
identity to understand values, pejudices, language,
attitudes, and relationships

Developmenal Model of Intercultural Sensitivity

- Offers a structure that explores how people
experience cultural differences
Stages: (according Bennett and Bennett)
Stage 1: Denial
- Does not recognize cultural differences
- “All cities are the same; they all have buildings,
fast food chains, and coffee shops.”
Stage 2: Defense
- Recognize cultural differences and is intimidated
by them
- Superior view of own culture or an unjustified
high regard for the new one
- “the Culture does not view the life the way we
do; our culture is certainly better.”
- “their ways are better than my own; I wish I were
one of them”
Stage 3: Minimization
- Bank more on the universality of ideas than on
cultural differences
- “Once we see through the cultural differences,
we really are just the same.”
Stage 4: Acceptance
- Begins to appreciate important cultural
differences in behaviors and eventually in values
- “These people and I think we can learn from one
another.”
Stage 5: Adaption
- Very open to world views when accepting new
perspectives
- “To address this issue, I have to adjust my
approach to consider both my own and my
counterpat’s background.”
 PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND HEALTH 9. Strength – application of force w/o yielding or
breaking; ability of muscles to exert efforts against
PHYSICAL FITNESS resistance

Number of steps Classification PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND EXERCISE

Less than 5,000 Sedentary  Physical Activity- done by skeletal muscles that
5,000 – 9,999 Slightly Active utilizes energy
10,000 – 11,999 Moderately Active Classifications:
12,000 and above Very Active 1. Occupational – work place
2. Domestic – at home
 Physically Fit - a person free from illnesses and can
3. Transportation – involves travelling
do physical or sports activities and still have an extra
4. Leisure time – recreational activities
energy to do more
 Exercise
 Physical Fitness – combination of health and body
Buckworth and Dishman: “The planned, structured,
fitness
repetitive bodily movements that someone engages
o Health Fitness – body’s ability to fight off
in for the purpose of improving or maintaining
diseases
physical fitness or health.”
o Body fitness – ability to do strenuous physical or
sports activities w/o getting tired Aerobic, Muscle-strengthening, and Bone-strengthening
- It is not enough for someone to only look good and Activity
feel good in order to be called physically fit  Aerobic
- Take into consideration the kind of lifestyle for better - “endurance activity”
health - People move their large muscles in rhythmic
manner for a sustained period
Health Related Fitness
- Helps you control your weight, prevents diseases and Running Biking
illness, improves mood, boosts energy and promote Jogging Boxing
better sleep Walking Jumping Jacks
Components: Dancing Squats
1. Body Composition – combination of all the tissues Jump Rope Treadmills
that make up the body (bones, muscles, organs, and Swimming Cardio-Exercise
body fat)  Muscle-Strengthening Activity
2. Cardiovascular Endurance – ability of heart, lungs, - Includes resistance training and lifting weights
blood vessels, and blood to work efficiently and to - Causes the body’s muscles to work or hold
supply oxygen against an applied force or weight.
3. Flexibility – ability to use your joints fully through a  Weightlifting
wide range of motion  Body weight exercise
4. Muscular Endurance – ability to use muscles for long  Push – ups
period of time w/o tiring  Pull - ups
 Sit – ups
Skills Related Fitness
Components: Barriers to Physical Activities:
1. Agility – ability to change body positions/direction 1. Lack of time
quickly and keep the body under control when 2. Social support
moving 3. Lack of energy
2. Balance – ability to keep the body in steady position 4. Lack of motivation
3. Coordination – ability of body parts to work together 5. Fear of injury
when you perform an activity 6. Lask of skill
4. Power – ability to combine strength with speed while 7. High costs and lack of facilities
moving 8. Weather conditions
5. Reaction Time – ability to move quickly once a signal  Eating Habits
to start moving is received - why and how people eat, which foods they eat,
6. Speed – ability to move all or part of the body quickly and with whom they eat
- ways people obtain, store, use, and discard food
Specific Components of Physical Fitness:
1. Agilty
2. Balance – control organic equipment neuro-
muscularly; a state of equilibrium
3. Coordination
4. Endurance – sustain long contractions where number
of muscles groups are used; capacity to bear or last
long in a certain task w/o undue fatigue
5. Flexibility - plasticity
6. Organic Vigor – soundness of heart and lungs which
contributes to the ability to resist disease
7. Power
8. Speed
 GENERAL BIOLOGY  pH balance
 water balance
CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
Living organisms:
CELL THEORY
 Producers – plants; produce their own food
 Robert Hooke
 Consumers – animals; obtain nutrients and energy from
- 1665
consuming the food made by producers
- Discovered the cell by looking at the cork through his
own made microscope
1. Metabolism
- First person to use the word “cell”
- obtain and use energy to grow, develop, repair
 Matthias Schleidden
damage, and reproduce
- 1838
- All chemical reactions occurring within an organism
- First to propose that all plants were made up of cells
 Anabolism – building up from complex to simpler
 Theodor Schwann
substances
- 1839
 building up cells and cellular components
- Determined that all animals are composed of cells
 photosynthesis
- Discovered schwann cells in neurons
 Catabolism – breaking down complex into simpler
 Anton Leeuwenhoek
substances to release energy
- Made his own microscope w/ 300x magnification
 Digestion
- First to describe bacteria (protists; ‘animalcules’)
 Cellular respiration
 Rudolf Virchow
Anabolism + Catabolism = metabolism
- 1858
2. Respond to Stimuli
- Determined that all cells come from pre-existing cells
 Light = phototropism
 Temperature = thermotropism CELL STRUCTURES
 Gravity = gravitropism Principal parts of a cell:
 Water = hydrotropism 1. Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
3. Growth and Development 2. Protoplasm
 Growth – get bigger in size and volume 3. Nucleus (in some type of an organism)
 Development – change in the physical form or
physiological makeup of an organism
4. Reproduction
- producing new organisms of the same type
 Asexual – single parent
 Sexual – 2 diff parents contribute genetic info;
combination of male and female sex cells
Hereditary Traits
 Genes
- Carry hereditary info
- Composed of DNA
 Hereditary – reason children resemble their parents
 Mutations
- Composed of DNA
- Can be passed from gen-to-gen
5. Evolution and Adaption
 Evolution
- Great diversity of appearance and behavior of species
on this earth
- Both unity and diversity can be explained by the
mechanisms of evolution Protoplasm
 Adaption - Colorless/ somewhat grayish substance that is capable of
- Enables organisms to become better suited to their flowing
environment - Colloid (change state; semisolid to semiliquid)
Species obtain adaptions through evolution over a great o Cytoplasm – outside the nucleus
period of time o Karyoplasm/ Nucleoplasm – inside the nucleus
6. Cellular Organization Organelles:
Living organisms 1. Nucleus
- Consist of organic molecules (organized to form cells) - Store genetic info
o Cell – life’s basic units of structure and function; - Control (regulate/facilitate) center of the cell
smallest unit capable of structure and function - Where chromosomes (made of DNA; storage area for
- Composed of one or more cells all genetic info) would be found
 Unicellular Organism contains:
- Made up of only one cell  Nuclear membrane – porous structure surrounds the
- Bacteria and protists nucleus, keeping it intact
 Multicellular organism  Nuclear pore
- Made up of many cells  Nucleoplasm – contains instructions for making
- Cells have specialized functions within the organism proteins and other important molecule
7. Homeostasis 2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Stable state of conditions - “manufacturers and shippers of the cell”
- Ability to maintain relatively constant internal - Clingy ki nucleus
conditions - Highway/tunnel of the cell (luwasan kang protein)
 Body temperature - Accounts more than half the total membrane in cell
 Blood volume
 - Connects the nuclear membrane to the cell - Protects and surrounds all the protoplasmic content
membrane - “fluid mosaic model” (molecules are constantly
 Rough – w/ ribosome; protein moving)
 Smooth – w/o ribosome; lipids - Semipermeable (allows only chosen substances, who
3. Golgi Apparatus/Body enters and exit)
- “packaging counters of the cell” - Give shape and form
- Placed close to ER - Made of phospholipid bilayer
- Where proteins are sorted and packaged
- Named after Camilo Golgi (Italian)
 Cis cisterna – convex end, close to ER
 Trans Cisterna – concave end, far from ER
4. Lysosomes
- “suicide bags of the cell”
- ‘lyso’ (dissolving power) & ‘some’ (body)
- Garbage collector
- Have very thick outer membrane to protect the rest
of the cell from its enzyme
 Digestive/hydrolytic enzyme – break down proteins, Phospholipid
carbohydrates and lipids - Can move freely
5. Mitochondria - Allow water and other molecules to pass through into
- Powerhouse of the cell or out of the cell (simple diffusion)
- Centers of cellular respiration (generate energy)  Head
- Site of ATP - “hydrophilic” (water attracting)
- Contains DNA - Made of an alcohol and phosphate group
6. Chloroplast
 Tails
- One of the pigment of chromoplast (colored plastids)
- “hydrophobic” (water repelling)
- Chlorophyl => green (absorb red and blue
- Chains of fats
wavelength)
- Only in plants Proteins
- Site of photosynthesis - embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
7. Ribosomes - Aid in diffusion and cell recognition
- Site of protein synthesis  Integral (channel protein) – go all through the bilayer
- Most numerous of the cell’s organelles  Peripheral – only on one side
8. Cell wall (plants)
- Provide firmness and rigidy
9. Vacuole
-
- storage
Plants Animals
bigger smaller
more more

10. Centriole
- undergo when there’s a reproduction
- process: mitosis/biosis
 centrosome – point
 centromere – ends
11. Cytoskeleton
- “framework of the cell”
- ‘cyto’ (cell) and ‘skeleton’ (framework)
- Hardware
Types:
 Microfilaments
 Microtubules

CELL MEMBRANE (plasma membrane)

 PHILOSOPHY  Thomas Aquinas: “He who is not angry is
immoral.”
 “philos” – love
 St. Anselm of Canterbury – believe
 “Sophia” – wisdom
3. Humanism
12. “love for wisdom”
- Reason and science over scripture
13. An initiation to the activity and process of
- “whole” person and appreciate the uniqueness of
philosophical reflection as a search for a synoptic
every individual
vision of life
- Primary assumption: humans are inherently
14. Engaging in philosophy = engaging in contemplation
good, have free will, have the ability and desire
15. Suspending who you are, what you believe, and what
to self-actualize
you value
 John Lennon – Imagine (song about raw
16. Uses human reason to investigate the ultimate
human existence)
causes, reasons, and principles which govern all
4. Existentialism (opposite: Essentialism)
things
- We are responsible for creating purpose or
EMERGENCE OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY meaning in our own lives
- We make our own purpose
17. Uncovering the truth (through systematic
- “true essence”
argumentation and theory)
 Jean-Paul Sartre: “existence precedes
18. Reason > faith
essence”
19. Focus on man as an individual
5. Cyninism
The Thinkers: - distrust by prudence
 Sophists - doubt about peoples nobility and social values
a. “how?” - trust issue
b. Excellent public speakers 6. Pessimism
c. Trained students to win each and every - Distrust of potential success
argument - “nega”
 Philosophos - Di pa na-eexperience
d. “how and why?” 7. Nihilism
e. Teaching > training - General distrust cast upon the belief that
f. Teaching and learning is an opportunity to anything in life has any valuable meaning
learn the truth of all things in this world 8. Empiricism
g. Real wisdom should strive to achieve truth - Experience and observation
aside from knowledge - Greek: empeiria (experience)
h. In short: inquire, seek to understand and - What is in experience (things in our experience)
learn - Explain how human acquire knowledge
- Gain knowledge using senses
Notable Thinkers:  John Locke: at birth we are blank state
 Phythagoras: “Silence is better than unmeaning (tabula rasa); there are no innate ideas
words.” before we are born
 Heraclitus: “There is nothing permanent except 9. Rationalism
change.” - Knowledge is based on logic and intuition, or
 Democritus: “By desiring little, a poor man makes innate ideas
himself rich.” understand through contemplation not
 Diogenes of Sinope: “If you find no pleasure in life, observation
try to find meaning at least.” 10. Contructivism (combined philosophy)
 Socrates: “The only true wisdom is in knowing you - Observation -> knowledge + rational structure
know nothing.” - Reason plays a big role
 Plato: “No one is more hated than he who speaks the  Immanuel Kant
truth.” 11. Pragmatism
 Aristotle: “Happiness is the meaning and the purpose - Ideology or proposition is true if it works
of life, the whole aim and end of human existence.” satisfactorily
- Practical way > theory or abstract principles
1. Stoicism  Charles Sander: “statement must have
- Development of self-control and fortitude practical bearings to be meaningful”
- Overcoming destructive emotions 12. Positivism
- Freedom from “passion” by following “reason” - Truth comes from science or math
 Zenu of Citium - Words had an objective meaning or “reference”
 Marcus Aumelius (studied scientifically)
2. Scholasticism 13. Phenomenology
- Working against a background of fixed religious - Philosophy of experience
dogma - Meanings and values are from the lived
- Dialectal reasoning experiences
- Religion - Make things possible
 St. Augustine: “truth is like a lion…” - Experience itself
14. Absurdism
 - Conflict b/w the human tendency to seek o Sawm – fasting
inherent value and meaning in life, and inability o Hajj – pilgrimage to the holy city
to find any 3. Judaism
- “Humanly impossible” - Ethical monotheism
- Universe is irrational and meaningless - Mother religion of Christianity and islam
Symbol:
EASTERN PHILOSPHY
- Closely tied with religious belief
- “wisdom” literature
o Star of David – 2 tribes of Judah and
- Adopt ethical and harmonious way of life
Benjamin (line of David)
 Religion – cultural system; provide meaning o Menorah – Hannukah (celebration)
and purpose  Synagogue – church
 Belief system – set of beliefs/principles; helps  Tanakh – Hebrew bible
interpret, understand, organize and make  Rabbi – spiritual leader
sense of the world  Yarmulke/kippah/Koppel – cap worn by jewish
1. Christianity males
- Largest religion 4. Hinduism
- monotheistic - Oldest religion
Symbol: - Polytheistic
- Sanatana Dharma (“the eternal tradition” or
“eternal Way”)
o Cross – INRI (Jesus the Nazarene, King of Symbol:
Jews)
o Itchthys (Fish) – mission to spread the news
o Om/Aum – liberate from samsara
Subdivision:
o Swastika – soul, death
o Catholic
o Eastern (orthodox)  Guru
o Protestant  Vedas – sacred scripture
 Prominent themes/ beliefs:
 Church – house of worship
o Dharma – ethics and duties; foremost goal
 Bible – sacred scripture
o Samsara – cycle of life, birth, death, and
 10 commandements
rebirth
 7 sacraments:
o Karma – action, intent, consequences
o Baptism
o Moksha – liberation from samsara/ in this life
o Eucharist
o Yogas – path/practices
o Confirmation
 3 main gods:
o Matrimony
o Brahma – creation
o Holy orders
o Vishnu – preservation
o Penance and reconciliation
o Shiva – destruction
o Anointing of the sick
 Ultimate goal:
 7 sins: greed, lust, sloth, gluttony, wrath, envy,
o Moksha – union w/ God; unselfishness and
pride
knowledge of self
 Matthew 4:19 “come w/ me and I will make you
o Nirvana – eternal relationship w/ God;
fishers of men
2. Islam inental peace
- Abrahamic monotheistic religion o Samadhi – unity of all existence; detachment
- Muslim believes that it is the universal version of from wordly desires
primorial faith 5. Buddhism
Symbol: Symbol:

o Star and crescent – in honor of goddess o Wheel of Dharma – represents eightfold path
Diana  Buddha – status/title; the awakened or
o Allah enlightened one
 Muhammad – last messenger of God  Siddharta Gautama – royalty with 2 prophecy
 Mosque – Church (religious leader and king); moved by suffering of
 Quoran (verbatim word of God”– sacred scripture humanity (old, dead, sick)
 Mecca – holy city; where blackstone is  Tripitaka – sacred text
 Imam – leader  Monastery/Temple
 Sunnah – teachings  4 Noble Truth:
 5 pillars: o NB of suffering (dukkha)
o Shahada – testament of faith o NB of truth of the cause of suffering
o Salat – daily prayers o NB of the cessation of the suffering
o Zakat – alms-giving
 o NB of the way to the cessation of the  Kami – Shinto gods
suffering o Maritzu – sun
 Noble Eightfold Path: o Amaterasu – most venerated deity
o Right view/understanding  Harae – purification rites
o Intention 9. Jainism
o Speech - Also known as Jain Dharma
o Action - Abandon all violent activity
o Livelihood Symbol:
o Effort
o Minfulness
o Concentration o Ahimsa hand
6. Sikhism Wheel – ahimsa
- One of the youngest religion Hand – Dharmachakra
- Polytheistic  Tirthankaras – teachers
- Originated from Punjab of india o Rishabanatha – first
Symbol: o Mahivira – 24th
 5 vows:
o Ahimsa – non-violence
o Satya – truth
o Khanda – God
o Asteya – not stealing
Double-edged sword – single God
o Brahmacharya – celibacy
Chakkar (circle) – god has no beginning and
o Aparigraha – non-possessiveness
end
2 Kirpans (curved sword) – God’s spiritual  3 jewels: samyak
and authority o Right faith (or perception) – Samyak darshana
 Guru Granth Sahib – Sacred Scripture o Right knowledge – samyak jana
 Wahegeru – most important and common god o Right conduct – Samyak charita
 Sikh – disciple/learner 10. Confucianism
 Guru – teachers Symbols:
o Guru Nanak – first guru
 5 Thieves:
o Lust
o Rage
o Greed
o Attachment
o Conceit
7. Taosim
- Non-theistic
- Believe in spiritual immorality (spirit of body joins
universe after death)
- Dao, “the way”
Symbol:
 5 bonds:
o Ruler – subject
o Parent – child
o Yin and yang – each part contains the other
o Husband – wife
 3 treasures:
o Elder sibling – younger sibling
o Compassion
o Elder friend – younger friend
o Frugality – para ipon
o Humility
 Li/Duty – we have duties
 4 ethics:
 Pilial piety – honoring, worshipping
o Wu-wei (effortless action)
 Social order through hierarchy
o Naturalness  The Golden Rule: “Do not do unto others what
o Simplicity you would not want others do unto you.”
o Spontaneity
8. Shintoism
- Product of dominant eastern philo
- Polytheistic
- Kami-no-michi (ethnic religion)
- Shinto (“way of the gods”)
Symbol:

o Torii gate – gateway to our world and world

of gods