Physics (042) / XI / TERM-1 /2021-22

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA SANGATHAN

AHMEDABAD REGION

STUDY MATERIAL
TERM-1
CLASS XI
PHYSICS (042)

Session 2021-22
 Physics (042) / XI / TERM-1 /2021-22

INSPIRATION
Shri(Dr) Jaydeep Das
Deputy Commissioner

KVS RO Ahmedabad

Smt Shruti Bhargava Smt Rajini Taneja Smt Vinita Sharma

Assistant Commissioner Assistant Commissioner Assistant Commissioner

KVS RO Ahmedabad KVS RO Ahmedabad KVS RO Ahmedabad

MENTOR
Shri Avijit Panda
Principal

Kendriya Vidyalaya,Sabarmati
Physics (042) / XI / TERM-1 /2021-22

CONTENT DEVELOPEMENT TEAM

S.NO. Name of Teacher Designation Name of KV
1 Mrs. Vandana Badola PGT Physics NO.1 SHAHIBAUG AHMEDABAD
2 Mr. R N Singh PGT Physics NO.1 SHAHIBAUG AHMEDABAD
3 Mr. Bhupesh Kumar Nagoda PGT Physics AHMEDABAD CANTT
4 Mr. R H Parmar PGT Physics SAC AHMEDABAD
5 Mr. M P Dabi PGT Physics ONGC CHANDKHEDA
6 Mr. T C Agrawal PGT Physics ONGC CHANDKHEDA
7 Mr. Gurmeet Singh PGT Physics HIMMATNAGAR
8 Mrs. Anju Kumari PGT Physics AFS WADSAR
9 Mr. Praveen Nogia PGT Physics BSF DANTIWADA
10 Mr. S K Devrani PGT Physics SEC 30 GANDHINAGAR
11 Mr. Sandeep Kumar Koli PGT Physics SEC 30 GANDHINAGAR
12 Mr. Bhoor Singh Meena PGT Physics CANTT GANDHINAGAR
13 Mr. Shabbir Hingorja PGT Physics CRPF GANDHINAGAR
14 Mrs. Anjana PGT Physics NO 1 AFS BHUJ
15 Mr. Akhilesh Suryavanshi PGT Physics NO 2 BHUJ CANTT
16 Mr. Deepak Kumar Singhal PGT Physics AFS NALIYA
17 Mr. Viswanath PGT Physics DHRANGADHRA
18 Mr. Yaksh Deep PGT Physics PORBANDAR
19 Mr. Sahil Aneja PGT Physics BHAVNAGAR PARA
20 Mr. Ranjay Kumar Sharma PGT Physics RAJKOT
21 Mr. Om Prakash Yadav PGT Physics RAJKOT
22 Mr. Mukesh Kumar PGT Physics NO 1 AFS JAMNAGAR
23 Ms. Suryakant Vats PGT Physics NO 1 AFS JAMNAGAR
24 Mr. Ram PGT Physics INF LINES JAMNAGAR
25 Dr Neeraj Singh PGT Physics AFS II JAMNAGAR
26 Mr. Umesh Kumar PGT Physics INS VALSURA
27 Mr. Pinkesh Rathod PGT Physics AFS SAMANA
28 Mr. Naveen Kumar PGT Physics DIU
29 Mr. Rakesh Kumar PGT Physics NO 1 BARODA
30 Mr. S V Singh PGT Physics EME BARODA
31 Mr. Sudhir Bhootda PGT Physics EME BARODA
32 Mr. Sanjeev Chaddha PGT Physics AFS BARODA
33 Mr. J K Jain PGT Physics AFS BARODA
34 Mrs. Sangeeta Arora PGT Physics ONGC BARODA
35 Mr. Chitresh Pandya PGT Physics DAHOD
36 Mr. C M Sharma PGT Physics ONGC ANKLESHWAR
37 Mr. V K Pathak PGT Physics NO 1 SURAT
38 Mr. Pawan Kumar PGT Physics KRIBHCO SURAT
39 Mr. R M Shukla PGT Physics ONGC SURAT
40 Mr. A P Singh PGT Physics SILVASSA
41 Mr. P K Sah PGT Physics VV NAGAR
42 Mrs. Anju PGT Physics ONGC MEHSANA
43 Mr. Kamlesh Kumar PGT Physics RAILWAY GANDHIDHAM
44 Mr. Balwant Kumar PGT Physics AHMEDABAD CANTT
45 Mr. Vikas Sharma PGT Physics SABARMATI
 Physics (042) / XI / TERM-1 /2021-22

PHYSICS
Class-XI
INDEX
S.No Particulars
1 SYLLABUS (TERM-1)

2 Question Paper Design (TERM-1)

3 Chapter-1; Physical World

4 Chapter-2; Units and Measurements
5 Chapter-3; Motion in a Straight Line
6 Chapter-4; Motion in a Plane
7 Chapter-5; Laws of Motion
8 Chapter-6; Work, Energy and Power
9 Chapter-7; System of Particles and Rotational Motion
10 Chapter-8; Gravitation
11 Sample Paper (TERM-1) with Answer key 2021-22

*Every Chapter Contains:

1. Gist of Lesson
2. Multiple Choice Questions with Answer key
3. Assertion and Reason Question with Answer key
4. Case Study Based Questions with Answer key
Physics (042) / XI / TERM-1 /2021-22

SYLLABUS
TERM-1
Session 2021-22
PHYSICS, CLASS-XI
UNIT Chapters Marks

Unit 1 Chapter 1: Physical World

Chapter 2: Units and Measurements

20

Unit 2 Chapter 3: Motion in a Straight Line

Chapter 4: Motion in a Plane

Unit 3 Chapter 5: Laws of Motion

Unit 4 Chapter 6: Work, Energy and Power

Unit 5 Chapter 7: System of Particles and Rotational 15

Motion

Unit 6 Chapter 8 : Gravitation

Total 35
Physics (042) / XI / TERM-1 /2021-22

QUESTION PAPER DESIGN

TERM-1 EXAM
2021-22
 CHAPTER 1
PHYSICAL WORLD

GIST OF UNIT:

Two Important Quest in Physics :

1. Unification
2. Reductionism.

Steps of Scientific Method:

1. Systematic observations
2. controlled experiments
3. qualitative and quantitative reasoning
4. mathematical modelling
5. prediction and verification or falsification of theories.

Fundamental forces in Nature:

There are four fundamental forces which govern both macroscopic and microscopic
phenomena. There are
(i) Gravitational force
(ii) Electromagnetic force
(iii) Strong Nuclear Force
(iv) Weak Nuclear Force

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. The phenomena with which the classical physics deals is
(A) Microscopic phenomena
(B) Macroscopic phenomena
(C) Both ‘A’ and ‘B’
(D) None of these
2. The phenomena with which the Quantum mechanics deals is
(A) Microscopic phenomena
(B) Macroscopic phenomena
(C) Both ‘A’ and ‘B’
(D) None of these
3. The Electromagnetic force between two charged particles two charged bodies is
cause due to the exchange of
(A) Graviton
(B) Photons
(C) π- mesons
(D) None of these
4. The strong nuclear force is caused by the exchange of which of the following
particles
(A) Graviton
(B) Photons
(C) π- mesons
(D) None of these

5. The Gravitational force between two point mass object is caused by the exchange
of which of the following particle.
(A) Graviton
(B) Photons
(C) π- mesons
(D) None of these
6. The branch of Physics which deals with a macroscopic system in equilibrium and is
concerned with the changes in internal energy is
(A) Thermodynamics
(B) Electrodynamics
(C) Mechanics
(D) None of these
7. The branch of Physics which deals with electric and magnetic phenomena
associated with charged and magnetic bodies is
(A) Thermodynamics
(B) Electrodynamics
(C) Mechanics
(D) None of these
8. X-rays were discovered by
(A) Coolidge
(B) Roentgen
(C) Maxwell
(D) Fermi

9. Chandershekher an America based Indian scientist was awarded Nobel Prize in

physics on the subject concerning
(A) Geophysics
(B) Astronomy
(C) Superconductivity
(D) Laser
10. The weakest force found in nature is
(A) Gravitational Force
(B) Electromagnetic Force
(C) Weak Nuclear Force
(D) Strong Nuclear Force
11. Which among the following is the Strongest force?
(A) Gravitational Force
(B) Electromagnetic Force
(C) Weak Nuclear Force
(D) Strong Nuclear Force
12. The Strong Nuclear force between two protons is …………………stronger than
Electromagnetic force
(A) 100 times
(B) 10 times
(C) 1000 times
(D) 10000 times

ANSWERS (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS):

Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS
1. B 4. C 7. B 10. A
2. A 5. A 8. B 11 D
3. B 6. A 9. B 12. A

ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS:

Mark the correct choice as
(A) If both A & R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(B) If both A & R are correct and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(C) If A is true & R is false
(D) If A is false & R is correct

1. ASSERTION: Gravitational force is a conservative force.

REASON: The work done by the gravitational force in moving the object from
one point to another is independent of path followed whereas
depends on the initial and final points.
2. ASSERTION: Newton’s law of gravitation can be used to describe the motion of a
body falling towards the earth, motion of moon around the earth etc.
REASON: In physics, attempts are being made to unify fundamental forces of
nature in the persuit of unification.

3. ASSERTION: Electromagnetic force is a central force.

REASON: Electromagnetic force obeys inverse square law.

4. ASSERTION: Strong Nuclear force is the strongest interaction known in nature.

REASON: It is caused by the exchange of particles called Photons.

5. ASSERTION: Physics is related to Seismology.

REASON: The movement of the earth crust and types of waves so generated help
lot in the study of earthquake and its effect.

6. ASSERTION: Diffraction techniques help to study the crystal structure of various rocks.
REASON: Physics is not related to Geology.

ANSWERS (ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS):

Q.NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6
ANS A A B C A C
 CHAPTER 2
UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS
GIST OF UNIT:

Physical quantities

All those quantities which can be measured directly or indirectly and in terms of which the laws
of physics can be expressed are called physical quantities. These are of two types:

(a) Fundamental quantities – Which represents our basic scientific notions and cant be
obtained from one another.

(b) Derived quantities – which can be obtained from base quantities by simple product and
division.

The units of the fundamental quantities called fundamental units and the units of derived
quantities called derived units.

System of units:-

(a) MKS system of unit

(b) CGS system of unit.
(c) FPS system of unit.
(d) SI system of unit – internationally accepeted. ( Seven Fundamnetal Quantities and two
Supplementary Physical Quantities)

Dimensions, Dimensional Formula and Dimensional Equation :

• The dimensions of a physical quantity are the powers to which the fundamental quantities are
raised to represent that physical quantity. The equation which expresses a physical quantity
in terms of the fundamental units of mass, length and time, is called dimensional equation.
Principle of homogeneity of Dimensions:
• A physical equation will be dimensionally correct if the dimensions of all the terms occurring
on both sides of the equation are the same.
• If any equation is dimensionally correct it is not necessary that it must be mathematically
correct too.
Uses of the dimensional analysis-
(a) To convert a unit of given physical quantities from one system of units to another system
for which we use
𝑀1 𝑎 𝐿1 𝑏 𝑇1 𝐶
𝑛2 = 𝑛2 [𝑀2] [𝐿2] [𝑇2]

(b) To check the correctness of a given physical relation.

(c) To derive a relationship between different physical quantities.
• Significant figures: - The significant figures are normally those digits in a measured quantity
which are known reliably plus one additional digit that is uncertain.

For counting of the significant figure rule are as:

i. All non- zero digits are significant figure.

ii. All zero between two non-zero digits are significant figure.
iii. All zeros to the right of a non-zero digit but to the left of an understood decimal point are
not significant. But such zeros are significant if they come from a measurement.
iv.All zeros to the right of a non-zero digit but to the left of a decimal point are significant.
v. All zeros to the right of a decimal point are significant.
vi.All zeros to the right of a decimal point but to the left of a non-zero digit are not significant.
Single zero conventionally placed to the left of the decimal point is not significant.
vii.The number of significant figures does not depend on the system of units.

Rules to determine Significant Digits in Mathematics Operations:

• In addition or subtraction, the result should be reported to the same number of decimal
places as that of the number with minimum number of decimal places.
• In multiplication or division, the result should be reported to the same number of
significant figures as that of the number with minimum of significant figures.

Accuracy and Precision of Measurement:

• Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measurement to the true value of the physical
quantity and precision refers to the resolution or the limit to which the quantity is
measured.

Error of a Measurement:
• Difference between measured value and true value of a quantity represents error of
measurement.
It gives an indication of the limits within which the true value may lie.

Typs of Errors:
For measurement of a physical quantities let the measurement are
a1, a2 a3……………………….. an
True values of a is = Mean of n measurements
a = (a1+a2+a3+……..+an)/ n
mean

(a) Absolute error

|∆ 𝑎|= amean - ai Where a = measured value
i

It may be - positive, negative or zero.

(b) Mean absolute error : average of all absolute error in each measurement.
(c) Relative/Fractional error - it is the ratio of the mean absolute error to the true value.

δa = Δa/ a mean

(d) The relative error expressed in percent is called percentage error.

In terms of error Reported Measurement of Quantity A is ( 𝐴 ± ∆𝐴)

Combination of Errors:

(a) In Addition or Subtration:

for Z = A +B or Z = A-B ; if absolute error in the measurement of A and B is
∆𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆B the absolute error in the measurement of Z is
∆𝑍 = ∆𝐴 + ∆𝐵

(b) In Product and Division:

 In Z = A/B and Z = AB Relative error in Z is
∆𝑍 ∆𝐴 ∆𝐵
= 𝐴 + 𝐵
𝑍

(c)Physical Quantity raised to a Power:

𝑎𝑚 𝑏 𝑛
For 𝑍 = ; Relative Error in Z is
𝑐𝑝
∆𝑍 ∆𝑎 ∆𝑏 ∆𝑐
=𝑚 +𝑛 +𝑝
𝑍 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

01. Which of the following is not the unit of distance?

(A) Light year
(B) Astronomical Unit
(C) Parsec
(D) Millisecond
02. Which of the following pairs of physical quantities does not have same
dimensional formula?
(A) Work and torque
(B) Angular momentum and Planck's constant
(C) Tension and surface tension
(D) Impulse and linear momentum
03 Which of the following systems of units is not based on units of mass, length and
time alone?
(A) SI
(B) MKS
(C) CGS
(D) FPS
04. Number of base units in SI system of units is
(A) 4
(B) 7
(C) 3
(D) 5
05. If momentum (p), Area (A) and time (T) are takes as fundamental quantities, then
energy has the dimensional formula :

(A) [ p A1⁄2 T–1 ]

(B) [ p A–1⁄2 T1 ]
 (C) [ p2 A T ]

–1
(D) [ p A T]

06. Out of 4.0 and 4.00, which is more accurate?

(A) 4.0
(B) 4.00
(C) Both are equally accurate
(D) (d) Nothing can be said
07 The speed (v) of sound in a gas is given by v = k Px ρy

Where K is dimensionless constant, P is pressure, and ρ is the density, then

(A) x = 1⁄2, y = 1⁄2
(B) x = –1⁄2, y = –1⁄2
(C) x = 1⁄2, y = –1⁄2
(D) x = –1⁄2, y = 1⁄2
08 Second is defined in terms of periods of radiation from Cesium 133 because
(A) it is not affected by the change of place
(B) it is not affected by the change of time
(C) it is not affected by the change of Physical conditions
(D) All of these.
09 If percentage errors in the measurement of mass and volume of an object are 2%
and 3% respectively, then the percentage error in the measurement of the density
of the object is :
(A) 1% (B) 0.66% (C)5% (D)6%

10
In the standard equation what dimensions do you view for
Snth

(A) [ M° L1 T°]

(B) [ M° L–1 T]

(C) [ M° L T–1 ]

(D) [ M° L° T1 ]
11
Given force = what are dimensions of α, β ?
(A)
ML–2 T–2 , ML–1/3

(B) M2 L4 T–2, M1/3 L–1

(C) M2 L–2 T–2, M1/3 L–1

(D) M2 L–2 T–2, M L–3

12 The dimensional formula of intensity is

(A) [ L° M T–3 ]

(B) [ L1 M2 T–2 ]

(C) [ L2 M T–2 ]

(D) [ L2 M2 T–3 ]

13 The dimensions of the unit ‘light year’ is

(A) T
(B) LT-1
(C) L
(D) T-1
14 The time dependence of a physical quantity P is given by P = Po exp.(–αt2), where α
is a constant and t is time, The constant α is
(A) dimensionless

(B) has dimensions T–2

(C) has dimensions of P

(D) has dimensions T2

15 Two quantities A and B have different dimensions. Which mathematical operation

may be physically meaningful.
(A) A/B
(B) A+B
(C) A–B
(D) A = B
16 Which one of the following pair of quantities has the same dimension?
(A) force and work done
(B) momentum and impulse
(C) pressure and force
(D) surface tension and force
17
The equation of state for a real gas is given by
the dimensions of constant a are

(A) [ M L5 T–2 ]

(B) [ M–1 L5 T2 ]
(C) [M L5 T-1]

(D) [ M L5 T–1 ]

18 The number of significant figures in 30.00 m are

(A) 1
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
19 Dimensional formula for the unit ‘curie’ is

(A) [M° L T–1]

(B) [M° L–1 T°]

(C) [M° L° T–1]

(D) [M–1 L° T°]

20 1° (degree) is equal to ( in rad)

(A) 17
(B) 174.5 × 10-2
(C) 17.45 × 10-2
(D) 1.745 × 10-2
21 Very large distances such as the distance of a Planet or a star from Earth can be
measured by
(A) Spectrograph
(B) Millikan’s oil drop method
(C) Parallax method
(D) All of these.
22 One unified atomic mass unit (a.m.u.) is equal to
(A) 12 times the mass of one carbon-12 atom
(B) 1 of the mass of 12 one atom of C-12
1
(C) 𝑡ℎ of the mass of one atom of C-12
12
(D) 12 times the mass of 12 atoms of C-12
23 Light year is
(A) light emitted by the sun in one year.
(B) time taken by light to travel from sun to earth.
(C) the distance travelled by light in free space in one year.
(D) time taken by earth to go once around the sun.
24 Length cannot be measured by
(A) fermi
(B) hectare
(C) micron
(D) light year
25 Which one of the following is the smallest unit
(A) millimetre
(B) angstrom
(C) fermi
(D) metre
26 SI unit of luminous intensity is
(A) lumen
(B) lux
(C) Candela
(D) lux m-2
27 Which of the following is not the unit of time?
(A) Micro second
(B) Leap year
(C) Lunar month
(D) Parallactic second
28 Universal time is based on
(A)rotation of the earth on its axis
(b) earth’s orbital motion around the Sun
(c) vibrations of cesium atom
(d) oscillations of quartz crystal
29 A force is given by F = at + bt2 , where t is time, the dimensions of a and b are
(A) [M L T -4] and [M L T-1]
(B) [M L T-1] and [M L T0 ]
(C) [M L T-3] and [M L T-4]
(D) [M L T-4] and [M L T0 ].
30 Systematic errors can be
(A) positive only
(B) negative one
(C) either positive or negative
(D) None of these
31 Instrumental errors are due to
(A) imperfect design
(B) zero error in the instrument
(C) Both (a) and (b)
(D) None of these

32 The ratio of the mean absolute error to the mean value of the quantity measured is
called
(A) Absolute error
(B) Relative error
(C) Percentage error
(D) None of these
 33 Random error can be eliminated by
(A) careful observation
(B) eliminating the cause
(C) measuring the quantity with more than one instrument
(D) taking large number of observations and then their mean.

ANSWERS (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS):

Q No. ANS Q No. ANS Q No. ANS Q No. ANS Q No. ANS
1 D 2 C 3 A 4 B 5 A
6 B 7 C 8 D 9 C 10 C
11 C 12 A 13 C 14 B 15 A
16 B 17 A 18 D 19 C 20 D
21 C 22 C 23 C 24 B 25 C
26 C 27 D 28 C 29 C 30 C
31 C 32 B 33 D

ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS:

Mark the correct choice as
(a) If both A & R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) If both A & R are correct and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) If A is true & R is false
(d) If A is false & R is correct
1. Assertion : Now a days a standard metre is defined in terms of the wavelength of light.
Reason: Light has no relation with length.
2. Assertion: Parallax method cannot be used for measuring distances of stars more than 100 light years
away.
Reason : Because parallax angle reduces so much that it cannot be measured accurately.
3. Assertion : 1 A.U. is much bigger than Å.
Reason : 1 A.U. stands for astronomical unit and Å stands for Angstrom.
4. Assertion : When we change the unit of measurement of a quantity, its numerical value changes.
Reason : Smaller the unit of measurement smaller is its numerical value.
5. Assertion : The cesium atomic clocks are very accurate.
Reason : The vibration of cesium atom regulate the rate of cesium atomic clock.
6. Assertion: In the measurement of physical quantities direct and indirect methods are used.
Reason : The accuracy and precision of measuring instruments along with errors in measurements
should be taken into account, while expressing the result.
7. Assertion : The error in the measurement of radius of the sphere is 0.3%.The permissible error in
its surface area is 0.6%.
Reason : The permissible percentage error in surface area of the sphere is calculated by the

8. Assertion : Absolute error may be negative or positive.

Reason : Absolute error is the difference between the real value and the measured value of a
physical quantity.
9. Assertion : The number of significant figures depends on the least count of measuring instrument.
Reason : Significant figures define the accuracy of measuring instrument.

10. Assertion : Out of three measurements I = 0.7 m; I = 0.70 m and I = 0.700 m, the last one is most
accurate.
Reason : In every measurement, only the last significant digit is not accurately known.
11. Assertion : Number of significant figures in 0.005 is one and that in 0.500 is three.
Reason : This is because zeros are not significant.
12. Assertion: ‘Light year’ and ‘Wavelength’ both measure distance.
Reason : Both have dimension of time.
13. Assertion : Dimensional constants are the quantities whose values are constant.
Reason: Dimensional constants are dimensionless.
14. Assertion : Avogadro’s number is the number of atoms in one gram mole.
Reason : Avogadro’s number is a dimensionless constant.
15. Assertion: Energy cannot be divided by volume.
Reason: Dimensions for energy and volume are different.
16. Assertion : Angle and strain are dimensionless.

Reason : Angle and strain have no unit.

17. Assertion : In the equation momentum, p =
(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠) 𝑥
.The dimensional formula of x is LT
–2
.
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

Reason: Quantities with different dimensions can not be multiplied.

18. Assertion: Force cannot be added to pressure.
Reason: The dimensions of force and pressure are different.
19. Assertion : The time period of a simple pendulum is given by the formula, T = 2π√𝑔𝑙

Reason : According to the principle of homogeneity of dimensions, only that formula is correct in
which the dimensions of each term in L.H.S. is equal to dimensions of each term in R.H.S.
 20 Assertion: Formula for kinetic energy is K = 1/ 2 mu2 and K = ma. ( m= mass, u = initial velocity, a=
acceleration)
Reason: one of the equations K = 1/ 2 mv2 and k = ma is dimensionally incorrect.

ANSWERS (ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS):

QNo. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans C A B C B B C D B B
QNo 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans C C C C D C D A A D

CASE STUDY QUESTIONS:

CASE 1: Significant Figures :
Significant figures in the measured value of a physical quantity tell the number of digits in which we
have confidence. Larger the number of significant figures obtained in a measurement, greater is the
accuracy of the measurement. The reverse is also true.
Significant Figures in Calculation:
The following two rules should be followed to obtain the proper number of significant figures in any
calculation.
(1) The result of an addition or subtraction in the number having different precisions should be
reported to the same number of decimal places as are present in the number having the least
number of decimal places.
(2) The answer to a multiplication or division is rounded off to the same number of significant
figures as is possessed by the least precise term used in the calculation.

1. What is the correct number of significant figures in 0.0003026?

(a) Four (b) Seven (c) Eight (d) Six

2. The sum of the numbers 436.32, 227.2 and 0.301 in appropriate significant figures is
(a) 6663.821 (b) 664 (c) 663.8 (d) 663.82

3. The respective number of significant figures for the number 23.023, 0.0003 and 2.1 × 10 –3 are
respectively.
(a) 5, 1 and 2 (b) 5, 1 and 5 (c) 5, 5 and 2 (d) 4, 4 and 2

4. The number of significant figures in 0.00060 m is

(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

5. Which of the following is the most accurate?

(a) 200.0 m (b) 20 × 101 m (c) 2 × 102 m (d) 0.2 × 103 m
CASE 2: LEAST COUNT :
Least count of an instrument means instrument having less error. Least count means smallest
division. It is one type of error. Least count is always related to instrument. Least count is meant to
check how well our practice is going . .

All the readings or measured values are good enough only up to this least count.
Least count error is the error which is concerned with the resolution of the instrument. Now let's
understand this concept with the help of an example, we all know what vernier calliper is. You must
have used it in practical. A vernier calliper has a least count of 0.01 cm. A spherometer may have a
least count of 0.0001cm, it means that different measuring instruments have different-different
least count. .

1. The pitch of the screw gauge is 0.5 mm. Its circular scale contains 50 divisions. The least count of
the screw gauge is
(a) 0.001 mm (b) 0.01 mm (c) 0.02 mm (d) 0.025 mm

2. One centimetre on the main scale of a vernier callipers is divided into 10 equal parts. If 10
divisions of vernier coincide with 8 small divisions of the main scale, the least count of vernier
callipers is
(a) 0.01 cm (b) 0.02 cm (c) 0.05 cm (d) 0.005 cm

3. The smallest value that can be measured by the measuring instrument is called
(a) least count (b) parallax (c) accuracy (d) precision

4. In a vernier callipers N division of vernier coincide with (N – 1) divisions of main scale in which
length of a division is 1 mm. The least count of the instrument in cm is
(a) N (b) N – 1 (c) 1 /10N (d) (1 / N) – 1

5. The pitch and the number of circular scale divisions in a screw gauge with least count 0.02 mm
are respectively
(a) 1 mm and 100 (b) 0.5 mm and 50 (c) 1 mm and 50 (d) 0.5 mm and 100

CASE 3: ERROR ANALYSIS : The process of evaluating uncertainty associated with a measurement
result is often called uncertainty analysis or error analysis. Without proper error analysis, no valid
scientific conclusions can be drawn. The uncertainty of a single measurement is limited by the
precision and accuracy of the measurement.

1. A wire has a mass 0.3 ± 0.003 g, radius 0.5 ± 0.005 mm and length 6 ± 0.06 cm. The maximum
percentage error in the measurement of its density is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

2. Find equivalent resistance when R1 = (100 +3)Ω and R2 = (200 + 4)Ω when connected in series
(a) (300 ± 7)Ω (b) (300 + 1)Ω
(c) (100 +7)Ω (d) None of these

3. A force F is applied onto a square plate of side L. If the percentage error in determining L is 2%
and that in F is 4%, the permissible percentage error in determining the pressure is
(a) 2% (b) 4% (c) 6% (d) 8%

4. In an experiment four quantities a, b, c and d are measured with percentage error 1%, 2%, 3%
and 4% respectively. Quantity P is calculated as follows P = a3 b2 /cd, %age error in P is
(a) 10% (b) 7% (c) 4% (d) 14%

5. The refractive index of water measured by the relation µ = real depth / apparent depth is found
to have values of 1.34, 1.38, 1.32 and 1.36; the mean value of refractive index with percentage
error is
(a) 1.35 ± 1.48 % (b) 1.35 ± 0 %
(c) 1.36 ± 6 % (d) 1.36 ± 0 %
CASE 4: SHM in a PENDULMN

.
The motion of a simple pendulum is very close to Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM). SHM results
whenever a restoring force is proportional to the displacement, a relationship often known as
Hooke’s Law when applied to springs. F = -kx Where F is the restoring force, k is the spring
constant, and x is the displacement. Using Newton’s Second Law, the resulting acceleration when
there are no other forces, this relationship becomes ma = F = -kx
where m is mass and a is acceleration. The result is that the acceleration vector is proportional to
the displacement (and in an opposite direction). When an object is in SHM, is follows the path of a
Sine wave.

1. To find the value of ‘g by using a simple pendulum, the following observations were made:
Length of thread l = (100 ± 0.1) cm, Time period of oscillation T = (2 ± 0.1) sec.
Calculate the maximum permissible error in measurement of ‘g’?
(a) 0.99 (b) 1.01 (c) 0.98 (d) 0.09

2. If the length and time period of an oscillating pendulum have errors of 1% and 2% respectively,
what is the error in the estimate of g?
(a) 2% (b) 4% (c) 5% (d) 8%

3. A book with many printing errors contains four different formulas for the displacement y of a
particle undergoing a certain periodic motion:

(a = maximum displacement of the particle, v = speed of the particle, T = time-period of motion)

Rule out the wrong formulas on dimensional grounds.
(a) a , b (b) b ,d (c) b , c (d) ( a , d )

4. Rule out the RIGHT formulas on dimensional grounds. T = time-period , g = gravitation

acceleration , L= length of pendulum
𝐿 𝑔
(a) T=2π√𝑔 (a) T=2π√ 𝐿 (c) T=2π√𝑔𝑙 (d) None of these

5. The dimensional formula for ω in the relation y = A Sin ωt is..

(a) [M° L° T] (b) [M° L° T–1] (c) [ML° T°] (d) [M° L–1 T–1]
ANSWERS (CASE STUDY QUESTIONS):
1 2 3 4 5
CASE 1 a c a b a
CASE 2 b b a c c
CASE 3 d a d d a
CASE 4 a c c a b
 CHAPTER - 3

MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

GIST OF LESSON:

➢ Motion is the change in position of an object with time with respect to a reference
point.
➢ If the object size is much smaller than the distance it moves in a reasonable time, then it
is called point object.
➢ Displacement is the measure of change in position of an object with time in a particular
direction.
∆𝑥 = x2 - x1
➢ Velocity is the rate of change in position or displacement of an object with time.
It's Sl unit is m/s.
➢ Speed is the ratio of the path length or the distance covered by an object to the time
taken.
➢ Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time.
➢ Kinematics equations for uniformly accelerated motion (Symbols have their usual
meanings)
v=u+at 2. x = x0 + ut + ½ at2 3. v² = u² + 2ax
𝑎
➢ Displacement of a particle in the nth second is given by Snth = u + 2 (2n-1)

➢ Equation of motion under gravity is given by (Symbols have their usual meaning)
1. v = u + (±g)t 2.h = ut + 1/2 (±g) t2 3. v² = u² + 2(±g) h
➢ Stopping distance for a vehicle is given as ds = -u2 / 2a
➢ If a body travels equal distance in equal interval of time along a straight line, then the
body is said to be in uniform motion a straight line.
➢ If a body travels equal distance in unequal intervals of time then it is said to be in non-
uniform motion.
Δ𝑥 Δ𝑣
➢ For a non-uniformly accelerated motion, v = Δ𝑡 and a = Δ𝑡 .
Δ𝑥 𝑥2−𝑥1
➢ Average velocity is given by, Vav = Δ𝑡 = 𝑡2− 𝑡1

➢ Average speed is the total distance travelled divided by the total time taken.
 ➢ Instantaneous speed is the limit of the average speed as the time interval becomes
infinitesimally small or approaches to zero.
∆𝑠 𝑑𝑠
It is given by v = lim =
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡

➢ Average acceleration is the ratio of change in velocity of the object to the time interval.
∆𝑣 𝑣2−𝑣1
It is given by. aav = 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑡2−𝑡1

➢ Instantanous acceleration is the acceleration of a body at a certain instant or the

limiting value of average acceleration when time interval tends to zero.
∆𝑣 𝑑𝑣
It is given by a = lim =
∆𝑡→0 ∆𝑡 𝑑𝑡

➢ Relative velocity of object A relative to object B is given by VAB = VA - VB

and velocity of object B relative to object A is given by V BA = VB - VA.

MULTPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. A person travels along a straight road for half the distance with velocity v1 and the remaining

half distance with velocity v 2 The average velocity is given by

(a) v1v2

v 22
2
(b) v1
v1 + v 2
(c) 2
2v1v 2
(d) v1 + v 2
2 A motor car moving with a uniform speed of 20m / sec comes to stop on the application of brakes

after travelling a distance of 10m Its acceleration is

(a) 20m/ sec (b) −20m/ sec (c) −40 m/ sec (d) +2m/ sec
2 2 2 2

3 Acceleration of a particle changes when

(a) Direction of velocity changes
(b) Magnitude of velocity changes
(c) Both of above
(d) Speed changes
4 Which of the following four statements is false
 (a) A body can have zero velocity and still be accelerated
(b) A body can have a constant velocity and still have a varying speed
(c) A body can have a constant speed and still have a varying velocity
(d) The direction of the velocity of a body can change when its acceleration is constant
5 A particle starts from rest, accelerates at 2 m/s2 for 10s and then goes for constant speed for 30s and
then decelerates at 4 m/s2 till it stops. What is the distance travelled by it
(a) 750 (b) 800 m (c) 700 m (d) 850 m
6 The given graph shows the variation of velocity with displacement. Which one of the graph given
below correctly represents the variation of acceleration with displacement
v
v0

x0 x

a
a
a
a

x
x x
x

(a) (b) (c) (d)

7 A body is thrown vertically up from the ground. It reaches a maximum height of 100m in 5sec. After
what time it will reach the ground from the maximum height position
(a) 1.2 sec (b) 5 sec (c) 10 sec (d) 25 sec
8 For a moving body at any instant of time
(a) If the body is not moving, the acceleration is necessarily zero
(b) If the body is slowing, the retardation is negative
(c) If the body is slowing, the distance is negative
(d) If displacement, velocity and acceleration at that instant are known, we can find the displacement
at any given time in future
9 A ball is dropped on the floor from a height of 10 m. It rebounds to a height of 2.5 m. If the ball is in
contact with the floor for 0.01 sec, the average acceleration during contact is
2 2
(a) 2100 m / sec downwards (b) 2100 m / sec upwards
2 2
(c) 1400 m / sec (d) 700 m / sec
10 An object is projected upwards with a velocity of 100 m/ s . It will strike the ground after
(approximately)
(a) 10 sec (b) 20 sec (c) 15 sec (d) 5 sec
11 The motion of a particle is described by the equation x = a + bt where a = 15 cm and b = 3 cm/s2. Its
2

instantaneous velocity at time 3 sec will be

(a) 36 cm/sec (b) 18 cm/sec (c) 16 cm/sec (d) 32 cm/sec
12 A particle starting from rest travels a distance x in first 2 seconds and a distance y in next two
seconds, then

(a) y = x (b) y = 2x (c) y = 3x (d) y = 4x

13 The acceleration of a moving body can be found from

(a) Area under velocity-time graph

(b) Area under distance-time graph

(c) Slope of the velocity-time graph

(d) Slope of distance-time graph

A particle moves along x-axis as x = 4(t − 2) + a(t − 2) Which of the following is true ?
14 2

(a) The initial velocity of particle is 4

(b) The acceleration of particle is 2a
(c) The particle is at origin at t = 0
(d) None of these
15
Three different objects of masses m1 ,m2 and m3 are allowed to fall from rest and from the same
point 'O' along three different frictionless paths. The speeds of the three objects, on reaching the

ground, will be in the ratio of

1 1 1
: :
(a) m1 : m2 : m3 (b) m1 : 2m2 :3m3 (c) 1 : 1 : 1 (d) m1 m 2 m3

16 An iron ball and a wooden ball of the same radius are released from the same height in vacuum. They
take the same time to reach the ground. The reason for this is
(a) Acceleration due to gravity in vacuum is same irrespective of the size and mass of the body
(b) Acceleration due to gravity in vacuum depends upon the mass of the body
(c) There is no acceleration due to gravity in vacuum
 (d) In vacuum there is a resistance offered to the motion of the body and this resistance depends
upon the mass of the body

17 Figures (i) and (ii) below show the displacement-time graphs of two particles moving along the x-axis.
We can say that

X X

t (i) t (ii)

(a) Both the particles are having a uniformly accelerated motion

(b) Both the particles are having a uniformly retarded motion

(c) Particle (i) is having a uniformly accelerated motion while particle (ii) is having a uniformly

retarded motion

(d) Particle (i) is having a uniformly retarded motion while particle (ii) is having a uniformly

accelerated motion

18 A car starts from rest and moves with uniform acceleration a on a straight road from time t = 0 to t =
T. After that, a constant deceleration brings it to rest. In this process the average speed of the car is
aT 3aT aT
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) aT
19 Which graph represents the uniform acceleration

s s
s
s

t t t
(a) (b) t
(c) (d)

The displacement of a particle is given by y = a + bt + ct − dt . The initial velocity and acceleration are
20 2 4

respectively

(a) b, − 4d (b) −b,2c (c) b,2c (d) 2c, − 4d

21 From the following displacement-time graph find out the velocity of a moving body
Time (sec)

30o
O
Displacement (meter)
 1 1
(a) 3 m/s (b) 3 m/s (c) 3 m/s (d) 3

22 Acceleration-time graph of a body is shown. The corresponding velocity-time graph of the same body
is
a

v v
v
v

t
t t
(a) (b) t
(c) (d)
23 In the following graph, distance travelled by the body in metres is
Y
15

10
vm/s

0
10 20 30 40 X
Time (s)

(a) 200 (b) 250 (c) 300 (d) 400

24 The displacement of a particle as a function of time is shown in the figure. The figure shows that

20
Displacement

10

0 10 20 30 40
Time in second

(a) The particle starts with certain velocity but the motion is retarded and finally the particle stops

(b) The velocity of the particle is constant throughout

(c) The acceleration of the particle is constant throughout.

(d) The particle starts with constant velocity, then motion is accelerated and finally the particle moves
with another constant velocity
25 The velocity of a body depends on time according to the equation v = 20 + 0.1t . The body is
2

undergoing
(a) Uniform acceleration (b) Uniform retardation
 (c) Non-uniform acceleration (d) Zero acceleration

26 Velocity-time (v-t) graph for a moving object is shown in the figure. Total displacement of the object
during the time interval when there is non-zero acceleration and retardation is

4
 (m/s)
3
2
1
0
10 20 30 40 50 60
t (sec)

(a) 60 m (b) 50 m (c) 30 m (d) 40 m

27 The velocity-time graph of a body moving in a straight line is shown in the figure. The displacement and
distance travelled by the body in 6 sec are respectively
5
4
3
2
V(m/s)

1
0
1 1 2 3 4 5 6
2
t(sec)
3

(a) 8 m, 16 m (b) 16 m, 8 m (c) 16 m, 16 m (d) 8 m, 8 m

28 With what velocity a ball be projected vertically so that the distance covered by it in 5th second is

twice the distance it covers in its 6th second (g = 10m/ s )

2

(a) 58.8 m/s (b) 49 m/s (c) 65 m/s d) 19.6 m/s

29 The ratio of the numerical values of the average velocity and average speed of a body is always

(a) Unity (b) Unity or less (c) Unity or more (d) Less than unity

30 Which of the following is a one dimensional motion

(a) Landing of an aircraft
(b) Earth revolving a round the sun
(c) Motion of wheels of a moving trains
(d) Train running on a straight track
31 A body is released from the top of a tower of height h . It takes tsec to reach the ground.
Where will be the ball after time t / 2 sec
(a) At h / 2 from the ground
(b) At h / 4 from the ground
 (c) Depends upon mass and volume of the body
(d) At 3h / 4 from the ground
32 A body A starts from rest with an acceleration a1 . After 2 seconds, another body B starts from rest

with an acceleration a 2 . If they travel equal distances in the 5th second, after the start of A, then the

ratio a1 : a 2 is equal to
(a) 5:9 (b) 5:7 (c) 9:5 (d) 9:7
33 A balloon starts rising from the ground with an acceleration of 1.25 m/s2. After 8s, a stone is released

from the balloon. The stone will ( g = 10 m/s2)

(a) Reach the ground in 4 second

(b) Begin to move down after being released

(c) Have a displacement of 50 m

(d) Cover a distance of 40 m in reaching the ground

34 A rocket is fired upward from the earth's surface such that it creates an acceleration of 19.6 m/sec2. If
after 5 sec its engine is switched off, the maximum height of the rocket from earth's surface would be

(a) 245 m (b) 490 m (c) 980 m (d) 735 m

35 A very large number of balls are thrown vertically upwards in quick succession in such a way that the
next ball is thrown when the previous one is at the maximum height. If the maximum height is 5m,
−2
the number of ball thrown per minute is (take g = 10ms )
(a) 120 (b) 80 (c) 60 (d) 40

ANSWERS (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS):

Q. ANS Q. ANS Q. ANS Q. ANS Q. ANS
1. D 8. D 15. C 22. C 29. B
2. B 9. B 16. A 23. A 30. D
3. C 10. B 17. C 24. A 31. D
4. B 11. B 18. C 25. C 32. A
5. A 12. C 19. A 26. B 33. A
6. A 13. C 20. C 27. A 34. D
7. B 14. B 21. C 28. C 35. C
Explanation:
Q.5. Velocity acquired by body in 10sec
v = 0 + 2 10 = 20m/ s

and distance travelled by it in 10 sec

1
S1 =  2  (10) 2 = 100 m
2

then it moves with constant velocity (20 m/s) for 30 sec

S2 = 20  30 = 600 m
2
After that due to retardation (4m / s ) it stops
v 2 (20) 2
S3 = = = 50m
2a 2  4

Total distance travelled S1 + S2 + S3 = 750m

Q.9. Velocity at the time of striking the floor,
u = 2gh1 = 2  9.8  10 = 14m / s

Velocity with which it rebounds.

v = 2gh 2 = 2  9.8  2.5 = 7 m / s

 Change in velocity v = 7 − (−14) = 21m/ s

v 21
= = = 2100 m / s 2
 Acceleration t 0.01 (upwards)
Q.18. For First part,
u = 0, t = T and acceleration = a
1 1
S1 = 0 + aT 2 = aT 2
 v = 0 + aT = aT and 2 2

For Second part,

u = aT, retardation=a1, v = 0 and time taken = T1 (let)

 0 = u − a1T1  aT = a1T1
u 2 1 a 2T 2
 S2 = =
and from v = u − 2aS2
2 2
2a1 2 a1

 aT 
1
S2 = aT  T1  As a 1 = 
2  T1 

1 2 1
aT + aT  T1
S1 + S2 2 2
vav = =
 T + T1 T + T1
 1
aT (T + T1 )
=2 1
= aT
T + T1 2

Q.31. Let the body after time t / 2 be at x from the top, then
1 t 2 gt 2
x= g =
2 4 8 …(i)
1
h = gt 2
2 …(ii)
h
x=
Eliminate t from (i) and (ii), we get 4

h 3h
=h− =
 Height of the body from the ground 4 4

1 1
h = at 2 =  1.25  (8) 2 = 40 m
Q.33. When the stone is released from the balloon. Its height 2 2 and
velocity
v = at = 1.25  8 = 10 m/ s

Time taken by the stone to reach the ground

v 2gh  10  2  10  40 
t= 1 + 1 + 2  = 1 + 1 + 
g v  10  (10)  
=4 sec

Q.34. Given a = 19.6 m/ s = 2g

2

Resultant velocity of the rocket after 5 sec

v = 2g  5 = 10g m/ s

1
h1 =  2g  25 = 245m
Height achieved after 5 sec, 2

On switching off the engine it goes up to height h 2 where its velocity becomes zero.
0 = (10g)2 − 2gh 2  h 2 = 490m

Total height of rocket = 245 + 490 = 735 m

Q.35. Maximum height of ball = 5 m

u = 2gh = 10 m / s
So velocity of projection 
Time interval between two balls (time of ascent)
u 1
= = 1sec = min
g 60 .
So number of ball thrown per min. = 60
ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS:
Directions: Each of these questions contain two statements, Assertion and Reason. Each of these
questions also has four alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You have to
select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below.
(a) Assertion is correct; reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct; reason is correct; reason is not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct; reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct
1. Assertion: A body may be accelerated even when it is moving uniformly.
Reason: When direction of motion of the body is changing, the body must have
acceleration.
2. Assertion: Displacement of a body may be zero when distance travelled by it is not zero.
Reason: The displacement is the longest distance between initial and final position.
3. Assertion: For one dimensional motion the angle between acceleration and velocity
must be zero.
Reason: One dimensional motion is always on a straight line
4. Assertion: The position-time graph of a uniform motion, in one dimension of a body
cannot have negative slope.
Reason: In one – dimensional motion the position does not reverse, so it cannot have a
negative slope.
5. Assertion: Velocity-time graph for an object in uniform motion along a straight path is a
straight line parallel to the time axis.
Reason: In uniform motion of an object velocity increases as the square of time elapsed
6. Assertion: The average velocity of the object over an interval of time is either smaller
than or equal to the average speed of the object over the same interval.
Reason: Velocity is a vector quantity and speed is a scalar quantity
7. Assertion: The speedometer of an automobile measures the average speed of the
automobile.
Reason: Average velocity is equal to total displacement per total time taken.
 8. Assertion: A particle starting from rest and moving with uniform acceleration travels a
length of x and 3x in first two and next two-seconds.
Reason: Displacement is directly proportional to velocity.
9. Assertion: A body is momentarily at rest when it reverses the direction.
Reason: A body cannot have acceleration if its velocity is zero at a given instant of time
10. Assertion: The velocity-time graph of a uniformly accelerated motion in one dimension
of a body can have negative slope.
Reason: When the speed of body decreases with time, the position-time graph of the
moving body has negative slope.

ANSWERS (ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS)

Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Answer a c d c c a d c c c

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS:

CASE 1 DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
Distance is a scalar quantity that refers to "how much ground an object has covered" during
its motion. Displacement is a vector quantity that refers to "how far out of place an object
is"; it is the object's overall change in position.

Distance is the total path covered by the body and displacement is the shortest path
covered by the body.
(i) What can be said about the displacement of the body if it the particle comes back to
its initial position-
(a)It is zero (b) It cannot be zero
(c)It may or may not be zero (d)It is negative
(ii) An athlete finishes a round of circular track of radius R in 40 sec. What is his
displacement at the end of 2 min 20 sec?
 (a)2R (b)2πR
(c)7πR (d)Zero
(iii) If the displacement of an object is zero, then what can we say about its distance
covered?
(a) It is negative (b) It is must be zero
(c) It cannot be zero (d) It may or may not be zero
(iv) If s represents distance and S represents displacement, then |S|/s is.
(a) > 1 (b) < 1
(c) = 1 (d) ≤ 1
(v) The location of a particle has changed. What can you say about distance and
displacement covered by the particle?
(a)Neither can be zero (b)both may be zero
(c)only one may be zero (d) Neither can be negative
CASE 2 SPEED AND VELOCITY:
Speed is a scalar quantity that refers to "how fast an object is moving." Speed can be thought
of as the rate at which an object covers distance. A fast-moving object has a high speed and
covers a relatively large distance in a short amount of time. Contrast to this to a slow-moving
object that has a low speed; it covers a relatively small amount of distance in the same
amount of time.
Velocity is a vector quantity that refers to "the rate at which an object changes its position."
Imagine a person moving rapidly - one step forward and one step back - always returning to
the original starting position. While this might result in a frenzy of activity, it would result in
a zero velocity. Because the person always returns to the original position, the motion would
never result in a change in position.

(i) A boy starts from a point A, travels to a point B at a distance of 3 km from A and
returns to A. If he takes two hours to do so, his average speed is-
(a) 3 km/h (b) zero
(c) 2 km/h (d) 1.5 km/h
(ii) A man leaves home for a cycle ride and comes back home after half-an-hour ride
covering a distance of one km. What is the average velocity of the ride?
(a) 10 kms-1 (b) ½ kmh-1
(c) 2 kmh-1 (d) Zero
 (iii) The ratio of the numerical values of the average velocity and average speed of a
body is
(a) unity (b) unity or less than 1
(c) unity or more (d) less than unity
(iv) If Position of a particle is given by x = (4t2 – 8t), then which of the following is true?
(a) Velocity is zero at t = 0
(b) Velocity is zero at t = 1s
(c) Velocity is zero at t = 2s
(d) Velocity is zero at t = 4s
(v) The position of a moving object is given by x= 3t2-2t+1, where x is in meter and t is
in sec. it’s average velocity between t=1s and t=3s will be-
(a)1m/s (b)3m/s
(c)5m/s (d)10m/s

CASE 3 ACCELERATED MOTION:

In mechanics, acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity of an object with respect to
time. Acceleration is a vector quantity.
Uniform acceleration refers to the constant acceleration of a body irrespective to the
function of time. If an object is under constant acceleration and moves on the x-axis plane,
it is known as a uniform accelerated motion on the horizontal plane or dimension.
An object's average acceleration over a period of time is its change in velocity divided by the

duration of the period. Mathematically,

∆𝑣
ā = ∆𝑡

Instantaneous acceleration, meanwhile, is the limit of the average acceleration over

an infinitesimal interval of time. In the terms of calculus, instantaneous acceleration is
the derivative of the velocity vector with respect to time:

When a body is moving with constant acceleration then some relations can be established
between velocity,acceleration,displacement and time.Those relations are called equations
of motion.
 (i) A body starts from rest and travels with uniform acceleration on a straight line. If
its velocity after undergoing displacement of 32 m is 8 m/s, its acceleration is-
(a) 1 m/s² (b) 2 m/s²
(c) 3 m/s² (d) 4 m/s²
(ii) What is time taken by a body which starts from rest and undergoes displacement
16 m with uniform acceleration 2 m/s².
(a) 4 s (b) 3 s
(c) 6 s (d) 8 s
(iii) The position of a moving object along x-axis is given by x=2t3-4t+3, where x is in meter
and t is in sec. What would be it’s acceleration at t=1 sec?
(a)6m/s2 (b)3m/s2
(c)12m/s2 (d)1m/s2
(iv) A body starts from rest and travels with uniform acceleration of 2 m/s². If its
velocity is v after undergoing displacement of 9 m, then v is
(a) 8 m/s (b) 6 m/s
(c) 10 m/s (d) 4 m/s
(v) A body starts from rest and travels with an acceleration of 2 m/s². After t seconds
its velocity is 10 m/s. Then t is-
(a) 10 s (b) 5 s
(c) 20 s (d) 6 s

CASE 4 MOTION UNDER GRAVITY:

An object released near the surface of the Earth is accelerated downward under
the influence of the force of gravity. The magnitude of acceleration due to gravity
is represented by g. If air resistance is neglected, the object is said to be in free fall.
If the height through which the object falls is small compared to the earth’s radius,
g can be taken to be constant, equal to 9.8 m s–2. Free fall is thus a case of motion
with uniform acceleration. We assume that the motion is in y-direction, more
correctly in –y-direction because we choose upward direction as positive. Since the
acceleration due to gravity is always downward, it is in the negative direction and
we have = – g = – 9.8 m/sec2
(i) A stone of mass 0.05kg is thrown vertically upwards. What is the direction and
magnitude of net force on the stone during its upward motion?
 (a) 0.49 vertically downward
(b) 9.8 vertically downwards
(c) 0.49 N vertically upwards
(d) 0.98 N vertically downwards
(ii) Free fall of an object (in vacuum) is a case of motion with –
(a) Uniform Velocity
(b) Uniform acceleration
(c) Variable acceleration
(d) constant momentum
(iii) Three different objects of masses m1, m2, m3 are allowed to fall from rest and from
the same point ‘O’ along three different frictionless paths. The speed of the three
objects, on reaching the ground, will be in the ratio of
(a) m1: m2 : m3 (b) m1 : 2m2 : 3m3
(c) 1:1: 1 (d) 1/m 1: 1/m2: 1/m3
(iv) A cricket ball is thrown up with a speed of 19.6 m/sec. The Maximum height
it can reach is -
(a) 9.8 m (b) 19.6 m
(c) 29.4 m (d) 39.2 m
(v) A ball thrown up under gravity (g=10 m/sec2). Find its velocity after 1 sec at a
height of 10 m –
(a) 5 m/sec2 (b) 5 m/sec
(c) 10 m/sec (d) 15 m/sec

CASE 5 GRAPHS IN STRAIGHT LINE MOTION:

Graphs are often the best way to convey descriptions of real world events in a compact
form. Graphs of motion come in several types depending on which of the kinematic
quantities (time, position, velocity, acceleration) are assigned to which axis.
There are some standard graphs like straight line, parabola, hyperbola, ellipse, circle,
periodic, exponential etc. which are formed on the basis of relation between the
variables.
(i) The displacement -time graph of a moving particle is shown below. The
instantaneous velocity of the particle is negative at the point-
 (a) C (b) D
(c) E (d) F
(ii) The velocity -time graph of a moving particle is shown below. Total displacement
of the particle during the time interval when there is non- zero acceleration and
retardation is-

(a) 50 m (b) 40 m
(c) 60 m (d) 30 m
(iii) Which of the following is not possible for a body in uniform motion?

(a) (b)

(c) Both (a) & (b) (d) None of the above

(iv) Which of the following graphs gives the equation x=v0t+1/2at2 -

(a) (b)
 (c) (d) None of the above

(v) The relation between time(t) and position(x) for a moving object is given by t=2αx 2.
Where α is constant. The shape of graph between t and x will be-
(a)parabola (b)hyperbola
(c)straight line (d)ellipse

ANSWERS (CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS):

ANS (i) ANS (ii) ANS (iii) ANS (iv) ANS (v)

CASE 1 a a c d a

CASE 2 a d b b d

CASE 3 a a c b b

CASE 4 a b c b b

CASE 5 c a a b a
 CHAPTER 4
MOTION IN PLANE

GIST OF LESSON:
Scalar Quantities:-
The quantities which have magnitude only but no direction. For example: mass, length, time,
speed, temperature etc.
Vector Quantities :-
The quantities which have magnitude as well as direction and obeys vector laws of addition,
multiplication etc. For examples: Displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum etc.
Addition of Vectors:-
(i) Only vectors of same nature can be added.
(ii) The addition of two vector A and B is resultant R

Where θ is the angle between vector A and vector B, And β is the angle which R makes with the
direction of A.
(iii) Vector addition is commutative A + B = B+A
(iv) Vector addition is associative, A+ (B +C ) = (A +B )+C
(v) R is maximum if θ = 0 and minimum if θ = 180⁰ .

Subtraction of two vectors:-

(i) Only vector of same nature can be subtracted.
(ii) Subtraction of B from A = vector addition of A and (-B),

Where θ is the angle between A and B and β is the angle which R makes with the direction of A.
(iii) Vector subtraction is anti-commutative A + B ≠ B+A
(iv) Vector subtraction is not associative, A+ (B +C ) ≠ (A +B )+C

Rectangular components of a vector in a plane:-

If A makes an angle θ with x-axis and Ax and Ay be the rectangular components of A along X-axis
and Y- axis respectively.
Then A= A x + Ay
Here A x =A Cos θ and Ay = Asin θ
Dot product or scalar product: -
The dot product of two vectors A and B, represented by. is a scalar , which is equal to the
product of the magnitudes of A and B and the Cosine of the smaller angle between them. If θ is
the smaller angle between A and B, then AB= AB
Cross or Vector Product:-
The cross product of two vectors A and B , is a third vector R , whose magnitude is equal to AB
Sinθ where A and B are magnitude of A and B and θ is smaller angle between them and its
direction will be perpendicular to the plane containing A and B given by Right Hand Thumb
Rule/ Maxwell cork screw Rule.

Projectile motion: -
Projectile is the name given to anybody which once thrown in to space with some initial
velocity, moves thereafter under the influence of gravity alone without being propelled by any
engine or fuel. The path followed by a projectile is called its trajectory.

If any object is thrown with velocity u, making an angle θ, from horizontal, then

Horizontal component of initial velocity = u cos θ.

Vertical component of initial velocity = u sin θ.
Horizontal component of velocity (u cos θ) remains same during the whole journey as no
acceleration is acting horizontally.
Vertical component of velocity (u sin θ) decreases gradually and becomes zero at highest point
of the path.
At highest point, the velocity of the body is u cos θ in horizontal direction and the angle
between the velocity and acceleration is 90°.
Important Points & Formulae of Projectile Motion
At highest point, the linear momentum is mu cos θ and the kinetic energy is (1/2)m(u cos θ)2.
The horizontal displacement of the projectile after t seconds x = (u cos θ)t
The vertical displacement of the projectile after t seconds y = (u sin θ) t — (1/2)gt2
Equation of the path of projectile

The path of a projectile is parabolic.

Time of flight It is defined as the total time for which the projectile remains in air.

Maximum height It is defined as the maximum vertical distance covered by projectile.

Horizontal range It is defined as the maximum distance covered in horizontal distance.

Note:
(i) Horizontal range is maximum when it is thrown at an angle of 45° from the horizontal

(ii) For angle of projections θ and (900 – θ) the horizontal range is same.

CIRCULAR MOTION:
When a body moves such that it always remains at a fixed distance from a fixed point then its
motion is said to be circular motion. The fixed distance is called the radius of the circular path
and the fixed point is called the centre of the circular path.
Uniform circular motion:-
When an object follows a circular path at constant speed. The motion of the object is called
uniform circular motion.
Centripetal Acceleration –
When a body performs uniform circular motion its speed remains constant but velocity
continuously changes due to change of direction. Hence a body is continuously accelerated and
the acceleration experienced by the body is known as centripetal acceleration (that is the
acceleration directed towards the center).
The magnitude of its acceleration is ac = v2/R.
The direction of ac is always towards the centre of the circle.
Angular Displacement –
Angle swept by the radius vector of a particle moving on a circular path is known as angular
displacement of the particle. Example:– angular displacement of the particle from P1 to P2 is
θ.
Angular speed:-
The angular speed is the rate of change of angular distance.
It is related with linear velocity v by V =ω R. The acceleration is ac= ω2R.
If T is the time period of revolution of the object in circular motion and ν is the frequency
then we have ω = 2πν = 2π/T and acceleration a= 4π2 ν 2 R

or
Instantaneous Angular Velocity –
Angular velocity of a body at some particular instant of time is known as instantaneous angular
velocity.
Or
Average angular velocity evaluated for very short duration of time is known as instantaneous
angular velocity.

Time Period of Uniform Circular Motion –

Total time taken by the particle performing uniform circular motion to complete one full
circular path is known as time period. In one time period total angle rotated by the particle is
2π and time period is T. Hence angular velocity

Frequency -
Number of revolutions made by the particle moving on circular path in one second is known as
frequency.
f = 1/T = ω/2π
Centripetal force:-
Centripetal force is the name given to the force that provides inward radial acceleration to a
body in circular motion. We should always look for some material force like tension, gravitational
force, electrical force, friction etc. as the centripetal force.
Physical Application of Centripetal Force
i)Case - 1 Circular motion of a stone tied to a string. Centripetal force is provided by the tension
of the string
ii) Case - 2 Circular motion of electron around the nucleus. Centripetal force is provided by the
electrostatic force of attraction between the positively charged nucleus and negatively charged
electron
iii) Case - 3 Circular motions of planets around sun or satellites around planet. Centripetal force
is provided by the gravitational force of attraction between the planet and sun
iv) Case - 4 Circular motions of vehicles on a horizontal road. Centripetal force is provided by the
static frictional force between the road and the tyre of the vehicle.
vi) Case - 6 Circular motions of mud particles sticking to the wheels of the vehicle. Centripetal
force is provided by the adhesive force of attraction between the mud particles and the tyres of
the vehicle. At very high speed when adhesive force is unable to provide necessary centripetal
force, the mud particles fly off tangentially. In order to prevent the particles from staining our
clothes, mud-guards are provided over the wheels of vehicle.
vii) Case - 7 Circular motion of a train on a horizontal track. Centripetal force is provided by the
horizontal component of the reaction force applied by the outer track on the inner projection of
the outer wheels

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. Three vectors P, Q and R satisfy the relation P.Q = 0 and P.R = 0. The vector P is parallel to
(A) Q (B) R (C) Q × R (D) Q.R
2. Two bullets are fired simultaneously horizontally and with different speeds from the same
place. Which bullet will hit the ground first?
(A) The slower one
(B) The faster one
(C) Both will reach simultaneously
(D) Depends on the masses
3. A boat which has the speed of 5 kmh-1 in still water crosses a river of width 1 km along the
shortest possible path in 15 minutes. The velocity of the river water is
(A) 3 kmh-1
(B) 4 kmh-1
(C) √41 kmh-1
(D) 1 kmh-1
4. Forces F1 and F2 act on a point mass in two mutually perpendicular directions. The resultant
force on the point mass will be
(a) F1 + F2 (b) F1 − F2
F2 + F2
(d) F1 + F2
2 2
(c) 1 2

5. Which of the following remains constant for a projectile fired from the Earth?
(A) kinetic energy
(B) momentum
(C) horizontal component of velocity
(D) vertical component of velocity
6. Which of the following is the largest, when the height attained by the projectile is the
greatest?
(A) Horizontal range
(B) Time of flight (T)
(C) Angle of projectile with horizontal direction
(D) none of these

7. The following forces are acting on a particle

(i) (2i + 3j – 2k) N
(ii) (3i + j – 3k) N
(iii) (-5i – 2j + k) N
the particle will move in
(A) x-y plane
(B) x-z plane
(C) y-z plane
(D) along x-axis

8. If A . B = AB, then ………… is the angle between A and B.

(A) 0°
(B) 30°
(C) 60°
(D) 90°

9. If A × B = AB, then ………… is the angle between A and B.

(A) 0°
(B) 30°
(C) 60°
(D) 90°

10. When a ball is projected upwards, then its acceleration at the highest point is equal to ………
(A) Zero
(B) Infinity
(C) Acceleration due to gravity
(D) One

11. Angle between velocity and acceleration vectors in the following cases are given below. Match
the correct pairs.
List I List II
a) Vertically projected body e) 900
b) For freely dropped body f) changes from point to point
c) For projectile g) zero
d) In uniform circular motion h) 1800

(A) a → h, b → g, c → f, d → e.
(B) a → f, b → g, c → h, d → e.
(C) a → e, b → f, c → h, d → g.
(D) a → g, b → h, c → e, d → f
12. A body is projected horizontally from the top of a cliff with a velocity of 9.8m/s. What time
elapses before horizontal and vertical velocities become equal? Take g = 9.8m/s2
(A) 9.8s (B) 0s (C) 10s (D) 1s

13. A body travels along the circumference of a circle of radius 2 m with a linear velocity of 6 m/s.
Then its angular velocity is
(A) 6 rad /s
(B) 3 rad /s
(C) 2 rad / s
(D) 4 rad / s

14. One radian is equal to?

(A) 57.7°
(B) 53.7°
(C) 59.3°
(D) 57.3°

15. If a body A of mass M is thrown with velocity v at angle of 30° to the horizontal and another
body B of the same mass is thrown with the same speed at an angle of 60° to the horizontal,
the ratio of the horizontal ranges of A and B will be
(A) 1: 3
(B) 1: 1
(C) √3: 1
(D) 1 : √3

16. A particle has initial velocity (3i + 4j) and has acceleration (0.4i + 0.3j). Its speed after 10s is
(A) 7unit
(B) 7 √2 unit
(C) 7 / √2 unit
(D) √2 unit
17. The speed of a projectile at its maximum height is half of its initial speed. The angle of
projection is:
(A) 60°
(B) 15°
(C) 30°
(D) 45°

18. A missile is fired for maximum range with an initial velocity of 20 m/s. If g=10 m/s2, the range
of the missile is:
(A) 50 m
(B) 60 m
(C) 20 m
(D) 40 m
19. In the given figure, a = 15m /s2 represents the total
acceleration of a particle moving in the clockwise direction in a
circle of radius R = 2.5 m at a given instant of time. The speed
of the particle is:
(A) 4.5 m/s
(B) 5.0 m/s
(C) 5.7 m/s
(D) 6.2 m/s
20. A particle is moving such that its position coordinates (x, y) are (2m, 3m) at time t = 0, (6m, 7m)
at time t = 2s and (13m, 14m) at time t = 5s. Average velocity vector (v) from t = 0 to t = 5s is
(A) (13i + 14j)/5 (B) (7i + 7j)/3
(C) 2( i + j) (D) (11 i + 11 j)/5

21. The velocity of a projectile at the initial point A is (2i + 3j) m/s.
Its velocity (in m/s) at point B is:
(A) -2i+3j
(B) -2i-3j
(C) 2i-3j
(D) 2i+3j

22. The horizontal range and the maximum height of a projectile are equal. The angle of projection
of the projectile is:
(A) ɵ = Tan -1 (1/4)
(B) ɵ = Tan -1 (4)
(C) ɵ = Tan -1 (2)
(D) ɵ = 45°

23. The x and y coordinates of the particle at any time are x=5t-2t2 and y=10t respectively, where x
and y are in the meters and t is in seconds. The acceleration of the particle at t=2s is :
(A) 0
(B) 5 m/s2
(C) -4 m/s2
(D) -8 m/s2

24. A body of mass 0.2 kg is rotated along a circle of radius 0.5 m in the horizontal plane with
uniform speed 3 m/s. The centripetal force acting on that body is:
(A) 1.8 N
(B) 3.6 N
(C) 18 N
(D) 36 N

25. Two equal forces (P each) act at a point inclined to each other at an angle of 120°. The
magnitude of their resultant is
(A) P / 2 (B) P / 4
(C) P (D) 2P
26. The horizontal range of a projectile fired at an angle of 15° is 50 m. If it is fired with the same
speed at an angle of 45°, its range will be
(A) 60 m
(B) 71 m
(C) 100 m
(D) 141 m

27. It is found that A+B=A. This necessarily implies,

(A) B = 0
(B) A, B are antiparallel
(C) A, B are perpendicular
(D) A-B < 0

28. The angle between P = i + j and Q = i - j is

(A) 45°
(B) 90°
(C) –45°
(D) 180°

29. Which one of the following statements is true?

(A) A scalar quantity is the one that is conserved in a process.
(B) A scalar quantity is the one that can never take negative values.
(C) A scalar quantity is the one that does not vary from one point to another in space.
(D) A scalar quantity has the same value for observers with different orientations of the axes.

30. Figure shows the orientation of two vectors u and v in the XY plane.
If u = a i + b j and v = p i + q j
which of the following is correct?
(A) a and p are positive while b and q are negative.
(B) a, p and b are positive while q is negative.
(C) a, q and b are positive while p is negative.
(D) a, b, p and q are all positive

31. Two particles are projected in air with speed vo at angles θ1 and θ2 (both acute) to the
horizontal, respectively. If the height reached by the first particle is greater than that of the
second, then
(A) angle of projection : θ1 > θ2
(B) angle of projection : θ1 = θ2
(C) time of flight : T1 < T2
(D) time of flight : T1 = T2

32. For a particle performing uniform circular motion, choose the incorrect statement from the
following.
(A) Magnitude of particle velocity (speed) remains constant.
(B) Particle velocity remains directed perpendicular to radius vector.
(C) Direction of acceleration keeps changing as particle moves.
(D) Magnitude of acceleration does not remain constant.

33. For two vectors P and Q, |P + Q | = | P – Q |is always true when

 (A) when either P or Q is zero
(B) when P ⊥ Q
(C) when P and Q are parallel or anti parallel
(D) when both (A) and (B)

34. A cyclist starts from centre O of a circular park of radius 1km and
moves along the path OPRQO as shown Fig. If he maintains
constant speed of 10ms–1, what is his acceleration at point R?
(A) 10 m/s2
(B) 0.1 m/s2
(C) 0.01 m/s2
(D) 1 m/s2

35. A particle is projected in air at some angle to the

horizontal, moves along parabola as shown in Fig.,
where x and y indicate horizontal and vertical
directions, respectively. What will be the direction of
velocity and acceleration at point B.
(A) +x and +y
(B) +x and –y
(C) –x and +y
(D) –x and –y

ANSWERS (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS):

Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS

1. C 11. A 21. C 31. A

2. C 12. D 22. B 32. D

3. A 13. B 23. C 33. D

4. C 14. D 24. B 34. B

5. C 15. B 25. A 35. B

6. B 16. B 26. C

7. C 17. A 27. A

8. A 18. D 28. B

9. D 19. C 29. D

10. C 20. D 30. B

ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS:

Directions: Each of these questions contains two statements, Assertion and Reason. Each of these
questions also has four Alternative choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You have to
select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct explanation for assertion
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.

1. ASSERTION: A physical quantity cannot be called as a vector if its magnitude is zero.

REASON: A vector has both magnitude and direction.

2. ASSERTION: The scalar product of two vectors can be zero.

REASON: If two vectors are perpendicular to each other, their scalar product will be zero.

3. ASSERTION: If dot product and cross product of 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵

⃗⃗ are zero, it implies that one of the
vector 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵
⃗⃗ must be a null vector.
REASON: Null vector is a vector with zero magnitude.

4. ASSERTION: If 𝐴⃗ . 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 𝐵
⃗⃗ . 𝐶⃗ Then 𝐴⃗ may not always be equal to⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶.
REASON: The dot product of two vectors involves cosine of the angle between the two
vectors.

5. ASSERTION: The maximum horizontal range of projectile is proportional to square of its

initial velocity.
REASON: The maximum horizontal range of projectile is equal to maximum height attained
by projectile.

6. ASSERTION: Minimum number of non-equal vectors in a plane required to give zero

resultant is three.
REASON: If 𝐴⃗ +𝐵 ⃗⃗ + 𝐶⃗ = 0 , then they must lie in one plane.

7. ASSERTION: When range of a projectile is maximum, its angle of projection may be 45° or
135°.
REASON: Whether θ is 45° or 135° value of range remains the same, only the sign changes.

8. ASSERTION: If there were no gravitational force, the path of the projected body always is a
straight line.
REASON: Gravitational force makes the path of projected body always parabolic.

9. ASSERTION: A body of mass 1 kg is making 1 rps in a circle of radius 1 m. centripetal

acceleration of the body is 4π2 m/s2.
REASON: Centripetal acceleration is given by a =v2/r.

10. ASSERTION: Centripetal acceleration is always directed towards the centre.

REASON: In non uniform circular motion acceleration is always directed towards the centre.
ANSWERS(ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS):

Q.NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

ANS d a c b c c a c a c

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS:

CASE 1. COMBINATION OF VECTORS
When a bird flies, its wings W1, and W₂ push the air downwards with forces F1, and F₂
respectively. The air offers equal and opposite reactions R1 and R2 in accordance with
Newton's third law of motion. According to parallelogram law of vectors, the resultant
R of R1 and R2 acts on the bird in the upward direction as shown in the following figure.
This helps the bird to fly upward.

(i). The flight of a bird is an example of composition of vectors. Which of the following
statements is correct?
(A) When a bird flies the air is pushed upwards by its wings.
(B) When a bird flies the air is pushed downwards by its wings.
(C) When a bird flies the air is pushed in all directions by its wings.
(D) None of these

(ii). Which of the following statements is true?

(A) Three vectors not lying in a plane give zero resultant.
(B) Three vectors lying in a plane give zero resultant.
(C) Two vectors of different magnitude be combined to give a zero resultant.
(D) None of these.

(iii). Resultant of two vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗⃗ inclined at an angle θ is 𝑐⃗. but 𝑎⃗ = 𝑏⃗⃗= 𝑐⃗ then θ is:
(A) 1500
(B) 1200
(C) 900
(D) 1800

(iv). What is the angle between two forces of magnitude 2N and 3N so that their
resultant is 4N.
(A) cos−1 1/4
(B) sin−1 1/4
(C) tan−1 1/4
(D) sec −1 1/4
 (v). The following figure shows parallelogram ABCD.

Then ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐶 + ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐵𝐷 =?
(A) 2 𝐵𝐶 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(B) 𝐵𝐶⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(C) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝐷
(D) None of these

CASE 2. (BALLISTIC PROJECTION)PROJECTILE MOTION

Projectile fired at an angle θ with the horizontal as shown in Fig. suppose a body is
projected with initial velocity u, making an angle θ with the horizontal. The velocity u
has two rectangular components:
(i) The horizontal component u cosθ, which remains constant throughout the motion.
(ii) The vertical component u sinθ, which changes with time under the effect of gravity.
This component first decreases, becomes zero at the highest point A, after which it
again increases, till the projectile hits the ground.

(i).The time of flight is :

𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
(A) 2𝑔
2𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
(B) 𝑔
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
(C) 𝑔
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
(D) 4𝑔

(ii).Maximum Height attained by the projectile is :

(A) 𝐻 = 2𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 θ/g
(B) 𝐻 = 𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 θ/2g
(C) 𝐻 = 4𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 θ/g
(D) 𝐻 = 𝑢2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 θ/4g

(iii). Horizontal range is :

(A) 𝑅 = 𝑢2 sin2θ/g
(B) 𝑅 = 𝑢2 sin2θ/4g
(C) 𝑅 = 2𝑢2 sin2θ/g
(D) 𝑅 = 𝑢2 sinθ/4g
 (iv). The Maximum horizontal rang is :
(A) Rmax = 𝑢2 /g
(B) Rmax = = 𝑢2 /2g
(C) Rmax = 𝑢2 /3g
(D) Rmax = 𝑢2 /4g

(v). For which pairs of angle of projection the horizontal range will be same?
(A) 450, 500
(B) 350, 550
(C) 500, 600
(D) 800, 600

CASE 3. VECTOR PRODUCT

Product of two vectors may be defined in two ways. When product of two vectors is a
scalar Scalar, its called scalar product or dot product. When product of two vectors is a
vector physical quantity, its said to be vector product. For two vectors A and B inclined
at an angle θ we can define (i) Scalar Product as 𝐴⃗ . 𝐵⃗⃗ = AB cosθ and Vector Product as
𝐴⃗x 𝐵
⃗⃗= AB sinθ 𝑛̂, where 𝑛̂ is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing the two
vectors A and B.

(i) The dot product of vectors 𝐴⃗= i+2j- k and 𝐵

⃗⃗= - i + j- 2k is :
(A) 4
(B) 3
(C) 2
(D) 1

(ii) Angle between vectors 𝐴⃗= i+2j- k and 𝐵

⃗⃗= - i + j- 2k is :
(A) 600
(B) 300
(C) 120
(D) 900

(iii) The cross product of vectors 𝐴⃗= 6 i+9j- 12k and 𝐵

⃗⃗= 2i +3 j- 4k is :
(A) 2i+ 3j- 3k
(B) I + 3j- 2k
(C) 2 i+3 j- 4k
(D) ⃗0⃗

(iv) Two vectors 𝐴⃗ and 𝐵

⃗⃗ are perpendicular if:
( a) 𝐴⃗ . 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 0
(B) 𝐴⃗ X 𝐵 ⃗⃗ = 0
(C ) 𝐴⃗ . 𝐵
⃗⃗ = 2
(D) 𝐴⃗ X 𝐵 ⃗⃗ = 2

⃗⃗= 3 j- 4k is:
(v) Magnitude of vector 𝐵
(A) 3
(B) 4
(C) 5
(D) 6
CASE 4. UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION

Uniform circular motion is an accelerated motion. In uniform circular motion, the speed
of the body remains the same but the direction of motion changes at every point. Fig
shows the different velocity vectors at different positions of the particle. At each
position, the velocity vector is perpendicular to the radius vector r. Thus the velocity of
the body changes continuously and due to the continuous change in the direction of
motion of the body. As the rate of change of velocity is acceleration, so a uniform circular
motion is an accelerated motion.

(i) A particle completed 4 rounds along a circular path. The angular displacement of the
particles is
(A) 3π
(B) 4 π
(C) 5 π
(D) 8 π

(ii) A particle completed 4 rounds along a circular path in 20 second. The angular
velocity of the particles is
3𝜋
(A) 4 radian/s
𝜋
(B) radian/s
4
2𝜋
(C) radian/s
5
5𝜋
(D) radian/s
4

(iii) A particle is moving along a circular path of radius 14 cm and with an angular
2𝜋
velocity 5 rad/s. The linear velocity of the particle is :
(A) 1.76 m/s
(B) 17.6 m/s
(C) 0.176 m/s
(D) 176 m/s

(iv) The centripetal acceleration of a body of mass m moving along a circular path of
radius r with a uniform velocity v is given by
(A) v2/r
(B) 2v2/r
(C) v2/2r
(D) v2/3r
(v) The direction of centripetal acceleration of a body moving along a circular path is :
(A) Along the radius towards the centre.
(B) Along the radius outwards the centre.
(C) Along the tangent at any point.
(D) None of these.
CASE 5 RESOLUTION OF VECTORS

Vectors can be added to get a resultant vector. In the same way, a Vectors can be
splitted/resolved along the direction of any two give vectors. If a vectors is resolved in
two components which are perpendicular to each other, the components are called
rectangular components of a vector. Now consider a body which is acted upon by the
following velocities:
(i) 7 ms-1 due to E,
(ii) 10 ms-1 due S,
(iii) 5√2 ms-1 due N.E.

(i) Component of OC along East direction is:

(A) 5m/s
(B) 10 m/s
(C) 12m/s
(D) 2m/s

(ii) Component of OC along North direction is:

((A) 5m/s
(B) 10 m/s
(C) 12m/s
(D) 2m/s

(iii) Net velocity in East direction is:

(A) 5 m/s
(B) 7 m/s
(C) 12m/s
(D) 2m/s

(iv) The magnitude of the resultant velocity is:

(A) 5 m/s
(B) 10 m/s
(C) 12m/s
(D) 13 m/s

(v) The direction of the resultant velocity is:

(A) cos−1 1/4
(B) tan−1 1/4
(C) tan−1 5/12
(D) sec −1 1/4
ANSWERS (CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS):

ANS (i) ANS (ii) ANS (iii) ANS (iv) ANS (v)

CASE 1 b b b a a

CASE 2 b b a a b

CASE 3 b a d a c

CASE 4 d c c a a

CASE 5 a a c d c
 CHAPTER 5

LAWS OF MOTION

GIST OF LESSON:
1. Force: it is the push or pull which bring the change in (i) change in magnitude of velocity (ii)
change in direction of motion (iii) change in shape
2. Force is the cause for translatory motion. It is measured in newton and has the dimension MLT-2
3. The inherent property with anybody to resist any change in its state of motion is called
inertia.Heavier the body, the inertia is more and lighter is the body lessor the inertia.
4. Unbalanced external forces acting on a body or system can only bring the change in the state
ofmotion.
Newton’s Laws of Motion:
First Law: A body at rest or in uniform motion remains in its state till an unbalanced external force
acts on it.
Second Law: the rate of change of linear momentum of a body is directly proportional to the
applied force and takes place in the direction in which force is acting. Thus F= k dp/dt = k ma
or
The total unbalanced external force acting on a mass it the product of its mass m andacceleration a
i.e. F= ma
Third law: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
5. Momentum is the product of mass and velocity P= mv. Its is the outcome of force acting
onbody. It is measured in kg m/s and has the dimensions of MLT-1
6. Principle Of Conservation Of Linear Momentum
It states that in the absence of any external applied force, total linear momentum of a system
remains conserved.
Proof-
We know that,
7.
F = ma

or, F = mdv
dt

or, F = dmv
dt

or, F = dp
dt

if, F=0
dp/dt = 0
p = Constant (differentiation of constant is
or, zero)

or, Pinitial = Pfinal

8. Impulse: force acting for short duration are called impulsive forces. It is I= ∫ F dt or change
inmomentum i.e. I = P2-P1. Area under F-t graph gives impulse.
9. When no external force acts on a body or system, momentum remains conserved. If Fe = 0,
P=constant.
10. Action and Reaction never act on same body.
11. When a bullet of mass m is fired with the velocity v, the gun of mass M will recoil with a
velocity V= -mv/M
12. Apparent weight in a lift
(i) Stationary or lift in uniform
motion Apparent Weight = Actual
Weight
(ii) Lift accelerated up by a
Apparent weight = actiual weight + Ma = M(g+a)
(iii) Lift accelerated down by a
Apparent weight = actiual weight - Ma = M(g-a)
(iv) In free fall a=g
Apparent weight = actiual weight - Mg = M(g-g)=0
(v) When a> g, while falling
Apparent weight is negative, therefore the mass m is said to be in contact with the
roof.
13. The frames of reference which are not accelerated and in which the Newton’s laws hold good
arecalled inertial frames.
14. The frames of reference which are accelerated and in which the Newton’s laws do not hold
good are called non inertial frames.
15. The earth is not a perfect inertial frame. But we take it as inertial.
16. Friction is an opposing force acting tangentially on a body.
17. Static friction is a self-adjusting force. ( fs ≤ µs N). the maximum value is called limiting friction.
18. The friction experienced under motion is called kinetic friction (fk = µk N) and is less than
the limiting friction.
19. Frictional force depends on (i) the nature of the surface (ii) normal reaction f = µ N
20. Friction is independent of area of contact.
21. The coefficient of static, kinetic and rolling frictions µs, µk and µr are related as µs > µk >µr
22. The coefficient of static friction = tangent of the angle of friction , µs= tan ɵ
The angle of friction is defined as the angle between the resultant of the normal reaction and the
frictional force with normal reaction.
23. The maximum angle α to which an inclined plane be tilted from horizontal so that any mass
on its top can not slide is called angle of repose also µs= tan θ

24. Polishing, lubricating and use of ball bearings reduce friction.

25. Acceleration of a body coming down an inclined plane θ which frictional coefficient µ
isa = g ( sin θ – µ cos θ)
26. The minimum force required to take a mass m up an inclined plane θ with frictional coefficient
u is F= mg(sin θ + µ cos θ)
 27. The maximum speed with which a vehicle can negotiate a curve is v max = √( µ r g) where
µ is coefficient of friction and r is radius of path.

28. In a banked curved ɵ with friction, the Maximum velocity is given by

rg( tan θ + µ)
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √ (1− µ tan θ)

29. Pseudo force: the force that comes into existence on anybody due to the acceleration of the
frame in which it is placed is call pseudo force. Ex. Centrifugal force.
a. The accelerated frames of reference are called non inertial frames. In them F e + Fp = ma,
where Fe is external force and Fp is pseudo force.
Equilibrium of Concurrent Forces
If the number of forces act at the same point, they are called concurrent forces. The
condition or the given body to be in equilibrium under the number of forces acting on the body is
that these forces should produce zero resultant.
The resultant of the concurrent forces acting on a body will be zero if they can be represented
completely by the sides of a closed polygon taken in order.
F1+F2+F3+F4+F5=0
Lami’s Theorem – It states that the three forces acting at a point are in equilibrium if each force is
proportional the sine of the angle between the other two forces.

F1 F2

β β α
F1
ϒ
F3

F2
F3
α

F1 = F2 = F3
Sin α Sin β Sin ϒ
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:
1. Which of the following is known as law of inertia?
(A). Newton’s first law of motion.
(B). Newton’s Second law of motion.
(C). Newton’s third law of motion.
(D). law of conservation of mass.

2. Mohan jumps from his school bus while it is in running state, then Mohan fall in
(A). forward direction.
(B). backward direction.
(C). running in straight direction
(D). none of these.
3. For a body moving with constant speed in a horizontal circle which of the following
remains constant?
(A). velocity
(B). acceleration
(C). centripetal force
(D). kinetic energy

4. A particle of mass 10 kg is moving in straight line, if its displacement x with time t is given
by 𝑥 = (𝑡 3 − 2𝑡 − 10)m, then the force acting on it at the end of 4 sec is
(A). 24 N
(B). 240 N
(C). 300N
(D). 1200 N

5. A light string passing over a smooth light pulley connects two blocks of masses m and M
vertically. If the acceleration of the system is g/8, then the ratio of masses is
(A). 8/1
(B). 9/7
(C). 4/3
(D). 5/3

6. A body of mass m collides against a wall with velocity v and rebounds with same speed.
Its change of momentum is
(A). 2 mv
(B). mv
(C). - mv
(D). zero

7. The static force of friction

(A). remains the same with increase in the applied force.
(B). decrease with the increase in the applied force.
(C). increase with increase in the applied force.
(D). increase with the decrease in the applied force.
8. A 100 g iron ball having velocity 10 m/s collides with a wall at an angle 30° and rebounds
with the same angle. If the period of contact between the ball and wall is 0.1 second, then
the force experienced by the wall is
(A) 10 N (B) 100 N
(C) 1.0 N (D) 0.1 N

9. A car moves at a speed of 20 m/s on a banked road and describes an arc of a circle of
radius 40√3 m. The angle of banking in degrees is (g = 10 m/s2)
(A). 25
(B). 60
(C). 30
(D). 45

10. Sand is being dropped on a conveyor belt at the rate of M kg/s. The force necessary to
keep the belt moving with a constant velocity v m/s will be
(A). Mv
(B). 2 Mv
(C). Mv/2
(D). zero
11. A block is kept on a frictionless inclined plane with angle of inclination x. The plane is
given an acceleration a to keep the block at rest. Then a is equal to
(A). g
(B). g tan x
(C). g/ tan x
(D). g/sin x

12. A 60 kg body is pushed with just enough force to start it moving across a floor and the
same force continues to act afterwards. The coefficient of static friction and sliding
friction are 0.5 and 0.4 respectively. The acceleration of the body is
2 2
(A) 6m / s (B) 4.9m / s
2 2
(C) 3.92m / s (D) 1m / s

13. A bullet of mass 0.05 kg moving with a speed of 80 m/s enters a wooden block and is
stopped after a distance of 0.40 m. the average resistive force exerted by the block on
the bullet is
(A). 300 N
(B). 20 N
(C). 400N
(D). 40 N

14. An object of mass 5 kg is attached to the hook of a spring balance and the balance is
suspended vertically from the roof of a lift. The reading on the spring balance, when the
lift is going up with an acceleration of 0.25 m/s-2 ( g= 10m/s2)
(A). 51.25 N
(B). 48.75 N
(C). 52.75 N
(D). 47.25N
15. Maximum value of static friction is called
(A) Limiting friction (B) Rolling friction
(C)Normal reaction (D) Coefficient of friction

16. A bullet of mass 20 g has an initial speed of 1 m/s just before it starts penetrating a mud
wall of thickness 20 cm. if the wall offers a mean resistance of 2.5 x 10-2 N, the speed of
the bullet after emerging from the other side of wall is close to
(A). 0.4 m/s
(B). 0.1 m/s
(C). 0.3 m/s
(D). 0.7 m/s

17. A block of mass 2 kg rests on a horizontal surface. If a horizontal force of 5 N is applied

on the block, coefficients of static and kinetic frictions are 0.4 and 0.2 respectively. the
frictional force on it is
(A). 20 N
(B). zero
(C). 8 N
(D). 5 N
18. A block of mass 2 kg is lying on an inclined plane, inclined to the horizontal at 30 0. The
coefficient of friction is 0.7, then magnitude of frictional force acting on the block will be
(A). 1109 N
(B). 11.9 N
(C). 0.119 N
(D). 119 N
19. A bullet of mass 0.1 kg is fired with a speed of 100 m/sec, the mass of gun is 50 kg. The
velocity of recoil is
(A) 0.2 m/sec (B) 0.1 m/sec
(C) 0.5 m/sec (D) 0.05 m/sec

20. On the horizontal surface of a truck ( = 0.6), a block of mass 1 kg is placed. If the truck
is accelerating at the rate of 5m/sec2 then frictional force on the block will be
(A) 5 N (B) 6 N
(C) 5.88 N (D) 8 N
21. A jet plane flies in the air because
(A) The gravity does not act on bodies moving with high speeds
(B) The thrust of the jet compensates for the force of gravity
(C) The flow of air around the wings causes an upward force, which compensates for the
force of gravity
(D) The weight of air whose volume is equal to the volume of the plane is more than the
weight of the plane
22. A player caught a cricket ball of mass 150 gm moving at a rate of 20 m/s. If the catching
process be completed in 0.1 s, then the force of the blow exerted by the ball on the hands
of the player is
(A) 0.3 N (B) 30 N
(C) 300 N (D) 3000 N
23. When a body is moving on a surface, the force of friction is called
(A) Static friction (B) Dynamic friction
(C) Limiting friction (D) Rolling friction

24. Which one of the following is not used to reduce friction

(A) Oil (B) Ball bearings
(C) Sand (D) Graphite

25. A man fires a bullet of mass 200 g at a speed of 5 m/s. The gun is of one kg mass. by what
velocity the gun rebounds backwards
(A) 0.1 m/s (B) 10 m/s
(C) 1 m/s (D) 0.01 m/s

26. The coefficient of friction  and the angle of friction  are related as
(A) sin  =  (B) cos  = 
(C) tan  =  (D) tan  = 


27. Three forces starts acting simultaneously on a particle moving with velocity v . These forces
are represented in magnitude and direction by the three sides of a triangle ABC (as shown).
The particle will now move with velocity
C
(A) v remaining unchanged

(B) Less than v

(C) Greater than v

A B
(D) v in the direction of the largest force BC

28. Consider the following statements about the blocks shown in the diagram that are being
pushed by a constant force on a frictionless table

F 3 kg
2 kg
1 kg

A. All blocks move with the same acceleration

B. The net force on each block is the same Which of these statements are/is correct
(A) A only (B) B only
(C) Both A and B (D) Neither A nor B

29. The maximum speed that can be achieved without skidding by a car on a circular
unbanked road of radius R and coefficient of static friction  , is

(A) Rg (B) Rg 

(C)  Rg (D) Rg

 30. Two masses 2 kg and 3 kg are attached to the end of the string passed over a pulley fixed
at the top. The tension and acceleration are
7g g 21 g g
; ;
(A) 8 8 (B) 8 8

21 g g 12 g g
; ;
(C) 8 5 (D) 5 5

31. The proper use of lubricants cannot reduce.

(A) Static friction (B) Inertia

(C) Sliding friction (D) rolling friction

32. Which of the following statements is not true ?
(A) The coefficient of friction between two surfaces increases as the surface in contact
are made rough
(B) The force of friction acts in a direction opposite to the applied force
(C) Rolling friction is greater than sliding friction
(D) The coefficient of friction between wood and wood is less than 1

33. A 20 kg block is initially at rest on a rough horizontal surface. A horizontal force of 75 N is

required to set the block in motion. After it is in motion, a horizontal force of 60 N is
required to keep the block moving with constant speed. The coefficient of static friction
is
(A) 0.38 (B) 0.44
(C) 0.52 (D) 0.60

34. The optimum speed, for which wear and tear of the tyre is minimum, that can be
achieved without skidding by a car on a circular banked road of radius R is
(A) 𝑅𝑔𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 (B) 𝑅𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃/𝑔
(C) Rg (D) √𝑅𝑔𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃

35. A horizontal force of 129.4 N is applied on a 10 kg block which rests on a horizontal surface.
If the coefficient of friction is 0.3, the acceleration should be
(A) 9.8 m / s 2 (B) 10 m / s 2

(C) 12 .6 m / s 2 (D) 19 .6 m / s 2

ANSWERS (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS):

Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS
1. (A) 8. (A) 15. (A) 22. (B) 29. (D)
2. (A) 9. (C) 16. (D) 23. (D) 30. (D)
3. (D) 10. (A) 17. (D) 24. (C) 31. (B)
4. (B) 11. (B) 18. (B) 25. (C) 32. (C)
5. (B) 12. (D) 19. (A) 26. (C) 33. (A)
6. (A) 13. (A) 20. (A) 27. (A) 34. (D)
7. (C) 14. (A) 21. (B) 28. (A) 35. (D)
 ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS:
For question numbers 4, 5 and 6, two statements are given-one labeled Assertion (A) and the
other labeled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c)
and (d) as given below.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false and R is also false.

1. ASSERTION: Frictional forces are conservative forces.

REASON: Potential energy can be associated with frictional force.

2. ASSERTION: A man in a closed cabin, which is falling freely, does not experience gravity.
REASON: Inertial and gravitational masses have equivalence.

3. ASSERTION: On a rainy day, it is difficult to derive a car or a bus at high speed.

REASON: The value of coefficient friction is lowered due to wetting of the surface.

4. ASSERTION: The apparent weight of a body in an elevator moving with some downward
acceleration is less than the actual weight of body.
REASON: The part of the weight is spent in producing downward acceleration, when body is
in elevator.

5. ASSERTION: Impulsive force is large and acts for a short time.

REASON: Finite change in momentum should be produced by the force.

6. ASSERTION: A table cloth can be pulled from a table without dislodging the dishes.
REASON: To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

7. ASSERTION: A quick collision between two bodies is more violent than a slow collision, even
when the initial and final velocities are identical.
REASON: The momentum is greater in first case.

8. ASSERTION: Centripetal force is always required for motion in curved path.

REASON: On a banked curved track, vertical component of the normal reaction provides the
necessary centripetal force.

9. ASSERTION: For equilibrium of concurrent forces acting at a point, net force must be zero.
REASON: For a point mass object to be in equilibrium, its linear acceleration must be zero.

10. ASSERTION: On a banked curved track, without friction, horizontal component of normal
reaction provides the necessary centripetal force.
REASON: Centripetal force is not always required for turning.

ANSWERS (ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS):

Q.NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ANS d b a b a b c c a c
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS:
CASE 1. NEWTON”S 2ND LAW OF MOTION:
According to Newton’s second law of motion, F = ma, where F is force required to produce
an acceleration a in a body of mass m. if a = 0, then F = 0 i. e. no external force is required to
move a body uniformly along a straight line. If a force act on a body for t seconds, the effect
of force is given by impulse = F x t = change in linear momentum of body.
With the help of passage given above, choose the appropriate alternative for each of
following questions:

(i). A cricket ball of mass 150 g is moving with a velocity of 12 m/s and is hit by a bat so that
the ball is turned back with a velocity of 20 m/s. if duration on contact between the ball and
bat is 0.01 s the impulse of force is
(A) 7.4 Ns.
(B) 4.8 Ns.
(C) 1.2 Ns.
(D) 4.7 Ns.
(ii). Average force exerted by the bat is
(A) 480 N. (B) 120 N. (C) 1200 N. (D) 840 N.
(iii). The retardation of ball is
(A) 1600 m/s2.
(B) 320 m/s2.
(C) 3200 m/s2.
(D) 160 m/s2.
(iv). The force acting on the object whose linear momentum changes by 20 kg m/s in 10 s is
(A) 2 N.
(B) 20 N.
(C) 200 N.
(D) 0.2 N.
(v). An impulsive force of 100 N acts on an object for 1 s. The change in its linear
momentum is
(A) 10 Ns.
(B) 100 Ns.
(C) 1000 Ns.
(D) 1 Ns.
CASE 2. FRICTION
Friction between any two surfaces in contact is the force that opposes the relative motion
between them. The force of limiting friction (F) between any two surfaces in contact is
directly proportional to the normal reaction R between them i.e. F α R or F = µR, where µ is
coefficient of limiting friction. If x is angle of friction then µ = tan x. With the help of passage
given above, chose the appropriate alternative for each of following questions:

(i). The force of 49 N is just able to move a block of wood weight 10 kg on a rough horizontal
surface. The coefficient of friction is
(A) 0.5 (B) 4.9
(C) 10/49 (D) 49/9.8
 (ii). The angle of friction for coefficient of friction 1 is
(A) 340 26’ (B) 300’ (C) 260 34’ (D) 450.

(iii). What would be coefficient of friction if angle of friction is 30 0

(A) √3
(B) 5.77
(C) 1.577
(D) 0.577
(iv). A horizontal force of 1.2 kgf is applied on a 1.5 kg block which rests on a horizontal
surface. If the coefficient of friction is 0.3, force of friction is
(A) 0.45 kgf.
(B) 1.2 kgf.
(C) 1.5 kgf.
(D) 0.3 kgf.
(v). The acceleration produced in a block in the above question is
(A) 9.8 m/s2
(B) 0.3 m/s2
(C) 1.5 m/s2
(D) 4.9 m/s2

CASE 3. Free Body Diagram:

To verify the laws of limiting friction, we take two exactly identical rectangular blocks of
wood A and B, each of same weight mg. each block is provided with a hook on one side. The
block is placed on a horizontal table provided with a frictionless pulley on one side, fig 3.1.
One end of a string is attached to the hook of the block. The string is then passed over the
pulley and a pan is attached to the free end of the string. Any number of weights can be
added to the pan.
We adjust the weights in the pan till the block just begins to move. The applied force P at
this stage gives us a measure of force of limiting friction F. All blocks are similar. And all
weights are similar. Carefully observe the blocks and number of weights in the pan and
answer following question.
Block applies force equal to its weight on the table and in return table provides normal
reaction R.

Fig. 3.1 Fig. 3.2 Fig. 3.3

(i). Refer fig 3.1 and 3.2 it was observed that when only one block was place, it could be just
moved by placing one weight in pan and when two block were placed one over the other,
then two weights were required to just move the blocks. This gives that
(A) frictional force is directly proportional to the normal reaction.
(B) frictional force is directly proportional to the square of normal reaction.
 (C) frictional force is inversely proportional to the normal reaction.
(D) frictional force is inversely proportional to the square of normal reaction.
(ii). It is evident from fig 3.1 and 3.2 that
(A) R = mg and F= P and frictional force is directed in the direction of applied force.
(B) R = mg and F= P and frictional force is directed opposite to direction of
applied force.
(C) R = mg and F=1/ P and frictional force is directed in the direction of applied force.
(D) R = mg and F= 1/ P and frictional force is directed opposite to direction of applied force.

(iii). This question refer to fig. 3.3, it was observed experimentally that same force was
required to just bring the blocks in motion as it was needed in case of fig 3.2. this suggests
that
(A) force of friction is independent of the blocks.
(B) force of frictions is always constant.
(C) force of friction depends on the total area of contact.
(D) force of limiting friction is independent of the apparent area of contact between the
bodies, so long as the normal reaction R between them remains the same.
(iv). Take the rectangular block A. make one surface of A smooth and well-polished and the
opposite surface of A very rough. Find the force of limiting friction by putting weights when
(i) rough surface is in contact with the table and (ii) when smooth surface is in contact with
the table. We observe that more weight is required in case (i) than in case (ii). This suggests
that
(A) force of friction is directly proportional to the area of contact.
(B) force of friction is always equal to applied force.
(C) force of friction is independent of nature of surface.
(D) force of friction is more between rough surfaces than between smooth surfaces.
(v). If we take two blocks, one of wood and other of metal of same weight, Friction in either
case is different. This proves that
(A) force depends on the weight of the block.
(B) force of friction is always opposite to the applied force
(C) force of frictions depends on the nature of material of the bodies in contact.
(D) force of friction is directly proportional to the surface area of body.

CASE 4. TOPIC: Weight in lift or elevator

The person of 60 kg is standing on a platform scale balance kept on the floor of an elevator
Cab is capable of motion in up or down direction with either a uniform velocity or a
constant acceleration. The value of velocity as well as acceleration may be adjusted at any
suitable value. Newton's second law of motion can be applied for the motion of elevator
cab. Take g = 10 m/s2.

(i). Observed weight of the person, when elevator is at rest, is

(A) 600 N
(B) 300 N
(C) 900 N
(D) 120 N
 (ii). Observed weight of the person, when elevator cab is moving upward with a constant
velocity of 2 m/s, will be
(A) 600 N (B) 450 N (C) 800 N (D) 500 N
(iii). Observed weight of the person, when elevator cab is going upward with a constant
𝑔
acceleration of 4 , will be
(A) 200 N
(B) 750 N
(C) 450 N
(D) 800 N
(iv). Observed weight of the person, when elevator cab is going downward with a
𝑔
acceleration of 4 , will be
(A) 600 N
(B) 300 N
(C) 450 N
(D) 750 N
(v). If the elevator cab suddenly goes out of order and starts falling freely under gravity then
observed weight of the person will be
(A) 60 kg
(B) 120 N
(C) 30 N
(D) Zero

CASE 5. TOPIC: CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

According to the principle of linear momentum, in an isolated system, the vector sum of
linear momenta of all the bodies of the system is conserved and is not affected due to their
mutual action and reaction. P = constant.
𝑑𝑃⃗⃗
According to Newton’s 2nd law of motion, 𝑀𝑎⃗𝑐𝑚 is equal to the external force 𝐹⃗ and 𝐹⃗ = .
𝑑𝑡
⃗⃗
𝑑𝑃
In case of an isolated system, no external force is acting on the system. i. e. 𝐹⃗ = 0 𝑠𝑜, 𝑑𝑡 =
0 𝑜𝑟, 𝑑𝑃⃗⃗ = 0 ∴ 𝑃⃗⃗ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡.
i. e. 𝑚1 𝑣⃗1 + 𝑚2 𝑣⃗2 + 𝑚3 𝑣⃗3 + ⋯ … … … … 𝑚𝑛 𝑣⃗𝑛 .
Based on this principle, we are able to explain the recoil velocity of a gun when a bullet is
fired, flights of jet planes and rocket, explosion of bomb etc. in all these cases if one part of
system is moving one direction then the other part move in such a direction that total linear
momentum may remain constant.

(i). A stream of water flowing horizontally with a speed of 15 m/s gushes out of a tube of
cross section area 0.01 m2 , hits at a vertical wall and rebounds with same speed. What is
force on the wall (density of water = 1000 kg / m3)
(A) 5400 N.
(B) 4000 N.
(C) 4500 N.
(D) 5000 N.
 (ii). A gun weighing 10 kg fires a bullet of mass 30 g with a velocity of 330 m/s. with what
velocity does the gun recoils?
(A) 2 m/s. (B) - 2 m/m. (C) 0.99 m/s. (D) - 0.99 m/s.
(iii). A proton and an alpha particle are held at rest. Mass of alpha particle is four times the
mass of proton and charge on it is twice the charge on proton. When they are released to
move freely, alpha particle moves with velocity v then, the velocity of proton will be
(A) 2v.
(B) - 2v.
(C) 4v.
(D) - 4v.
(iv). A bomb of mass m at rest explodes into two parts of masses m/3 and 2m/3 which move
opposite to each other. If the velocity of lighter part is v then the velocity of heavier part is
(A) v/2.
(B) -v/2.
(C) v/3.
(D) -v/3.
(v). A player caught a cricket ball of masses 150 g moving at the rate of 20 m/s. if the
catching process is completed in 0.1 s, the force of the blow exerted by the ball on the
hands of the player is
(A) 0.3 N.
(B) 30 N.
(C) 300 N.
(D) 3000N.

ANSWERS (CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS):

ANS (i) ANS (ii) ANS (iii) ANS (iv) ANS (v)

CASE 1 B A C A B

CASE 2 A D D A D

CASE 3 A B D D D

CASE 4 A A B C D

CASE 5 C D D B B
 CHAPTER 6
WORK ENERGY AND POWER
GIST OF LESSON:
Work:
When the point of application of force moves in the direction of the applied force under its effect
then work is said to be done.

MATHEMATICAL DEFINITION OF WORK

s
Work is defined as the product of force and displacement in the direction of force
W=Fxs
VECTOR DEFINITION OF WORK
Let a constant force F be applied on the body such that it makes an angle  with the horizontal and
body is displaced through a distance s.

Since body is being displaced in the direction of Fcos , therefore work done by the force in
displacing the body through a distance s is given by

W = (Fcos )s = Fs cos  or W = F.s

Thus, work done by a force is equal to the scalar or dot product of the force and the
displacement of the body.
FSinθ F

θ
FCosθ

WORK DONE BY VARIABLE FORCE

Force varying with displacement
In this condition we consider the force to be constant for any elementary displacement and work
done in that elementary displacement is evaluated. Total work is obtained by integrating the
elementary work from initial to final limits.
𝑑𝑤 = 𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑠
𝑠2
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑊 = ∫ 𝐹 . 𝑑𝑠
𝑠1
Force varying with time

In this condition we consider the force to be constant for any elementary displacement and work
done in that elementary displacement is evaluated.

𝑑𝑤 = 𝐹 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗ . 𝑑𝑠
Multiplying and dividing by dt,
𝒅𝒔⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝒅𝒔
𝒅𝒘 = ⃗⃗⃗
𝑭 . 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = ⃗⃗⃗
𝑭 .𝒗⃗ 𝒅𝒕 ⃗)
(𝒅𝒕 = 𝒗
WORK DONE BY VARIABLE FORCE FROM GRAPH ( Applicable in one dimensional Motion only)
Let force be the function of displacement & its graph be as shown.

THE WORK-ENERGY THEOREM

The net work on a system equals the change in the quantity

1 1
𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑣 2 − 𝑚𝑣𝑜 2
2 2
1
The quantity 2 𝑚𝑣 2 in the work-energy theorem is defined to be the translational kinetic energy (KE)
of a mass m moving at a speed v. (Translational kinetic energy is distinct from rotational kinetic
energy) In equation form, the translational kinetic energy,
1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2
2
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Energy possessed by the body by virtue of its position or state is known as potential energy.
Example:- gravitational potential energy, elastic potential energy, electrostatic potential energy
etc.
GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY

Energy possessed by a body by virtue of its height above surface of earth is known as
gravitational potential energy. It is equal to the work done by the body situated at some
height in returning back slowly to the surface of earth. Its given by U = mgh.

ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY

Energy possessed by the spring by virtue of compression or expansion against elastic force
1
( F = -kx) in the spring is known as elastic potential energy. Its given by 𝑈 = 2 𝑘𝑥 2

CONSERVATIVE FORCE AND NON CONSERVATIVE FORCES:

Forces are said to be conservative in nature if work done by the forces in round trip of an
object is always zero.
OR
If work done the force in displacing an object depends only on its initial and final position and
not on the path followed by the object then the force are said to be conservative forces.
Example: - gravitational forces, elastic forces & all the central forces.
The force which do not satisfy the above condition is said to be non conservative force.
Example: Friction force, Air resistance etc.
Note : Concept of potential energy is defined only for conservative forces which is given by the
relation change in Potential Energy = - Work done by the conservative forces
𝑑𝑈
∆𝑈 = − 𝐹𝑐 ∆𝑥 𝑜𝑟 𝐹𝑐 = − 𝑑𝑥

Motion in a vertical circle

Specail case:-
Case 1:-When the body is the lower most position i.e.the body is at L(h=0)
 𝒎 𝟓
𝑻𝑳 = (𝒖𝟐 +gr) ,velocity 𝒖 ≥ √𝟓𝒈𝒓 and Total Energy= 𝑬𝒑 + 𝑬𝒌 = 𝟐 𝒎𝒈𝒓 + 𝟎 =
𝒓
𝟓
𝒎𝒈𝒓
𝟐

Case 2:-When the body is the upper most position i.e.the body is at H(h=2r)
𝒎
𝑻𝑯 = (𝒖𝟐 − 𝟓𝒈𝒓), velocity 𝒗 = √𝒈𝒓 and
𝒓
𝟏 𝟓
Total Energy= 𝑬𝒑 + 𝑬𝒌 = 𝟐 𝒎𝒈𝒓 + 𝟐𝒎𝒈𝒓 = 𝟐 𝒎𝒈𝒓

Case 3:-When the string is horizontal i.e.the body is at M(h=r)

𝒎
𝑻𝑴 = (𝒖𝟐 − 𝟐𝒈𝒓), velocity 𝒗 = √𝟑𝒈𝒓 and
𝒓
𝟑 𝟓
Total Energy= 𝑬𝒑 + 𝑬𝒌 = 𝟐 𝒎𝒈𝒓 + 𝒎𝒈𝒓 = 𝟐 𝒎𝒈𝒓

Relation between tension at the Heigest and at the Lowest point 𝑻𝑳 − 𝑻𝑯 = 𝟔𝒎𝒈

COLLISION

Collision between the two bodies is defined as mutual interaction of the bodies for a short
interval of time due to which the energy and the momentum of the interacting bodies change.

Types of Collision
There are basically three types of collisions
i) Elastic Collision – That is the collision between perfectly elastic bodies. In this type of
collision, since only conservative forces are operating between the interacting bodies, both
kinetic energy and momentum of the system remains constant.
ii) Inelastic Collision – That is the collision between perfectly inelastic or plastic bodies.
After collision bodies stick together and move with some common velocity. In this type of
collision only momentum is conserved. Kinetic energy is not conserved due to the presence
of non-conservative forces between the interacting bodies.
iii) Partially Elastic or Partially Inelastic Collision – That is the collision between the
partially elastic bodies. In this type of collision bodies do separate from each other after
collision but due to the involvement of non-conservative inelastic forces kinetic energy of the
system is not conserved and only momentum is conserved.

Collision In One Dimension – Analytical Treatment

Elastic collision
 v2 – v1 = u1 – u2
Velocity of separation = Velocity of approach
v2 = v1 + u1 – u2

𝒎 −𝒎 𝟐𝒎𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝒎 −𝒎 𝟐𝒎𝟏 𝒖𝟏
𝒗𝟏 = (𝒎𝟏 +𝒎𝟐 )𝒖𝟏 + 𝒎 and 𝑣2=( 𝒎𝟐 +𝒎𝟏 )𝒖𝟏 + 𝒎
𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 +𝒎𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 +𝒎𝟐
Case 1- If the bodies are of same mass, m1 = m2= m
v1 =u2 and v2 = u1
Hence in perfectly elastic collision between two bodies of same mass, the velocities
interchange.ie. If a moving body elastically collides with a similar body at rest. Then the moving
body comes at rest and the body at rest starts moving with the velocity of the moving body.
and
Ifu2=0
𝟎−𝒎𝟏 𝟐𝒎𝟏 𝒖𝟏
𝑣2 = (𝒎 )𝒖𝟏 + , v2 = 2u1
𝟏 +𝟎 𝒎𝟏 +𝟎

Inelastic collision
In case of inelastic collision bodies are perfectly inelastic. Hence after their maximum
deformation they have no tendency to regain their original shapes, due to which they continue
moving with the same common velocity

𝒎𝟏 𝒖 𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒖 𝟐
𝒗=
𝒎𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐
Collision in two dimension – Oblique Collision
Applying momentum conservation along x-axis

pf = pi

m1v1 Cosθ + m2v2 Cos Ø = m1u1 + m2u2

Applying momentum conservation along y-axis
pf = pi
or, m1v1 Sinθ - m2v2 Sin Ø = m1 ×0 + m2 ×0
or, m1v1 Sinθ - m2v2 Sin Ø = 0
m1v1 Sinθ = m2v2 Sin Ø
Coefficient of Restitution It is defined as the ratio of velocity of separation to the
velocity of approach.
 velocity of separation
𝑒 = velocity of approach
𝒗 −𝒗
or, 𝑒 = 𝒖𝟐 −𝒖𝟏
𝟏 𝟐

Case-1 For perfectly elastic collision, velocity of separation is equal to velocity of approach,
therefore
e=1
Case-2 For perfectly inelastic collision, velocity of separation is zero, therefore
e=0
Case-3 For partially elastic or partially inelastic collision, velocity of separation is less than
velocity of approach, therefore
e<1

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. A boy pushes a wall and fails to displace it. Therefore, he does

(A) Positive work

(B) Negative work

(C) Positive but not maximum work

(D) no work at all

2 Which of the following is unit of energy?

(A)Watt second

(B)Kilowatt

(C)Watt

(D)Joules per second

3. The work performed by a force on an object does not depend on

(A)the force applied

(B)the displacement

(C)the initial velocity of object

(D)the angle at which the force is incline to the displacement
4. Work done by a body against friction force always result in a loss of:
(A)kinetic energy

(B)potential energy
 (C)both of them

(D)none of them

5. A 10kg object is raised to a height of 20m. What is the magnitude of its potential
energy? (Assume g = 10 m/s2)
(A) 500 J

(B)1000 J
(C)1500 J
(D) 2000 J

6. The kinetic energy of a body decreases by 19%. What is the percentage decrease in
its linear momentum?

(A) 20%
(B) 10%
(C) 25%
(D) 15%

7. Consider 2 balls A and B of the same mass. The potential energy of ball A is thrice
that of ball B. How high is ball A compared to ball B?
(A) Same height as ball B
(B) Twice as high height as ball B
(C) Thrice as high height as ball B
(D) Four times as high height as ball B

8. There are two springs with the force constant as k1 and k2 (k1＞k2). They are
stretched by the same force then

(A)More work is done in the first spring

(B)In both springs equal work is done

(C)In the second spring, more work is done

(D)No work is done in both the springs

9 A spring with an initial stretch of 0.20 m has a force constant 10 N/m. When the
stretch is changed to 0.25 m, the increase in potential energy is
 (A)0.2 joule (B) 0.3 joule (C)0.1 joule (D)0.5 joule
10. What would be the maximum compression of the spring if a mass of 5 kg moving on
a horizontal smooth surface with a speed of 1.5 m/s collides with a nearly
weightless spring of force constant k= 5 N/m.

(A) 0.5 m
(B) 0.12 m
(C ) 1.5 m
(D) 0.15 m

11 A rod of mass m and length l is lying on a horizontal table. Work done in making in
stand on one end will be

(A) mgl
(B) mgl/2
(C) mgl/4
(D) 2 mgl

12. A uniform force of (2iˆ+ ˆj) N acts on a particle of mass 1 kg. The particle displaces
from position (3 ˆj + ˆk ) m to (5iˆ+3ˆj) m. The work done by the force on the particle
is

(A) 9 J (B) 6 J (C) 10 J (D) 12 J

13. The potential energy of a system increases, if work is done

(A) by the system against a conservative force

(B) by the system against a non-conservative force

(C) upon the system by a conservative force

(D) upon the system by a non-conservative force

14. A particle is placed at the origin and a force F=kx is acting on it (where k is a positive
constant). If U(0)=0, the graph of U(x) versus x will be (where U is the potential
energy function)
15. A spring of force constant k is cut into two pieces such that one piece is double the
length of the other. Then, the long piece will have a force constant of

(A) 2/3 k

(B) 3/2 k

(C) 3k

(D) 6k

16. The energy stored in wound watch spring is

(A)Kinetic energy

(B) Potential Energy

(C ) Heat Energy

(D)Chemical Energy

17. What exactly is a conservative force conserving?

(A) Force (B) Energy (C) Velocity (D) Acceleration

18. The masses of 1 g and 4 g are moving with equal kinetic energies. Calculate the ratio
of the magnitudes of their linear moments.

(A) 2:1 (B) 1:2

(C) 2:3 (D) 1:4
19. Which of the following types of force can do no work on the particle on which it
acts?

(A)Frictional force (B) Gravitational force

(C ) Elastic force (D) Centripetal force

20. The conservative frictional force always acts ____________ to the surface of the
application of the friction.

(A) Tangential (B)Perpendicular (C) Parallel (D) Normal

21 A body is moving in a vertical circular motion. Which one of the following forces
does it not experience?
(A) Force of gravity
(B)Centripetal force
(C ) Normal reaction force
(D) Centrifugal force

22 A body of weight 20 N, mass 2 kg is moving in vertical circular motion with the help
of a string of radius 1 m and with a velocity of 2 m/s. What is the tension in the
string at the lowest point?
(A) 28 N
(B) 20 N
(C) 8 N
(D) 15 N

23 The length of a steel wire increases by 0.5 cm, when it is loaded with a weight of 5.0
kg. Calculate force constant of the wire and work done in stretching the wire. Take
g=10 m/s2

(A) 0.250 J
(B) 0.125J
(C) 0.110 J
(D) 0.150 J

24 At which position in vertical circular motion is the tension in the string minimum?
(A) At the highest position
(B) At the lowest position
 (C) When the string is horizontal
(D) At an angle of 35° from the horizontal

25 Which one of the following statements is true?

(A) Momentum is conserved in elastic collisions but not in inelastic collisions.
(B) Total kinetic energy is conserved in elastic collisions but momentum is not
conserved in elastic collisions
(C) Total kinetic energy is not conserved but momentum is conserved in inelastic
collisions.
(D) Kinetic energy and momentum both are conserved in all types of collisions.

26 When after collision the deformation is not relived and the two bodies move
together after the collision, it is called
(A) elastic collision
(B) inelastic collision
(C) perfectly inelastic collision
(D) perfectly elastic collision

27 In an inelastic collision, which of the following does not remain conserved for a
system?
(A) Momentum
(B) kinetic energy
(C) Total energy
(D) Neither momentum nor kinetic energy

28 The coefficient of restitution e for a perfectly inelastic collision is

(A) 1
(B) 0
(C) infinity
(D) –1

29 When two bodies stick together after collision, the collision is said to be
(A) partially elastic
(B) elastic
 (C) inelastic
(D) perfectly inelastic

30 In elastic collision, 100% energy transfer takes place when

(A) m1 = m2
(B) m1 > m2
(C) m1 < m2
(D) m1 = 2m2

31 The force constant of a wire is k and that of another wire is 2k. When both the wires
are stretched through same distance, then the work done

(A) W2 = 2W1 (B) W2 = 2W1

2

(C) W2 = W1 (D) W2 = 0.5W1

32 A ball moving with velocity 2 m/s collides head on with another stationary ball of
double the mass. If the coefficient of restitution is 0.5, then their velocities (in m/s)
after collision will be
(A) 0, 1
(B) 1, 1
(C) 1, 0.5
(D) 0, 2

33 A ball is thrown vertically downwards from a height of 20 m with an initial velocity

v0. It collides with the ground loses 50 percent of its energy in collision and
rebounds to the same height. The initial velocity v0 is
(Take g = 10 ms-2 )
(A) 20 ms-1 (B) 28 ms-1
(C) 10 ms-1 (D) 14 ms-1

34 A lift of mass 200 kg moves upwards with a uniform velocity of 4 m/s , if the
efficiency of its motor is 70 %, the input power of the motor is

(A) 11.2 kW

(B) 7.84 kw
 (C) 5.49 kw

(D) 4.63 kW

35 A ball of mass M moving with a velocity V collides head on elastically with another of same
mass but moving with a velocity v in the opposite direction. After collision,
(A) the velocities are exchanged between the two balls.
(B) both the balls come to rest
( C) both of them move at right angle to to the original line of motion
(D) one ball comes to rest and another ball travels back with velocity 2V

ANSWERS (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS):

Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS

1. D 8. C 15 B 22 A 29 D

2. A 9. C 16 B 23 B 30 A

3. C 10. D 17 B 24 A 31 B

4. A 11 B 18 B 25 C 32 A

5. D 12 C 19 D 26 C 33 A

6. B 13 A 20 A 27 B 34 A

7. C 14 C 21 C 28 B 35 A

ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS:

Directions: Each of these questions contain two statements, Assertion and Reason. Each
of these questions also has four alternative choices, only one of which is the correct
answer. You have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given below.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a correct explanation for assertion.
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not a correct explanation for assertion
(c)Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct
1. ASSERTION: When a body moves along a circular path no work is done by the
centripetal force.
REASON: The centripetal force is used in moving the body along a circular path and
hence no work is done.
2. ASSERTION: Mass and energy are not conserved separately but our concern as a
single entity called mass energy.
REASON: mass and energy are interconvertible in accordance with Einstein relation
E=mc²
3. ASSERTION: if linear momentum of a body increases by 50% its kinetic energy will
increase by 125%
REASON: kinetic energy is proportional to square of velocity if mass is constant.
4. ASSERTION: Both linear momentum and kinetic energy for a system are conserved
in all collisions.
REASON: Conservation of Linear momentum and kinetic energy for a system
depends on conservative and non conservative forces acting on the system..
5. ASSERTION: Two particles moving in the same direction do not lose all their energy
in a completely inelastic collision.
REASON: Principle of conservation of Linear momentum holds true for all kind of
collision.
6. ASSERTION: A body can possess energy without linear momentum.
REASON: There is an internal energy in a body due to the thermal agitation of the
particles of the body while the vector sum of the momentum of the moving
particles may be zero.
7. ASSERTION: Work done by a body moving along a circular path is zero.
REASON: Centripetal force acting on the body and the displacement are in same
direction.
8. ASSERTION: The kinetic energy of a body is doubled if momentum is doubled.
REASON: kinetic energy is proportional to mass and velocity of the body.
9. ASSERTION: The potential energy of a spring increases or decreases when it is
stretched or compressed.
REASON: When a spring is compressed or stretched work is done by the spring.
10. ASSERTION: Work is done by or against force of friction in moving a body through
any round trip is zero.
REASON: This is because friction is a conservative force.
 ANSWERS(ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS):
Q.NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

ANS C A C D B A D D D D

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS:

CASE 1. WORK: In everyday life, the term work is used to refer to any form of activity that requires
the exertion of mental or muscular efforts. In physics, work is said to be done by a force or
against the direction of the force, when the point of application of the force moves towards
or against the direction of the force. If no displacement takes place, no work is said to be
done.

i. A box is pushed through 4.0 m across a floor offering 100 N resistance. How much work
is done by the applied force?
(a) 100J
(b) 200 J
(c) 300 J
(d) 400 J

ii. What is work done in holding a 15 kg suitcase while waiting for 15 minutes?
(a) 22.5 J
(b) 225 J
(c) zero
(d) 150 J

iii. Frictional forces are:

(a) conservative forces
(b) non- conservative forces
(c) buoyant force
 (d) none of these.

iv. When the body moves in circular motion, net 'work' done by the centripetel force is:
(a) positive
(b) negative c. zero
(c) zero
(d) none of these

v. Force of 4N is applied on a body of mass 20 kg initially at rest. The work done by the
force in 3rd second of motion of the body is:
(a) 2J (b) 4J (c) 6J (d) 8J

CASE 2. COLLISION:
The term collision does not necessarily mean that a particle or a body must actually strike
another. In fact, two particles may not even touch each other and yet they are said to
collide if one particle influences the motion of the other. When two bodies collide, each
body exerts an equal and opposite force on the other. The fundamental conservation law
of physics are used to determine the velocities of the bodies after the collision. Collision
may be elastic or inelastic. Thus a collision may be defined as an event in which two or
more bodies exert relatively strong forces on each other for a relatively short time. The
forces that the bodies exert on each other are internal to the system. Almost all the
knowledge about the sub-atomic particles such as electrons, protons, neutrons, muons,
quarks, etc. is obtained from the experiments involving collisions. There are certain
collisions called nuclear reactions in which new particles are formed. For example, when a
slow neutron collides with a U235 nucleus, new nuclei Ba141 and Kr92 are formed. This
collision is called nuclear fission. In nuclear fusion, two nuclei deuterium and tritium collide
(or fuse) to form a helium nucleus with the emission of a neutron.

(i) Which one of the following collisions is not elastic?

(a) A hard steel ball dropped on a hard-concrete floor and rebounding to its original
height.
(b) Two balls moving in the same direction collide and stick to each other.
(c) Collision between molecules of an ideal gas.
(d) Collisions of fast neutrons with hydrogen atoms in a fission reactor.

(ii) Which one of the following statements is true about inelastic collision?
(a)The total kinetic energy of the particles after collision is equal to that before collision.
(b) The total kinetic energy of the particle after collision is less than that before collision.
(c) The total momentum of the particles after collision is less than that before collision.
(d) Kinetic energy and momentum are both conserved in the collision.
 (iii) In Perfect elastic collision, For a system of particles,
(a) Only energy is conserved.
(b) Only momentum is conserved.
(c) Neither energy nor momentum is conserved.
(d) Both energy and momentum are conserved.

(iv): A lead ball strikes a wall and falls down, a tennis ball having the same mass and
velocity strikes the wall and bounces back. Check the correct statement.
(a) The lead ball suffers a greater change in momentum compared with the tennis ball
(b) The tennis ball suffers a greater change in momentum as compared with the lead
ball
(c) The momentum of the lead ball is greater than that of the tennis ball
(d) Both suffer an equal change in momentum

(v): A shell initially at rest explodes into two pieces of equal mass, then the two pieces will
a. Move with different velocities in different directions

b. Be at rest

c. Move with the same velocity in the same direction.

d. Move with the same velocity in opposite directions.

CASE 3. WORK & POWER: Work is said to be done by the force acting on a body, provided the body
is displaced actually in any direction except in a direction perpendicular to the direction of
force. Mathematically, W = 𝐹 . 𝑆 = F S cosϴ.
Whereas energy is the capacity of a body to do the work;
Power is the rate at which the body can do the work.
𝑊 𝐹 .𝑆
P= 𝑡 = 𝑡 = 𝐹 . 𝑣
Both, work and energy are measured in joule and power is measured in watt.
With the help of above comprehension, choose the most appropriate alternative for each
of the following questions:

(i). A box is pushed through 4.0 m across a floor offering 100N resistance. Work done by
the applied force is
(a) 400J (b) -400J (c) 25J (d) 0.04J

(ii). In the above question ,work done by the resisting force is

(a) 400J (b) -400J (c) 25J (d) -25J
 (iii). In the above question, work done by gravity is
(a) 400J (b) -400J (c) zero (d) -25J

(iv) A truck draws a tractor of mass 1000kg at a steady rate of 20ms-1 on a level road. The
tension in the coupling is 2000N . Power spent on the tractor is
(a) 40W (b) 20W (c) 20kW (d) 40kW

(v) When a body is thrown vertically upward, work done by gravitational force
(a) positive (b)negative (c) zero (d) may be positive or zero
CASE 4 Potential and Kinetic Energy:
Potential energy of a body is the energy possessed by the body by virtue of its position or
configuration in a conservative fore field. Potential energy of an object of mass ‘m’ held at
a height ‘h’ above the surface of the earth is U =m g h ( taking Potential energy on the
surface zero).
Kinetic energy of a body is the energy possessed by the body by virtue of its motion. Kinetic
1
energy of a body of mass ‘m’ moving with speed ‘v’ is given by K = 2mv2.

(i). A body of mass 1kg is allowed to fall freely under gravity. The momentum of the body
5 second after it starts falling is ( g = 10m/s2)
(a) 100kgms-1 (b) 50kgms-1 (c) 150kgms-1 (d) 200kgms-1

(ii). Kinetic energy of the body at the same time is

(a) 1250J (b) 2500J (c) 625J (d) 2500J

(iii). The body will attain this K.E. when it fall freely from a height of
(a) 125m (b) 250m (c) 1250m (d) 2500m

(iv). Velocity of the body mention in above question (iii) on striking the ground will be
(a) 25m/s (b) 12.5m/s (c) 50m/s (d) 100m/s

Q5. The ratio of P.E. to K.E. at a height of 62.5 m above the ground is
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4

CASE 5 PERFECT ELASTIC COLLISION:

An elastic collision is a collision in which there is no net loss in kinetic energy in the system
as a result of the collision. Both linear momentum and kinetic energy are conserved
quantities for a system in elastic collisions. However, Kinetic energy and linear momentum
of individual particles may or may not be conserved during the perfect elastic collision.
(i). In Perfect elastic collision of two balls in one dimension -
(a) Kinetic energy of each ball is conserved.
(b) Linear momentum of each ball is conserved.
(c) Kinetic energy of the two balls taken as a system is conserved.
(d) Linear momentum of the system is not conserved.

(ii) Coefficient of restitution of perfect elastic collision is

(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) -1
(d) infinite

(iii) An isolated system of two balls at the same temperature collide. Which among the
following physical quantities for the system is conserved?
(a) Linear momentum

(b) velocity
(c) kinetic energy
(d) none of these

(iv). Linear Momentum of two objects moving with the same speed but in opposite
direction, at the time of collision is
(a) increased (b) decreases (c) zero (d) none of these

(v). In perfect elastic collision of two objects in one dimension , the relative speed of
approach and relative speed of separation is:
(a) equal (b) unequal (c) zero (d) infinity.
ANSWERS(CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS):

ANS (i) ANS (ii) ANS (iii) ANS (iv) ANS (v)

CASE 1 (d) (c) (b) (c) (a)

CASE 2 (b) (b) (d) (b) (d)

CASE 3 (a) (b) (c) (d) (b)

CASE 4 (b) (a) (a) (c) (b)

CASE 5 (c) (b) (a) (c) (a)

 CHAPTER 7

SYSTEM OF PARTICLES & ROTATIONAL MOTION

GIST OF LESSION:

1 Translatory motion Rotatory motion

Displacement / distance (s) Angle or angular displacement ()
ds d
Linear velocity v = Angular velocity  =
dt dt
dv d 2 s d  d 2
Linear acceleration a = = 2 Angular acceleration  = = 2
dt dt dt dt
Mass (m) Moment of inertia (I)
Linear momentum P = mv Angular momentum L = I
Force F = ma Torque  = I
dp dL
Force F = Torque  =
dt dt
Translatory kinetic energy Rotatory kinetic energy
2
1 1 P 1 2 1 L2
KT = mv 2 = Pv = KR = I = Lω =
2 2 2m 2 2 2I
Work done W = F.s Work done W =   d
Power P = Fv Power P = 
Principal of conservation of linear Principal of conservation of angular momentum –
momentum – linear momentum of system is angular momentum of a system is conserved when
conserved when no external force acts on the no external torque acts on the system.
system.
Equation of translatory motion Equation of rotatory motion
(i) v = u + at (i)  = 0 +  t
1
(ii) s = ut + at 2 (ii)
1
 = 0 t +  t 2
2 2
(iii) v 2 = u 2 + 2as (iii)  0 2 =  2 + 2
a
(iv) s n = u + (2n − 1) 
2 (iv) n = 0 + (2n − 1)
2
2 System: - Group of number of particles mutually interacting is called system. A body of fixed size and
shape is made of number of molecules is called a system.
3 Internal Forces: - All the forces exerted by various particles of the system on one another are
called internal forces. The internal forces between a pair or particles are equal are opposite i.e forces are
mutual. Hence such forces cancel out each other.
4 External Forces: - Force exerted on a given system by the agencies outside the system is called an
external force. Motion of a body is affected by external forces only.
5 Rigid body: − It is a body with a perfectly definite and unchanging shape under the influence of
deforming force. The distances between different pairs of such a body do not change.
Practically no real body is truly rigid, since real bodies deform under the influence of forces. But in many
situations the deformations are negligible then the solid bodies are considered as rigid bodies.
6 translatory Motion: - If a body moves in such a way that all its constituent particles suffer same
displacement then it is called translatory motion. In motion all particle moves with same velocity and
their paths are parallel to each other (straight or curved). e.g. motion of bus, motion of freely falling body.
7 Rotational Motion: - When a body moves (rotates) about a fixed line (axis) then motion of the
body is called rotational motion.
The most common way to constrain a rigid body so that it does not have translational motion is to fix it
along a straight line. The only possible motion of such a rigid body is rotation
8 →
Angular displacement ( ):- The angle described by the position vector r about the axis of
rotation is called angular position or angular displacement. Angular displacement is not a vector
quantity.
Hence, a single variable, angular displacement () can be used to describe the rotational motion of the
rigid body.
Angular Velocity ():- The rate of change of angular displacement with time is called angular
velocity. Angular
Angular displacement d 
 = = OR  = radian/second
time taken dt t
It’s a vector quantity and for the rotation about fixes axis its direction is taken along the axis.
9 Angular Acceleration () :- The rate of change of angular velocity with time is called angular

acceleration . If  is the change in angular velocity in t, then :  = (units of  : rad/s2)
t
v w
[ at = =r  at = r ]
t t
→
→  → →
= If the axis of rotation is fixed, the direction of  is same as that of  and it is fixed.
t

10 Centre of mass: - Centre of mass of a system is the point where total mass of the body can be
assumed to be concentrated.
For a system of n particle system, Position vector of COM is given by
∑𝑖=𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑚𝑖 𝑟𝑖
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑚 =
∑𝑖=𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑚𝑖
For a body in which mass is uniformly distributed its COM is given by
1
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑚 = ∫ 𝑟𝑑𝑚
𝑀
COM of regular bodies lies at their centre where physically mass may or may not be present.
11 Torque: - When a tangential force is applied on a body then body starts rotation, this rotating
(turning) effect of force is called torque. It is denoted by . It is also called moment of force.

12 Work done: - When you exert a torque  on an object making it displace through ,
We say we are doing work w on the object. Work is a scalar quantity
13 Angular Momentum: -Moment of linear momentum is called angular momentum.
14 Centre of gravity: - Centre of gravity of a body is defined as the point where the whole weight of the
body can be supposed to be concentrated.
15 Moment of inertia: - The property of a body by virtue of which it wants to remain in its state of
rest or uniform rotatory motion, called moment of inertia. It is a scalar quantity and denoted by I.
Moment of inertia depends on − (a) Mass of the body, (b) its shape and size i.e. distribution of mass about
the rotation axis and (c) the position and orientation of the axis of rotation.

16 PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM: The moment of inertia of a rigid body about any axis is equal to
moment of inertia of the body about a parallel axis through its centre of mass (gravity) plus the product
of mass of the body and square of the perpendicular distance between the two parallel axes.
I = IG + M x2
I= Moment of inertia of the body about any given axis. M= Mass of the body.
IG = Moment of inertia of the body about an axis passing through centre of gravity and parallel to given
axis,
x = Perpendicular distance between the two axes.

17 PERPENDICULAR AXIS THEOREM: -- “Moment of inertia of a plane body about an axis

perpendicular to its plane is equal to the sum of the moment of inertia of the body about any two
mutually perpendicular axes in the plane of the body which intersect the given axis.”
IZ = I X + I Y

Body Axis passing through Diagram Moment of Inertia

1)Thin rod length L centre and 1

perpendicular to rod
I= M L2
12
of

2} Rectangular slab centre and 1

perpendicular to its
I= M (l 2 + b 2 )
12
plane

3) Circular ring of diameter 1

radius R
I= M R2
2

4) Circular ring centre and I = M R2

perpendicular to its
plane

5) Circular disc 1)centre and 1

perpendicular to the
I= M R2
2
plane
6) Solid cylinder i)central axis 1
I= M R2
2

ii) central diameter 1 1

I= M R2 + M l2
4 12

7) Solid sphere diameter 2

I= M R2
5

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. Dimensional Formula of torque –

(A). ML2 T–2
(B). MLT–2
(C). ML–2T2
(D). M–2L T
2. The SI unit of Angular Momentum
(A). Nm
(B). kg m2 /s
(C). kg m s–1
(D). kg m s–2
3. The moment of linear momentum is also called as
(A). Couple
(B). torque
(C). impulse
(D). angular momentum
4. A point of the body of particle which moves as if the total mass of the body were
concentrated there and all the applied forces were acting at that point is called as
(A). center of rotation
(B). center of gravity
 (C). center of circle
(D). center of mass

5. Two forces which are equal in magnitude but opposite in direction and not acting
along the same line, Constitute

(A). Torque
(B). Rotation
(C). Couple
(D). Motion
6. Larger the moment arm, the greater will be the
(A). Momentum
(B). Velocity
(C). Torque
(D). Axis of rotation
7. When the net torque acting on a system is zero, which of the following will be
constant
(A). Force
(B). Angular momentum
(C). Linear momentum
(D).None of these
8. A coin of mass 0. 48 Kg and radius one meter is rolling on a horizontal surface
without sliding with angular velocity 600 rotation/min. The total K.E of the coin is
(A). 360 π2 J
(B). 1440 π2 J
(C). 4000 π2 J
(D). 600 π2 J
9. Consider a system of two particles having masses m1 and m2. If the particle of mass
m1 is pushed towards the centre of mass of the system through a distance d, by
what distance would the particle of mass m2 move, so as to keep the centre of mass
the system of particles at the original position?
 (A). d
(B). m2 d/m1
(C). m1 d/m2
(D). m1 d/m1+ m2
10. A body of mass M while falling vertically downwards under gravity breaks into two
parts, a part B of mass M/3 and body C of mass 2 M/3. The centre of mass of the
bodies B and C taken together
(A). does not shift
(B). shifts towards body B
(C). shifts towards body C
(D). depends upon height of breaking
11. Two identical particles move towards each other with velocity 2v and v respectively.
The velocity of their Centre of mass is
(A). 0
(B). v
(C). v/2
(D).v/3
12. A system consists of two identical particles, one of the particles has an acceleration
a and the other is at rest. The center of mass has an acceleration of
(A). 2a
(B). a
(C). a/2
(D).a/4
13. A point on the rim of a wheel of diameter 400 cm has a velocity of 16 ms-1. the
angular velocity of the wheel is
(A). 2 rad-s-1
(B). 4 rad-s-1
(C). 6 rad-s-1
(D). 8 rad-s-1
14. If a flywheel makes 120 rev min-1, then its angular speed will be
(A). 8 πrad - s-1
 (B). 6πrad - s-1
(C). 4π rad - s-1
(D).π rad - s-1
15. An engine flywheel of diameter 1 m rotates with an angular velocity of 600 rev
min-1. The linear velocity of a particle on the periphery of the wheel will be
(A). 40 π m - s-1
(B). 30 πm - s-1
(C). 20 πm - s-1
(D). 10 πm - s-1
16. The radius of gyration of a circular disc of mass 50 g and radius 2.5 cm, about an axis
passing through its Centre of gravity and perpendicular to the plane, is
(A). 0.52 cm
(B). 1.76 cm
(C). 3.54 cm
(D).6.54 cm
17. A hollow cylinder of mass 500 g and radius 10 cm has moment of inertia about its
central axis in kg-m2 is equal to
(A). 1.25×10-3
(B). 2.5×10-3
(C). 5.5×10-3
(D). 7.5×10-3
18. A solid sphere of mass M and radius R is rotating about an axis passing through its
centre making 600 rev-min-1. Its rotational kinetic energy is
(A). 80πR

(B). 80π2M R2

(C). 2/5 π2M R

(D). 2/5 πM2R2

19. The moment of inertia of a body (initially at rest) about a given axis is 1.2 kg-m2. In
order to produce a rotational kinetic energy of 1500 J, an angular acceleration of 25
rad-s-2 must be applied about that axis for a period of
 (A). 1s

(B). 2s

(C). 4s

(D).10s

20. If a solid spherical ball is rolling on a horizontal table, the ratio of its rotational
kinetic energy to the total energy is
(A). 7/10

(B). 2/7

(C). 1/2

(D).1/6

21. When a diver jumps into water by curling his body which of the following is
conserved?

(A). kinetic energy

(B). potential energy

(C). linear momentum

(D). angular momentum

22. If the earth were to suddenly contract to half of its present radius, then change in
the duration of the day will be (Assume earth to be a perfect solid sphere of
moment of inertia =2/5 MR2)

(A). 6 h increase

(B). 18 h increase

(C). 6 h decrease

(D). 18 h decrease
23. A round disc of moment of inertia I 2 about its axis perpendicular to its plane and
passing through its centre is placed over another disc of moment of inertia I 1
rotating with an angular velocity ꙍ about the same axis. The final angular velocity
of the combination of discs is
 (A). ꙍ

(B). I1 ꙍ/ I1+ I2

(C). I2 ꙍ/ I1+ I2

(D).(I1+ I2) ꙍ/ I1
24. A thin circular ring of mass M and radius r is rotating about its axis with a constant
angular velocity ꙍ. The four objects each of mass m are kept gently to the opposite
ends of two perpendicular diameters of the ring. The angular velocity of the ring will
be
(A). M ꙍ/4m

(B). M ꙍ/M+4m

(C). (M+4m) ꙍ/M

(D). (M-4m) ꙍ/M+4m

25. The angular velocity of a body changes from ꙍ 1toꙍ 2 without applying any
torque but due to change in its moment of inertia. The ratio of radii of gyration in
both the cases is
(A) √ ꙍ 2:√ ꙍ 1

(B). √ ꙍ 1: √ ꙍ 2

(C). ꙍ 1: ꙍ 2

(D).ꙍ 2: ꙍ 1
26. The angular momentum of a wheel changes from 2 L to 5 L in 3 seconds. What is the
magnitude of the torque acting on it?
(A). L/5

(B). L/3

(C). L/2

(D).L
27. An electric motor operates at 20 rev-s-1. What will be the power delivered by the
motor, if it supplies a torque of 75 N-m?
 (A). 1550 W

(B). 4040 W

(C). 7730 W

(D). 9420 W
28. A solid cylinder of mass 2 kg and radius 0.2 m is rotating about its own axis with
angular velocity 3 rad-s-1. The angular momentum of the cylinder is
(A). 0.2 J-s

(B). 0.12 J-s

(C). 1.2 J-s

(D). 12 J-s
29. A person standing on a rotating platform (neglect friction) has his hands lowered.
He suddenly outstretches his arms. His angular momentum
(A). decreases

(B). increases

(C). remains same

(D). becomes zero

30. A particle performing uniform circular motion has angular momentum L. If its
angular frequency is doubled and its kinetic energy halved, then the new angular
momentum is
(A). 2L

(B).4L

(C). L/2

(D).L/4
31. A body of moment of inertia of 3 kg-m2 rotating with an angular velocity of 2
rad-s-1 has the same kinetic energy as a body of mass of 12 kg moving with a
velocity of
(A). 1 m-s-1
 (B). 2 m-s-1

(C). 4 m-s-1

(D). 8 m-s-1
32. If rotational kinetic energies of two bodies having moments of inertia of 9 kg-m2 and
1 kg-m2 are same, then ratio of their angular momenta is
(A). 9:1

(B). 1:9

(C). 1:3

(D).3:1
33. A disc is rotating with an angular velocity of ꙍ.. If a child sits on it, which of the
following is conserved?
(A). kinetic energy

(B). potential energy

(C). linear momentum

(D). angular momentum

34. A rigid body is rotating about its axis. To stop the rotation, we have to apply?
(A). force

(B). torque

(C). pressure

(D). momentum
35 A constant torque of 314 N-m is exerted on a pivoted wheel. If angular acceleration
of wheel is 4π rad – s-2, then the moment of inertia of the wheel is
(A). 25 kg-m2

(B). 35 kg-m2

(C). 45 kg-m2

(D). 55 kg-m2
ANSWERS(MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS):

Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS

1. (A) 8. (B) 15. (D) 22. (D) 29. (C)

2. (B) 9. (C) 16. (B) 23. (B) 30. (D)

3. (D) 10. (A) 17. (B) 24. (B) 31. (A)

4. (D) 11. (C) 18. (B) 25. (A) 32. (D)

5. (C) 12. (C) 19. (B) 26. (D) 33. (D)

6. (C) 13. (D) 20. (B) 27. (D) 34. (B)

7. (B) 14. (C) 21. (D) 28. (B) 35. (A)

ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS:

Each of these questions contain two statements, Assertion and Reason. Each of
these questions also has four alternative choices, only one of which is the
correct answer. You have to select one of the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) given
below.

(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.

(c)A is true but R is false.

(d) A is false and R is also false.

1. ASSERTION: It is harder to open and shut the door if we apply force near the hinge.

REASON: At the hinges the applied force to produce the required torque is
maximum.

2. ASSERTION: If polar ice melts, days on the Earth will be longer.

 REASON: Moment of inertia of Earth about its axis of rotation increases and thus
angular velocity decreases.

3. ASSERTION: The position of centre of mass of body depend upon shape and size of
the body.

REASON: Centre of mass of a body lies always at the centre of the body.

4. ASSERTION: The earth is slowing down and as a result the moon is coming nearer
to it.

REASON: The angular momentum of the earth moon system is not conserved.

5. ASSERTION: A judo fighter in order to throw his opponent on to the mat tries to
initially bend his opponent and then rotate him around his hip.

REASON: As the mass of opponent is brought closer to the fighter’s hip, the force
required to throw the opponent is reduced.

6. ASSERTION: Moment of inertia of a particle is same, whatever be the axis of

rotation.

REASON: Moment of inertia depends on mass and distance of the particles.

7. ASSERTION: The centre of mass of a body may lie where there is no mass.

REASON: Centre of mass of body is a point, where the whole mass of the body is
supposed to be concentrated.

8. ASSERTION: A planet moves faster, when it is closer to the sun in its orbit and vice
versa.

REASON: Orbital velocity for an orbiting planet is constant.

9. ASSERTION: Angular velocity of a body increase in absence of external torque if the

moment of inertia of body decreases.

REASON: 𝐼𝜔 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 if net torque on body is zero.

10. ASSERTION: Torque is a vector quantity and its direction is along the applied force.

REASON: If net torque on a body is zero, it can have variable acceleration.

ANSWERS (ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS):

Q.NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

ANS a a c D a d a c a d

CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS:

CASE 1. Centre of Mass

Newton's laws of motion are applicable to point objects. But a rigid body is a
many-particle system. To simplify the motion of such a system, we define
mathematically a specific point, called centre of mass of the system, whose
motion under the effect of external forces can describe the motion of the
entire system. The centre of mass of a system of particles is a point where the
whole mass of a body is supposed to be concentrated for describing its
translatory motion. It is that single point which moves in the same way in
which a single particle having the total mass of the system and acted upon by
the same external forces would move. The position vector of the centre of
mass is the weighted average of the position vectors of all the particles of the
system, the contribution of each particle being proportional to its mass.

𝑚1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑟1 +𝑚2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑟2 + ………….+𝑚𝑛 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑟𝑛 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑅𝐶𝑀 = = 𝑀 ∑𝑛𝑖=1 𝑚𝑖 ⃗𝑟𝑖
𝑚1 +𝑚2 + ………..+𝑚𝑛

The equations of motion for the centre of mass can be written as

𝑀𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝑀 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 + … … … … … . +𝐹𝑛

𝑝 = ⃗⃗⃗
𝑝1 + 𝑝
⃗⃗⃗⃗2 + … … … . +𝑝
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑛 = 𝑀𝑣
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐶𝑀

These equations show that the centre of mass of the system moves as if entire
mass of the system is concentrated at this point and the total external force
acts on this point. The internal forces between various particles cancel out in
pairs in accordance with Newton's third law.
(i) The centre of mass of a solid cone along the line from the centre of the
base to the vertex is at

(A). one-third of the height

(B). one-fourth of the height

(C). one-fifth of the height

(D). none of the above

(ii). Three masses of 2 kg, 4 kg and 4 kg are placed at the three points (1, 0,
0), (1, 1, 0) and (0, 1, 0) respectively. The position vector of its centre of
mass is

3 4
(A). 𝑖 + 𝑗
5 5

2 4
(B). 5 𝑖 + 5 𝑗

1 3
(C). 5 𝑖 + 5 𝑗

(D). 3𝑖 + 𝑗

(iii). Four particles of mass 2 kg, 3 kg, 4 kg and 8 kg are situated at the
corners of a square of side length 2 m. The centre of mass may be given as

30 28
(A). (18 , 18)

20√2 24√2
(B). ( , )
18 18
 14 24
(C). (17 , 17)

34 34
(D). (18 , 18)

(iv). Two bodies, A and B initially, at rest, move towards each other under
mutual force of attraction. At the instant when the speed of A is v and that of
B is 2v, the speed of the centre of mass of the bodies is

(A). 3v

(B). v/2

(C). 1.5v

(D). zero

(v). A body has its centre of mass at the origin. The x-coordinates of the
particles

(A). May be all positive

(B). May be all negative

(C). May be positive for some particles and negative for other particles

(D). None of the above

CASE 2 TORQUE AND WORK DONE BY TORQUE

The turning effect force is called moment of force or torque. It is measured

as product of the magnitude of the force and the perpendicular distance
between the line of action of force and the axis of rotation.

𝜏 = 𝐹 × 𝑟 sin 𝜃

In vector form

𝜏 =𝑟×𝐹

The direction of 𝜏 is perpendicular to the plane of 𝑟 and 𝐹 and its sense is

given by right hand thumb rule.
If a torque τ is applied on a body rotates it through an angle ∆𝜃, the work
done by the torque is

∆𝑊 = τ∆𝜃

(i). Turning effect of force is produced by

(A). tangential component of force

(B). radial component of force

(C). transverse component of force

(D). none of these

(ii). The unit of torque is:

(A). N

(B). Pa

(C). N/m

(D). N m

(iii). Find the torque of a force 𝐹 = −3𝑖̂ + 𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂ acting at the point 𝑟 = 7𝑖̂ +
3𝑗̂ + 𝑘̂

(A). 14𝑖̂ − 38𝑗̂ + 16𝑘̂

(B). 4𝑖̂ + 4𝑗̂ + 6𝑘̂

(C). −14𝑖̂ + 38𝑗̂ − 16𝑘̂

 (D). −21𝑖̂ + 3𝑗̂ + 5𝑘̂

(iv). The work done on a shaft to turn it through 5π radians is 25π J. The
torque applied to the shaft is:

(A). 0.2 N m

(B). 5 N m

(C). 30π N m

(D). 125π2 N m

(v). A tap can be operated by using two fingers because

(A). the force available for the operation will be more

(B). this helps application of angular forces

(C). the rotational effect is produced by the couple formed

(D). the force by one figure overcomes friction and other finger provides the
force for operation.

CASE 3 ANGULAR MOMENTUM AND ITS CONSERVATION:

Angular momentum is the rotational analogue of linear momentum. It is

defined as the moment of linear momentum of a particle about the axis of
rotation.

Angular momentum = Linear momentum x its perpendicular distance from

the axis of rotation

𝐿 = 𝑝 × 𝑟 sin 𝜃

In vector form

⃗ =𝑟×𝑝
𝐿
 ⃗ is perpendicular to the plane of 𝑟⃗⃗ and 𝑝 and is in the sense
The direction of 𝐿
given by right rule. The torque τ acting on particle is equal to the rate of
𝑑𝐿
change of angular momentum. 𝜏 = 𝑑𝑡

In the absence of any external torque,

𝑑𝐿
=0
𝑑𝑡

⇒ 𝐿 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Thus, if no external torque acts on a system, its angular momentum is

conserved. This is the law of conservation of angular momentum.

(i) The direction of angular momentum vector is along

(A). the tangent to the circular path

(B). the inward radius

(C). the outward radius

(D). the axis of rotation

(ii) The angular momentum of a moving body remains constant, if

(A). net external force is applied

(B). net pressure is applied

(C). net external torque is applied

(D). net external torque is not applied

 (iii) If there is change of angular momentum of a body from 1 kg-m2/sec to 4
kg-m2/sec in 4 s, then the torque is

(A). (3/4) Nm

(B). 2 Nm

(C). (4/3) Nm

(D). 5 Nm

̂ and 𝒓 = 𝟐𝒊̂ − 𝟔𝒋̂ + 𝟏𝟐𝒌

(iv) 𝑭 = 𝒂𝒊̂ + 𝟑𝒋̂ + 𝟔𝒌 ̂ . The value of ′a′ for which the
angular momentum remains conserved is
(A). 1
(B). 0
(C). -1
(D). 2
(v) A particle of mass m is moving with a constant velocity v parallel to x-
axis in an x-y plane as shown in figure. Calculate angular momentum with
respect to origin at any instant.

(A). zero

(B). −𝑚𝑣𝑏𝑘̂
𝑚𝑣𝑏
(C). 𝑘̂
𝑘

(D). 𝑚𝑣𝑏𝑘̂

CASE 4 MOMENT OF INERTIA

The mass of a body resists a change in its state of linear motion, it is a measure
of inertia in linear motion. Similarly, the moment of inertia of a body about
an axis of rotation resists a change in its rotational motion. The greater the
moment of inertia of a body, the greater is the torque required to change its
state of rotation. It is a measure of rotational inertia of a body. The moment
of inertia of rigid body about a fixed axis is defined as the sum of the products
of the masses of the particles constituting the body and the squares of their
respective distances from the axis of rotation.
𝑛

𝐼= 𝑚1 𝑟12 + 𝑚2 𝑟22 + … … … … . +𝑚𝑛 𝑟𝑛2 = ∑ 𝑚𝑖 𝑟𝑖2

𝑖=1

Thus, the moment of inertia of a rigid body depends on the mass of the body,
its shape and size, distribution of mass about the axis of rotation, and the
position and orientation of the axis of rotation.

(i) If a person sitting on a rotating stool with his hands outstretched,

suddenly lowers his hands, then his moment of inertia:

(A). Increase

(B). Decrease

(C). become zero

(D). remain constant

(ii)The moment of inertia of a body does not depend upon

(A). Angular Velocity

(B). Axis of rotation

(C). The mass of a body

(D). The distribution of mass

(iii) Four balls each of radius 10 cm and mass 1 kg, 2 kg, 3 kg and 4 kg are
attached to the periphery of massless plate of radius 1m. What is moment of
inertia of the system about the Centre of plate?

(A). 12.04 kgm2

(B). 10.04 kgm2

(C). 11.50 kgm2

(D). 13.05 kgm2

(iv) Three-point masses each of mass m are placed at the corners of an

equilateral triangle of side a. The moment of inertia of the system about an
axis COD

(A). 2ma2

(B). (2/3)ma2

(C). (5/4)ma2

(D). (7/4)ma2
 (v) The moment of inertia of a uniform circular disc is maximum about an
axis perpendicular to the disc and passing through

(A). B

(B). C

(C). D

(D). A

CASE 5 THE GUN AND THE SHELL

A gun fired a shell which came out of the barrel of the gun with velocity of
500m/s at an angle of 300 with the horizontal. When the shell reaches
maximum height it explodes into two pieces A and B. Out of the two pieces A
fell down just below the highest point.

(i). The path followed by the Centre of mass of the shell is

(A). Straight line

(B). Parabolic

(C). Hyperbolic

(D). Circular

(ii). The Centre of mass of the two pieces taken together compared to that of
the shell before explosion shifts towards

(A). The piece which fell down just below the highest point

(B). the piece B

(C). does not shift

 (D). None of these

(iii). Maximum height attained by the shell (take g= 10m/s2)

(A). 2500m

(B). 3125m

(C). 3025m

(D). 2725m

(iv). The velocity of piece A after 5 seconds of explosion(take g= 10m/s2)

(A). 50 m/s

(B). 25 m/s

(C). 100 m/s

(D). 0.100 m/s

(v). Time taken by the piece A to hit the ground is (take g= 10m/s2)

(A). 5s

(B). 10s

(C). 15s

(D). 25s

ANSWERS (CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS):

ANS (i) ANS (ii) ANS (iii) ANS (iv) ANS (v)

CASE 1 B A C D C

CASE 2 C D A B C

CASE 3 D D A C B

CASE 4 B A B C A

CASE 5 B C B A D
 CHAPTER 8

GRAVITATION

GIST OF LESSON:

GRAVITATION:- It is the force of the attraction between any two object.

Gravity:- Gravity is the force of attraction between body and earth. It is special case of
gravitation.

Newton’s Universal Law of gravitation:- It states that force of attraction between any two
point mass objects is directly proportional to the product of masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance (r) between the two objects.

𝐺𝑀1𝑀2
F= 𝑟2

Where G is called the gravitational constant and its value is 6.67X10-11 Nm2kg-2. ( Determines
by H Cavendish)

Acceleration due to gravity(g):- The acceleration with which a body falls towards the earth’s
surface when dropped from certain height is called acceleration due to gravity .

𝐺𝑀
On the surface of the Earth, It is given by, g= =9.8ms-2
𝑅2

Universal gravitation constant (G):-Universal gravitation constant G is numerically equal to

the force of attraction between any two bodies of unit mass separated by a unit distance.
𝐹𝑟 2
Given by G = 𝑚 , SI Unit = Nm2kg-2 Dimensional Formula = [𝑀−1 𝐿3 𝑇 −2 ]
1 𝑚2

Mass of earth(M) :-

𝑔𝑅 2
Mass of earth is Given by M= =5.98X1024 kg ~ 6 X1024 kg
𝐺

Density of earth (ρ)

Density of earth is given by

𝑀
Ρ=4 =5.47X103 kgm-3
𝜋𝑅 3
3

Variation of acceleration due to gravity (g)

 (i) Effect of altitude(Height) : For a Point at height ‘h’ above the surface of the
𝑔
Earth, gravitational acceleration is gh= ℎ 2
; R = radius of Earth/Planet
(1+ )
𝑅

2ℎ
and gh=g(1- 𝑅 ) when h<<R where gh is the acceleration due to gravity at height

h above the surface of earth of radius R.

𝟏
i.e. ‘g’ decreases as we go above the surface of the earth. ( 𝒈 𝜶 )
𝒓𝟐

(ii) Effect of depth: - For a point, at depth ‘d’ below the surface of the Earth,
gravitational acceleration is.
𝑑
gd =g(1- ) ; where radius of the earth/Planet is R.
𝑅
(iii) Effect of the shape
gp>ge Where gp and ge are the values of acceleration due to gravity at the poles
and the equator respectively.

Gravitational potential: - The gravitational potential at a point in the gravitational field of a

body is defined as amount of work done in bringing a body of unit mass from infinity to that
point without acceleration.

For a Point Object of Mass ‘M’, gravitational potenatial at a point ‘r’ distance away from this
is given by

𝑮𝑴
V(r)= -
𝒓

Gravitational potential Energy: - The gravitational potential at a point in the gravitational

field of a body is defined as amount of work done in bringing a body of m mass from infinity
to that point without acceleration.

For a system of two point mass object, Gravitational Potential Energy (taking reference
point at infinity) is

𝑮𝑴𝒎
U(r)= -
𝒓

For a system of three point mass object, Gravitational Potential Energy (taking reference
point at infinity) is

𝑮𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟐 𝑮𝒎𝟏 𝒎𝟑 𝑮𝒎𝟐 𝒎𝟑

U = - − −
𝒓𝟏𝟐 𝒓𝟏𝟑 𝒓𝟐𝟑
Gravitational field: - The space surrounding a material body in which its gravitational force
of attraction can be detected is called gravitational field.

Escape velocity: - Escape velocity of a body is the minimum velocity with which it is to be
projected so that it escapes from the gravitational field of earth or that of any other planet
and never returns of its own

2𝐺𝑀
Escape is given by Ve=√ =√2𝑔𝑅
𝑅

The escape velocity of a body from a planet depends upon the mass and radius of the planet
and doesn’t depend on the mass of the body.

Motion of the satellite: -A body which is revolving in an orbit around a comparatively much
heavier body is called a satellite e.g moon is a natural satellite of earth.

Natural Satellite: - A natural satellite is a heavenly body revolving around a planet in a close
and stable orbit. All the planets are natural satellite of sun.

Artificial satellite: -Man made satellite is called artificial satellite.

e.g. Sputnik-1, Aryabhata.

Uses of artificial satellites: -Communicating radio, TV and telephone signals, to study upper
region of atmosphere, weather forecasting to study cosmic rays and solar radiations.

Essential conditions for a satellite to be geostationary: -

(a) Its orbit should be concentric and coplanar with the equatorial plane.
(b) Sense of rotation should be same as that of earth.
(c) Time period of satellite should be 24 hours.
(d) Height of the satellite is nearly 36000 km/

Orbital velocity: - It is the minimum velocity required to put the satellite into a
given orbit around the Earth.
For a satellite to revolve around the Earth,
Centripetal force = Gravitational force
𝑚𝑣02 𝐺𝑀𝑚
= ; r = R +h ; ‘h’ is height of the satellite above the surface of the
𝑟 𝑟2
Earth and ‘r’ is the radius of the orbit.
 𝐺𝑀 𝐺𝑀 𝑔𝑅 2
Ie Orbital Veloity, V0=√ = √𝑅+ℎ = √𝑅+ℎ
𝑟

For h <<R , 𝑣0 = √𝑔𝑅

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:

1. What is the dimensional formula of Gravitational constant?

(A) [M-1 L2 T-2]
(B) [M-1 L3 T-2]
(C) [M-1 L2T-2]
(D) [M-1 L3 T-1]

2. Gravitational force between two objects is: -

(A) attractive at large distances only
(B) attractive at small distances only.
(C) attractive at all distances
(D) repulsive at small distances.
3. The gravitational force between the objects two is F. If masses of both the objects
are halved without altering the distance between them, the gravitational force
would become: -
(A) F/4
(B) F/2
(C) F
(D) 2F
4. If there were a smaller gravitational effect, which of the following forces do you
think would alter in some respect: -
(A) Viscous forces
(B) Magnetic force
(C) Electrostatic force
(D) Archimedes’s uplift
5. The masses of physical object is: -
(A) Not the same thing as weight of an object.
(B) The amount of matter contained in object, independent of position of object.
(C) Measure of extent to which a particle or object resists a change in direction or
speed when a force is applied.
(D) All of the above
6. The force of gravitation is always: -
(A) Repulsive
(B) non-conservative
(C) Conservative
(D) Electrostatic

7. What is ratio of gravitational force of attraction between two bodies kept in air-and
the same distance apart in water?
(A) 1 : 2
(B) 1:1
(C) 2 : 1
(D) None of above
8. Calculate the gravitational force of attraction between two metal spheres each of
mass 90kg, if distance between their centres is 40cm.
(A) 3.37 x 10-6 N
(B) 2.2 x 1020N
(C) 3.34 x 10-5N
(D) 3.45 x 10-7N
9. Reason of weightlessness in satellite is: -
(A) Zero gravity
(B) Zero reaction force
(C) both (a) and (b)
(D) Centre of mass
10. If vo and ve represent the orbital velocity and escape velocity of a satellite
corresponding to a circular orbit of radius R, then
(A) ve and vo are not related
(B) vo= ve/√2
(C) ve = vo
(D) ve = vo/√2
11. If R represents the radius of the orbit of a satellite of mass M s moving around a
planet of mass Mp , the velocity of the satellite is given by
(A) v = GMp/R
(B) v2 = GMp/R
(C) v2 = GMpMs/R
 (D) v2 = gMp/R
12. The Escape velocity from the Earth for a body of 20 g is 11.2 km/s. What will be its
value for a body of 100 g?
(A) 1.12 km/s
(B) 112 km/s
(C) 11.2 km/s
(D) 0.112 km/s
13. What is the value of the Gravitational potential energy at Infinity?
(A) Zero
(B) Infinity
(C) One
(D) None of the above

14. The radius of the Earth shrinks by 1% the acceleration due to gravity on the earth’s
surface would : (mass remaining constant)
(A) Increase by 2%
(B) Increase by 1%
(C) Decrease by 1%
(D) Decrease by 0.5%

15. A planet has radius and mass, both half of those of the earth, then the value of ‘g’
on that planet will be:
(A) 4.9 m/s2
(B) 9.8 m/s2
(C) 19.6 m/s2
(D) 13.8 m/s2

16. Write the expression of ‘g’ at an altitude ‘h’ if h<<R?

(A) g(1+(h/R))

(B) g(1-(2h/R))

(C) g(1-(h/R))

(D) g(1+(2h/R))

17. What is the percentage decrease in weight of a body, when taken 64 Km below the
surface of the earth? Take radius of the Earth as 6400 Km.
 (A) 1%
(B) 0.25%
(C) 0.75%
(D) 1.25%

18. What is the relation between height ‘h’ and depth ‘d’ for the same change in ‘g’:
(A) d = h/2
(B) d = h
(C) d = 2h
(D) None of these.

19. Compare the weights of a body when it is; (i). 100 km above the surface of the earth
and; (ii). 100 Km below the surface of the earth. Radius of the earth is 6400 km.
(A) 0.98
(B) 0.85
(C) 1.12
(D) 2.22

20. If the acceleration due to gravity at the earth’s surface is 9.8 m/s2. What is its value
at a height equal to the diameter of the earth from its surface? Radius of the earth
is 6400 km.
(A) 4.905 m/s2
(B) 2.452 m/s2
(C) 3.27 m/s2
(D) 1.09 m/s2
21. If we take the gravitational acceleration at the Earth’s surface as 10 m/s2 and radius
of the Earth as 6400 km, what will be the change in the value of gravitational
acceleration ‘g’ at a depth of 64 km from its surface?
(A) 0.1
(B) 0.2
(C) 0.05
(D) 0.3
22. For an object lying on the surface of the Earth the Escape speed is 11.2 km/s. If an
object on the Earth is thrown away with a speed three times this value, find its
speed after it has escaped from the gravitational field of the earth?
(A) 42.69 km/s
 (B) 31.63 km/s
(C) 29.63 km/s
(D) 19.23 km/s
23. If the radius of earth were to shrinks by one percent (its mass remaining the same),
then the acceleration due to gravity on earth’s surface
(A) would decrease
(B) would remain unchanged
(C) would increase
(D) cannot be predicted
24. The escape velocity of a body depends upon mass as
(A) m0
(B) m
(C) m2
(D) m3
25. The escape velocity for a body projected vertically upwards from the surface of
earth is 11.2 kms-1. If the body is projected at an angle 450 with the vertical, the
escape velocity will be
(A) 11.2/√2 kms-1
(B) 11.2√2 kms-1
(C) 11.2 kms-1
(D) 5.6 kms-1
26. A man weighs 60 N at earth’s surface. At what depth below the earth’s surface
weight becomes 30 N? Given radius of earth is 6400 km.
(A) 4000 km
(B) 3000 km
(C) 2000 km
(D) 3200 km
27. Escape velocity on earth is 11.2 km/s. What would be the escape velocity on a
planet whose mass is 1000 times and radius is 10 times that of earth?
(A) 112 km/s
(B) 11.2 km/s
(C) 1.12 km/s
(D) 3.7 km/s
28. Geostationary satellite
(A) has height approximate 36000 km
(B) has time period of 24 hours
(C) has equatorial orbit
(D) all the above
29. The radii of circular orbits of two satellites A and B of the earth are 4R and R,
respectively. If the orbital speed of satellite A is 3v, then the orbital of satellite B will
be
(A) 3v/4
(B) 3v/2
(C) 6v
(D) 12v
30. A body weighs 250 N on the surface of earth. Assuming the earth to be a sphere of
uniform mass density, how much would it weigh half way down to the centre of
earth?
(A) 195 N
(B)125 N
(C) 210 N
(D) 240 N
31. At what height from the surface of earth the gravitational potential and the value of
acceleration due to gravity are – 5.4x107 Jkg-2 and 6.0 ms-2 respectively? Take the
radius of earth as 6400 km.
(A) 1600 km
(B) 2600 km
(C) 2000 km
(D) 1400 km
32. A synchronous relay satellite reflects TV signals and transmits TV program from one
part of the world to the other because its
(A) mass is less than the mass of earth
(B) time period of revolution is greater than the time period of rotation of the earth
about its axis
(C) time period of revolution is less than the time period of rotation of the earth
about its axis
 (D) time period of revolution is equal to the time period of rotation of the earth
about its axis
33. At what height h above earth, the value of acceleration due to gravity g becomes
g/2? (R = radius of earth)
(A) 3R
(B) √2R
(C) (1/√2) R
(D) (√2-1) R
34. Potential energy of a satellite having mass ‘m’ and rotating at a height of 6.4x106m
from the earth’s centre is (R = radius of earth)
(A) - 0.33mgR
(B) - mgR
(C) - 0.67mgR
(D) 0.5mgR
35. Which of the following option is correct?
(A) Acceleration due to gravity is independent of the mass of the earth.
(B) Acceleration due to gravity increases with increasing depth
(Assume the earth to be a sphere of uniform density).
(C) Acceleration due to gravity increases with increasing altitude.
(D) Acceleration due to gravity decreases with increasing altitude.
36. Which of the following is true?
(A) Time period of revolution of geostationary satellite is greater than the time
period of rotation of the earth about its axis
(B) A geostationary satellite goes around the earth in east-west direction.
(C) A geostationary satellite goes around the earth in west-east direction.
(D) Time period of revolution of geostationary satellite is less than the time period
of rotation of the earth about its axis
ANSWERS (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS):

Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS Q.NO. ANS

1. B 9. C 17. A 25. C 33. D

2. C 10. B 18. C 26. D 34. B

3. A 11. B 19. A 27. A 35. D

4. D 12. C 20. D 28. D 36. C

5. D 13. A 21. A 29. C 37.

6. C 14. A 22. B 30. B 38.

7. B 15. C 23. C 31. B 39.

8. A 16. B 24. A 32. D 40.

ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS:

Read the assertion and reason carefully to mark the correct option out of the options given
below:
A) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct explanation of the
assertion.
B) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct explanation of the
assertion.
C) If assertion is true but reason is false.
D) If the assertion and reason both are false.
1. ASSERTION: The mass of a body that weighs 1N at the surface of earth is same as on
the surface of moon.
REASON: The value of acceleration due to gravity g is not same on earth and moon.
2. ASSERTION: The universal gravitational constant is same as acceleration due to gravity.
REASON: Gravitational constant and acceleration due to gravity have same dimensional
formula.
3. ASSERTION: The value of acceleration due to gravity does not depend upon mass of the
body on which force is applied.
REASON: Acceleration due to gravity is a constant quantity.
4. ASSERTION: If a pendulum is suspended in a lift and lift is falling freely, then its time
period becomes infinite.
REASON: Free falling body has acceleration equal to acceleration due to gravity.
5. ASSERTION: The necessary centripetal force for circular motion of earth comes from
the gravitational force between earth and sun.
REASON: A Gravitational force act upon the earth revolving in a circular orbit about the
sun. Hence work should be done on the earth.

6. ASSERTION: Gravitational force between two particles is negligibly small compared to

the electrical force.
REASON: The electrical force is experienced by charged particles only.
7. ASSERTION: The ratio of inertial mass to gravitational mass is equal to one.
REASON: The inertial mass and gravitational mass of a body are equivalent.
8. ASSERTION: Gravitational potential of earth at every place on it is negative.
REASON: Every body on earth is bound by the attraction of earth.
9. ASSERTION: Orbit of a satellite is within the gravitational field of earth whereas
escaping is beyond the gravitational field of earth.
REASON: Orbital velocity of a satellite is greater than its escape velocity.
10. ASSERTION: Earth has an atmosphere but the moon does not.
REASON: Moon is very small in comparison to earth.
11. ASSERTION: The time period of geostationary satellite is 24 hours.
REASON: Geostationary satellite revolved around the Earth from west to east direction.
12. ASSERTION: Gravitational force is a conservative force.
REASON: The principle of superposition is not valid for gravitational force.
13. ASSERTION: Two different planets have same escape velocity.
REASON: Value of escape velocity is a universal constant.
14. ASSERTION: When distance between two bodies is doubled and also mass of each body
is also doubled, gravitational force between them remains the same.
REASON: According to Newton’s law of gravitation, force is directly proportional to
product of mass of two bodies and inversely proportional to square of distance
between them.
15. ASSERTION: A body becomes weightless at the centre of earth.
REASON: As the distance from centre of earth decreases, acceleration due to gravity
increases.
16. ASSERTION: Space rockets are usually launched in the equatorial line from west to
east.
REASON: The acceleration due to gravity is minimum at the equator.
17. ASSERTION: We cannot move even a finger without disturbing all the stars
REASON: Every body in this universe attracts every other body with a force which is
inversely proportional to the square of distance between them.
18. ASSERTION: A person sitting in an artificial satellite revolving around the earth feels
weightless.
REASON: There is no gravitational force on the satellite.

ANSWERS(ASSERTION & REASON QUESTIONS):

Q.NO. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

ANS B D C B C B A A C B

Q.NO. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

ANS B C D A C A A C
CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS:

Read he following text and answer the questions on the basis of the same

CASE 1. Journey through the centre of earth:

Suppose you could dig a tunnel from one surface to the opposite through the centre of the Earth.
How will be journey through the tunnel? Let us assume that the Earth to be of uniform density,
there is no air friction and temperature is normal.
At the starting point the initial acceleration will be equal to 9.8 m /s2
The acceleration gradually reduces as one approaches the centre
g effective= g X r effective/R earth
The gravity at any radius r effective is less than R earth and is linearly proportional to the distance from
the centre.

So, the weight will go on reducing as the centre is approached. It will again goes on increasing as
one moves from away from the centre.
The traveller will pop up on the opposite side of the Earth within 42 minutes approximately. But
unless the traveller grabs something to hold on, he or she will fall back for a return journey and
continue to oscillate with a round trip time .The time period will be 2π√ R earth/g
(i). Compare the weight of the traveller at point A and B inside the tunnel

(A) Weight at A is greater than Weight at B

(B) Weight at B greater than Weight at A

(C) Weight at A is equal to Weight at B

(D) Weight at A equal to Weight at B = zero

(ii).The approximate time required for the journey from A to D and back to A through the tunnel
is

(A) 84 minutes
 (B) 42 minutes

(C) 42 hours

(D) 84 hours

(iii). How the acceleration due to gravity varies inside the tunnel?

(A) Acceleration due to gravity remains constant throughout

(B) Acceleration due to gravity increases as one approaches the centre. It is

maximum at the centre. It again starts reducing as one moves away from the centre

(C) Acceleration due to gravity decreases as one approaches the centre. It is zero at

the centre. It again starts increasing as one moves away from the centre

(D) Acceleration due to gravity is unpredictable

(iv). What may happen if the traveler reaching point D does not grab something to hold on ?

(A) The traveler will oscillate inside the tunnel with a time period 2π√𝑔/𝑅 earth

(B) The traveler will oscillate inside the tunnel with a time period 2π√𝑅earth/𝑔

(C)The traveler will return to the centre of the earth and will remain there.

(D)The traveler will remain at point D.

(v). Which parameter of the traveler will be non-zero at the centre of the earth during this
journey?

(A) Mass

(B) Weight

(C) Acceleration

(D) Potential Energy

CASE 2. Geostationary or geosynchronous orbit:

Geostationary or geosynchronous orbit is the best spot for communications satellites to use,
however. This is a zone above Earth's equator at an altitude of 35,786 km (22,236 mi). At this
altitude, the rate of "fall" around the Earth is about the same as Earth's rotation, which allows the
satellite to stay above the same spot on Earth almost constantly. The satellite thus keeps a
perpetual connection with a fixed antenna on the ground, allowing for reliable communications.
When geostationary satellites reach the end of their life, protocol dictates they're moved out
of the way for a new satellite to take their place. That's because there is only so much room, or
so many "slots" in that orbit, to allow the satellites to operate without interference.

(i) Most waves used for communication purposes rely on geostationary satellites because
(A)they cannot transmit data at long distances due to curvature of the earth
(B) they are reflected by the atmosphere
(C)they are very cheap
(D) it does not occupy space on the earth’s surface

(ii) A geostationary satellite seems to be fixed in the sky because it does not orbit the earth -
(A) True
(B) False

(iii) The height of the geostationary satellites above the earth’s surface is approximately
(A) 36,000 km
(B) 72,000 km
(C) 15,000 km
(D) 30,000 km

(iv) Geostationary satellite revolve in

(A) Polar orbit
(B) Equatorial orbit
(C) Any orbit round earth
(D) both (a) an (b)

(v) A geostationary satellite is orbiting the earth at a height of 4R above the earth’s surface. The
time period of another satellite at a height of 2R is
(A) 24 x (3/5)1/2 hr
(B) 12 x (3/5)1/2 hr
(C) 6 x (3/5)1/2 hr
(D) 72 x (3/5)1/2 hr
CASE 3. LAUNCHING OF A SATELLITE:

To put a satellite into an orbit around the earth. It must be given a minimum vertical velocity so
that it can overcome gravity and reach a suitable height. Then the satellite must be given sufficient
tangential velocity so that it may not fall back to the earth. Once it is done, the gravitational force
provides the needed centripetal force to maintain the satellite in orbit. The minimum vertical
velocity with which a body must be projected vertically upward in order that it may just escape the
gravitational field of the earth is called escape velocity.

2𝐺𝑀
ve=√ = √2𝑔𝑅
𝑅

The horizontal velocity required to put a satellite in its orbit around a planet is called orbital
velocity.

𝐺𝑀 𝐺𝑀 𝑔𝑅 2
Orbital Veloity, V0=√ = √𝑅+ℎ = √𝑅+ℎ
𝑟

When a satellite revolves close to the earth surface,vo= √𝑔𝑅

(i). The velocity with which a projectile must be fired so that it escapes earth’s gravitation, does
not depend on

(A) mass of the earth

(B) mass of the projectile

(C) radius of the projectile’s orbit

(D) gravitational constant

 (ii). Escape velocity of a body, when projected from the earth’s surface is 11.2 km/s. If it is
projected at an angle of 600 with the horizontal, then escape velocity will be

(A) 11.2 km/s

(B) 11.6 km/s
(C) 12.8km/s
(D) 16.2 km/s

(iii).The mass of moon is 1/81 of earth’s mass and its radius ¼ of that of earth. If the escape
velocity from the earth’s surface is 11.2 km/s. It’s value for the moon is

(A) 0.14 km/s

(B) 0.76km/s

(C) 2.45 km/s

(D) 5.28 km/s

(iv) There is no atmosphere on the moon, because

(A) it is clear to the earth and also it has the inactive inert gases in it .

(B) it is too far from the sun and has very low pressure in its outer surface.

(C) escape velocity of gas molecules is greater than their root mean square velocity.

(D) escape velocity of gas molecules is less than their root mean square velocity.

(v) If v the orbital velocity of a satellite in a circular orbit close to the earth’s surface and v e is the
escape velocity from the earth, then relation between the two is

(A)ve=v

(B) ve=√2 v

(C) v=√3ve

(D) ve=2v

CASE 4. GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITE:

If a satellite is revolving in a circular orbit of radius r,where r= R earth +h

𝑔
Speed of the satellite is given by VSAT=R√𝑅+𝑔 So, higher the height of the satellite smaller is its

speed.
 4𝜋 2 (𝑅+ℎ)3
Period of revolution is given by,T2= ,So, greater the height, larger is the time period. The
GM

smallest period corresponds to a satellite which is very close to the surface of earth.Putting h=0,
4𝜋 2 (𝑅)3 𝑅
T 2= = 4π2R/g or T=2π2 √𝑔
GM

Putting R=6.4x106m and g=10 m/s2, we get T=85 minutes.

At a height 36000 km, the time period becomes 24 hours.

If the period of an artificial earth satellite is 24 hours and if it is revolving in the same direction in
which the earth is rotating the satellite stays over the same place on the sky and is called
geostationary satellite. Its orbit is called parking orbit.

A satellite will not have a stable orbit if the plane of orbit does not pass through the centre of earth.
Hence for geostationary satellite, the plane of the orbit should be the equatorial plane.

Launching of satellite is a critical application of escape velocity. Escape velocity for earth is 11.2
km/s. Let v be the velocity of projection of the satellite. Then ,

If v <8 km/s, the path of satellite will be parabolic and it will return to earth.

If v>8km/s, the path of satellite will be hyperbolic.

If v=8km/s, the path of satellite will be a circle.

If 8<v<11.2, the path of satellite will be elliptical.

If v>11.2, the satellite will escape from the gravitational pull and will be lost in the space.

(i) Why a geostationary satellite is placed at a height 36000km?

(A) At this height the time period of the satellite is 24 hours

(B) The satellite is visible from all points on the earth

(C) It is easy to place the satellite there

(D) All of the above

(ii) What is the time period of the satellite close to earth’s surface?

(A)24 hours

(B) 85 hours

(C) 85 minutes

(D) 24 minutes
 (iii) Which one of the following orbits is most suitable for geostationary satellite?

(A)Orbit A

(B) Orbit B

(C) Orbit C

(D ) Any one

(iv) What is parking orbit?

(A)Orbit of geostationary satellite

(B) Orbit of polar satellite

(C) The orbit where the time period of satellite is greater than 24 hours

(D) The orbit where the time period of satellite is less than 24 hours.

(v) The orbit of a satellite projected with a velocity 10km/s will be

(A) Circle

(B) Ellipse

(C) Parabola

(D) Hyperbola

CASE 5. VARIATION OF g:

Depending on the location, an object at the surface of Earth falls with an acceleration between
9.76 and 9.83 m/s2 (32.0 and 32.3 ft/s2).Earth is not exactly spherical. It is similar to a "squashed"
sphere, with the radius at the equator slightly larger than the radius at the poles. This has the
effect of slightly increasing gravitational acceleration at the poles and slightly decreasing it at the
equator. Also, because of centripetal acceleration, the acceleration due to gravity is slightly less
at the equator than at the poles. Gravitational acceleration varies with depth and altitude from
the surface as shown below:

(i) The value of ‘g’ is inversely proportional to the square of the Earth's
(A) diameter
(B) radius
(C) weight
(D) area

(ii) If R is the radius of the earth, the height at which the weight of body becomes ¼ its weight
on the surface of earth is
(A) 2R
(B) R/2
(C) R
(D) R/4

(iii) A body weighs 200 N on the surface of earth. How much will it weigh half way down to the
centre of earth?
(A) 100 N
(B) 150 N
(C) 200 N
(D) 250 N

(iv) The weight of an object in the coal mine, sea level, at the top of the mountain are W 1 , W2
and W3 respectively then
(A) W1 = W2>W3
(B) W1 , W3<W2
(C) W2=W3,W1
(D)W1< W2<W3

(v) Which of the following statements is true

(A) g is less at the earth’s surface than at a height above it or a depth below it
(B) g is same at all places on the surface of the earth
(C) g has its maximum value at the equator
(D) g is greater at the poles than at the equator
ANSWERS(CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS):

ANS (i) ANS (ii) ANS (iii) ANS (iv) ANS (v)

CASE 1 A A C B A

CASE 2 A B A B A

CASE 3 B A C D B

CASE 4 A C B A B

CASE 5 B C A B D
SAMPLE PAPER
&
ANSWER KEY
CLASS XI
PHYSICS(042)
2021-22
 Class 11 – Physics (042)
Sample Paper 01
Term-1,2021-22

Maximum Marks: 35 Time Allowed: 90 minutes

General Instructions:

1. The Question Paper contains three sections.

2. Section A has 25 questions. Attempt any 20 questions.
3. Section B has 24 questions. Attempt any 20 questions.
4. Section C has 6 questions. Attempt any 5 questions.
5. All questions carry equal marks.
6. There is no negative marking.

Section A
This section consists of 25 multiple choice questions with overall choice to attempt any 20 questions. In case more
than desirable number of questions are attempted, ONLY first 20 will be considered for evaluation.
1. For motion under an external conservative force:
a. Potential energy of a body is a constant
b. Total kinetic energy of a body is a constant
c. None of these
d. Total mechanical energy is a constant
2. Which of the following quantities can be written in SI units in kgm2A-2s-3?
a. Inductance
b. Capacitance
c. Resistance
d. Magnetic flux
3. Which is strongest interaction in nature?
a. strong nuclear force
b. weak nuclear force
c. gravitation force
d. electromagnetic force
4. At a distance L = 400m from the traffic lights, the brakes are applied to a locomotive moving at a
velocity v = 54km/hr. Determine the position of locomotive relative to the traffic lights 1 minute after
the application of the brakes if its acceleration is -0.3m/s2?
a. 30 m
b. 40 m
c. 15 m
d. 50 m
5. Dimensions of coefficient of viscosity
are:

a. [ML-3T-4]
b. [MT2]
1 / 19
 c. [ML-1T-1]
d. [ML-1T-2]
6. Two wheels having radii in the ratio 1 : 3 are connected by a common belt. If the smaller wheel is
accelerated from rest at a rate 1.5 rads-2 for 10 s, find the velocity of bigger wheel.
a. 15 rads-1
b. none of these
c. 45 rads-1
d. 5 rads-1
7. A particle of mass m is moving in yz-plane with a uniform velocity v with its trajectory running parallel
to +ve y-axis and intersecting z-axis at z = a (Figure). The change in its angular momentum about the
origin as it bounces elastically from a wall at y = constant is:

a. Mva
b. 2ymv
c. ymv
d. 2mva
8. Determine the kinetic energy a 5000-kg spacecraft must have in order to escape the Earth’s
gravitational field. Mass of the earth = 6.0 1024 kg; radius of the earth = 6.4 106 m; G = 6.67 10-11
N m2 kg-2.
a. 3.14 1011J
b. 3.04 1011J
c. 3.34 1011J
d. 3.53 1011J
9. A jet airplane travelling at the speed of 500 kmh –1 ejects its products of combustion at the speed of 1500
km h–1 relative to the jet plane. What is the speed of the combustion with respect to an observer on
ground?
a. -2550 km/h
b. -2000 km/h
c. -1250 km/h
d. -1000 km/h
10. An arbitrary vector can be expressed as a sum of three mutually perpendicular unit vectors each
multiplied by a
a. scalar constant equal to -1
b. some scalar constant
c. same scalar constant
d. scalar constant equal to 1
11. What is the minimum velocity with which a body of mass m must enter a vertical loop of radius R so
that it can complete the loop?
a.
2 / 19
 b.
c.
d.
12. Mass and energy are equivalent and are related by
a.
b.
c.
d.
13. Four balls each of radius 10 cm and mass 1 kg, 2 kg, 3 kg, and 4 kg are attached to the periphery of a
massless plate of radius 1 m.

What is the moment of inertia of the system about the centre of the plate?
a. 11.50 kg m2
b. 12.04 kg m2
c. 10.04 kg m2
d. 5.04 kg m2
14. A missile is launched with a velocity less than escape velocity. The sum of its kinetic and potential
energies is:
a. negative
b. first zero then negative
c. zero
d. positive
15. The sun releases energy coming from:
a. Electromagnetic waves
b. Gravitational forces
c. Weak electrical forces
d. Strong nuclear forces
16. The number of significant digits in 6.032 N is
a. 6
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
17. For motion in 3 dimensions we need
a. frame of reference consisting of a clock and a Cartesian system having three mutually axes,
(X,Y, and Z)
b. No frame of reference is required a single point will do.
c. No frame of reference is required ; a set of 3 points will do.
d. frame of reference consisting of a clock and a Cartesian system having two mutually axes (X andY)

3 / 19
18. A swimmer wishes to cross a 500 m wide river flowing at 5 km/hr. His speed with respect to water is 3
km/hr. If he heads in the direction making an angle with the flow, find the time he takes to cross the
river?
a. minutes
b. seconds
c. minutes
d. seconds
19. A train runs along an unbanked circular track of radius 30 m at a speed of 54 km/h. The mass of the
train is 106 kg. What is the angle of banking required to prevent wearing out of the rail? (g =10m/s2)
a. 37o
b. 32o
c. 27o
d. 42o
20. The bob of a pendulum is released from a horizontal position. If the length of the pendulum is 1.5 m,
what is the speed with which the bob arrives at the lowermost point, given that it dissipated 5 of its
initial energy against air resistance?
a. 5.5 m/s
b. 4.7 m/s
c. 5.3 m/s
d. 4.9 m/s
21. The centre of mass of a system of particles does not depend on
a. relative distance between the particles
b. masses of the particles
c. forces acting on the particles
d. position of the particles
22. Suppose there existed a planet that went around the sun twice as fast as the earth. What would be its
orbital size as compared to that of the earth?
a. Larger by a factor of 1.23
b. Smaller by a factor of 0.5
c. Larger by a factor of 1.11
d. Smaller by a factor of 0.63
23. For motion with uniform acceleration, v-t graph is
a. an ellipse.
b. a straight line parallel to the time axis.
c. a straight line inclined to the time axis.
d. a straight line perpendicular to the time axis.
24. Rain is falling vertically with a speed of 30 m . A woman rides a bicycle with a speed of 10 m in
the north to south direction. What is the direction in which she should hold her umbrella?
a. about with the vertical, towards the north
b. about with the vertical, towards the north
c. about with the vertical, towards the south

4 / 19
 d. about with the vertical, towards the south
25. Static friction force:
a. is a strong interaction force
b. remains constant
c. decreases before moving and increases later
d. increases until the body start to move

Section B
This section consists of 24 multiple choice questions with overall choice to attempt any 20 questions. In case more
than desirable number of questions are attempted, ONLY first 20 will be considered for evaluation.
26. Moment of inertia of circular loop of radius R about the axis of rotation parallel to horizontal diameter
at a distance from it is
a.
b.
c. 2 MR2
d. MR2
27. A uniform sphere of mass 500 g rolls without slipping on a plane surface so that its centre moves at a
speed of 0.02 m/s. The total kinetic energy of rolling sphere (in J) would be
a. 5.75 10-3 J
b. 0.75 10-3 J
c. 4.9 10-5 J
d. 1.4 10-4 J
28. Newton’s law of universal gravitation states that the gravitational force of attraction between any two
particles of masses m1 and m2 separated by a distance r has the magnitude equal to:

a.

b.

c.

d.

29. A pump is required to lift 800 kg of water per minute from a well 14.0 m deep and eject it with a speed
of 18.0 m/s. How much work is done per minute in lifting the water?
a. 1.10 105 J
b. 1.40 105 J
c. 1.30 105 J
d. 1.20 105 J
30. In Kinematics we study ways to
a. find jerk without going into the causes of motion.
b. find acceleration without going into the causes of motion.
c. find velocity without going into the causes of motion.
d. describe motion without going into the causes of motion.
31. A motorcycle stunt rider rides off the edge of a cliff. Just at the edge his velocity is horizontal, with
magnitude 9.0 m/s. Find the magnitude of the motorcycle’s position vector after 0.50s it leaves the edge
5 / 19
 of the cliff.
a. 4.7 m
b. 3.5 m
c. 5.2 m
d. 4.3 m
32. A person is standing in an elevator. In which situation he finds his weightless?
a. When the elevator moves upward with constant acceleration
b. When the elevator moves downward with constant acceleration
c. When the elevator moves downward with uniform velocity
d. When the elevator moves upward with uniform velocity
33. What quantities are conserved in this collision?
a. linear and angular momentum and linear but not rotational kinetic energy
b. linear and angular momentum, but not kinetic energy
c. linear momentum only
d. angular momentum only
34. If a solid sphere and solid cylinder of same mass and radius rotate about their own axis the moment of
inertia will be greater for
a. solid cylinder and solid sphere
b. solid sphere
c. solid cylinder
d. both solid cylinder and solid sphere are equal
35. Two parallel rail tracks run north-south. Train A moves north with a speed of 27 km/ hr, and train B
moves south with a speed of 45 km/ hr. What is the velocity of B with respect to A in m/s? Choose the
positive direction of the x-axis to be from the south to north:
a. -18
b. -28
c. -20
d. -15
36. A passenger arriving in a new town wishes to go from the station to a hotel located 10 km away on a
straight road from the station. A dishonest cabman takes him along a circuitous path 23 km long and
reaches the hotel in 28 min. What is
i. the average speed of the taxi,
ii. the magnitude of average velocity?
a. 47.3 km/hr, 23.4 km/hr
b. 49.3 km/hr, 21.4 km/hr
c. 48.3 km/hr, 22.4 km/hr
d. 46.3 km/hr, 24.4 km/hr
37. A stone of mass 0.25 kg tied to the end of a string is whirled round in a circle of radius 1.5 m with a
speed of 40 rev./min in a horizontal plane. What is the maximum speed with which the stone can be
whirled around if the string can withstand a maximum tension of 200 N?
a. 35 ms−1
b. 37 ms−1
c. 38 ms−1
d. 33 ms−1
38. The validity of the conservation of momentum is:
a. in only cases involving billiard balls.
b. in only those domains where Newton’s laws are valid.

6 / 19
 c. in all domains including domains where Newton’s laws may not be valid.
d. in only those domains where quantum laws are valid.
39. The least count of any measuring equipment is
a. the smallest reading on the instrument.
b. the smallest quantity that can be measured using that instrument.
c. None of these
d. the smallest range in any instrument.
40. A block of mass m is placed on a smooth wedge of inclination . The whole system is accelerated
horizontally so that the block does not slip on the wedge. The force exerted by the wedge on the block
(g is acceleration due to gravity) will be
a. mg sin
b. mg cos
c.
d. mg
41. Titania, the largest moon of the planet Uranus, has the radius of the earth and the mass of the

earth. What is the average density of Titania? Data: G = 6.67 10-11 Nm /kg , RE = 6.38 106 m, =

5.97 1024kg.
a. 2300 kg/m3
b. 1900 kg/m3
c. 2700 kg/m3
d. 1700 kg/m
42. According to Kepler’s Law of periods, the of the time period of revolution of a planet is
proportional to the cube of the of the ellipse traced out by the planet.
a. square, semi-minor axis
b. square, semi-major axis
c. cube, semi-minor axis
d. cube, semi-major axis
43. The force of attraction between a hollow spherical shell of uniform density and a point mass situated
outside is just as if the entire mass of the shell is
a. equally concentrated at three points on a triangle of the shell.
b. concentrated at the centre of the shell.
c. equally concentrated at four points on a square of the shell.
d. equally concentrated at opposite ends of the diameter of the sphere.
44. A gramophone record is revolving with an angular velocity . A coin is placed at a distance r from the
centre of the record. The static coefficient of friction is . The coin will revolve with the record if
a.

b.

c.
d.
45. Assertion (A): A body having non-zero acceleration can have a constant velocity.
Reason (R): Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false but R is true.

7 / 19
 46. Assertion (A): In uniform circular motion of a body, its linear speed remains constant.
Reason (R): Total acceleration of the body has no radial component.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false but R is true.
47. Assertion (A): The result of every measurement by any measuring instrument contains some
uncertainty.
Reason (R): This uncertainty in measurement is accuracy.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false but R is true.
48. Assertion (A): The centre of mass of a two-particle system lies on the line joining the two particles,
being closer to the heavier particle.
Reason (R): Product of mass of one particle and its distance from centre of mass is numerically equal
to the product of the mass of other particle and its distance from centre of mass.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false but R is true.
49. Assertion (A): Mountain roads rarely go straight up the slope.
Reason (R): Slope of mountains are large, therefore more chances of vehicle to slip from roads.
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false but R is true.

Section C
This section consists of 6 multiple choice questions with an overall choice to attempt any 5. In case more than
desirable number of questions are attempted, ONLY first 5 will be considered for evaluation
50. Two parallel rail tracks run north-south. Train A moves north with a speed of 54 km/ hr, and train B
moves south with a speed of 90 km/ hr. What is the velocity of a monkey running on the roof of the
train A against its motion (with a velocity of 18 km/hr with respect to the train A) as observed by a man
standing on the ground? Choose the positive direction of x-axis to be from the south to north.
a. 14 ms-1
b. 8 ms-1
c. 12 ms-1
d. 10.0ms-1
51. A person is sitting in a lift accelerating upwards. The measured weight of a person will be
a. zero
b. more than actual weight
c. less than the actual weight
d. equal to actual weight

Question No. 52 to 55 are based on the given text. Read the text carefully and answer the
questions:

8 / 19
 Certain collisions are referred to as elastic collisions. Elastic collisions are collisions in which both
momentum and kinetic energy are conserved. The total system kinetic energy before the collision
equals the total system kinetic energy after the collision. If total kinetic energy is not conserved, then
the collision is referred to as an inelastic collision.
The coefficient of restitution, denoted by (e), is the measure of degree elasticity of collision. It is defined
as the ratio of the final to inital relative speed between two objects after they collide. It normally ranges
from 0 to 1 where 1 would be a perfectly elastic collision. A perfectly inelastic collision has a coefficient
of 0. In real life most of the collisions are neither perfectly elastic nor perfectly inealstic and 0 < e < 1.

52. The following are the data of a collision between a truck and a car.
Mass of the car = 1000 kg
Mass of the truck = 3000 kg
Mass of the truck Before collision:
Speed of the car = 20 m/s
Momentum of the car = 20000 kg m/s
Speed of the truck = 20 m/s
Momentum of the truck = 60000 kg m/s
After collision:
Speed of the car = 40 m/s in the opposite direction
Momentum of the car = 40000 kg m/s in the opposite direction
Speed of the truck = 0
Momentum of the truck = 0
The collision is
a. Both elastic since kinetic energy and momentum is conserved
b. Elastic since momentum is conserved
c. Inelastic since kinetic energy is conserved
d. Elastic since kinetic energy is conserved
53. The coefficient of restitution is the measure of
a. Malleability of a substance
b. Conductivity of a substance
c. degree of elasticity of collision
d. Elasticity of a substance
54. Coefficient of restitution is defined as
a.
b. Relative velocity after collision relative velocity before collision
c. None of these
d.
55. For perfectly elastic and perfectly inelastic collision, the value of coefficient of restitution are
respectively
a. +1, -1
b. 0, 1
c. 0, -1
d. 1, 0

9 / 19
 Solution
Section A
1. (d) Total mechanical energy is a constant
Explanation: Mechanical energy is the sum of the potential and kinetic energies in a system. The
principle of the conservation of mechanical energy states that the total mechanical energy in a system
(i.e., the sum of the potential and kinetic energies) remains constant as long as the only forces acting
are conservative forces.
2. (c) Resistance
Explanation: [Resistance] = [ML2T-3A-2]
Unit of resistance = kg m2A-2s-3
3. (a) strong nuclear force
4. (b) 40 m
Explanation: Initial velocity u = 54 km/h = 15 m/s
Let Final velocity v = 0
Acceleration a = -0.3 m/s2
Time taken to stop = t
Using v = u + at
0 = 15 + (-0.3)t
t = 50 sec
It means it has been stopped before 1 minute.
So distance covered in 1 minute is given by
s= ut +1/2 at2
= 15 60 + 1/2 (-0.3) (60)2
= 360 m
Position of locomotive relative to the traffic lights = 400 - 360 = 40 m
5. (c) [ML-1T-1]
Explanation: [coefficient of viscosity] = [ML-1T-1]
6. (d) 5 rads-1
Explanation: For smaller wheel,
10 = 15 rads-1

As both the wheels are connected by a belt, they have common linear velocity,
v1 = v2

10 / 19
 = 5 rad s-1
7. (d) 2mva
Explanation: According to the question
Initial velocity = vi = v
After reflection from the wall
Final velocity = vf = -v
Trajectory equation for point of intersection is

Hence change in angular momentum is

=
=
=
= 2mva
8. (a) 3.14 1011J
Explanation: Kinetic energy required for spacecraft to escape the earth′s gravitational field

We know,

Here G = 6.67 10-11Nm2kg-2

M=6 1024 kg
R = 6.4 106 m

= 1.12 104 m/sec. Kinetic energy required for spacecraft to escape the earth′s gravitational field =

Here ms = mass of spacecraft = 5000 kg

K.E = (1/2) 5000 (1.12 104 )2J

K.E = 2500 ( 1.12 104 )2J
K.E = 3.14 1011 J
9. (d) -1000 km/h
Explanation: Speed of the jet airplane, vjet = 500 km/h
Relative speed of its products of combustion with respect to the plane, v smoke = – 1500 km/h
Speed of its products of combustion with respect to the ground = v′smoke
Relative speed of its products of combustion with respect to the airplane, vsmoke = v′smoke – vjet
– 1500 = v′smoke – 500

11 / 19
 v′smoke = – 1000 km/h
The negative sign indicates that the direction of its products of combustion is opposite to the direction
of motion of the jet airplane.
10. (c) same scalar constant
Explanation: Set of elements (vectors) in a vector space is called a basis, or a set of basis vectors, if the
vectors are linearly independent and every vector in the vector space is a linear combination of this
set.In more general terms, a basis is a linearly independent spanning set.
Given a basis of a vector space, every element of vector space can be expressed uniquely as a linear
combination of basis vectors, whose coefficients are referred to as vector coordinates or components.
We can represent vector v as

11. (d)
Explanation: For completing the vertical loop, the minimum speed required at the lowest point
.
12. (d)
Explanation: Mass-energy equivalence states that anything having mass has an equivalent amount of
energy and vice versa. With these fundamental quantities directly relating to one another by Einstein's
theory of special relativity, it shows that matter (as mass) and energy can be converted into each other
according to the famous equation .
13. (c) 10.04 kg m2
Explanation: M.I. about the centre of the plate,

= 1.004 + 2.008 + 3.012 + 4.016 = 10.04 kg m2

14. (a) negative
Explanation: For velocity less than escape velocity, the missile is bound due to the gravitational field of
the earth. Hence its total energy is negative.
15. (d) Strong nuclear forces
Explanation: In addition to intense heat, there is an incredible amount of pressure at the Sun's core. In
fact, the vast amounts of hydrogen atoms in the Sun's core are compressed and heated so much that
they fuse together.
This reaction, known as nuclear fusion, converts hydrogen atoms into helium. The by-product of
nuclear fusion in the Sun's core is a massive volume of energy that gets released and radiates outward
toward the surface of the Sun and then into the solar system beyond it.
16. (c) 4
Explanation: There are three rules on determining how many significant figures are in a number:
Non-zero digits are always significant.
Any zeros between two significant digits are significant.
A final zero or trailing zeros in the decimal portion ONLY are significant.

So keeping these rules in mind, there are 4 significant digits.

17. (a) frame of reference consisting of a clock and a Cartesian system having three mutually axes, (X,Y,
and Z)
Explanation: Motion is a change in position of an object with time. In order to specify the position, we
need to use a reference point and a set of axes. It is convenient to choose a rectangular coordinate

12 / 19
 system consisting of three mutually perpendicular axes, labelled X-, Y-, and Z- axes.
The point of intersection of these three axes is called origin (O) and serves as the reference point. The
coordinates (x, y. z) of an object describe the position of the object with respect to this coordinate
system.
To measure time, we position a clock in this system. This coordinate system along with a clock
constitutes a frame of reference.
18. (c) minutes

Explanation:

The velocity of man w.r.t. water = 3 kmph. Thus the velocity of water is not necessary here because the
velocity of man includes the contribution of the velocity of water because the given velocity of man is
with respect to the flowing water which is the resultant velocity. The breadth of the river = 500 m = 0.5
km. Component of the velocity of man w.r.t. river along horizontal axis, v = 3sin( )
Now time is taken to cross the river, t = = hrs
minutes

19. (a) 37o

Explanation: Here, we have:
r = 30m and v = 54 km/h = 15 m/s
Let angle of banking =
For safe turn

=
Hence, angle of banking is:-
= = 37o
20. (c) 5.3 m/s
Explanation: 95% of potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.
applying conservation of mechanical energy between horizontal and lowermost points

= = 5.3m/s
v=
21. (c) forces acting on the particles
Explanation: The centre of mass of a system of particles does not depend on the forces acting on the
particles.
22. (d) Smaller by a factor of 0.63
Explanation: The time period of revolution of the earth around sun Te = 1 Year
The time period of revolution of the planet around the sun, Tp = 0.5 Year
Orbital size of earth, re = 1 A.U
Orbital size of the planet,rp =?
Applying Kepler's third law we get:

13 / 19
 As re= 1 A.U (Given)

rp = 0.63 A.U.
23. (c) a straight line inclined to the time axis.
Explanation: When velocity - time graph is plotted for an object moving with uniform acceleration, the
slope of the graph is a straight line.

(Velocity - time graph of an object moving with uniform acceleration)

24. (c) about with the vertical, towards the south

Explanation: The described situation is shown in the given figure.

Here,
vc = Velocity of the cyclist
vr = Velocity of falling rain
In order to protect herself from the rain, the woman must hold her umbrella in the direction of the
relative velocity (v) of the rain with respect to the woman.
v = vr + (-vc) = 30 + (-10) = 20 m/s
tan =

14 / 19
 = tan-1

180
Hence, the woman must hold the umbrella toward the south, at an angle of nearly 18° with the vertical.
25. (d) increases until the body start to move
Explanation: It is the maximum friction, where a body just starts to move over the surface.
for example. A large block of mass m is placed on a horizontal table. Apply a small force. the block does
not move due to the friction force which balances the applied force. Now Gradually increase the
applied force until it starts moving. This maximum applied force acting in the opposite direction is
called Static Friction.
Section B
26. (a)

Explanation:

27. (d) 1.4 10-4 J

Explanation: Total K.E. of rolling sphere

= 1.4 10-4 J

28. (c)

Explanation: According to Newton's law of universal gravitation, the force of attraction between two
objects is directly proportional to the product of two masses and inversely proportional to the square of
the distance between them.
29. (a) 1.10 105 J
Explanation: mass is given by ,m = 800Kg per minute
h = 14m
work done per minute in lifting the water is given by :-
W = mgh = 800 9.8 14 = 109760J = 1.1 105J
30. (d) describe motion without going into the causes of motion.
Explanation: Kinematics is a branch of classical mechanics that describes the motion of points, bodies
(objects), and systems of bodies (groups of objects) without considering the mass of each or the forces
that caused the motion.
31. (a) 4.7 m
Explanation: The motorcycle’s x- and y-coordinates at t=0.50 s are given by ;

15 / 19
 x = vox t = = 4.5 m

y= = = -1.2m
The negative value of y shows that the motorcycle is below its starting point.
The motorcycle’s distance from the origin is given by , r = = 4.7 m
32. (b) When the elevator moves downward with constant acceleration
Explanation: When the elevator moves downward with acceleration a, the apparent weight, W' = m (g
- a) < W (= mg).
33. (c) linear momentum only
Explanation: Only linear momentum is conserved and not angular momentum because external
torque is not zero. Also, K.E. is not conserved because energy losses may occur during a collision.
34. (c) solid cylinder
Explanation: M.I. of solid sphere =
M.I. of solid cylinder
Clearly,
35. (c) -20
Explanation: The velocity of A is given by, vA = +27 kmh–1 = +7.5 ms–1

The velocity of B is given by , vB = -45 kmh–1 = -12.5 ms–1

The relative velocity of B with respect to A is given by, vBA = vB – vA = −7.5−12.5 = –20 ms–1

i.e. the train B appears to A to move with a speed of 20 ms–1 from north to south.
36. (b) 49.3 km/hr, 21.4 km/hr
Explanation:
i. Total distance travelled = 23 km
Total time taken = 28 min = h
The average speed of the taxi =

= = 49.3 km/h

ii. Distance between the hotel and the station = 10 km = Displacement of the car

Average velocity = = 21.4 km/h

37. (a) 35 ms−1

Explanation: Given that Tmax = 200 N

= 34.6 m s-1
= 35 m s-1
38. (c) in all domains including domains where Newton’s laws may not be valid.
Explanation: The total linear momentum and the total angular momentum (both vectors) of an
isolated system are also conserved quantities. Their validity goes beyond mechanics. They are the basic
conservation laws of nature in all domains, even in those where Newton’s laws may not be valid.

16 / 19
39. (b) the smallest quantity that can be measured using that instrument.
Explanation: The smallest value that can be measured by the measuring instrument is called its least
count. Measured values are good only up to this value. The least count error is the error associated
with the resolution of the instrument.
40. (c)

Explanation:

macos = mg sin
a = g tan
Total reaction of the wedge on the block is
R = mgcos + masin

41. (d) 1700 kg/m

Explanation: The density of Titania =

Here, mass of earth (ME = 5.97 1024kg) and radius of earth(RE = 6.38 106m)

= 1.7 103kg/m3 = 1700 kg/m3

42. (b) square, semi-major axis
Explanation: Kepler's 3rd Law: T2 = a3. Kepler's 3rd law is a mathematical formula. It means that if you
know the period of a planet's orbit (T = how long it takes the planet to go around the Sun), then you can
determine that planet's distance from the Sun (a is the length of the semimajor axis of the planet's
orbit)
43. (b) concentrated at the centre of the shell.

17 / 19
 Explanation:

According to Shell's theorem, If a particle of mass m is located outside a spherical shell of mass M at, for
instance, point P, the shell attracts the particle as though the mass of the shell were concentrated at its
centre. Thus, as far as the gravitational force acting on a particle outside the shell is concerned, a
spherical shell acts no differently from the solid spherical distributions of mass.
44. (b)
Explanation: The coin will revolve with the record if Centripetal force Force of friction

45. (d) A is false but R is true.

Explanation: As per definition, acceleration is the rate of change of velocity, i.e.
. If velocity is constant , . Therefore, if a body has constant velocity it cannot
have non zero acceleration.
46. (c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: A is true but R is false.
47. (c) A is true but R is false.
Explanation: The result of every measurement by any measuring instrument contains some
uncertainty. This is known as an error. So, the A is true but R is false.
48. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: The centre of mass of a body or a system of bodies is the point that moves as though all of
the mass were concentrated there and all external forces were applied there. The position of centre of
mass is defined as .
49. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
Explanation: Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
If roads of the mountain were to go straight up, the slope would have been large, the frictional force
( mg cos ) would be small. Due to small friction, wheels of vehicle would slip. Also for going up a
large slope, a greater power shall be required.

Section C
50. (d) 10.0ms-1
Explanation: Let the velocity of the monkey with respect to the ground be vM. The relative velocity of
the monkey with respect to A,

Therefore velocity of monkey will be given by , [

]
51. (b) more than actual weight
Explanation: Measured weight = m(g + a). It is more than actual weight (mg).
52. (b) Elastic since momentum is conserved

18 / 19
 Explanation: From the given data kinetic energy is 800000 Joules, before and after collision and
momentum is 40000 kg m/s before and after the collision. So the collision is elastic.
53. (c) degree of elasticity of collision
Explanation: degree of elasticity of collision
54. (d)

Explanation:
55. (d) 1, 0
Explanation: 1, 0

19 / 19
 ANIMATED VIDEOS CLASS 11
(SUBJECT: Mathematics in English)

 Chapter :Sequence And Series (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Circle Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Bionomial theorem Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Relation And Function Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Linear Inequalities Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Quadratic Equation Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :3d Geometry (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Statistics Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Complex Number Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Straight Line I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Conic Sections Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Limits And Derivatives Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Straight Line II Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Three Dimensional Geometry Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Linear Equation In One Variable (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Trigonometric Function Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Mathematical Reasoning (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Vector Algebra(Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Permutation And Combination Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Mathematical Introduction(Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Principle Of Mathematical Induction (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : Probability Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Sequence And Series Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Sets I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Sets II Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Sets III Click here to view animated video
 ANIMATED VIDEOS CLASS 11
(SUBJECT:ACCOUNTANCY)

 Chapter : Introduction To Accountancy Click here to view animated video

 Chapter : Accounting System (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : Incomplete Record (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Computers In Accounting (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : Financial Statement I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : Financial Statement II Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : Recording Of Transactions I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : Recording Of Transactions II Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : Structuring Database Of Accounting (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : Theory Base Of Accounting Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Trial Balance And Rectification Of Errors Click here to view animated video

ANIMATED VIDEOS CLASS 11

(SUBJECT: BUSINESS STUDIES)

 Chapter :Business Service Click here to view animated video

 Chapter :Emerging Modes Of Business Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Formation Of A Company Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Forms Of Business Organisation Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Internal Trade Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :International Business Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Nature And Purpose Of Business (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Private, Public And Global Enterprises Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Small Business (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Social Responsibilities Of Business Click here to view animated video
And Business Ethics
 Chapter :Source Of Business Finance Click here to view animated video
 ANIMATED VIDEOS CLASS 11
(SUBJECT:MICRO ECONOMICS)
 Chapter : Theory Of Consumer Behavior Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : The Theory Of The Firm Under Perfect Competition Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : Production And Costs Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : Non Competitive Markets Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : Market Equilibrium Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : Introduction To Microeconomics Click here to view animated video

ANIMATED VIDEOS CLASS 11

(SUBJECT: STATISTICS)

 Chapter : Use Of Statistical Tools Click here to view animated video

 Chapter : Presentation Of Data Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : Organisation Of Data Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : Measures Of Dispersion (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : Measures Of Central Tendency Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : Introduction To Statistics (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : Index Numbers Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : Correlation Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : Collection Of Data Click here to view animated video

ANIMATED VIDEOS CLASS 11

(SUBJECT: BIOLOGY IN ENGLISH)
 Chapter :Cell The Unit Of Life Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Animal Kingdom Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Mineral Nutrition(Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Cell Cycle And Cell Division Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Anatomy Of Flowering Plants I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Respiration In Plants Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Plant Kingdom II Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Plant Growth And Development Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Photosynthesis In Higher Plants Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Nervous Control And Coordination(Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video

 Chapter :Morphology Of Flowering Plants Click here to view animated video

 Chapter :Morphology Of Flowering Plants Root (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Morphology Of Flowering Plants Leaves(Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Transport Of Mineral Nutrients In Plant (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Morphology Of Flowering Plants Inflorescence (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Transport In Plants (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Morphology Of Flowering Plants Fruits Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :The Living Word (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Morphology Of Flowering Plants Flowers (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
Chapter :The Living World I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Long Distance Transport Of Water (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
Chapter : Structural Organisation in Animals Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Locomotion And Movement Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Structural Organization In Animals II (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
Chapter :Excretory Products And Their Elimination Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Digestion And Absorption (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Chemical Coordination And Integration Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Cell The Unit Of Life IV Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Cell The Unit Of Life III Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Animal Kingdom II Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Animal Kingdom III Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Biological Classification I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Biological Classification II Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Biological Classification III Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : Biomolecules Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Body Fluids A Circulation Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Breathing Exchange Of Gases Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Cell The Unit Of Life I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Cell The Unit Of Life II Click here to view animated video
 ANIMATED VIDEOS CLASS 11
(SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY IN ENGLISH)

 Chapter :Organic Chemistry III Click here to view animated video

 Chapter :Organic Chemistry II Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Organic Chemistry I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Hydrogen II (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Thermodynamics Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Hydrogen I (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :The S Block Elements (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Hydrocarbons III Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Hydrocarbons II Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Structure Of Atoms Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Hydrocarbons I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Structure Of Atoms I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Equilibrium Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :States Of Matter (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Equilibrium I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Some Basic Concept of Chemistry II Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Some Basic Concept of Chemistry I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Classification Of Elements In And Periodicity Properties Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Redox Reactions Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Chemical Bonding Molecular Structure Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Chemical Bonding Molecular Structure I Click here to view animated video

ANIMATED VIDEOS CLASS 11

(SUBJECT:PHYSICS IN ENGLISH)
 Chapter :Work, Power And Energy Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Waves Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Units And Measurement Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Thermodynamics Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Thermal Properties Of Matter Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :System Of Particles And Rational Motion Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Physics World (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Oscillations Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Motion In A Straight Line Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Motion In A Plane Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Mechanical Properties Of Solids Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Mechanical Properties Of Fluids Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Laws Of Motion Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Kinetic Theory Of Gases Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Gravitation Click here to view animated video

ANIMATED VIDEOS CLASS 12

(SUBJECT: INDIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT)

 Chapter Indian Economy on the Eve Click here to view animated video
of Independence
 Chapter Indian Economy 1950 1990 Click here to view animated video
Formation in India
 Chapter Development Human Capital Click here to view animated video
 Chapter Environment And Sustainable Click here to view animated video
Development
 Chapter Employment Growth, Informalization Click here to view animated video
And Other Issues
 Chapter Comparative Development Experiences Click here to view animated video
 Chapter Infrastructure Click here to view animated video
 Chapter Liberalization, Privatization Click here to view animated video
or Globalization an Appraisal
 Chapter Poverty Click here to view animated video
 Chapter Rural Development Click here to view animated video
 ANIMATED VIDEOS CLASS 11
(SUBJECT: Mathematics in Hindi)

 Chapter :Sequence And Series (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Circle Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Bionomial theorem Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Relation And Function Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Linear Inequalities Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Quadratic Equation Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :3d Geometry (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Statistics Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Complex Number Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Straight Line I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Conic Sections Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Limits And Derivatives Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Straight Line II Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Three Dimensional Geometry Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Linear Equation In One Variable (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video

 Chapter :Trigonometric Function Click here to view animated video

 Chapter :Mathematical Reasoning (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Vector Algebra(Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Permutation And Combination Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Mathematical Introduction(Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Principle Of Mathematical Induction (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : Probability Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Sequence And Series Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Sets I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Sets II Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Sets III Click here to view animated video
 ANIMATED VIDEOS CLASS 11
(SUBJECT: BIOLOGY IN HINDI)
 Chapter :Cell The Unit Of Life Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Animal Kingdom Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Mineral Nutrition(Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Cell Cycle And Cell Division Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Anatomy Of Flowering Plants I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Respiration In Plants Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Plant Kingdom II Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Plant Growth And Development Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Photosynthesis In Higher Plants Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Nervous Control And Coordination(Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video

 Chapter :Morphology Of Flowering Plants Click here to view animated video

 Chapter :Morphology Of Flowering Plants Root (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Morphology Of Flowering Plants Leaves(Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video

 Chapter :Transport Of Mineral Nutrients In Plant (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video

 Chapter :Morphology Of Flowering Plants Inflorescence (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Transport In Plants (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Morphology Of Flowering Plants Fruits Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :The Living Word (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Morphology Of Flowering Plants Flowers (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
Chapter :The Living World I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Long Distance Transport Of Water (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
Chapter : Structural Organisation in Animals Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Locomotion And Movement Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Structural Organization In Animals II (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
Chapter :Excretory Products And Their Elimination Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Digestion And Absorption (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Chemical Coordination And Integration Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Cell The Unit Of Life IV Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Cell The Unit Of Life III Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Animal Kingdom II Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Animal Kingdom III Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Biological Classification I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Biological Classification II Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Biological Classification III Click here to view animated video
 Chapter : Biomolecules Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Body Fluids A Circulation Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Breathing Exchange Of Gases Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Cell The Unit Of Life I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Cell The Unit Of Life II Click here to view animated video

ANIMATED VIDEOS CLASS 11

(SUBJECT:PHYSICS IN HINDI)
 Chapter :Work, Power And Energy Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Waves Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Units And Measurement Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Thermodynamics Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Thermal Properties Of Matter Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :System Of Particles And Rational Motion Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Physics World (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Oscillations Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Motion In A Straight Line Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Motion In A Plane Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Mechanical Properties Of Solids Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Mechanical Properties Of Fluids Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Laws Of Motion Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Kinetic Theory Of Gases Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Gravitation Click here to view animated video

ANIMATED VIDEOS CLASS 11

(SUBJECT: CHEMISTRY IN HINDI)

 Chapter :Organic Chemistry III Click here to view animated video

 Chapter :Organic Chemistry II Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Organic Chemistry I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Hydrogen II (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Thermodynamics Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Hydrogen I (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :The S Block Elements (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Hydrocarbons III Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Hydrocarbons II Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Structure Of Atoms Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Hydrocarbons I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Structure Of Atoms I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Equilibrium Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :States Of Matter (Deleted 2023-24) Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Equilibrium I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Some Basic Concept of Chemistry II Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Some Basic Concept of Chemistry I Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Classification Of Elements In And Periodicity Properties Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Redox Reactions Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Chemical Bonding Molecular Structure Click here to view animated video
 Chapter :Chemical Bonding Molecular Structure I Click here to view animated video
 Why Artham Resource Material?
Resource materials for teachers and students are essential tools for effective teaching
and learning. They provide valuable information, guidance, and support to both teachers
and students, making the teaching and learning process more efficient and productive.

For teachers, Artham resource materials include lesson plans, instructional guides,
assessment tools, professional development materials, and teaching aids. These
materials are well researched and created according to 2023-24 NEP and NCERT
guidelines.

For students, resource materials can include textbooks, study guides, homework
assignments, reference books, online learning platforms, and educational videos. These
materials can be obtained from school libraries, educational publishers, online
resources, and teachers.

Both teachers and students can also benefit from Artham educational resources which
are free and openly licensed educational materials that can be used and shared for
teaching and learning. Artham resource material include textbooks, courses, lesson
plans, and multimedia resources that are available online.

In summary, resource materials are critical components of effective teaching and

learning. They provide a wealth of information and support that can enhance the quality
of education and help students achieve academic success.

Teachers and students can also purchase these resources from the links provided with
every resource.

JOIN TELEGRAM GROUP/CHANNELS FOR

CLASS WISE HIGH QUALITY RESOURCE
MATERIAL
SOE CBSE Groups
 Click to Join CBSE Group...All classes
 Click to Join SOE CBSE Kindergarten Group
 Click to Join SOE CBSE Class 1 Group
 Click to Join SOE CBSE Class 2 Group
 Click to Join SOE CBSE Class 3 Group
 Click to Join SOE CBSE Class 4 Group
 Click to Join SOE CBSE Class 5 Group
 Click to Join SOE CBSE Class 6 Group
 Click to Join SOE CBSE Class 7 Group
 Click to Join SOE CBSE Class 8 Group
 Click to Join SOE CBSE Class 9 Group
 Click to Join SOE CBSE Class 10 Group
 Click to Join SOE CBSE Class 11 (Science) Group
 Click to Join SOE CBSE Class 11 (Commerce) Group
 Click to Join SOE CBSE Class 11 (Humanities) Group
 Click to Join SOE CBSE Class 12 (Science) Group
 Click to Join SOE CBSE Class 12(Commerce) Group
  Click to Join SOE CBSE Class 12 (Humanities) Group
 Click to Join SOE JEE/NEET Group
 Click to Join SOE CUET Group
 Click to Join SOE NDA, OLYMPIAD, NTSE Group
 Click to Join SOE School Principal Professional Development Group
 Click to Join SOE School Teacher Professional Development Group
 Click to Join SOE CBSE Project File Group for Class 9th to 12th All Subjects

SOE ICSE Groups

 Click to Join SOE ICSE Kindergarten Group
 Click to Join SOE ICSE Class 1 Group
 Click to Join SOE ICSE Class 2 Group
 Click to Join SOE ICSE Class 3 Group
 Click to Join SOE ICSE Class 4 Group
 Click to Join SOE ICSE Class 5 Group
 Click to Join SOE ICSE Class 6 Group
 Click to Join SOE ICSE Class 7 Group
 Click to Join SOE ICSE Class 8 Group
 Click to Join SOE ICSE Class 9 Group
 Click to Join SOE ICSE Class 10 Group
 Click to Join SOE ICSE Class 11 (Science) Group
 Click to Join SOE ICSE Class 11 (Commerce) Group
 Click to Join SOE ICSE Class 11 (Humanities) Group
 Click to Join SOE ICSE Class 12 (Science) Group
 Click to Join SOE ICSE Class 12(Commerce) Group
 Click to Join SOE ICSE Class 12 (Humanities) Group
 Click to Join SOE JEE/NEET Group
 Click to Join SOE CUET Group
 Click to Join SOE NDA, OLYMPIAD, NTSE Group
 Click to Join SOE School Principal Professional Development Group
 Click to Join SOE School Teacher Professional Development Group

Nageen CBSE Channels

 Click to Join Nageen CBSE Kindergarten Channel
 Click to Join Nageen CBSE Class 1 Channel
 Click to Join Nageen CBSE Class 2 Channel
 Click to Join Nageen CBSE Class 3 Channel
 Click to Join Nageen CBSE Class 4 Channel
 Click to Join Nageen CBSE Class 5 Channel
 Click to Join Nageen CBSE Class 6 Channel
 Click to Join Nageen CBSE Class 7 Channel
 Click to Join Nageen CBSE Class 8 Channel
 Click to Join Nageen CBSE Class 9 Channel
 Click to Join Nageen CBSE Class 10 Channel
 Click to Join Nageen CBSE Class 11 (Science) Channel
 Click to Join Nageen CBSE Class 11 (Humanities) Channel
 Click to Join Nageen CBSE Class 11 (Commerce) Channel
 Click to Join Nageen CBSE Class 12 (Science) Channel
 Click to Join Nageen CBSE Class 12 (Commerce) Channel
 Click to Join Nageen CBSE Class 12 (Humanities) Channel
  Click to Join JEE/NEET Channel
 Click to Join CUET Channel
 Click to Join NDA, OLYMPIAD, NTSE Channel

Nageen ICSE Channels

 Click to Join Nageen ICSE Kindergarten Channel
 Click to Join Nageen ICSE Class 1 Channel
 Click to Join Nageen ICSE Class 2 Channel
 Click to Join Nageen ICSE Class 3 Channel
 Click to Join Nageen ICSE Class 4 Channel
 Click to Join Nageen ICSE Class 5 Channel
 Click to Join Nageen ICSE Class 6 Channel
 Click to Join Nageen ICSE Class 7 Channel
 Click to Join Nageen ICSE Class 8 Channel
 Click to Join Nageen ICSE Class 9 Channel
 Click to Join Nageen ICSE Class 10 Channel
 Click to Join Nageen ICSE Class 11 (Science) Channel
 Click to Join Nageen ICSE Class 11 (Commerce) Channel
 Click to Join Nageen ICSE Class 11 (Humanities) Channel
 Click to Join Nageen ICSE Class 12 (Science) Channel
 Click to Join Nageen ICSE Class 12 (Commerce) Channel
 Click to Join Nageen ICSE Class 12 (Humanities) Channel
 Click to Join JEE/NEET Channel
 Click to Join CUET Channel
 Click to Join NDA, OLYMPIAD, NTSE Channel
 SCHOOL OF EDUCATORS
You will get Pre- Board Papers PDF, Word file, PPT, Lesson Plan, Worksheet, practical tips and Viva
questions , reference books , smart content , curriculum , syllabus , marking scheme , toppers answer
scripts , revised exam pattern , revised syllabus , Blue Print etc. here .Join Your Subject WhatsApp
Group.

Kindergarten

Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4

Class 5 Class 6 Class 7 Class 8

Class 9 Class 10 Class 11 (Science) Class 11 (Commerce)

Class 11 (Humanities) Class 12 (Science) Class 12 (Commerce) Class 12 (Humanities)

 Subject Wise Groups Secondary and Senior Secondary

Secondary Groups (IX & X)

SST Mathematics Science English

Hindi Information Techonology (402)

Senior Secondary Groups (XI & XII)

Physics Chemistry English Mathematics

Biology Accountancy Economics BST

History Geography Sociology Hindi Elective

Hindi Core Home Science Sanskrit Psychology

Political Science Painting Vocal Music Comp. Science

IP Physical Education App. Mathematics IIT /NEET

Leagal Studies Entrepreneurship French Teachers Jobs

SOE CBSE Principals (Group for Principals Only)

Rules & Regulations of the Group

1. No introduction
2. No Good Morning/Any wish type message
3.No personal Chats & Messages
4. No Spam
5. You can also ask your difficulties here.

Just get learning resources & post learning resources.

Helpline number only WhatsApp: +91-95208-77777
 n o u r
Joi G r o up
g r a m
Tele s a m p le
o r e
for m
a p e r s
p

Join o
u
Teleg r
ra
for m m Chann
ore b el
Notes o oks &

Pdf Purchase
Print Purchase Scan QR Code to join
Telegram Groups &
Channels for more free
Amazon Print Purchase resources.