Derivation:

Lecture 3 Applied load (pure bending)

1) Bending moment diagrams Bending equation

σx = ?
2) Bending stress in beams (BCA Chapter 6)

Bending equation NOT uniform tension /

Position of neutral axis compression!!

Second moment of area F

σx =

Application of the bending equation A
M M
x 2D:
3) Deflection of beams
x-axis along beam
4) Non-uniformly distributed loads y-axis downwards
5) Buckling of beams y Note: Bend of segment exaggerated on next slide

[Assumption 1: Pure bending, i.e. M only]

Derivation: Deformation Derivation:

(strain) in pure bending Equilibrium of moments
Cross-section
Note: y is measured Section of beam with ‘cut’
of beam
E
dθ from neutral axis
M σx = y
Compression
R
R Neutral axis x z
Neutral axis y
εx = 0 y dx
Length: dx = R dθ
E′ F′ Length E´F´ = (R + y) dθ y y Area = dA
Tension www.youtube.com/watch?v=asBW0Ojc0bY Force = dFx = σxdA

( R + y )d θ − R d θ E 2 E
εx = =
y
M = ∫ ydFx = ∫ yσ x dA = ∫ y dA = I
Rdθ R A A
R A R
[Assumption 2: Plane cross-sections remain plane during bending] [Assumption 4: Vertical axis of symmetry for beam cross-section]

Derivation:
The bending equation The bending equation
y

Deformation (strain) εx =
Relates longitudinal stress (σx) to bending
R moment (M)

At position of maximum bending moment ensure

Stress distribution σx E

Hooke’s law (ε x = σ x / E ) = σx is within safe limit or design specification
y R
Is the beam strong enough?

Equilibrium of moments M E
= M σx E M = bending moment, Nm
I R = = I = second moment of area, m4
σx = stress, N/m2
I y R y = distance from neutral axis, m
E = Young’s modulus, N/m2
R = radius of curvature of neutral axis, m
[Assumption 3: Elastic deformation in homogeneous material]
 Position of maximum stress Ideas to explore further…

σx max (< σYield Stress) arises at:
Bending depends on the beam cross-section:

Position x along beam where M = Mmax
Neutral axis passes through the centroid of the

Depth furthest from neutral axis where y = ymax beam cross-section (i.e. determines y)

Bending stress (due to M) dominates shear stress
Second moment of area of beam cross-section (I)
(due to Q) in long beams
Application of the bending equation
Section of beam with ‘cut’ σx max ymax M M
Assumptions made in derivation (e.g. R)
M1 σ x , max
= = y max ymax
Mmax I I
Neutral axis x
For constant I along beam
M (Discussed later in this
σx = y Chapter)
x I
y

Centroid (or Centre of area) Calculation of centroid

Equivalent to the centre of mass for a very thin • Moment of the whole area about
homogenous plate an axis is the same as the sum y-axis

An area supported at the centroid will remain in of moments of all the elemental Area (A)
Centroid
equilibrium areas about the same axis
z
zc

The centroid is the point at which the entire area dA
of a 2D body is assumed to be concentrated n
Ay = ∑ yi dA i = ∫ A ydA
c i=1

The neutral axis of a component loaded in n yc y
Az = ∑ zi dA i = ∫ A zdA
bending passes through the centroid of the beam c i =1 z-axis
cross-section

Equilibrium of forces along beam axis

Derivation: Neutral axis passes

Position of neutral axis through cross-section centroid
Cross-section
Section of beam with ‘cut’ of beam

Neutral axis passes through centroid of cross- E
σx = y
(Vertical axis of symmetry)

section M R Centroid

Beam cross-section has vertical axis of symmetry Neutral axis x z
(from bending equation derivation) yc = 0
y
n
Centroid Ay c = ∑ yi dA i
i=1
y Area = dA y
Force = dFx = σxdA
Equilibrium of forces:
z z E E
y z Fx = ∫ σ x dA = ∫ ydA = yc A = 0
A
y y y y
R A R
A ≠ 0 so yc = 0
Calculation of Second moment of area, I
second moment of area (or Iz)
n
• About axis through centroid y
y-axis Iz = ∑ yi2 dA i
b Area (A) i =1
n
Iz = ∑ yi2 dA i = ∫ A y 2 dA z
i =1
n y dA
z-axis z z z
Iy = ∑ zi2 dA i = ∫ A z 2 dA y y
i =1
a
• About parallel axis not through Centroid y y y
z
centroid (Parallel axis theorem)
• Assume these beam cross-sections have the same area
I z′′ = I z + a 2 A
• Iz increases as we move material away from neutral axis
I y′′ = I y + b 2 A

Calculating I (1) – Calculating I (2) – Use formulae

Not from first principles for standard cross-sections

See BCA Appendix A for example calculations
Learn I for these two standard beam cross-
for standard beam cross-sections sections (bending about axis through centroid)

B
BD3 πD4
I= I=
12 64
D D
z z

y y

Handbooks available for other cross-sections

Calculating I (3) – Use standard

shapes for other cross-sections

I can be added or subtracted

B
b
d

D d
z z

D
y y

Iz = Iz1 − Iz 2
Calculating I (4) – Parallel axis Calculating I (4) – Parallel axis
theorem not always necessary! theorem not always necessary!

a a
z z Iz = Iz1 + 2 Iz 2 z z Iz = Iz1 − 2 Iz 2
Parallel axis theorem Parallel axis theorem
needed for Iz2 needed for Iz2

z z Iz = Iz1 − 2 Iz 2 z z Iz = Iz1 + 2 Iz 2
Parallel axis theorem Parallel axis theorem
not needed for Iz2 not needed for Iz2

See Worked example 1

Radius of gyration, r

I = Ar 2
z z

y Same area y

Larger I Equates beam cross-section to

“equivalent” circle of radius r
Larger r

Lecture 4 Worked Example 1

1) Bending moment diagrams
Determine Iz for the following beam cross-

2) Bending stress in beams (BCA Chapter 6) section. (All dimensions in mm).

Bending equation

Position of neutral axis

Second moment of area 14 8
230

Application of the bending equation

14
3) Deflection of beams
4) Non-uniformly distributed loads y

5) Buckling of beams 100

 Worked example 3:
Worked Example 2 Exam question

Determine Iz for the following beam cross-

section. (All dimensions in mm).
160
90

80

150

50
y
200

Demonstration of stress Demonstration of stress

distribution in a bending beam distribution in a bending beam
W/2 W/2

Beam

Calculate the bending moment diagram

W/2 W/2

Beam cross-section

Calculate the position of the centroid (neutral axis)

Calculate the second moment of area
W
Reference line
Beam Beam cross-
section
yc
Neutral axis

M  W/2 W/2
Validate σ x = Eε x =  y Centroid
 I 

Demonstration of stress
distribution in a bending beam

Reference line

Yc=26.25mm

z
Neutral
axis

y
When is the bending
equation applicable?

Assumptions made during derivation

Pure bending

External moment only applied

Plane cross-sections remain plane during bending

Beam forms part of circle of radius R

Elastic deformation in homogenous material

Yield stress not exceeded

Vertical axis of symmetry for beam cross-section

Moments summed along y-axis

Finite elements (FE)

Assumption 1 example using Matlab
Beam with Loads and Constraints
0.14 Beam with loads and constraints Bending stress, σx
0.12
Tension

Pure bending 0.1

0.08

Bending equation is also used when concentrated 0.06

σx =
M
y
L=2D
loads or UDLs applied (i.e. shear force varies 0.04

0.02
I
along beam so no longer pure bending) 0
Built-in Concentrated
support load Compression

Errors <5% away from stress concentrators (e.g.
-0.02

-0.04
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2

concentrated loads, beam ends) Beam with Loads and Constraints

0.12 Beam with loads and constraints Bending stress, σx

What more accurate methods exist? 0.1

0.08

0.06
For short beams, plane
L=D/2 sections do not remain
0.04
plane during bending
0.02
(effect of shear stress)

-0.02
-0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12

Assumption 2 Assumption 3

Plane cross-sections remain plane during bending
Elastic deformation in homogenous material

Proved valid using finite elements, theory of elasticity
σx must remain below yield stress
theory or experiment
If beam comprises more than one material, theory

Transverse planes must be modified (BCA Chapter 6.10)

Shear stress causes beam ends to warp if beam is short
compared to depth (usually L >> 2D)

Longitudinal planes

Warp (anticlastic curve) due to transverse stress if R is small
compared to L

Shear force (Q) used to calculate shear stress

Short beams for some materials

Beam cross-sections formed by welding or bolting
 Tutorial 2: Bending stress
Assumption 4 in beams

Vertical axis of symmetry for beam cross-section
Now available on Vision

Theory modified (BCA Chapter 6.13) for bending of

asymmetric cross-section

symmetric cross-section about asymmetric axis