FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

GROUP ASSESSMENT FOR REPORT

ECG344 – HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

INSTRUCTION: ASSESS THE STUDENT BASED ON THE RUBRIC GIVEN BELOW. ALL QUESTIONS ADDRESS CO2–PO10 (AFFECTIVE)
CO2 : Demonstrate effective communication skills in the design of pavement NO. STUDENT ID NAME GROUP MARK
and traffic study needs 1. AHMAD ZAKIR AZRI BIN AHMAD
PO10 : Communicate effectively on well-defined engineering activities with the 2020858142 PEC1105B2
SHA’ARANI
engineering community and with society at large, by being able to
2. 2020858072 NUR ISMAHANIS BINTI SABRI PEC1105B2
comprehend the work of others, document their own work, and give and
3. 2020890244 SYAFINIE BINTI HAMID PEC1105B2 20
receive clear instructions.

Name of field work : Determination of Aggregate properties- LA Abrasion Test

:
LEVEL OF OPENNESS : 0

AFFECTIVE PERFORMANCE RUBRIC Full Obtaine

Marks d Marks

No CRITERIA PERFORMANCE SCALE

0 1 2 3 4 5
Able to
understand Able to
Unable to instruction and understand
Receiving
understand task given to instruction and
1 2
instruction or the group but task given to the
task given experienced group without
difficulty to delay.
start.
All members 1 or 2
were unable members were At least 1 member All members
Response to participate not able to was not able to participated
2 3
in group task participate. participate in actively in group
Late Late group task. task.
submission. submission
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

Able to
Able to organize
organize the Able to organize Able to organize the
Able to organize the content of
Unable to content of the content of content of report
the content of report correctly.
Organization organize the report but few report correctly. excellently. Creative 5
3 report but without Suitable data
report. important Use unsuitable and correct data
data. presentation
sublines are data presentation. presentation used
included.
missing.
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

Able to write
Able to write Able to produce
Able to write relevant Able to produce
Unable to discussion/ excellent discussion
relevant discussion. a good
produce conclusion but and conclusion. Good
discussion. Conclusion is discussion and
discussion irrelevant to the recommendations
Conclusion is considered conclusion. 5
4 Generalization and task. Missing included with
considered enough to answer Relevant
conclusion of either references to other
enough to answer the objective. Few recommendation
the report. discussion or works in the
the objective. recommendations s are included
conclusion. literature.
are included.
TOTAL MARKS
15

Endorsed by Resource Person

10/10/2021
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

LAB No Title OEL

1 Determination of vehicles speed - Running Speed Study 1

2 Determination of vehicles speed - Spot Speed Study 1

3 Traffic flow measurement and analysis- Traffic volume 2

4 Traffic flow measurement and analysis- Junction capacity 2

5 Determination of Aggregate properties- Aggregate Impact Value (AIV) Test 0

6 Determination of Aggregate properties- LA Abrasion Test 0

7 Determination of California Bearing Ratio- CBR Test 1

8 Determination of Bitumen Properties- Bitumen Penetration Test 1

9 Determination of Bitumen Properties - Softening Point Test 1

10 Pavement Assessment and Evaluation- Skid Resistance Test 1

11 Pavement Assessment and Evaluation- Sand Patch Test (micro texture test) 1

12 Pavement Assessment and Evaluation- Outflow Meter Test (surface drainage) 1

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
LABORATORY 6

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Level 0 or known as a traditional method of conducting laboratory activities will not be able to provide the
avenue for students to enhance independent learning activities and inculcate creativity and innovation.
The traditional method is fully prescriptive where the three elements namely problem, ways & means and
answers are guided/fully given to the students. However, it is still necessary to be implemented as part of
the whole laboratory course activity especially to firstand second year students.

In these laboratory activities, students are required to set-up an aggregate testsin order to evaluate the
strength (toughness and durability) characteristic of aggregate. Students are encouraged to develop their
critical analysis skills by analyzing and presenting the experimental results appropriately.

1.2 OBJECTIVES

The objective of the test is:

1. To determine LA abrasion value of aggregate.

2. To determine the suitability of aggregate use for road construction.

1.3 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the laboratory activities, students would be able to:

1. Identify the aggregate impact value (strength value of aggregate)of road stone.

2. Analyze the data correctly and present in typical format.

3. Work in a group to produce a technical report.

1.4 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Aggregates play an important role in the design and construction of highway and air-field pavements.
They are also major part of rigid (concrete) and flexible (asphalt) pavements. The aggregate used in the
pavement are subjected to wearing due to movement of traffic. Aggregates used in road construction
should be strong enough to resist crushing and abrasion action under traffic wheel loads. This applies
in particular to aggregate present in wearing courses and surface treatment. If the aggregate is weak, the
stability of pavement structure is likely to be adversely affected.
Los Angeles abrasion test is to produce abrasive action by use of standard steelballs which when mixed
with aggregates and rotated in a drum for specific number of revolutions to causes impact on aggregate.
The test will give a measure of aggregates hardness, as specified and required for use in both roadand
highway pavement construction projects.

©UiTM OCT 2021

 SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
LABORATORY 6

2.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Pavement structure comprises of several layers, surfacing, base, sub-base andsub-grade. The most
important layer which has direct contact with traffic is surfacing layer. The surfacing layer consists of
aggregate and binder. The aggregates must possess adequate strength and durability to withstand moving
and static load. Soft aggregates will be quickly ground to dust while harder aggregates have higher
resistance to abrasion and grinding effects. Laboratorytests are carried out to determine the characteristic
of such aggregates.

3.1 APPARATUS

1. Los Angeles Abrasion Machine

2. Steel balls (spheres)
3. Sieve shaker
4. Sieves sizes of 25 mm, 20 mm, 14 mm, 10 mm, 1.7 mm and pan
5. Metal trays
6. Scoops
7. Electronic balance of accuracy to 0.01g
8. Laboratory oven
9. Fine haired brush (3 mm)

3.2 PROCEDURES

1. Approximately 5000g of aggregates including 2500  10g of 20 to 14mm,and 2500  10g of

14 to 10mm sizes are used.
(Note : this is for aggregates graded mainly between 20mm and 10mmsizes).
2. Prepare the aggregates sample in such ways that the aggregates is firstwashed, followed
by dried and weighted.
3. Place the aggregates sample in the LA Abrasion machine.
4. Add eleven (11) steel balls in the machine.
5. Rotate the drum for 500 revolutions at a speed of 30 to 33 rpm.

6. After the drum has stopped for the prescribed number of revolutions, the sample is removed
and the aggregate portion is sieved using sieve of size 1.70mm (No. 12).

7. The sample that is retained on the sieve is washed and then dried in the laboratory oven at
temperature of between 105 and 110OC for twenty four hours.

8. After a-day oven-dry heating at 105 to 110OC to obtain constant weight, theaggregate sample
is taken out from the oven and it is cooled in the lab atmosphere. Then, weigh the sample
immediately to the nearest 1g (MS 30: Part 11: 1995).
©UiTM OCT 2021
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
LABORATORY 6

Table 1: Grading of test samples (ASTM, 1994)

Table 2: Grading and mass of charge

©UiTM OCT 2021

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
LABORATORY 6

3.3 DATA ACQUISITIONS

DATA TABLE

𝐴𝑔𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 × 100 𝐴

Where;

A = weight of oven dried sample (g)

B = weight of fraction retained on 1.7mm sieves after washing
and oven-dried up to constant weight (g)

Aggregate Size Aggregate

A (g) B (g) A – B (g)
(mm) Abrasion Value (%)
19.0 – 12.5 2500
3925 1075 21.5
12.5 – 9.5 2500

ANALYSIS

The difference between the original weight and the final weight of the test sample is expressed as a
percentage of the original weight of the test sample.This value is reported as the percentage of wear.
Aggregate Abrasion Value = ((A-B)/A) X 100

Where,

A = weight in g of oven-dried sample.

B = weight in g of fraction retained on 1.70 mm
sieves after washing and oven-dried up to constant weight.

©UiTM OCT 2021

 SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
LABORATORY 6

3.4 RESULTS

DISCUSSIONS

Los Angeles (LA) abrasion test is carried out to measure the relative quality of total which is the aggregates
hardness. Aggregates hardness is critical thing to be decides because it play significant part within the plan
development of interstate. This LA abrasion test create the hardness of the total utilizing the steel balls that
will blended with totals within the LA Abrasion Machine and the drum will turn in endorsed number of
revolutions. The number of steel balls utilized in this research facility action is 11 since we guaranteed that
the mass of demonstrated sizes, we utilized to be grade B.

Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) has indicated the total smashing esteem for bituminous road surfacing isn't
more than 40%. The total aggregate abrasion value has gotten in this research facility activity is 21.5%
which implies the value gotten is satisfactory. Agreeing to JKR determinations, in case the LA abrasion
value is less or break even with to 45% at that point the total is appropriate for all blend for street base
fabric.

There are a few precautions and improvement that can be taken during doing this lab test. One of the them
is the laboratory must be done in closed area to avoid wind resistance that can affected the weight data.
Next, make sure the tamping road are fall in the consistence distance because it somehow affects the error
in reading of crushing aggregates. Lastly, repeat the steps to get the average readings.

CONCLUSIONS

The conclusion is the objective of this laboratory activity is achieved, which is to determine LA abrasion
value of aggregate and to determine the suitability of aggregate use for road construction.

The percentage of Los Angeles (LA) abrasion test obtained is 21.5%. As we are able see, LA abrasion test
is imperative to determine the suitable quality asphalt of aggregate utilize for roadworks. Additionally, we
also can determine the toughness, durability and the abrasion characteristic for aggregates.

©UiTM OCT 2021

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
LABORATORY 6

©UiTM OCT 2021