‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت واﻟﺼﻮت‬ ‫‪‬‬

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‫‪10AP.4  ‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﹶﻌﺮﻑ ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟ ﹸﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﹶﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗ ﱡ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭﺻـﻒ ﺳـﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﻭﻣﻌﺮﻓـﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺃﳘﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺻـﻒ ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﺑﺪﻻﻟـﺔ ﺧﺼﺎﺋـﺺ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﺳﻠﻮﻛﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺳـﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﻭﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ‬
‫ﴐﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻔﻬـﻢ ﻇﺎﻫـﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻧـﲔ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﺃﳘﻴـﺔ ﻛﺒـﲑﺓ؛ ﻷﳖﺎ ﺗﹸﻌﺪﹼ ﻭﺳـﻴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤـﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺄﻟﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺳـﻴﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﹸﻌـﱪ ﻋـﻦ ﺛﻘﺎﻓـﺔ ﺍﻟﺸـﻌﻮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺪﻳ ﹰﺜﺎ ﺗﻌﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺗﻪ ﺇﺣﺪ￯ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﳉﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴـﺔ ﺗﹶﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺜـﲑ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﺄﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﻓﻴﲈ ﺑﻴﻨﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺴـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻓﺮﺍﺋﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻢ ﺍﻻﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﺓ ﻣـﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﰲ ﻛﺜﲑ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺜﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﱢ‬
‫ﻓﻜﺮ ◀‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻧـﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻓﲔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳـﺪ ﻣﺴـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻣ ﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﻓ ﺮﺍﺋﺴـﻬﺎ؟ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺫﻟﻚ؟‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
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 Waves 5-1**
   
Hand protection Eye safety Thermal safety Explosive

 
28.1- 28.2- 28.3

    
Hand protection Electrical hazard Eye safety
  

Harmful / IrritantThermal safety Biological hazards Explosive Flammable

1.1- 1.3-3.1- 3.3-4.1- 4.2 ‫ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﻛﺆﻭﺱ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ‬
    
 

 ‫ﻧﻐﲈﺕ ﻣﻮﺳـﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ؟ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻐﲈﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺆﻭﺱ ﺫﺍﺕ‬

Electrical hazard First aid Harmful / Irritant Eye wash station
Biological hazardsFire extinguisher Flammable Radioactive safety

،(‫ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻤﺮﺓ )ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬ •

‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻐﲈﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺆﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺳﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﳍﺎ؟‬
.‫ﻭﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﲈ‬   
First aid Sharp objects safety
   
Eye wash station Poison safetyFire extinguisher Oxidizer Radioactive safety

Corrosive

.‫ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺟﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬   •

.‫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬
 • 


Hand Sharp
protection

  
Eye safety
objects safety Laser beam Poison safety


Lab.Thermal
coat safety

Oxidizer

  
Explosive
Ecological hazards Corrosive

Carcinogenic

.‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ‬ • .‫ ﻭﳍﺎ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﺭﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬،‫ﻛﺄﺳﺎ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﺎﻕ‬ ‫ ﺍﺧﱰ ﹰ‬.1
.‫ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﳋﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬ •
‫ﺗﻔﺤﺺ ﺑﺤﺬﺭ ﺍﳊﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺄﺱ؛ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ ﹼ‬ .2
.‫ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟـﺔ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻞ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﺋﻞ‬ •

 
 
 

Electrical hazard
Laser beam Harmful / Irritant
Lab. coat Biological hazards hazards
Ecological Flammable
Carcinogenic

‫ ﻭﺃﺧﱪ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﻚ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺃﻱ ﺣﻮﺍﻑ‬،‫ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﺣﻮﺍﻑ ﺣﺎﺩﺓ‬


‫ ﻭﲢ ﱠﻘـﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜـﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﺤـﺺ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ ﲣﺘـﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬،‫ﺣـﺎﺩﺓ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬ •
   

• Wave
First aid Eye wash station Fire extinguisher Radioactive safety

• Wave pulse ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬ • .‫ﻛﺄﺳﺎ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﹰ‬

• Transverse wave ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ‬ • ‫ ﻭﺛ ﱢﺒـﺖ ﻗﺎﻋـﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ‬،‫ ﺿـﻊ ﺍﻟـﻜﺄﺱ ﺃﻣﺎﻣـﻚ ﻋـﲆ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟـﺔ‬.3

Sharp objects safety

Poison safety

Oxidizer

Corrosive

• Crest ‫ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬ • ‫ ﺛـﻢ ﺑ ﹼﻠﻞ ﺇﺻﺒﻌـﻚ ﻭﺣﻜﹼﻪ ﺑﺒـﻂﺀ ﺑﺎﳊﺎﻓﺔ‬،‫ﺑﺈﺣـﺪ￯ ﻳﺪﻳـﻚ ﺑﺮﻓﻖ‬
• Trough ‫ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬ • ‫ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺑﺤﺬﺭ؛‬:‫ ﲢﺬﻳﺮ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳـﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺄﺱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ‬

Laser beam

Lab. coat

Ecological hazards

Carcinogenic

• Longitudinal wave ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ • .‫ﻓﻬﻮ ﹶﻫ ﱞﺶ‬

• Compression ‫ﺗﻀﺎﻏﻂ‬ • .‫ ﺛـﻢ ﹺﺯﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻗ ﹼﻠﻞ ﴎﻋـﺔ ﺇﺻﺒﻌﻚ ﻗﻠﻴﻼﹰ‬،‫ﺳـﺠﻞ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﺍﺗﻚ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ .4
• Rarefaction ‫ﲣﻠﺨﻞ‬ • ‫ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﳛﺪﺙ؟‬
• Wave displacement ‫ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬ •
،‫ﻛﺄﺳـﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳـﺎﻕ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﴫ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬ ‫ ﺍﺧﱰ ﹰ‬.5
• Speed ‫ﺍﻟﴪﻋﺔ‬ •
• Amplitude ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ • .2-4 ‫ﻭﻛﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﹼ‬
• Wavelength ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ‬ • .2-4 ‫ﻭﻛﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ ﹼ‬،‫ﻛﺄﺳﺎ ﺑﻼ ﺳﺎﻕ‬ ‫ ﺍﺧﱰ ﹰ‬.6
• Phase difference ‫ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ‬ • 
• ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‬ • :‫ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺳـﲔ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺕ ﻧﻐﲈﺕ ﺭﻧﲔ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﲔ ﹼ‬
‫ ﹼ‬،‫ﳋﱢﺺ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﺍﺗﻚ‬
Period
• Frequency ‫ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ‬ •
‫ ﺃﻡ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻋـﲔ؟ ﻭﻣـﺎ‬،‫ ﺃﻡ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻻ ﺳـﻴﻘﺎﻥ ﳍـﺎ‬،‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴـﻴﻘﺎﻥ‬
• Wavefront ‫ﺟﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬ •
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﲈﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ؟‬
‫ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺳـﻬﻞ‬،‫ﻳﺰﺧـﺮ ﳏﻴﻄﻨـﺎ ﺑﻤﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ‬
‫ ﺍﻗﱰﺡ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻹﺻﺪﺍﺭ‬ 
‫ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺬﺭ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺗﻪ‬،‫ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﻛﺎﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻋﲆ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬
‫ ﺗﺸـﱰﻙ ﲨﻴـﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺃﳖﺎ‬.‫ﻛﺎﻷﻣـﻮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻼﺳـﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﻭﺍﺧﺘﱪ‬،‫ﻧﻐﲈﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺄﺱ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﺄﳖـﺎ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﳛﻤﻞ‬Wave ‫ﹸﻌـﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍ‬
‫ﹰ‬ ‫ ﺛﻢ ﺍﻗﱰﺡ‬.‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻗﱰﺣﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﻭﺗ ﹼ‬.‫ﲢﻤـﻞ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ ﻭﻳﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ )ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ ﺍﳌـﺎﺩﻱ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻍ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺀ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻜﺆﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ ﻭﺳـﺒﻖ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺳـﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬.‫ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ‬ .‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﲈﳍﺎ ﰲ ﺇﺻﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﻐﲈﺕ ﺭﻧﲔ‬
.‫ﻭﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ‬
11    **
    
Electrical hazard Harmful / Irritant Biological hazards Flammable

   

First aid Eye wash station Fire extinguisher Radioactive safety

Wave concept  

 
Sharp objects safety Poison safety Oxidizer Corrosive

‫ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳍﺰﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻠﺖ ﻋﲆ ﺷـﻜﻞ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣـﺎ ﺗﺜ ﱢﺒـﺖ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻃﺮﰲ ﺣﺒﻞ ﻭﲥﺰ ﻃﺮﻓـﻪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬

‫؛ ﻭﻫﻲ ﴐﺑﺔ ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ‬Wave pulse ‫ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺒﻞ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻧﺒﻀﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬ 
Laser beam
       .1


Hand protection
Lab. coat


Eye Ecological
safety hazards


Thermal Carcinogenic
safety

Explosive

‫ ﻭﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬.5-1a ‫ ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ‬.‫ﻳﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ‬     
‫ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮ ﹼﻟﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬.‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻟﺰﺍﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻧﺎﻣﻲ‬      

Electrical hazard

Harmful / Irritant

Biological hazards

Flammable

‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻮ ﹼﻟﺪ ﻗﻄﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻠﺴـﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻼﺣﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ 
‫ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬.5-1b ‫ ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬.‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ‬         .2

First aid

Eye wash station

Fire extinguisher

Radioactive safety

.‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‬ 


‫ ﻫـﻞ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗـﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ؟ ﲢﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺴـﻴﲈﺕ‬:‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴـﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻵﻥ‬
   
Sharp objects safety Poison safety Oxidizer Corrosive

 .3
‫ ﻓﺎﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﺜ ﹰ‬.‫ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﲈ ﰲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﲪﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬،‫ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳـﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻼ‬    
.‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﺬﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺯﻣﻴﻠﻚ ﻓﺴـﻮﻑ ﺗﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺪﻙ ﺇﱃ ﻳﺪﻩ ﺣﺎﻣﻠـﺔ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ‬،‫ﺟﺴـﻴﻢ ﻣـﺎﺩﻱ‬
   


Laser beam Lab. coat Ecological hazards Carcinogenic

‫ ﻓﺴﻴﺒﻘﻰ‬،‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻣﺴـﻜﺖ ﺃﻧﺖ ﻭﺯﻣﻴﻠﻚ ﺑﻄﺮﰲ ﺣﺒﻞ ﻭﻫﺰﺯﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲤﺴـﻜﻪ ﺑﴪﻋﺔ‬  32   .4
‫ ﰲ ﺣـﲔ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺒﻞ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬،‫ﺍﳊﺒـﻞ ﺑﻴﺪﻙ ﻭﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺗﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻣﻴﻠﻚ‬        
      
‫ﺣﺠﺮﺍ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺳـﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺗﺸـﺎﻫﺪ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍ ﹰﺑﺎ ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺩﻭﺍﺋﺮ‬
‫ﹰ‬ ‫ ﻛﲈ ﺃﻧﻚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﻣﻲ‬.‫ﺃﺣﺪﺛﺘﻬﺎ‬
   
،‫ ﻭﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﰲ ﺍﻻﺗﺴﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺭﳚﻲ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬،‫ﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻄﺎﻡ ﺍﳊﺠﺮ ﺑﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬ 
‫ ﻭﺳﺘﻼﺣﻆ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬﻙ ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﻻ‬.‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬

‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ؛ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻌﺖ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻓﻠﲔ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻓﺴـﺘﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﳖﺎ ﲥﺘﺰ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻋﲆ‬
   .5
‫ﻭﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﹼﹰﻳﺎ ﻋﲆ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻐﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﺓ ﻣﻜﺎﳖﺎ ﻣﻊ‬ 43
‫ ﳑـﺎ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﲆ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﲥﺘـﺰ ﻣﻜﺎﳖﺎ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ‬،‫ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋﺮ‬     .6
.‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ 43
‫ﻫﻞ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ؟‬        .7
43 

     
a 

  5-1 

 a
   
b

12
 ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪     5-2 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪  ‬‬
‫‪      (a)   ‬‬
‫‪  ‬‬
‫‪    ‬‬
‫‪b‬‬

‫‪C14-09A-845813‬‬

‫‪Types of waves‬‬
‫‪C14-08A-845813‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ‪:‬‬
‫‪Mechanical waves.1‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺻﻠ ﹰﺒﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺳﺎﺋ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﺃﻭ ﻏﺎﺯ ﹼﹰﻳﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻬﺘﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺰﻻﺯﻝ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪Electromagnetic waves .2‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻻ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻋﱪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻣﺜﻠﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻥ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﲈ ﺗﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺑﺤﺴﺐ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﳍﺎ ﺇﱃ‪:‬‬
‫‪ Transverse waves  .1‬ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲥﺘﺰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﺴـﻴﲈﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﹼﹰﻳـﺎ ﻋﲆ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﺸـﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ‪Transverse‬‬
‫‪ .waves‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺸـﺎﲠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻼﺣﻈﻬﺎ ﻋﲆ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﲥﺰ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺍﳊﺮ ﳊﺒﻞ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﳊﺒﻞ ﺭﺃﺳ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺃﻓﻘ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.5-2a‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄـﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻳﺔ ﻋـﲆ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺔ ‪Crest‬؛ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺃﻋﲆ ﻧﻘﻄـﺔ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺗﹸﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ‪Trough‬؛ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ‬
‫ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺿﻄﺮﺍﺏ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.5-3a‬‬
‫‪ Longitudinal waves  .2‬ﺗﹸﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲥﺘﺰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﺴـﻴﲈﺕ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯ ﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ‪Longitudinal‬‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﹴ‬
‫ﹴ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ‬
‫‪ .waves‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﺿﻤﻤـﺖ ﻋـﺪﺓ ﻟﻔـﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺑـﺾ ﺑﻌﻀﻬـﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ ﻣﱰﺍﺹ ﺛﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻛﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﺠﺄﺓ ﻓﺴـﺘﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻧﺒﻀﺘﺎﻥ – ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﲈ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻣ ﹰﻌﺎ – ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﲔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴـﲔ‪ ،‬ﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪ ،5-2b‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﺾ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ‬

‫‪13‬‬
 ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸـﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﹸﺴـﻤﻰ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺣﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺑﺾ ﺗﻀﺎﻏ ﹰﻄـﺎ ‪Compression‬؛‬ ‫‪5-3 ‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﱰﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﹸﺴﻤﻰ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫‪  (a)  ‬‬
‫ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﺍﳊﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﲣﻠﺨ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ‪ ،Rarefaction‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.5-3b‬‬
‫ﻗـﺎﺭﻥ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺣﻴـﺚ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪Properties of waves‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤـﺪ ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻋﲆ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣـﲔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ￯‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﻮﺻﻒ ﲠﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻋﲆ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ Speed‬ﻣـﺎ ﺍﻟﴪﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﲠﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺔ؟ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﴎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪ ،5-4‬ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻔﺴـﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺤـﺪﹼ ﺩ ﲠﺎ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺳـﻴﺎﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﺗ ﱠ‬
‫ﹸﻌﺮﻑ‬
‫ﺇﺯﺍﺣـﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺔ ‪ Wave displacement‬ﺑﺄﳖـﺎ ﹸﺑﻌـﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﺟـﺰﺀ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ‪ ،∆d‬ﺛﻢ ﺍﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻔﱰﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ∆t‬ﻟﺘﺠﺪ‬‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻭ ﹼﻟﺪﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻗﺲ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﴪﻋـﺔ ‪Speed‬؛ ‪ .v = ∆d/∆t‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻤﺮﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻔﺴـﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﰲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Amplitude‬ﻛﻴـﻒ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮ ﱢﻟﺪﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﱢ‬
‫ﻫﺰ ﺍﳊﺒـﻞ ﺑﺮﻓﻖ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡـﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﳍﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻴﻒ ﻟﻪ؟ ﻳﺸـﺒﻪ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﻴﻨﻬـﲈ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﺽ ﺍﻟﺴـﺒﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺳـﻌﺎﺕ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﲈ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴـﻌﺔ ‪Amplitude‬‬ ‫‪  5-4‬‬
‫‪0.20s   ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪0.80m ‬‬
‫‪4.0ms‬‬

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 ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪A5-5‬‬
‫‪B‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪B‬‬

‫‪λ‬‬

‫ﻫـﻲ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣـﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼـﻮ￯ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺳـﻜﻮﳖﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﳖـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﹸﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﳍـﺎ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻑ ‪.A‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 5-5‬ﻣﻮﺟﺘﲔ ﳍﲈ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻬﲈ ﲣﺘﻠﻔﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﱢ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺳـﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﲆ ﴎﻋﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﹸﻳﺒﺬﻝ ﺷﻐﻞ ﺃﻛﱪ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺳـﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮ ﹼﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺳـﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺳـﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺋﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻄﻴﻔﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ؛ ﻓﺎﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﲢﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﻞ ﺳﻨﺘﻤﱰﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻃﺊ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ‬
‫ﲢﺮﻛﺖ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﴪﻋﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻗﺘﻼﻉ ﺍﻷﺷﺠﺎﺭ ﻭﲢﺮﻳﻜﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﱠ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻳﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻃﺮﺩ ﹼﹰﻳﺎ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺮﺑﻊ ﺳﻌﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺇﺣﺪ￯ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻳﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ Wavelength‬ﲣﻴﻞ ﺃﻧﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻄﺖ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﺪﻻﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱰﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﲆ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺮ￯ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﰲ ﳊﻈﺔ ﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪5-5‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜـﺮﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻧﻤﻂ‬
‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﻗﻤـﻢ ﻭﻗﻴﻌـﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺘـﲔ ‪ A‬ﻭ‪ .B‬ﻭﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﲆ ﺃﻗﴫ ﻣﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﲔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﻧﻔﺴـﻪ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ‪ .Wavelength‬ﻓﺎﳌﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻗﻤﺘﲔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﲔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﲔ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﹸﻳﺮﻣﺰ ﻟﻠﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﳊﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻼﺗﻴﻨﻲ ‪) λ‬ﳌﺪﺍ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ Phase‬ﺃﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﻧﻔﺴـﻪ )ﻣﺘﻔﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ( ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﲈ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﹰ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻻ ﻣﻮﺟ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰ ﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻭ ﹸﻳﻌﺪ ﺟﺴﻴﲈﻥ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﳍﲈ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﳍﲈ ﺍﻟﴪﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ )ﻣﺘﻔﻘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ( ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﻧﻔﺴـﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳉﺴـﻴﲈﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﻭﰲ ﺍﻟﴪﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺈﳖـﲈ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄـﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﻴﻨﻬـﲈ ‪ .180°‬ﻭﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ‪Phase‬‬
‫‪ difference‬ﻫـﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﺑﲔ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﲔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺴـﻴﻤﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﺘﲔ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ‬
‫ﻼ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴـﺒﻖ ‪/‬ﺃﻭ ﻳﺘﺄﺧﺮ ﲠﺎ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺎﻉ ﺑـ ‪.180°‬‬

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 a A E
 5-6
B D F
   
(a) 
b
C G

b
A B 90‫ ﹾ‬

180‫ ﹾ‬ 

B

0‫ ﹾ‬
AB

‫ ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬.‫ ﻧﻘﺎ ﹰﻃـﺎ ﳐﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻣﻮﺟـﺔ ﻣﺴـﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ‬5-6a ‫ﻭﻳﻮﺿـﺢ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﻭﳍﲈ ﺍﻟﴪﻋﺔ‬،‫ ﻣﺘﻔﻘﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﲈ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬E‫ ﻭ‬A ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺘﺎﻥ‬
￯‫ ﻫﻞ ﹸﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺃﺧﺮ‬.‫ ﻓﻬﻲ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ‬D‫ ﻭ‬C‫ ﻭ‬B ‫ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ‬.‫ﺍﳌﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﻔﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﻭﺃﺧﺮ￯ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ؟ ﻛﲈ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﳌﻮﺟﺘﲔ‬
.5-6b ‫ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ ﱠ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﻭﺳﻌﺘﻬﺎ‬Period and frequency
.‫ ﻓﻴﻄ ﹼﺒﻘﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻤﺮﺓ‬f ‫ ﻭﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ‬T ‫ ﺃﻣـﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‬.‫ﻟﻮﺻـﻒ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ‬
‫ ﻫـﻮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﳉﺴـﻢ ﺍﳌﻬﺘـﺰ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻜﻤـﻞ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ‬Period ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳉﺴـﻢ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻤﺮﺓ‬.(s) ‫ ﻭ ﹸﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬،‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬

a b P
   5-7
25  
P         
 P     
P 

c d

P
16
 ‫)ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ( ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴـ ﱢﺒﺐ ﳍﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭ ﹰﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺪﺭ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻮﺿـﺢ ﺍﻷﺷـﻜﺎﻝ ﻣـﻦ ‪ 5-7a‬ﺇﱃ ‪ 5-7d‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ‪ T‬ﻳﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ‪0.04 s‬؛ ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﱢ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﻄﻠﺒﻪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ P‬ﻋﲆ ﺍﳊﺒﻞ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻃﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‪.‬‬‫ﹰ‬
‫ﺘﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﺴـﻢ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﺰ ﰲ‬‫ﺃ ﹼﻣـﺎ ﺍﻟـﱰ ﹼﺩﺩ )‪ Frequency (f‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﻋـﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹸﻳ ﹼ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﹸﻳﻘـﺎﺱ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﻫﺮﺗﺰ ‪ ،Hz‬ﻭﺍﳍﺮﺗﺰ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻫﺘـﺰﺍﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻨﺎ ﹰﺀ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫__ = ‪f‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪T‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻪ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻘﻠﻮﺏ ﺯﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﻭﻳﻌﺘﻤـﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫـﺎ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪﺍﻥ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻋﲆ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻓﱰﺓ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﺯﻣﻨﹰﺎ ﺩﻭﺭ ﹼﹰﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﹰ ﺍ ﻣﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﻃﻮﻻﹰ ﻣﻮﺟ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣـﺪﹰ ﺍ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻳﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﴬﻭ ﹰﺑـﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‪.λ = vT ،‬‬
‫ﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﳊﺼـﻮﻝ ﻋـﲆ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﺳـﻬﻞ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﳊﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺗﹸﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻵﰐ‪:‬‬

‫__ = ‪λ‬‬
‫‪v‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬
‫‪f‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﴎﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻘﺴﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪Modeling waves‬‬
‫ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺘﻪ ﺑـﱰﺩﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴـﻮﻑ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺩﻭﺍﺋـﺮ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﺓ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻌـﺖ ﺇﺻﺒﻌـﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﱠ‬
‫ﰲ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰﻫـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺇﺻﺒﻌـﻚ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰ ﺗﻠـﻚ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺍﺋـﺮ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺟﺒﻬـﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬
‫‪Wavefront‬؛ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﲣﻴﲇ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﹸﻳﺮﺳﻢ‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺧﻂ ﻳﻤ ﹼﺜﻞ ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺑﺄﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪5-8a‬‬ ‫ﱢ‬ ‫ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪    5-8 ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪      ‬‬ ‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬

‫‪    a  ‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪     ‬‬
‫‪b  ‬‬
‫‪‬‬

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‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪ 5-8b‬ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﱢ‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﳍﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺟﺒﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺑﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﹼ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪ ﻣﻊ ﺟﺒﻬﺎﲥﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﹸﻳﻤ ﱠﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺑﺸـﻌﺎﻉ ﻋﲆ‬
‫ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺧﻂ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺟﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﻳﺴـﻤﻰ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻤﻦ ﺍﳌﻼﺋﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺳﻢ ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪   ‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘ ﹾﻄﺖ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻏﺮﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﺴـﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﰲ ﺣﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴـﺘﺠﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺎﲠﺔ ﻹﺣﺪ￯ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺘﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺘﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ .5-5‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﻋﲆ ﻭﺭﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.5-9a‬‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻢ ﺑﻴﺎﲏ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﻣﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﲈ ﻫﻮ ﱠ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﳌﺜـﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺭﺻﺪﺕ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺟﺴـﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ P‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪ ،5-7‬ﺃﻣﻜﻨﻚ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﲑﺍ ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﲤﺜﻴـﻞ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ ﻋﲆ ﻭﺭﻕ ﺭﺳـﻢ ﺑﻴﺎﲏ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺮﺳـﻢ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣـﻦ‪ ،‬ﻛﲈ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪ ،5-9b‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺇﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺰﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﲈ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﺎﻧ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ ﻋﲆ ﻭﺭﻕ ﺭﺳـﻢ ﺑﻴـﺎﲏ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﲤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳌﺤﻮﺭ ‪y‬‬
‫‪5-9‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪  (a) 4.0 m‬‬
‫‪   (b) 2.0 s‬‬
‫)‪y (m‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫‪0.2 m   ‬‬
‫‪0.2‬‬
‫‪   ‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪0.1‬‬
‫)‪x (m‬‬
‫‪0.0‬‬
‫‪2.0‬‬ ‫‪4.0‬‬ ‫‪6.0‬‬ ‫‪8.0‬‬ ‫‪10.0‬‬
‫‪-0.1‬‬
‫‪-0.2‬‬
‫‪-0.3‬‬

‫‪C14-13A-845813‬‬
‫‪b‬‬ ‫)‪y (m‬‬ ‫‪Final‬‬
‫‪0.3‬‬
‫‪0.2‬‬
‫‪0.1‬‬
‫)‪t (s‬‬
‫‪0.0‬‬
‫‪1.0‬‬ ‫‪2.0‬‬ ‫‪3.0‬‬ ‫‪4.0‬‬ ‫‪5.0‬‬
‫‪-0.1‬‬
‫‪-0.2‬‬
‫‪-0.3‬‬

‫‪18‬‬

‫‪C14-14A-845813‬‬
‫‪  5-10 ‬‬
‫‪       ‬‬
‫‪    ‬‬
‫‪y‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪x‬‬

‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﳉﻴﺐ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺿﻐﻂ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪ ،5-10‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﹼ‬
‫ﻭﲤ ﹼﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻤـﻢ ﺗﻀﺎﻏﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟـﺔ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﳍﺎ ﻓﻴـﻪ‪ .‬ﹸ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﹸﲤ ﱢﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻌﺎﻥ ﲣﻠﺨﻼﲥﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺠﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ؟ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺭﺳﻢ ﳉﺒﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ؟‬
‫ﹴ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪‬ﻗﻄﻌﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫﺎ ‪ 192 Hz‬ﻣﻠﻌﺐ ﻛﺮﺓ ﻗﺪﻡ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ 91.4 m‬ﺧﻼﻝ ‪ ،0.271 s‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .c‬ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .a‬ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ‪442 Hz‬‬ ‫‪.d‬‬ ‫‪ .b‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺫﺟﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺳﻢ‬
‫ﻣ ﹼﺜﻞ ﻣﺘﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﴪﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫?=‪v‬‬ ‫‪f= 192 Hz‬‬
‫‪λ‬‬ ‫?=‪λ‬‬ ‫‪d= 91.4 m‬‬
‫?=‪T‬‬ ‫‪t= 0.271 s‬‬
‫‪v‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪d‬‬
‫__ = ‪v‬‬ ‫‪ .a‬ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﴪﻋﺔ ‪.v‬‬
‫‪t‬‬
‫‪91.4 m‬‬
‫______ =‬ ‫‪d = 91.4 m ،t = 0.271 s‬‬
‫‪0.271s‬‬
‫‪= 337 m/s‬‬
‫‪v‬‬
‫__ = ‪λ‬‬ ‫‪ .b‬ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ‪.λ‬‬
‫‪f‬‬
‫‪337 m/s‬‬ ‫‪v = 337 m/s ،f =192 Hz‬‬
‫_______ =‬
‫‪192 Hz‬‬
‫‪= 1.76 m‬‬

‫‪19‬‬
 ‫‪1‬‬
‫__ = ‪T‬‬ ‫‪ .c‬ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ‪.T‬‬
‫‪f‬‬
‫‪= 1‬‬
‫______‬ ‫‪f = 192 Hz‬‬
‫‪192 Hz‬‬
‫‪= 0.00521 s‬‬
‫‪v‬‬
‫__ = ‪λ‬‬ ‫‪ .d‬ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪f‬‬
‫‪337 m/s‬‬ ‫‪v =337 m/s ،f = 442 Hz‬‬
‫‪= _______ = 0.762 m‬‬
‫‪442 Hz‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫__ = ‪T‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪f‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫______ =‬ ‫‪= 0.00226 s‬‬ ‫‪f =442Hz‬‬
‫‪442 Hz‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪m/s‬‬
‫____ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪Hz‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﳍﺮﺗﺰ ‪ Hz‬ﻫﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ‪ ،s-1‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ‪m .s = m‬‬
‫__ =‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫‪‬ﺍﻟﴪﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ‪ 343 m/s‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳ ﹰﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺎﳉﻮﺍﺏ ‪337 m/s‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﱰﺩﺩ ‪ 442 Hz‬ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ‬
‫‪ 440 Hz‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﳼ ﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻃﻠـﻖ ﻓﺎﺩﻱ ﺻﻮﺗﹰـﺎ ﻋﺎﻟ ﹰﻴﺎ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺟﺮﻑ ﺭﺃﳼ ﻳﺒﻌﺪ ‪ 465 m‬ﻋﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳـﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﺪ￯‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪ ‪ .2.75 s‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .a‬ﴎﻋﺔ ﺻﻮﺕ ﻓﺎﺩﻱ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .b‬ﺗﺮ ﹼﺩﺩ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪.0.750 m‬‬
‫‪ .c‬ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﲥﺰ ﺍﳊﺒﻞ ﺑﱰﺩﺩ ﻛﺒﲑ ﺃﻡ ﺑﱰﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺭﺩﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺣﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻞ ﹼ‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ﺻﻐﲑ؟‬
‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﰲ ﺣﺒﻞ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍ ﹰﺑﺎ ﺗﺮ ﹼﺩﺩﻩ ‪ ،6.00 Hz‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ‬
‫ﹲ‬ ‫ﻭ ﱠﻟﺪ‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳊﺒﻞ ‪ ،15.0 m/s‬ﻓﲈ ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ؟‬
‫ﺗﺘﻮ ﹼﻟﺪ ﲬﺲ ﻧﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺧﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻛﻞ ‪ ،0.100 s‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ‪ ،1.20 cm‬ﻓﲈ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ؟‬

‫‪20‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﲢﻤﻞ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﹼﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻧﺠﺎﺯ ﺷـﻐﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺑﲈ ﺷـﺎﻫﺪﺕ ﺍﻷﴐﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺍﳍﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﺸـﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺎﺻـﲑ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻲﺀ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺤﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸـﻮﺍﻃﺊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟـﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻌﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺬﻛﹼﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺳـﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﺪﹼ ﺩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﲈ ﳛﺪﹼ ﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ ﴎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪5-1‬‬
‫‪‬ﺍﻓﱰﺽ ﺃﻧـﻪ ﹸﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﻟﻴﻚ ﺃﻧﺖ‬ ‫‪.7‬‬ ‫‪‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺳـﺤﺒﺖ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻃﺮﰲ‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫ﻭﺯﻣﻴﻠـﻚ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺘـﱪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺑﺾ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻞ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴـﻬﺎ؟ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻟﻮ ﺳـﺤﺒﺖ ﺣﺒـﻼﹰ؟ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﳛﺪﺙ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ؟‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﴐﺏ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ ﺣﺪﻳﺪﻱ؟ ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﲔ ﴎﻋﺔ‬
‫‪‬ﺻ ﹺ‬
‫ﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬ ‫ﹺ‬ ‫‪.8‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫‪‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭ ﹼﻟـﺪﹾ ﺕ ﻣﻮﺟـﺔ ﻣﺴـﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﰲ‬ ‫‪.6‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺳـﻘﻄﺖ ﻗﻄـﺮﺓ ﻣﻄـﺮ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻛـﺔ‬ ‫‪.9‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰ ﻳـﺪﻙ ﻭﲢﺮﻳﻜﻬﺎ ﻣـﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫ﺣﺒـﻞ ﻋـﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﹼ‬
‫ﻓﺴـﺘﻮ ﹼﻟﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳـﻌﺎﺕ ﺻﻐﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﺃﻣـﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻗﻔﺰ‬ ‫ﲥـﺰ ﺍﳊﺒـﻞ ﺃﴎﻉ ﻣـﻦ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﻐﻴـﲑ‬‫ﺁﺧـﺮ‪ ،‬ﺛـﻢ ﺑـﺪﺃﺕ ﹼ‬
‫ﺳ ﹼﺒﺎﺡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﱪﻛﺔ ﻓﺴﻴﻮ ﹼﻟﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﻌﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻛﻬـﺎ ﻳﺪﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﲈﺫﺍ ﳛـﺪﺙ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻠـﲈﺫﺍ ﻻ ﺗﻮ ﹼﻟﺪ ﺍﻷﻣﻄـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺰﻳﺮﺓ ﰲ ﺃﺛﻨـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺻﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻋﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳﻌﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ؟‬ ‫ﻭﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ؟‬

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 ‫** ‪Sound and hearing 5-2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻬﻢ ﰲ ﺣﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺨﻠﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﳊﻴﺔ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺗﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﻟﻠﺼﻴـﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘـﺰﺍﻭﺝ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺤﺬﻳﺮ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻗـﱰﺍﺏ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﱰﺳـﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺆﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺻـﻮﺕ ﺻﻔـﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻹﻧـﺬﺍﺭ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺛﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﻠـﻖ ﻟﺪ￯ ﺍﻟﻨـﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺗﺴـﺎﻋﺪ ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪28.4- 28.5-28.6‬‬

‫ﺃﺧـﺮ￯ ‪ -‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻼﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺁﻥ – ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺪﺋـﺔ ﻭﺇﺭﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﺄﻟﻮ ﹰﻓﺎ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻩ‬ ‫‪1.1- 1.2-1.3-1.5‬‬
‫ﻟﺪﻳـﻚ – ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺧﱪﺗﻚ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ – ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﹼ‬
‫ﻭﻧﻐﻤﺘﻪ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﻣﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﺴﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﻭﺻﻔﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﲆ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺃﻧﲈﻁ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻏﲑﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﳑﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﺘﺪﺭﺱ‬
‫• ‪ ‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﻮ ﹼﻟﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﳌﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫• ‪ ‬ﺑـﲔ ﴎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺳـﺖ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴـﻢ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺑﻖ ﻭﺻـﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﴪﻋـﺔ ﻭﺍﻟـﱰﺩﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻭﺻﻒ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬
‫• ‪‬‬
‫• ‪ ‬ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﻌـﺾ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻪ ﻭﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺗﻪ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻟﺴـﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺘـﻪ ﺃﻭﻻﹰ ﻫﻮ‪ :‬ﻣﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺳـﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ؟‬
‫ﺳﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺳﻤﻌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Soundwaves‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺿـﻊ ﺃﺻﺎﺑﻌـﻚ ﻋﲆ ﺣﻨﺠﺮﺗﻚ ﻭﺃﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺃﻭ ﺗﹸﺪﻧﺪﻥ‪ .‬ﻫﻞ ﺗﺸـﻌﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ؟‬ ‫• ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Sound wave‬‬
‫ﻣﺴـﺠﻞ؟ ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 5-11‬ﹰ‬
‫ﺟﺮﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺳـﲈﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻫﻞ ﺣﺎﻭﻟﺖ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻳﺪﻙ ﻋﲆ ﹼ‬ ‫• ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺳﲈﻋﺔ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻟﻠﺼﻮﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﳞﺘﺰ‬ ‫ﳞﺘﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﻭﺗﺎﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﹼ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Ultrasound‬‬
‫ﺍﳉﺮﺱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﻠﻒ ﻭﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳉﺮﺱ ﺗﺼﺪﻡ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬ ‫• ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻡ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺤـﺮﻙ ﺍﳊﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻡ؛ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Infrasound‬‬

‫ﺗﺮﺗـﺪ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﺮﺱ ﺑﴪﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﳊﺎﻓـﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﻠﻒ ﺗﺮﺗﺪ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﺮﺱ ﺑﴪﻋﺔ ﺃﻗﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪   5-11‬‬
‫‪ a    ‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪          ‬‬
‫‪  ‬‬
‫‪  ‬‬
‫‪      ‬‬
‫‪     b    ‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪     ‬‬
‫‪     ‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫** ‪  ‬‬

‫‪22‬‬
    
Electrical hazard Harmful / Irritant Biological hazards Flammable

   

First aid Eye wash station Fire extinguisher Radioactive safety

‫ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳉﺮﺱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﻣﺎﻡ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺸـﻜﱡﻞ‬:‫ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﳉﺮﺱ ﻣﺎ ﻳﲇ‬

Sharp objects safety

Poison safety

Oxidizer

Corrosive
‫ ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺗـﺆﺩﻱ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻪ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﻠﻒ‬،‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﺮﺗﻔ ﹰﻌﺎ ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﺗﻀﺎﻏ ﹰﻄﺎ‬
 ‫ﹰ‬
‫ ﻭﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﺩﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ‬.‫ﲣﻠﺨﻼ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺇﱃ ﺗﺸﻜﱡﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬
     .1 ‫ﺟﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻏﻄﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺨﻼﺕ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﹰ ﺍ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳉﺮﺱ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬
 
 
 
 
Laser beam Hand protection
Lab. coat Eye Ecological
safety hazards Thermal Carcinogenic
safety Explosive

 .‫ ﻭﲠﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ )ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻏﻄﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺨﻼﺕ( ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﺎﺩﺓ‬.‫ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ‬
       .2
   

‫ ﻭﻳﺴـﻤﻰ‬،‫ ﻳﻨﺸـﺄ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﻷﺟﺴـﺎﻡ‬Describing sound 

Electrical hazard Harmful / Irritant Biological hazards Flammable

       


First aid


Eye wash station

Fire extinguisher

Radioactive safety
‫ ﻭﺗﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬.Sound wave ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﺗﻐـﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐـﻂ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣـﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻮﺟـﺔ ﺻﻮﺗﻴـﺔ‬
       .3 .‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ؛ ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﺰ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬
   

Sharp objects safety
  

Poison safety

Oxidizer

Corrosive
‫ ﻭﻳﺘﺬﺑﺬﺏ‬.‫ ﻭﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺗﻐـﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺑﻌﻴﺪﹰ ﺍ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼـﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‬،‫ﻭﺗﺘﺼـﺎﺩﻡ ﺟﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬
 ‫ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ‬.5-12 ‫ ﻛﲈ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ‬،‫ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬

    ‫ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻓﻴﻤ ﱢﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ‬.‫ﺍﻫﺘـﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬
      
Laser beam Lab. coat Ecological hazards Carcinogenic

 .4 ‫ ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻣﻮﺟـﺔ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ؛ ﻷﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ )ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ‬.‫ﺗﻀﺎﻏـﻂ ﺃﻭ ﲣﻠﺨﻞ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴـﲔ‬


 
   ‫ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﻴﻠﻮﺳﻜﻮﺏ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ( ﲥﺘﺰ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ‬
 ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺁﻻﺕ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﺴـﻮﻑ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺷـﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﺸـﺎ ﹰﲠﺎ‬
‫ ﻭﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ‬.5-12c ‫ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ ﻭﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺸـﺎ ﹰﲠﺎ ﳌﺎ ﻫﻮ ﹼ‬،‫ﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ‬

‫ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﻢ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﻻ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﳍﺎ‬
  .5
‫ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﳉﻴﺒﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋـﻦ ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲢﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ‬
  .6
43 ‫ ﰲ‬،‫ﻭﲤ ﱢﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻏﻄﺎﺕ‬‫ ﹸ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌـﺪ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺃﺛﻨـﺎﺀ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ‬
   .7 .‫ﺣﲔ ﹸﲤ ﱢﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻌﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻠﺨﻼﺕ‬
 ‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ؟ ﻭﻣﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺗﻪ؟‬
        .8
     b c d


 a 5-12

cb
dzxy
23
    
Electrical hazard Harmful / Irritant Biological hazards Flammable

 
First aid

Eye wash station

Fire extinguisher

Radioactive safety

Speed of sound in different media



Sharp objects safety

Poison safety

Oxidizer

Corrosive

‫ ﻭﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬،‫ﺇﻥ ﴎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬
‫ ﳌﺎﺫﺍ؟ ﺑﺎﻻﺳـﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬.‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬  
 
 
 


Laser beam Hand protection
Lab. coat Eye Ecological
safety hazards Thermal Carcinogenic
safety Explosive


 .1
‫ ﻟﺬﺍ‬،‫ﺑـﲔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬
 
    .2
‫ ﺑﻴﻨﲈ‬،‫ﻓـﺈﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﻘـﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﺗﺴـﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻭﻗﺘﹰﺎ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ‬    

 Electrical hazard Harmful / Irritant Biological hazards Flammable

‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍ‬
‫ ﹰ‬،‫ﰲ ﺍﳌـﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒـﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻱﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉﺰﻱﺀ ﺍﳌﺠـﺎﻭﺭ ﺑﴪﻋﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ‬    .3
‫ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬.‫ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ‬،‫ﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﲈ‬ 
 1-2m 

First aid

Eye wash station

Fire extinguisher

Radioactive safe

‫ ﺛﻢ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺫﻧﻚ‬،‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺮ ﻋﲆ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺳﲈﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬    
‫ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴـﻤﻌﻪ ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﲈ ﺳـﻤﻌﺘﻪ ﰲ‬،‫ﻣﻼﺻﻘﺔ ﻟﺴـﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻘﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬  
Sharp objects safety

Poison safety

Oxidizer

Corrosive

‫ ﻭﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳍـﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﻻﻋﺘﲈﺩ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺼـﺪ￯ ﻭﻫﻮ – ﻛﲈ‬.‫ﺍﳊﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‬ 
.‫ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﺳﲈﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﻋﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﺎﻛﺲ‬- ‫ﺗﻌﻠﻢ‬   
Laser beam
 .4
Lab. coat

Ecological hazards

Carcinogenic

  

:‫ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳋﺼﺎﺋﺺ‬.‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻣﺎ ﻋﲆ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‬ 
5-1 ‫ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺇﺯﺍﺣـﺔ ﳎﻤﻮﻋـﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬Elasticity  .5
 ‫ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﳖﺎ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺗﻌﻴﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳉﺴﻴﲈﺕ‬  
 
ms 
‫ ﻭﻛﻠـﲈ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻣﺮﻭﻧـﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ‬.‫ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﺿـﻊ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﳖـﺎ‬
  .6
1286 (0 ˚C) ‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ‬ ‫ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﴎﻋﺔ‬.‫ﴎﻋﺔ ﺭﺟﻮﻉ ﺟﺴـﻴﲈﺗﻪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﺗﺰﺍﳖﺎ‬ 
(0 ˚C) ‫ﻫﻴﻠﻴﻮﻡ‬
972
‫ ﻭﺗﻼﺣﻆ‬.‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ ﺃﻛﱪ‬   
343 (20 ˚C) ‫ﻫﻮﺍﺀ‬
331 (0 ˚C) ‫ﻫﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫ ﺃﻥ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ‬5-1 ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ‬     

ms 
‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺴـﻮﺍﺋﻞ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ ﺍﳌﺮﻭﻧﺔ‬  
1904 ‫ﺟﻠﻴﴪﻭﻝ‬ .‫ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬  54  .7
1533 ‫ﻣﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺮ‬
1493 ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬ ‫ ﺗـﺆﺩﻱ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺜﺎﻓـﺔ ﻣـﺎﺩﺓ‬Density   
‫ﺍﻟﺰﺋﺒﻖ‬     .8
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ ﺇﱃ ﺗﺰﺍﺣـﻢ ﺟﺴـﻴﲈﺗﻪ ﻭﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣـﻦ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻐﺮﻕ‬
1450
 
ms  ،‫ﻟﻨﻘـﻞ ﺍﻻﺿﻄـﺮﺍﺏ ﻣﻦ ﺟـﺰﻱﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳉـﺰﻱﺀ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﻴﻪ‬
12000 ‫ﺍﳌﺎﺱ‬ 
‫ﺯﺟﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﺒﲑﻛﺲ‬
‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘـﺎﱄ ﺗﻘـﻞ ﴎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺟـﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
5640   .9
5130 ‫ﺍﳊﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ ﺃﻥ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‬5-1 ‫ ﻭﺗﻼﺣﻆ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉـﺪﻭﻝ‬.‫ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ‬ 
5100 ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟـﲔ ﺃﻛـﱪ ﻣـﻦ ﴎﻋﺘـﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳍـﻮﺍﺀ؛ ﻷﻥ ﻛﺜﺎﻓـﺔ‬  .10
4700 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ‬
3560 ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﺎﺱ‬
.‫ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬ 
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻫﺐ‬      .11
3240
‫ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‬Temperature
1322 ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ‬    
1600 ‫ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ‬،‫ﺑﺘﻐﲑ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻄﺎﻁ‬ 
.‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻋﲆ ﴎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻣﻼﺣ ﹰﻈﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ‬  
‫ ﺑﻴﻨﲈ ﴎﻋﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ‬،331 m/s ‫ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬0 °C ‫ﻼ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻤﺜ ﹰ‬  .12
.343 m/s ‫ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ‬20 °C ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬
24
    
Electrical hazard Harmful / Irritant Biological hazards Flammable


First aid

Eye wash station

Fire extinguisher
‫ ﺗـﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ‬Speed and direction of wind

Radioactive safety

‫ ﺑﻴﻨﲈ ﺗﻘﻞ ﴎﻋﺘﻪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟـﻪ ﰲ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟـﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳍـﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺣﺮﻛـﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ‬


Sharp objects safety

Poison safety

Oxidizer

Corrosive
.‫ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺡ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴـﺎ )ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺸـﺎﲠﺖ‬
‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﴎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﺛﺎﺑﺘـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣـﺪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬
‫ ﺑﻴﻨـﲈ ﺗﺘﻐﲑ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺳـﻂ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﳐﺘﻠﻒ‬،(‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼـﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴـﺔ ﰲ ﲨﻴـﻊ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺋﻪ‬
 
 
 
 

     

Laser beam Hand protection
Lab. coat Eye Ecological
safety hazards Thermal Carcinogenic
safety Explosive

.1
 ‫ ﻭﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﻃﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ‬.‫ﻋﻨﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ ﻧﻔﺴـﻪ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ‬
.v = fλ ‫ﻭﺗﺮﺩﺩﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
   

 Electrical hazard

.2
Harmful / Irritant Biological hazards Flammable

CRO
،‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﳌﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ‬
  
   
First aid
.3
Eye wash station Fire extinguisher Radioactive safety

3V ‫ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ‬،‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﲈﺩ ﻋﲆ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻼﻣﺲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﻳﺔ‬
  
Sharp objects safety

Poison safety
‫ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻐﺮﻕ ﻟﻘﻄﻊ ﻣﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﻳﺔ؛ ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﴐﺏ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﻕ‬

Oxidizer

Corrosive

 ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﲆ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻧﺒﻀﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺰﻳـﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻄﺮﻗـﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﻧﺒﻀﺔ ﺗﻀﺎﻏﻂ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺮﻓﻬـﺎ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ‬

Laser beam

Lab. coat
‫ ﻭﺑﻘﺴـﻤﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ‬.‫ﲣﻠﺨﻞ ﻭﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﻕ ﺍﳌﻼﻣﺲ ﻟﻠﻤﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﻭﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻟﻪ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬

Ecological hazards

Carcinogenic

.‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﲆ ﺿﻌﻒ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﲆ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻕ‬
‫ﰲ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻷﻭﺳﺎﻁ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ؟ ﻭﳌﺎﺫﺍ؟‬

 .4
Detection of sound waves
 
 ‫ﲢـﻮﻝ ﻛﺎﺷـﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ – ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳍـﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﺰﺓ – ﺇﱃ‬‫ﹼ‬
 ‫ ﻭﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺮﻭﻓﻮﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺷـﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸـﺎﺋﻌﺔ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﳛﻮﻝ‬.‫ﺷـﻜﻞ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷـﻜﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬
   .5 .‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬


   .6
‫ ﺗﻌـﺪ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ‬The human ear voice response 
 ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺿﻤﻦ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺒﴩﻳـﺔ ﻛﺎﺷـﻒ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻧﻌـﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ‬
 :‫ ﻭﺗﻘﺴـﻢ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬.‫ﳎـﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﺳـﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﲢﻮﳍـﺎ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‬
    .7 .‫ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺟﺰﺍﺀ‬5-13 ‫ ﻭﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬.‫ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ ﻭﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
 ‫ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‬
    .8 ‫ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬
  
 ‫ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‬
(‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻼﻟﻴﺔ )ﺍﻻﺗﺰﺍﻥ‬
       .9
  

 .10
(‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﻌﺔ )ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ‬

5-13
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻠﺔ‬
25 ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺴـﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴـﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺗﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﳌﺮﺋﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴـﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺻﻴﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﻋﲆ ﲡﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻴﻬﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴـﻤﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻲ ﺍﳉﺰﺀ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﲏ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻋﱪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻄﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴ ﱢﺒﺒﺔ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﻃﺒﻠﺔ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﻋﻈﻴـﲈﺕ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫـﻲ ﺍﳌﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺴـﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﻀﺨﻴـﻢ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺏ ﺇﱃ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﰲ ﻓﺘﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﹲ‬
‫ﺳـﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸـﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﱰﻛﹼـﺐ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻼﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻤﻸ‬
‫ﺻﺪﻓـﺔ ﺣﻠـﺰﻭﻥ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﳞﺘﺰ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺎﺏ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺋﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻗﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺴـﺒﺐ‬
‫ﲢﺮﻳـﻚ ﺍﳋﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺸـﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﻮ ﹼﻟﺪ ﺳـﻴﺎﻝ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﺴـﻤﻌﻲ ﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻋﺘﲈ ﹰﺩﺍ ﻋﲆ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻬﻬﺎ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ ﺗﺴـﻤﻊ ﺃﻧﻮﺍ ﹰﻋﺎ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ؟ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﲢﺪﺙ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻊ؟‬

‫ﻭﲣﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻋﲆ ﺳـﲈﻉ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺷـﺨﺺ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻄﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﴩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺳﲈﻉ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ‪ .‬ﻓﻤﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻌﻮﻥ ﺳﲈﻉ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪ ،20000 Hz‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴـﻤﻌﻴﺔ ‪ ،Ultrasound‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻓـﲔ ﻭﺍﳋﻔﺎﻓﻴﺶ‪ .‬ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻻ‬
‫ﻳﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺷـﺨﺎﺹ ﺳـﲈﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻞ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﻋﻦ ‪ ،20 Hz‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﹸﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺴـﻤﻌﻴﺔ ‪ ،Infrasound‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻣﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﲈﺳﻴﺢ‪ ،‬ﻛﲈ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮ ﹼﻟﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺸـﺄ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﻻﺯﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﱪﺍﻛﲔ ﻭﺍﻻﳖﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻠﺠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﱰﺍﻭﺡ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﺑﲔ ‪ 20 Hz‬ﻭ‪ 20000 Hz‬ﻓﺘﹸﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﺫﻥ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺴـﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺳـﲈﻋﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻘﻞ ﻣﺪ￯ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻛﺒﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻦ ﺳﲈﻋﻬﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺣﻮﺍﱄ ‪.12000 Hz‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻣﺪ￯ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺳﲈﻋﻬﺎ؟‬

‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﳋﻔﺎﺵ ﺳﲈﻉ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺳﲈﻉ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ‪ 100000 Hz‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳ ﹰﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﲈ ﻳﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﺐ ﺳـﲈﻉ ﺍﻟـﱰﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ‬
‫‪ 50000 Hz‬ﺗﻘﺮﻳ ﹰﺒـﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴـﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘـﺎﺕ ﻛﺜﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻴﺎﺓ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﰲ ﳎﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ‪ -‬ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻡ ﰲ ﺟﺴـﻢ ﺍﻹﻧﺴـﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﰲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﺤـﺺ ﺍﻟﺮﺣـﻢ ﻭﺍﻷﺟﻨﹼـﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺛﻨـﺎﺀ ﺍﳊﹶﻤـﻞ ‪ ،-‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ﺗﺮﻛﻴـﺐ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻭﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻘﻮﻕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﻴﺔ؟‬

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 ‫‪5-2‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﻨﺘـﴩ ﻣﻮﺟـﺔ ﺻﻮﺗﻴـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳍـﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﴪﻋـﺔ‬ ‫‪.14‬‬ ‫‪‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ؟ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ؟‬ ‫‪.10‬‬
‫‪ ،340 m/s‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﳍـﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻲ ‪ 0.80 m‬ﻓـﲈ‬ ‫‪‬ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ‬ ‫‪.11‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫﺎ؟‬ ‫ﻓﴪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬‫ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻭﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﺍﺕ ‪ .‬ﱢ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﴍﺡ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺳﲈﻉ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻋﺼﻔﻮﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.15‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻛﻴـﻒ ﺗﺆﺛـﺮ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻭﺳـﻂ ﻣﺎ ﰲ‬ ‫‪.12‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺄﺛﲑ ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ ﴎﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪.16‬‬ ‫ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ؟‬
‫ﻛﺒﲑﺍ ﺟﺪﹼﹰ ﺍ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﲑﻩ ﰲ ﴎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﹰ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺑـﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴـﺔ ﲢـﺖ ﺍﻟﺴـﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.13‬‬
‫ﻓﴪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪ .‬ﱢ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴـﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴـﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‪ :‬ﻣﺪ￯ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

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 ‫‪5-3‬‬
‫‪Resonance in air columns and strings‬‬
‫ﹸﻳﻌﺪﱡ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﺍﰊ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﲈﺀ ﺍﳌﺴـﻠﻤﲔ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺳـﻮﺍ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﺎﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﻤ ﱢﻴ ﹰﺰﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺧﱰﻉ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺒﻮﺍ ﰲ‬
‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﱂ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃ ﹼﻟﻒ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻛﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﺃﳘﻬﺎ "ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ‬ ‫‪28.7- 28.8‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺒـﲑ"‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺘـﺐ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋـﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﳌﻮﺳـﻴﻘﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋـﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺳـﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺁﻻﺕ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﺏ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺃﺿﻔﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺭﺍﰊ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳌﻮﺳـﻴﻘﻰ ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ ﻣﻼﳏﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻋﴫﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻭﺿﻊ‬ ‫‪1.1- 1.3-4.1-4.2‬‬
‫ﻣﺌـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺳـﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﲈ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ؛ ﻭﺑﺤﺚ ﰲ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﺼ ﹴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﹴ‬ ‫• ‪  ‬ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻐﲈﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻨﺒﻮﺭ ﺍﳋﺮﺍﺳﺎﲏ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻐﺪﺍﺩﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﻌﻨﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﻭﺑﻄﻦ‬ ‫• ‪‬‬
‫‪Sourcesofsound‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ‪‬‬
‫ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ – ﻛﲈ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ‪ -‬ﻋﻦ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﻷﺟﺴـﺎﻡ؛ ﺇﺫ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﺴـﻢ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﺰﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﱃ ﲢﺮﻳـﻚ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺴـﺒﺐ ﰲ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ ﴎﻳﻌﺔ ﰲ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫• ‪ ‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﲈﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﻭﺻﻮﲥﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻜـﱪ ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﻋﲆ ﳐـﺮﻭﻁ ﻣﺼﻤـﻢ ﻟﻴﻬﺘـﺰ ﺑﻮﺍﺳـﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﹰ‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜـﻼ ﳛﺘـﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﳼ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻮ ﹼﻟﺪ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﺨﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺫﻧﻚ ﳑﺎ‬ ‫• ‪ ‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻮ ﹼﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﲈﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﲈﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ﻭﻏﲑﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺼـﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﴩﻱ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻫﺘـﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻲ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺯﻭﺝ‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺭﺍ ﻋﱪ ﺍﳊﻨﺠﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫•‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳊﻨﺠﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻨﺪﻓﻊ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﺘﲔ ﹼﹰ‬
‫‪Resonance‬‬
‫• ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺗـﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻫﺘـﺰﺍﺯ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﰲ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺑﻌﻀﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺸـﺪ‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Standing wave‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Node‬‬ ‫• ﻋﻘﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻣـﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮﻳـﺔ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺭ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﲥﺘﺰ؛ ﺇﺫ ﹸﻳﺴـ ﹼﺒﺐ ﴐﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Antinode‬‬ ‫• ﺑﻄﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺭ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﻠﻮﺣﺔ‬
‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﺳﺤﺒﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻜﺎﻛﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻮﺱ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﳼ‬
‫•‬
‫ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﲥﺘﺰ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﺙ ﺗﻐﻴﲑﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪Fundamental frequency‬‬
‫•‬ ‫‪Harmonics‬‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻨﻐﲈﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﰲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻧﺸﻌﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﺻﻮﺗﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫• ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺳـﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻋﲆ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫‪Travelling waves‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﲈ ﺍﳌﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻧﲔ؟ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻨﺸﺄ؟‬

‫ﻋﻤﻮ ﹰﻣـﺎ‪ ،‬ﳛـﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻧـﲔ ‪ Resonance‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣـﺎ ﺗﺆﺛـﺮ ﻗـﻮ￯ ﺻﻐـﲑﺓ ﰲ ﺟﺴـﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻬﺘﺰ ﰲ ﻓﱰﺍﺕ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺓ‬
‫ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﺑﺬﺑـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﱰﺓ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻨﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳉﺴـﻢ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﺰ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻠﺬﺑﺬﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺃﻱ ﺻﻮﺕ؟‬
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    
Electrical hazard Harmful / Irritant Biological hazards Flammable

   

First aid Eye wash station Fire extinguisher Radioactive safety

Resonanceinstrings
‫ ﻭﺛ ﹼﺒﺖ ﻃﺮﻓـﻪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺑﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻬﺘﺰ؟ ﻋﻨﺪ‬،‫ﻣـﺎﺫﺍ ﳛـﺪﺙ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺛ ﹼﺒﺖ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻃﺮﰲ ﻭﺗﺮ ﰲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ‬
   
Sharp objects safety Poison safety Oxidizer Corrosive

 
 



 
‫ ﺗﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‬،‫ﺍﻫﺘـﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﳌﺼـﺪﺭ ﺗﺘﻮﻟـﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﻳﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﳌﺼـﺪﺭ‬
،‫ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺮﺗﺪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﻛﺲ‬،‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﲡـﺎﻩ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺖ‬
Laser beam Hand protection
Lab. coat Eye Ecological
safety hazards Thermal Carcinogenic
safety Explosive

   .1
 
   
‫ ﻭﺑﺘﻐﻴـﲑ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ‬.‫ﻭﺗﻠﺘﻘـﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ ﻓﺘﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﻣﻌﲔ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ‬،‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ‬
Electrical hazard Harmful / Irritant Biological hazards Flammable

   .2

    

First aid

Eye wash station

Fire extinguisher

Radioactive safety
(‫ ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻘﺮﺓ‬،‫ﻭﺍﳌﻨﻌﻜﺴـﺔ ﺳـﺎﻛﻨﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻮﻗﻮﻓـﺔ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺳـﻌﺔ ﻛﺒﲑﺓ‬

 ‫؛ ﻭﻫـﻲ ﻣﻮﺟـﺔ ﻧﺎﲡـﺔ ﻋـﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻘـﺎﺀ ﻣﻮﺟﺘﲔ ﳍـﲈ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟـﱰﺩﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ‬Standing wave
              
   
.3 ‫ ﺍﻧﻈﺮ‬.180 ° ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄـﻮﺭ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﲈ‬،‫ ﻭﺗﺘﺤﺮﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴـﲔ‬،‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴـﻌﺔ‬
Sharp objects safety Poison safety Oxidizer Corrosive

       (Stroboscope) ‫ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺎﲥﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺳـﻌﺎﺕ‬،‫ ﺗﻼﺣﻆ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﻧﻘﺎ ﹰﻃﺎ ﱂ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ‬.5-14 ‫ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ‬
      
.Node (N) ‫ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﱂ ﺗﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻣﻄﻠ ﹰﻘﺎ ﻋﻘﺪ‬،‫ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﻫﺎ ﺻﻔﺮ‬

   


Laser beam Lab. coat Ecological hazards Carcinogenic

          .4

‫ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻘﻴـﺔ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﻮﺗـﺮ ﻓﺈﳖﺎ ﲥﺘﺰ‬.‫ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﻃـﺮﰲ ﺍﳊﺒﻞ‬5-14a ‫ﻭﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪﺗـﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ‬
        ‫ ﻭﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺳـﻌﺔ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ‬،‫ﺑﺴـﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
   ‫ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬.‫ ﻭﻳﻘـﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻦ ﺑـﲔ ﻋﻘﺪﺗﲔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ‬،Antinode(A) ‫ﺑﻄﻨﹰـﺎ‬
      .‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻄﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬


‫ ﻭﻳﻈﻬـﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ‬،‫ﻭﺑﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔـﺔ ﺗـﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻻﻫﺘـﺰﺍﺯ ﺗﺘﻮﻟـﺪ ﻋﻘـﺪﺓ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪﺓ ﻭﺑﻄـﻦ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺗـﺮ‬
 
‫ ﻛﲈ ﻫـﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ‬،‫ ﻭﻋﻨـﺪ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﱰﺩﺩ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﺘﻮﻟـﺪ ﻋﻘﺪ ﻭﺑﻄـﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬.‫ﻣﻬﺘـﺰﺍ ﰲ ﻗﺴـﻤﲔ‬
‫ﹼﹰ‬
3 .5
.5-14c‫ ﻭ‬5-14b ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﲔ‬
  .6
   .7 ‫ﻣﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ؟‬
    


    5-14 

       

b
      
 

 c

29
    
Electrical hazard Harmful / Irritant Biological hazards Flammable

   

First aid Eye wash station Fire extinguisher Radioactive safety

‫ﻭﺗﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺪﺭ؛ ﻓﻌﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺳﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﴎﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ‬ 
Sharp objects safety

Poison safety

Oxidizer

Corrosive

‫ ﻭ ﹸﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﰲ‬.‫ ﻭﺗﹸﺴـﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ‬،‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﺳـﻌﺔ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻼﻗﻲ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺘﲔ‬
 
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺭ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺑﺘﺄﺛﲑ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﻬﺘﺰ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ 
Laser beam


Hand protection
Lab. coat


Eye Ecological
safety hazards


Thermal Carcinogenic
safety

Explosive

  .1
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﺇﺫﺍ ﴐﺑﺖ ﺷﻮﻛﺔ ﺭﻧﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫ ﹰ‬.‫ ﳑﺎ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺳـﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ‬،‫ﻳﺘﺴـﺎﻭ￯ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﳉﺴﻤﲔ‬  
‫ ﻓﺴـﺘﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺗـﺮ ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺇﺫﺍ‬،‫ﻭﻗﺮﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺗﺮ ﻣﺸـﺪﻭﺩ ﻣﺜ ﹼﺒﺖ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﱠ‬
   

       

Electrical hazard Harmful / Irritant Biological hazards Flammable

،‫ ﻭﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ ﺑﺎﻻﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ‬،‫ﻭﺍﻓﻖ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺸـﻮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ 
.‫ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﻧﲔ‬:‫ﻭﻧﻘﻮﻝ‬
   

 .2 First aid Eye wash station Fire extinguisher Radioactive safety

          

‫ﻭﺗﻼﺣـﻆ ﺃﻧـﻪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﳞﺘﺰ ﻭﺗﺮ ﻣﺸـﺪﻭﺩ ﻛﻘﻄﻌـﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻋﻘﺪﺓ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ‬ 
   

‫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻤـﻂ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻟﻼﻫﺘـﺰﺍﺯ ﻟـﻪ ﺑﻄﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ‬5-15 ‫ ﻭﺗﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗـﺮ￯ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ‬.‫ﻃﺮﻓﻴـﻪ‬
Sharp objects safety Poison safety Oxidizer Corrosive

        .3

‫ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺑﻄﻨﲔ‬،(½ λ) ‫ ﻭﻃﻮﻟﻪ ﻳﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ‬،‫ﺍﳌﻨﺘﺼﻒ‬          

Laser beam

Lab. coat

Ecological hazards

Carcinogenic

‫ ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‬.L = ½ λ ‫ ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻫـﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ‬،‫ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴـﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﺪﺗﲔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ‬      
‫ ﻭﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬.L = λ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻄﺎﺑ ﹰﻘﺎ ﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬      
،‫ ﻭﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺑﻄﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ‬.‫ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓـﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻄﻨـﲔ ﻭﺛﻼﺙ ﻋﻘﺪ‬     

‫ ﻭﺗﻈﻬـﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ‬.L = 3 λ/2 ‫ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻫـﺎ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ‬
‫ ﺃﻱ ﺃﻧـﻪ ﻟﻜـﻲ ﺗﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﻗﻮﻓـﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺗﺮ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ‬.‫ ﻭﻫﻜـﺬﺍ‬،6λ/2 ،5λ/2، 4λ/2  
:‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳋﻴﻂ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻛﲈ ﻳﲇ‬  .4
 
   
L = ½ λ, 2λ /2 = λ, 3λ/2, 4λ/2 = 2 λ, 5λ/2, … 
، L = nλ/2 ‫ﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺗـﺮ ﻳﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﻴﺤـﺔ ﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻲ؛‬    .5
.‫ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻮﻥ‬، n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, … ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ 3
 .6
‫ ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳـﺾ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ‬،v = fλ ،‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ ﺗـﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻧـﲔ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺔ‬
:‫ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ‬.(λ = 2L/n ) ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﻧﲔ‬
fn = nv/2L, n = 1, 2, 3, …

λ1 = 2L
v
f1 = =
λ1
v
2L 5-15
  
λ2 = L      
v
f2 = = 2f1
L 

2L
λ 3= 3
3v
f3 = = 3f1
2L

30
 ‫ﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳـﺾ ﻗﻴﻤـﺔ ‪ n = 1‬ﻧﺤﺼـﻞ ﻋﲆ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗـﺮﺩﺩ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺗﻜﻮﻳـﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﻗﻮﻓـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،f1 = v/2L‬ﻭ ﹸﻳﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﻟـﱰﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺳـﺎﳼ ‪ .Fundamental frequency‬ﻭﺑﺘﻌﻮﻳـﺾ‬
‫ﻗﻴـﻢ ﺃﺧﺮ￯ ﻟــ ‪ n‬ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﲆ ﻗﻴﻢ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ￯‪ .‬ﻭﺗﹸﺴـﻤﻰ ﺗـﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻐـﲈﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴـﺔ ‪ ،Harmonics‬ﻭﻫـﻲ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔـﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﱰﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺳـﺎﳼ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺗﺴـﻤﻰ ‪ f1‬ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﻭ ‪ f2‬ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴـﺔ ﻭﻫﻜـﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻼﺣﻆ ﺃﳖﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻐﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ .fn = nf1 ،‬ﻭ ﹸﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﳉﺴـﻢ ﺑﻤﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻟـﱰﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻼﺣـﻆ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺳـﺎﳼ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀـﺔ؛ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻟـﱰﺩﺩ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﻏﻠﻴ ﹰﻈﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﲈﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺧﺮ￯ ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﺗﺪﺭﳚ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺣﺎ ﹼﹰﺩﺍ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔـﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺳـﺎﳼ )ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴـﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ( ﻭﺍﻟﻨﻐﲈﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮ￯؟‬

‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﻤـﺪ ﴎﻋـﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ ﻋﲆ ﻗﻮﺓ ﺍﻟﺸـﺪ ﻓﻴـﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﲆ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻃﻮﻟـﻪ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﹸﻀﺒﻂ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﲑ ﺷﺪ ﺃﻭﺗﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ .‬ﻓﻜﻠﲈ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﺸﺪﻭ ﹰﺩﺍ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺃﻛﱪ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺗﻪ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻮ ﱢﻟـﺪ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓـﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻛـﺔ ‪ Travelling waves‬ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺫﺍﻧﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨﺴﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻧﻐﲈﺕ ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻷﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﴈ ﻟﻸﻭﺗﺎﺭ‬
‫ﲢﺮﻙ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺣﲔ ﲥﺘﺰ؛ ﳑـﺎ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﴐﻭﺭﺓ ﻭﺻﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺭ ﺑﺼﻨﺪﻭﻕ‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻠـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﳖـﺎ ﱢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ )ﺻﻨﺪﻭﻕ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ(؛ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﲥﺎ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻮ ﱢﻟﺪﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺃﻗﻮ￯‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﱠ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ ﰲ ﻭﺗﺮ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ ،8 m‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ‪ ،30 m/s‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .b‬ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .a‬ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .c‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻖ ﻟﻠﻨﻐﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫? = ‪f1‬‬ ‫‪L =8 m‬‬
‫? = ‪f2‬‬ ‫‪v = 30 m/s‬‬
‫? = ‪λ2‬‬

‫‪31‬‬
 ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﲈﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ‪fn = nv/2L‬‬

‫‪a. f1 = v/2L‬‬
‫)‪= (30 m/s)/(2 × 8.0 m‬‬ ‫‪v = 30 m/s ، L = 8.0 m‬‬
‫‪= 1.875 Hz‬‬

‫‪b. f2 = 2v/2L‬‬
‫)‪= (2 × 30 m/s)/(2 × 8.0 m‬‬ ‫‪v = 30 m/s ، L = 8.0 m‬‬
‫‪= 3.75 Hz‬‬

‫‪c. v = fλ‬‬
‫‪λ2 = v/f2‬‬
‫)‪= (30 m/s)/(3.75 Hz‬‬ ‫‪v = 30 m/s ،f2= 3.75 Hz‬‬
‫‪=8m‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﻫﻲ ‪ ،Hz‬ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻫﻲ ‪.m‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪.‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
‫ﹺ‬
‫‪‬ﻭﺗﺮ ﻣﺸﺪﻭﺩ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ ،80.0 cm‬ﹸﻭﺻﻞ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻬﺘﺰ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻩ ‪ ،125 Hz‬ﱠ‬
‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻧﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺑﻄﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .b‬ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﳼ ﻟﻠﻮﺗﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .a‬ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .c‬ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫?=‪v‬‬ ‫‪L =0.80 m‬‬
‫? = ‪f1‬‬ ‫‪f = 125 Hz‬‬
‫? = ‪f2‬‬
‫? = ‪f3‬‬

‫‪32‬‬
 ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﺻﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻐﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ؛ ‪ .n = 4‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

‫ﺑﲈ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺑﻄﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﹼﹰ‬
‫ﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﲈﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ‪. fn = nv/2L‬‬
‫‪a. v = 2Lfn/n‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬
‫‪= 2(0.80 m)(125 Hz)/4‬‬ ‫‪L = 0.80 m ،f4 =125Hz ،n =4‬‬
‫‪= 50 m/s‬‬
‫‪b.f1 = v/2L‬‬
‫)‪= (50 m/s)/(2 × 0.80 m‬‬ ‫‪v = 50 m/s ، L = 0.80 m‬‬
‫‪= 31.25 Hz‬‬

‫‪c. f2 = 2v/2L‬‬
‫)‪= (2 × 50 m/s)/(2 × 0.80 m‬‬ ‫‪v = 50 m/s ، L = 0.80 m ،n =2‬‬
‫‪= 62.5 Hz‬‬
‫‪d. f3 = 3v/2L‬‬
‫)‪= (3 × 50 m/s)/(2 × 0.80 m‬‬ ‫‪v = 50 m/s ، L = 0.80 m ،n =3‬‬
‫‪= 93.75 Hz‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﻫﻲ ‪ ،Hz‬ﻭﺍﻟﴪﻋﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪.m/s‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺃﺿﻌﺎﻑ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻜﻮﻧـﺖ ﻣﻮﺟـﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻮﻓـﺔ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫـﺎ ‪ 40 Hz‬ﰲ ﻭﺗﺮ ﻃﻮﻟـﻪ ‪ ،5.0 m‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤـﺖ ﺃﻥ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ ‪،50 m/s‬‬
‫ﱠ‬ ‫‪.17‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪.a‬ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪.b‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪.c‬ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﻟﻠﻨﻐﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻧﻐﲈﺕ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﺿﺢ ﹼ‬
‫ﻭﺗﺮ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ ،3 m‬ﻭﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ‪ ،60 m/s‬ﱢ‬ ‫‪.18‬‬

‫‪15 Hz .a‬‬
‫‪20 Hz .b‬‬
‫‪40 Hz .c‬‬

‫‪33‬‬
    
Electrical hazard Harmful / Irritant Biological hazards Flammable

 
First aid

Eye wash station

Fire extinguisher

Radioactive safety

Resonanceinaircolumns 
 
   

(‫ ﻓﺴﺘﺠﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺷﻔﺘﻴﻚ )ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‬،‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻧﻔﺨﺖ ﰲ ﺁﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻧﺤﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬
Sharp objects safety Poison safety Oxidizer Corrosive

‫ ﺑﻞ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ‬.‫ﺃﻭ ﺟـﺰﺀ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻭﺣﺪﻩ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻮ ﹼﻟﺪ ﺻﻮﺗﹰﺎ ﺑﺄﻱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬  
 
 
 

.‫ﻼ ﲠﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ ﻣﺘﺼ ﹰ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ‬،‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻞ‬
Laser beam Hand protection
Lab. coat Eye Ecological
safety hazards Thermal Carcinogenic
safety Explosive

   

‫ ﺃﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﲔ ﻳﺘﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻑ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺳﻴﻬﺘﺰ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‬        

Electrical hazard

Harmful / Irritant

Biological hazards

Flammable

،‫ ﻭﳛﺪﱢ ﺩ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﺰ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳـﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﻧﲔ‬.‫ﻣﻌﲔ ﻟﻠﺸـﻔﺎﻩ‬ 
‫ﰲ ﺣـﲔ ﻳـﺆﺩﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳍـﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺳـﻴﻘﻴﺔ ـ ﻭﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﳌﺰﻣﺎﺭ‬   .1 
First aid

Eye wash station

Fire extinguisher

Radioactive safe


‫ ﹸﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻟﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﳌﺰﻣﺎﺭ ﻟﻶﻟﺔ )ﺍﳉﺰﺀ‬.‫ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺎﻛﺴﻔﻮﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﱰﻭﻣﺒﻮﻥ ـ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ‬
    .2
‫ ﻭﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ‬،‫ﳚﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻢ( ﻣﺰ ﹰ‬    

      Sharp objects safety Poison safety Oxidizer Corrosive

‫ ﻭﲢﻮﻳـﻞ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺸـﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ‬،‫ﻋـﲆ ﺗﻀﺨﻴـﻢ ﻧﻐﻤﺔ ﻣﻔـﺮﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩﺍﺕ‬         
.‫ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ‬   
Laser beam

Lab. coat

Ecological hazards

Carcinogenic

‫ ﻭﻭﺿﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﳎـﻮﻑ ﻓﺈﳖﺎ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺭﻧﻴﻨﹰﺎ‬،‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻃﺮﻗـﺖ ﺷـﻮﻛﺔ ﺭﻧﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﻣﻄﺎﻃﻴـﺔ‬    .3

‫ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻌـﺖ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ‬،5-16 ‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ‬ ‫ ﻛﲈ ﱢ‬،‫ﰲ ﻋﻤـﻮﺩ ﺍﳍـﻮﺍﺀ‬ 
‫ ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﴐﺑﺖ‬.‫ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﻮﺍﺀ‬،‫ﺇﺣﺪ￯ ﳖﺎﻳﺘﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬
‫ ﻭﺗﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﺘﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻋﲆ ﺃﻭ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﻣﻄﺎﻃﻴﺔ‬  
‫ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻋﺎﻟ ﹰﻴﺎ‬،‫ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺃﻋﲆ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺧﻔﺾ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ‬،‫ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳﻔﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‬  .4
32
‫ ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ‬،‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﰲ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺭﻧﲔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸـﻮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧﺔ‬
 .5
.‫ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺔ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧﺔ‬،‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﻧﲔ‬



5-16
  
    






34
 a b
   5-17 
          
    
         
      a  
      
 
b 
   

 

 


‫ﻛﻴـﻒ ﳛـﺪﺙ‬Standing pressure waves

‫ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻫﺘـﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺮﻧـﲔ؟ ﺗﻮ ﹼﻟﺪ ﺍﻟﺸـﻮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺻﻮﺗﻴـﺔ‬
‫ ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣـﺎ ﺗﺼﻄﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ‬.‫ ﻭﺗﺘﺤـﺮﻙ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺳـﻔﻞ ﻋﻤـﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﳌﻐﻠـﻖ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐـﻂ‬
‫ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬.5-17a ‫ ﻛـﲈ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ‬،‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺑﺴـﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺗﻨﻌﻜـﺲ ﻣﺮﺗﺪﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸـﻮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳌﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻜﺴـﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸـﻮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫ﺗﻘﻮﻱ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ‬‫ ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻫـﺎ ﹼ‬،￯‫ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﺸـﻮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﺮﺗﻔـﻊ ﺃﺧﺮ‬
‫ ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻮﻳـﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳـﺰ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻳﻮ ﹼﻟﺪ‬.￯‫ﺍﻟﺸـﻮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻜﺴـﺔ ﺇﺣﺪﺍﳘﺎ ﺍﻷﺧـﺮ‬
.‫ ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ‬،‫ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ‬
‫ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﻧﲔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ‬،‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻓ ﹸﻴﻤ ﱠﺜﻞ ﺑﺄﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ‬
.‫ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﻌﻜﺴـﺔ ﻣﻘﻠﻮ ﹰﺑﺎ‬.‫ﺻـﻮﺕ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ‬
‫ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺻﻠـﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺿﻐـﻂ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻓﺴـﻮﻑ ﺗﺮﺗﺪ‬،‫ﻓﻌـﲆ ﺳـﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‬
.5-17b ‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ ﻛﲈ ﱢ‬،‫ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺿﻐﻂ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬
‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﲤﺜﻴـﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ ﰲ‬Resonance lengths
‫ ﻛﲈ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﹸﲤ ﱢﺜـﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﻴﺒﻴﺔ ﺇﻣﺎ‬.5-18 ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ‬ ‫ ﻛﲈ ﱢ‬،‫ﻋﻤـﻮﺩ ﺑﻤﻮﺟـﺔ ﺟﻴﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﺇﻥ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ ﻋﻘﺪﹰ ﺍ ﻭﺑﻄﻮﻧﹰﺎ؛ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬.‫ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻭﺇﻣﺎ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺗﻪ‬
     5-18  

 



 
 



 

 

  

35  
 ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪a‬‬ ‫‪b‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪A‬‬
‫— =‪L‬‬ ‫‪1 λ‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪v‬‬
‫— = ‪f1‬‬
‫‪4L‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫— =‪L‬‬ ‫‪3 λ‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫— = ‪f3‬‬‫‪v = 3f‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪4L‬‬

‫‪B‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫— =‪L‬‬ ‫‪5 λ‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪f5 = 5v‬‬
‫‪— = 5f1‬‬
‫‪4L‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻮﻥ ﲤ ﱢﺜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬
‫‪    5-19 ‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﻄﻦ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻟﻸﻧﺒﻮﺏ؛ ﻷﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺍﺋﲈ ﻣﺎ ﱠ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣـﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑﺓ‪ ،‬ﹰ‬
‫‪        ‬‬
‫ﺍﳍـﻮﺍﺀ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﹸﺣ ﱠﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﻛـﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺒـﻮﺏ ﻭﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣـﺎ ﺍﻟ ﹸﻌﻘﺪ ﻓﻬـﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻭﺩﺍﺋـﲈ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻘﺪﺓ ﺇﺯﺍﺣـﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻖ ﻟﻸﻧﺒـﻮﺏ؛ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻠـﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﳍـﻮﺍﺀ ﻻ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﹸﺣ ﱠـﺮﺓ ﺍﳊﺮﻛﺔ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﳍـﻮﺍﺀ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻋﲆ ﺷـﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪a‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻮﻓـﺔ ﻣﺸـﻜ ﹰﱢﻼ ﻋﻘﺪﹰ ﺍ ﻭﺑﻄﻮﻧﹰﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻈـﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻠﲔ ‪ 5-19a‬ﻭ‪ .5-21a‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﳊﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫‪b‬‬
‫ﺻﻐﲑﺍ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‬
‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﻄﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﲆ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺑﻄﻮﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻦ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺮﻳ ﹰﺒﺎ ﺟﺪﹼﹰ ﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﺳﻨﻔﱰﺽ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺘﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻫـﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ‬‫ﻭﰲ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻴـﺎﲏ ﱡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺘﻮﺳـﻂ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺑـﲔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﹶﻴﻪ )ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻐﺮ￯(‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﲔ ‪ 5-19b‬ﻭ‪.5-21b‬‬
‫ﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﹶ‬ ‫‪ 5-20 ‬ﹸﻳ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ﺑـﲔ ﺭﻧﻴﻨﹶـﲔ‬
‫ﹸﻳﻤ ﱠﺜﻞ ﺑﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻣﺴﺎﻭ ﹰﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﻸﻧﺒﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴـﲔ ﰲ ﺇﳚـﺎﺩ ﴎﻋـﺔ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻟﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻋﲆ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﳉﻮﻱ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﻞ؛‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‪‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﹸﻳﻤ ﱠﺜﻞ ﺑﺒﻄﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﲑﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻭﰲ ﻛﻠﺘـﺎ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺘﲔ )ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﱡ‬
‫‪LA‬‬
‫‪LB‬‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﺑﻄﻨﹶﲔ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﺪﺗﹶﲔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﹶﲔ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳ ﹰﺔ ﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪Resonance frequencies in closed‬‬
‫‪ air columns‬ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﺃﻗﴫ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻫﻮﺍﺀ ﻟـﻪ ﺑﻄﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻐﻠـﻖ ﻭﻋﻘﺪﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪ .5-19‬ﻭﻣـﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻣﺴـﺎﻭ ﹰﻳﺎ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻄـﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻛﲈ ﱢ‬

‫‪36‬‬
 a b 

  
     
L L

1 λ
L= — 1
2
v
f1 = —
2L


L = λ2
v = 2f
f2 = — 1
L



L= — 3 λ
3
2
f3 = 3v
— = 3f1
2L

‫ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬.‫ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﻫﻨـﺎﻙ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺭﻧﲔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴـﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻓﱰﺍﺕ ﻣﺴـﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻲ‬
    5-21 
‫ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﻧﲔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸـﻮﻛﺔ‬،‫ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‬،7λ/4 ،5λ/4 ،3λ/4 ،λ/4 ‫ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﳍـﺎ‬

:‫ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﱰﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﻫﻲ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧﺔ‬
   
     
   fn =nv/4L, n=1,3,5, ....
 a   ‫ﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬
‫ﹶ‬ ‫ ﻭ ﹸﻳ‬،‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﺴـﺎﻭﻳ ﹰﺔ ﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ‬
b ‫ﻳﺒﲔ‬
‫ ﻛﲈ ﱢ‬،‫ﻗﻴـﺎﺱ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ﺑـﲔ ﻛﻞ ﺭﻧﻴﻨﹶـﲔ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﲔ ﰲ ﺇﳚـﺎﺩ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳍـﻮﺍﺀ‬
 ‫ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍ ﹸﳌﺴـﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﳊﺴـﺎﺏ‬،5-20 ‫ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻮﻉ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ‬،4 ‫ﺍﳌﺜﺎﻝ‬
:‫ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬
LB – LA = (_1) λ
2
λ = 2(LB – LA)
 v = fλ = f (LB – LA)
  Resonance frequencies in open 
  ‫ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﺃﻗـﴫ ﻋﻤـﻮﺩ ﻫﻮﺍﺀ ﳛﺘـﻮﻱ ﻋﲆ ﻋﻘﺪﺓ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻪ‬air columns
  ‫ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟـﱰﺩﺩ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬.5-21 ‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ‬ ‫ ﻛـﲈ ﱢ‬،‫ﻣﺴـﺎﻭ ﹰﻳﺎ ﻧﺼـﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ‬
   
  5000Hz2000 ‫ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺪﺓ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‬.‫ﺃﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺭﻧﲔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻓﱰﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻟﻨﺼﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ‬
   ‫ ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬.‫ ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﻧﲔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺸـﻮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧﺔ‬،3λ/2 ،λ ،λ/2 ‫ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺃﻃﻮﺍﳍـﺎ‬
2000020  :‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﱰﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻫﻲ‬
     Hz fn =nv/2L, n=1,2,3, ....
 45000Hz 
 ‫ ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬،‫ ﻭﳍﲈ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻧﻔﺴـﻪ‬،‫ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎ ﻭﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﻐﻠ ﹰﻘﺎ‬
‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺳـﺘﻌﻤﻠﺖ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﻦ ﺃﺣﺪﳘﺎ‬

100000Hz ‫ﺭﻧـﲔ ﻓـﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﺼـﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ‬
.‫ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟـﱰﺩﺩ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﺿﻌﻔﻲ ﺍﻟـﱰﺩﺩ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻖ‬.‫ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻟﻠﻌﻤـﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻖ‬

37
‫ﻭﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﺃﻃـﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﻟﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩﻳـﻦ ﻣﻔﺼﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﻔﱰﺍﺕ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﺼـﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﳐﺼﺼﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮ ﺗﺮ ﹼﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﹼ‬
‫‪ Hearing resonance ‬ﹸﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﺇﱃ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﹼ‬
‫ﻳﺪﻭﻱ ﻭﺗﺴـﻤﻌﻪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺑﺴـﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻖ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ‬
‫ﴏﺧﺖ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻧﻔﻖ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﹼ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺒﻮ ﹰﺑﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﻧﲔ‪ .‬ﻛﲈ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻓﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 5-22‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﻧﲔ‪.‬‬

‫‪  5-22 ‬‬

‫‪    ‬‬
‫‪       ‬‬
‫‪‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺷﻮﻛﺔ ﺭﻧﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﱰﺩﺩ ‪ 392 Hz‬ﻣﻊ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﹸﺳﻤﻊ ﺃﻋﲆ ﺻﻮﺕ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ‪ 21.0 cm‬ﻭ‪ ،65.3 cm‬ﻣﺎ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺔ؟ ﻭﻫﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺃﻛﱪ ﺃﻡ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻲ ‪20 °C‬؟ ﹼ‬
‫ﻭﺿﺢ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺘﻚ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺍﺭﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻖ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﻧﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪LA‬‬ ‫ﺣﺪﱢ ﺩ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﳊﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪LB‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫?=‪v‬‬ ‫‪f = 392 Hz‬‬
‫‪LA = 21.0 cm‬‬
‫‪LB = 65.3 cm‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫__ = ‪LB - LA‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪λ‬‬ ‫ﺣﻞ ﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻖ‪.‬‬
‫)‪λ= 2(LB - LA‬‬ ‫‪λ‬‬
‫)‪= 2(0.653 m - 0.210 m‬‬ ‫‪LB =0.653 m LA = 0.210 m‬‬
‫‪= 0.886 m‬‬

‫‪38‬‬
 ‫‪v‬‬
‫__ = ‪λ‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻹﳚﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﴪﻋﺔ‬
‫‪f‬‬
‫‪v=fλ‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬
‫‪f=392HZ λ=0.886m‬‬
‫)‪= (392 Hz)(0.886 m‬‬ ‫‪= 347 m/s‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ،20 °C‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺸـﲑ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﲆ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﴪﻋـﺔ ﺃﻛـﱪ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﳉﻮﺍﺏ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ‪.(Hz) (m) = (_s1)(m) = m/s‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﴪﻋﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻗﻠﻴ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﻦ ‪ ،343 m/s‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪20 °C‬‬

‫‪5‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﺒﻠﻎ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ‪ ،1.8 m‬ﻭﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ‪.342 m/s‬‬
‫‪ .b‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤﺔ ‪.f3‬‬ ‫‪ .a‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﳼ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .c‬ﺃﻋﺪ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻋﲔ ‪ a‬ﻭ‪ b‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻏﻠﻘﺖ ﺇﺣﺪ￯ ﳖﺎﻳﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫? = ‪f1 = ? f3‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ‬ ‫‪L = 1.8 m‬‬
‫? = ‪f1 = ? f3‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻖ‬ ‫‪v = 342 m/s‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ … ‪ ،fn = nv/2L, n = 1, 2, 3,‬ﻭﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻖ ﻧﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ … ‪. fn = nv/4L, n = 1, 3, 5,‬‬
‫‪a. f1 = nv/2L = 1×v/2L‬‬ ‫‪n = 1‬‬
‫)‪= (342 m/s)/(2 × 1.8 m‬‬ ‫‪v = 342 m/s ، L = 1.8 m‬‬
‫‪= 95 Hz‬‬
‫‪b. f3 = nv/2L = 3v/2L‬‬ ‫‪n = 3‬‬
‫)‪= 3(342 m/s)/(2 × 1.8 m‬‬ ‫‪v = 342 m/s ، L = 1.8 m‬‬
‫‪= 285 Hz‬‬
‫‪c. f1 = nv/4L = 1×v/4L‬‬ ‫‪n = 1‬‬
‫)‪= (342 m/s)/(4 × 1.8 m‬‬ ‫‪v = 342 m/s ، L = 1.8 m‬‬
‫‪= 47.5 Hz‬‬
‫‪f3= 3v/4L‬‬ ‫‪n = 3‬‬
‫)‪= (3 × 342 m/s)/(4 × 1.8 m‬‬ ‫‪v = 342 m/s ، L = 1.8 m‬‬
‫‪= 142.5 Hz‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﻫﻲ ‪ ،Hz‬ﻭﺍﻟﴪﻋﺔ ﻫﻲ ‪ ،m/s‬ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻫﻲ ‪.m‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﳼ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﳼ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻖ‪.‬‬

‫‪39‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻕ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺴـﺐ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺃﺭﺑﻊ ﻧﻐﲈﺕ‬ ‫‪.19‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴـﺔ ﺗﺘﻜـﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺑـﻮﻕ ﻃﻮﻟـﻪ ‪ 40 cm‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧـﺖ ﴎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳍـﻮﺍﺀ‬
‫‪.336 m/s‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻌـﺖ ﺷـﻮﻛﺔ ﺭﻧﺎﻧـﺔ ﲥﺘـﺰ ﺑـﱰ ﹼﺩﺩ ‪ 440 Hz‬ﻓـﻮﻕ ﺃﻧﺒـﻮﺏ ﻣﻐﻠـﻖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻭﺟﺪ‬ ‫‪.20‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ‪.20 °C‬‬
‫ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﻣﺖ ﺷـﻮﻛﺔ ﺭﻧﺎﻧﺔ ﲥﺘﺰ ﺑـﱰﺩﺩ ‪ 440 Hz‬ﻣـﻊ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺭﻧـﲔ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﴎﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪.21‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﰲ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﳍﻴﻠﻴﻮﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ‪ ،110 cm‬ﻓﲈ‬
‫ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﳍﻴﻠﻴﻮﻡ؟‬
‫ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻃﺎﻟـﺐ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻫـﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ،27 °C‬ﻭﻭﺟـﺪ ﻓﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﲔ‬ ‫‪.22‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺿـﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﻧـﲔ ﺑﻤﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ‪ .20.2 cm‬ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮ ﹼﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺸـﻮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧﺔ؟ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﴎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ‪ 347 m/s‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪27 °C‬‬

‫‪40‬‬
 ‫‪5-3‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﺒﻠـﻎ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﺃﻧﺒـﻮﺏ‬ ‫‪.27‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﴚﺀ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﺰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫‪.23‬‬
‫ﺃﻭﺭﻏـﻦ ﻣﻐﻠـﻖ ‪ .2.40 m‬ﻣﺎ ﺗـﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤـﺔ ﺍﳌﻌﺰﻭﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﳑﹼﺎ ﻳﲇ؟‬
‫ﲠـﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻧﺒـﻮﺏ؟ ﺍﻋﺘـﱪ ﺃﻥ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‬ ‫‪ .a‬ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﴩﻱ‬
‫‪.343 m/s‬‬
‫‪ .b‬ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﺬﻳﺎﻉ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺍﴐﺏ ﺷﻮﻛﺔ ﺭﻧﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﻣﻄﺎﻃﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫‪.28‬‬
‫‪‬ﻳﺼـﺪﺭ ﻭﺗـﺮ ﻧﻐﻤـﺔ ﺣـﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪.24‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﲪﻠﻬـﺎ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺫﺭﺍﻋﻚ ﳑـﺪﻭﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺍﺿﻐﻂ‬
‫‪ .370 Hz‬ﻣـﺎ ﺗـﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﻘﺎﻋـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻤﻘﺒﻀﻬـﺎ ﻋـﲆ ﻃﺎﻭﻟـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑـﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺧﺰﺍﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﺟﺴـﺎﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﲠﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤﺔ؟‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮ￯‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺴﻤﻌﻪ؟ ﻭﳌﺎﺫﺍ؟‬
‫‪ ‬ﳌـﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ‬ ‫‪.25‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺼﻨـﻮﻉ ﻣﻨـﻪ ﺍﻟﺒـﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﺩﻱ ﺃﻃـﻮﻝ ﻣﻨـﻪ ﻟﻸﻧﺒﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻌﻲ؟‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﺑﲔ ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫‪.26‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻮﺩ ﺍﳌﻔﺘـﻮﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﻄـﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﺼـﻮﺕ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ؟‬

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 ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﺼﻮت‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭﺿﻌـﺖ ﺷـﻮﻛﺔ ﺭﻧﺎﻧﺔ ﲥﺘﺰ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻋﻤـﻮﺩ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﺑﻄﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻤـﻮﺩ ﳞﺘﺰ ﺑﺎﻟﱰﺩﺩ‬
‫ﻧﻔﺴـﻪ ‪ f‬ﻟﻠﺸـﻮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﹸﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻲ ﰲ ﳐﺒﺎﺭ ﻛﺒﲑ ﳑﻠﻮﺀ ﺑﺎﳌـﺎﺀ ﻭﻣﺪﺭﺝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻐﻴﲑ ﻃﻮﻝ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺭﻓﻌﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻧﺰﺍﻟﻪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺃﻗﴫ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻫﻮﺍﺀ ﳛﺪﺙ‬
‫ﺭﻧﻴﻨﹰـﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﻭ ﹸﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﺃﻋﲆ ﺻﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻮﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ‪ ، λ =4L‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﲤ ﱢﺜﻞ ‪ L‬ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺳﺘﺤﺪﹼ ﺩ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ‪ ،L‬ﻟﻜﻲ ﲢﺴﺐ ‪ ، λ‬ﺛﻢ ﲢﺴﺐ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﲈﻝ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﻧﲔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﲢﺪﹼ ﺩ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ؟‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪Hand protection‬‬ ‫‪Eye safety‬‬ ‫‪Thermal safety‬‬ ‫‪Explosive‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﹺ‬ ‫�‬
‫‪Electrical hazard‬‬ ‫‪Harmful / Irritant‬‬ ‫‪Biological hazards‬‬ ‫‪Flammable‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﻓﻮﻫﺘﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳ ﹰﺒﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﺭﺗﺪ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻗﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻣﻸ ﺍﳌﺨﺒﺎﺭ ﹼ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺭﻧﲔ ﰲ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺳﺠﻠﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪.1‬‬
‫ﱢ‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﻗﺲ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫� ‪ ‬ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺭﻧﲔ‪.‬‬

‫‪First aid‬‬ ‫‪Eye wash station‬‬ ‫‪Fire extinguisher‬‬ ‫‪Radioactive safety‬‬

‫ﻭﺳﺠﻞ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪.2‬‬

‫ﹼ‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺍﺧﱰ ﺷﻮﻛﺔ ﺭﻧﺎﻧﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻮﺀ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺿﻊ ﺑﺤﺬﺭ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺨﺒﺎﺭ ﹼ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪Sharp objects safety‬‬
‫� ‪  ‬ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﱢ ﺩ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪Poison safety‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪Oxidizer‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪Corrosive‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﺃﻣﺴﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﲥﺎ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺍﴐﺏ ﺑﴪﻋﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺃﺣﺪ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺫﺭﺍﻋﻴﻬـﺎ ﺑﻤﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺸـﻮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﴬﺏ ﺍﻟﺸـﻮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫� ﺍﻣﺴﺢ ﻣﺒﺎﴍﺓ ﱠ‬
‫‪Hand protection‬‬ ‫‪Eye Ecological‬‬
‫‪safety‬‬ ‫‪Thermal Carcinogenic‬‬
‫‪safety‬‬ ‫‪Explosive‬‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺳﻮﺍﺋﻞ ﻣﻨﺴﻜﺒﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪Laser beam‬‬ ‫‪Lab. coat‬‬ ‫‪hazards‬‬

‫ﺑﻄﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﱪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﺳﻄﺢ ﹴ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺱ‪.‬‬
‫� ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺝ ﺑﺤﺬﺭ؛ ﻓﻬﻮ ﻫﺶ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺃﻣﺴـﻚ ﺍﻟﺸـﻮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﺰﺓ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄـﺮﻑ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻟﻸﻧﺒﻮﺏ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪Electrical hazard‬‬ ‫‪Harmful / Irritant‬‬ ‫‪Biological hazards‬‬ ‫‪Flammable‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺸـﻮﻛﺔ ﺑﺒﻂﺀ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺴـﻤﻊ ﺻﻮﺗﹰﺎ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺣﺮﻙ ﺍﻷﻧﺒـﻮﺏ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻋﲆ ﻭﺇﱃ‬
‫ﺗﻌـﲔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ﹼ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟ ﹰﻴـﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﱢ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪First aid‬‬ ‫‪Eye wash station‬‬ ‫‪Fire extinguisher‬‬ ‫‪Radioactive safety‬‬

‫ﺛﻼﺙ ﺷﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺭﻧﺎﻧﺔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ‬

‫ﺃﺳـﻔﻞ ﻗﻠﻴـ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻟﺘﺤـﺪﱢ ﺩ ﻧﻘﻄـﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧـﲔ ﲤﺎ ﹰﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺛـﻢ ﻗﺲ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺝ ﺳﻌﺘﻪ ‪1000 mL‬‬ ‫ﳐﺒﺎﺭ ﹼ‬
‫ﻭﺳـﺠﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺇﱃ ﺃﻋﲆ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺀ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪Sharp objects safety‬‬ ‫‪Poison safety‬‬ ‫‪Oxidizer‬‬ ‫‪Corrosive‬‬

‫ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪.2‬‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺴﻄﺮﺓ ﻣﱰﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺭ ﺍﳋﻄﻮﺍﺕ ‪ 3‬ﻭ‪ 6‬ﻭ‪ 7‬ﻟﻠﺸﻮﻛﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧﺘﲔ ﺍﻹﺿﺎﻓﻴﺘﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ .7‬ﹼ‬
‫‪Laser beam‬‬ ‫‪Lab. coat‬‬ ‫‪Ecological hazards‬‬ ‫‪Carcinogenic‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ )ﻏﲑ ﺯﺋﺒﻘﻲ(‬

‫ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .8‬ﺃﻓﺮﻍ ﺍﳌﺨﺒﺎﺭ ﹼ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺯﺟﺎﺟﻲ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ ،40 cm‬ﻭﻗﻄﺮﻩ ‪3.5 cm‬‬

‫‪42‬‬
 ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪m/s‬‬ ‫‪°C‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ m‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫‪Hz‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ms‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﲢﺪﺙ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺍﺣﺴـﺐ ﺍﻟﴪﻋـﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟـﺔ ﻟﻠﺼـﻮﺕ ﺑﺎﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ ‪.1‬‬
‫ﺍﳍـﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﺴـﺎﻭ ﹰﻳﺎ ‪ . λ/4‬ﻣـﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻻﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﺬﺍﻥ ﳛـﺪﺙ ﻋﻨﺪﳘﺎ‬ ‫‪ ، v = 331 m/s + 0.60T‬ﺣﻴـﺚ ‪ v‬ﴎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﻋﻨـﺪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻧﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﺣﻘﺎﻥ؟‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ ﺍﳊـﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ ،T‬ﻭ ‪ T‬ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳍـﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﻠﺴـﻴﻮﺱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳـﺠﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺃﳖﺎ ﺍﻟﴪﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ‬
‫ﱢ‬
‫‪‬ﻫﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﻴﲔ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺁﺧﺮ ﳊﺪﻭﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ 1‬ﻟﻠﻤﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﲨﻴﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺿﺢ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺘﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ؟ ﱢ‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻷﻥ ﻧﻘﻄـﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﹸﻋ ﹼﻴﻨﺖ ﻋﻨﺪﻣـﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺟﺰﺀ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻓـﻮﻕ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﻳﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﻄـﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻘﻴـﺲ ﻟﻸﻧﺒـﻮﺏ ﰲ ﲢﺪﻳـﺪ ﺍﻟﻄـﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻲ ﺍﳌﺤﺴـﻮﺏ ﻟﻜﻞ ﹼ‬

‫ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺗﻌﻄﻲ ﺩﻗﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻟﴪﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ؟‬
‫ﺳﺠﻞ ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪.2‬‬
‫ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ‪ .‬ﹼ‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺍﴐﺏ ﻗﻴﻤﺘـﻲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﰲ ﺟـﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪،2‬‬
‫ﻓﴪ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺃﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ ﺍﻷﹸﺭﻏﻦ ﻭﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﳍﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺳـﺠﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﹼ‬
‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳـﺪ ﺍﻟﴪﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻮﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪ 2‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺣﺪﹼ ﺩ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﻨﺴـﺒﻲ ﺑﲔ ﴎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﳏﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﰲ ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ‪.2‬‬
‫‪¢Accepted value - Experimental value‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫______________________ = ‪%error‬‬
‫‪Accepted value‬‬
‫‪× 100%‬‬
‫‪obeikaneducation.com‬‬
‫‪¤‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪¤‬‬
‫‪100%‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ‬
‫ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ =‬

‫‪43‬‬
 ‫‪‬‬

‫‪p‬‬
‫‪SoundWavesintheSun‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﺴـﻴﺰﻣﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺴـﻴﺔ )ﻋﻠﻢ ﺯﻻﺯﻝ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ(‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﲢﺪﺙ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌ ﹼﹰﻴـﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ )ﻣﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ‪،(p‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﺫﺑﻴـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳉﺎﺫﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﻄﺤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻛﻞ‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﺘﺰﺓ‪ ،‬ﺳ ﹼﺒﺒﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﻮ￯ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪p‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺴـﺒﺐ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻓـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻀﻐـﻂ ﺍﻫﺘـﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﳉﺰﻳﺌـﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ ﻓﺘﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺃﺛﻨـﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻠﻴـﻞ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺃﻃﻠﻘﺖ ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻧﺎﺳـﺎ ﻋـﺎﻡ ‪1995‬ﻡ ﺍﳌﺮﺻﺪ‬
‫ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ ﺍﳊـﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺃﺳـﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺴـﻄﺢ ﻣﺒـﺎﴍﺓ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﺳـﻔﻞ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﴘ )‪ .(SOHO‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻗﻤﺮ ﺍﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻳـﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﺳـﻔﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﺗﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺧﻂ ﻣﺴـﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻛﲈ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﹰ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺋﲈ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﱠ‬
‫ﺗﹸﻘﺎﺱ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻧﺰﻳﺎﺡ ﺩﻭﺑﻠﺮ ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﺴـﺒﺐ ﻣﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ ﺍﻫﺘـﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﳌﻘﻴﺴﺔ ﺃﻧﲈﻁ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺗﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﳎﻤﻮﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﰲ ﺍﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻟ ﹸﻘﻄﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺟﺮﺱ ﻳﻘﺮﻉ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓـﺔ ﻛﻠﻬـﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ ﻧﻐﲈﺕ‬
‫ﺍﳉـﺮﺱ ﺗﴬﺏ ﻣﻄﺮﻗﺔ ﺍﳉﺮﺱ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺣـﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴـﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻨﻐـﲈﺕ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻋﻨـﺪ ﺩﻕ ﺍﳉﺮﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴـﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﳖﺎ ﱂ ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺷﺪﲥﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺪﺙ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﲑ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻔﱰﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﲈﺀ ﺑﺪﻻﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺰﻭﺩ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﲈﺀ ﺑﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﻌﻠﻖ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﹼ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋـﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﻐـﲑﺓ ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﳊﻤـﻞ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﻱ ﺑـﺪﺃﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ‬
‫ﻛﻼ ﻣـﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻬـﺎ ﻭﺩﺭﺟـﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﲥﺎ‬‫ﺑﱰﻛﻴﺒﻬـﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧـﲇ؛ ﻭﺫﻟـﻚ ﺃﻥ ﹼﹰ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺿﺠﻴﺞ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﻐﲇ ﰲ ﻗﺪﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬـﺎ ﻳﺆﺛـﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻧﺘﺸـﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻗﺪﹼ ﻣـﺖ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻘﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻳﻔﻮﻕ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺘﻲ‬
‫ﲢﻠﻴـﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﻤـﺮ ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋـﻲ )‪ (SOHO‬ﺍﳌﺰﻳـﺪ ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻐﺮﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺮﺍﻕ ﻣ ﹰﻌﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣـﻮﻝ ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ ﻋﲆ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺩﺍﻟـﺔ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﲆ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺎ ﺟﺪﹼﹰ ﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻨﺎ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻖ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﲆ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﻭﻛﺜﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﹰ‬
‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬
‫ﺇﻥ ﻣﺘﻮﺳـﻂ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ ﻟﻪ ﺯﻣـﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻱ ‪ ،5 min‬ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﺎﳊﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﲔ ﻓﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻟﻠﺸﻤﺲ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫﺎ ‪.f = 0.003 Hz‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﻳﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﲈﺀ ﺑﲔ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻷﻧﻨﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺳـﲈﻉ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ‪،‬‬
‫‪  ‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﹼ‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺮﻛﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲨﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ؟‬ ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﲥﺎ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻘﺪ ﻗﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﲈﺀ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﹼ‬
‫‪ ‬ﻫـﻞ ﻳﻤﻜـﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.2‬‬ ‫ﻭﳚﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻗﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ ﻓﱰﺍﺕ ﺯﻣﻨﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ؛ ﻷﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‬
‫ﰲ ﻧﺠـﻢ ﺁﺧﺮ ﻣﺸـﺎﺑﻪ ﻟﻠﺸـﻤﺲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﳐﺘﻠـﻒ ﰲ ﺣﺠﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﳍﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﺳـﺎﻋﺘﲔ ﻟﻼﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺁﺧﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻤﺲ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫ﳚﻌـﻞ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒـﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ؛ ﻷﻧـﻪ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺭﺅﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺸـﻤﺲ‬

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 ‫‪Waves‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫** ‪5-1‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﻘﻞ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﲢﺘـﺎﺝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺳـﻂ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﳍـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺴـﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻣﺎ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻼ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﱃ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﳍﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﹸﺴـﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﱰﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺗﻀﺎﻏ ﹰﻄﺎ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺣﲔ ﺗﹸﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﳌﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﲣﻠﺨﻼ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺒﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ ﺑﻌﺾ‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﻣـﻊ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣـﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﻀﺎﻏﻂ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻹﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ ﻻﲡﺎﻩ ﺣﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﲣﻠﺨﻞ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟـﱰﺩﺩ ﻫـﻮ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﹸﻳﺘﻤﻬﺎ ﺍﳉﺴـﻢ ﺍﳌﻬﺘﺰ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣـﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺇﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪f= 1/T‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳌﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﴪﻋﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫• ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ‬ ‫•‬
‫• ﺟﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﲣﻴﲇ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺑﲔ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺘﺴـﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﹸﻳﺮﺳـﻢ ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺧﻂ ﻳﻤ ﹼﺜﻞ‬
‫ﻓﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻗﻤﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺟﺒﻬﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫‪Sound and hearing‬‬ ‫** ‪ 5-2‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫• ﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺗﺬﺑﺬﺏ ﺟﺴﻢ ﰲ ﻭﺳﻂ ﻣﺎﺩﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ‬
‫• ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ‬
‫• ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﴩﻳﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﺎﺷﻒ ﺻﻮﺕ؛ ﺣﻴﺚ ﲢﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺃﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﺇﱃ ﻧﺒﻀﺎﺕ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻋﱪ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺐ ﺍﻟﺴـﻤﻌﻲ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻹﺷـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫• ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺩﺭﺍﻛﻬﺎ ﻋﲆ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺃﺻﻮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﲢﺖ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﻴﺔ‬

‫‪Resonance in air coloumns and strings‬‬ ‫‪ 5-3‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﻣﻮﺟﺘﲔ ﳍﲈ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻭﺗﺘﺤﺮﻛﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻫﲔ ﻣﺘﻌﺎﻛﺴﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺼﻞ ﺭﻧﲔ ﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﻫﻮﺍﺀ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺻﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﳑﺎ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺭﻧﻴﻨﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺖ ﻋﻘﺪﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻛﻞ ﻃﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﳛﺪﺙ ﻟﻪ ﺭﻧﲔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﻭ ﹰﻳﺎ ‪،3λ/2 ،2λ/2 ،λ/2‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻋﻘﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺭﻧﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﱰﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﳼ‪.‬‬
‫ﳛﺼـﻞ ﺭﻧـﲔ ﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﻐﻠـﻖ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻟـﻪ ‪ ،5λ/4 ،3λ/4 ،λ/4‬ﻭﻫﻜـﺬﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗـﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺭﻧﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺑﻄﻦ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﱰﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﳼ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﳼ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﳛﺼـﻞ ﺭﻧﲔ ﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻃﻮﻟـﻪ ‪ ،3λ/2 ،2λ/2 ،λ/2‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﳌﺜﺒﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫•‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻐﲈﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺭﻧﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﱰﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﳼ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺤﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫•‬
‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻌﻘﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﲡﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﻨﺠﺮﺓ ﺷﺨﺺ ﲢﺪﱢ ﺩ ﻃﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﺪ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻭﺻﻒ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﳼ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫•‬

‫‪45‬‬ ‫** ‪  ‬‬

‫ﰲ ﻣﺴـﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﳏﺪﹼ ﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﻣﺒﺘﻌﺪﹰ ﺍ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈـﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﻳﻨﲈ ﻳﻠﺰﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﱪ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ‪343 m/s‬‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮ￯‪ .‬ﹺﺻﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﻏﲑ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﺃﺭﺑﻌﺔ ﺃﺟـﺰﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻗﺴـﺎﻡ ﻓﺈﻧﻚ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻫﺘـﺰ ﺣﺒـﻞ ﻣﺸـ ﹼﻜ ﹰ‬ ‫‪.37‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺗﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻤـﺲ ﻋـﺪ ﹰﺩﺍ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻘـﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﹸﲢﺪﺙ ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍ ﹰﺑﺎ ﰲ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻪ‪ .‬ﹼﺑﲔ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻛﻤﻞ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪.29‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ‪.v ،λ ،T ،‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺾ ﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 100 m‬ﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻗﺒﻮﻥ‬ ‫* ‪.38‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺳﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﻘﺎﻑ ﻟﺪﳞﻢ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺭﺅﻳﺘﻬﻢ ﺩﺧﺎﻧﹰﺎ ﻳﺘﺼﺎﻋﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳌﺴـﺪﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺸـﲑ ﺇﱃ‬

‫ﺑﺪﺀ ﺍﻟﺴـﺒﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﲈﻋﻬﻢ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻹﻃﻼﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻓﴪ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻛﺾ ﺇﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﹼ‬
‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻗﻴﺖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺳﲈﻉ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ؟‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫* ‪ .39‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﴬﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻪ؟‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺘﻪ؟‬ ‫* ‪.40‬‬
‫ﻣـﺎ ﺍﻟﻔـﺮﻕ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻟﺰﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟـﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﻭﺍﻟـﱰﺩﺩ؟ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ‬ ‫* ‪.30‬‬
‫ﻭﺿﺢ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻃﻮﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﱢ‬ ‫* ‪.41‬‬
‫ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻄﺎﻥ؟‬
‫ﻣﺘﻰ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ؟‬ ‫‪.42‬‬
‫ﻣـﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗـﺔ؟ ﹺ‬
‫ﺃﻋﻂ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﲔ ﻋﲆ‬ ‫* ‪.31‬‬
‫‪‬ﳌـﺎﺫﺍ ﻻ ﻳﻜـﻮﻥ ﺻـﻮﺕ ﻣﻌﻈـﻢ‬ ‫* ‪.43‬‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻵﻻﺕ ﺍﳌﻮﺳﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧﺔ؟‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫* ‪.32‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ؟‬
‫ﺍﻓـﱰﺽ ﺃﻧـﻚ ﺃﻣﺴـﻜﺖ ﻗﻀﻴ ﹰﺒـﺎ ﻓﻠﺰ ﹼﹰﻳﺎ ﻃﻮﻟـﻪ ‪،1 m‬‬ ‫* ‪.44‬‬
‫ﻭﴐﺑـﺖ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻪ ﺑﻤﻄﺮﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﰲ ﺍﲡـﺎﻩ ﹴ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﺑﲔ ﱟ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ‪ :‬ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫* ‪.33‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯ ﻟﻄﻮﻟﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻟﻴﺔ؟‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻﹰ‪ ،‬ﺛـﻢ ﰲ ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﻳﺼﻨﻊ ﺯﺍﻭﻳـﺔ ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ﺛﺎﻧ ﹰﻴﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮ ﹼﻟﺪﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﻟﺘﲔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻓـﱰﺽ ﺃﻧـﻚ ﻭ ﹼﻟـﺪﺕ ﻧﺒﻀـﺔ ﺧـﻼﻝ ﺣﺒـﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻴﻒ‬ ‫* ‪.34‬‬

‫ﻣﺘﻜـﺮﺭ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻓـﱰﺽ ﺃﻧـﻚ ﻏﻤﺴـﺖ ﺇﺻﺒﻌﻚ ﺑﺸـﻜﻞ‬ ‫* ‪.45‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘـﺎﺭﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺍﳊﺒﻞ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ‬
‫ﹼ‬
‫ﺣـﻮﺽ ﳑﻠـﻮﺀ ﺑﺎﳌـﺎﺀ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﲈﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻮﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻀﺔ؟‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺇﺻﺒﻌﻚ ﺑﴪﻋﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻣﺘـﻰ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﰲ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﻧﻔﺴـﻪ؟ ﻭﻣﺘﻰ‬ ‫* ‪.35‬‬
‫ﺃﻋـﻂ ﻣﺜﺎﻻﹰ ﻋﲆ‬‫ﹺ‬ ‫ﺗﻜـﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ؟‬
‫ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ ‪ 0.6 m/s‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫‪.46‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﺴـﻴﻮﺱ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣـﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﹴ‬
‫ﻟﺼﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻟﻜﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻳﲇ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﹸﺛ ﱢﺒﺘـﺖ ﴍﳛﺔ ﻓﻠﺰﻳﺔ ﺭﻗﻴﻘـﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻫـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧ ﹶﹸﺜﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪.36‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ؟‬ ‫ﺳـﻜﺮ‪ .‬ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﻧﻘﺮ ﻋﲆ ﻗـﻮﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ ﻣﻨﻬـﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ‬
‫‪ .b‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ‬ ‫‪ .a‬ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻬـﺎ ﻳﺒـﺪﺃ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺴـﻜﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻤﻊ‬
‫* ‪‬‬
‫‪46‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.b‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺯﺩﺍﺩﺕ ﺩﺭﺟـﺔ ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﻓﲈ ﺍﻟﺘﻐـﲑ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺪﺙ‬ ‫‪.47‬‬ ‫*‬
‫‪ ‬ﻳﺮﺳـﻞ ﺳـﻮﻧﺎﺭ)ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻳﻜﺸـﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﲢﺖ‬ ‫‪.54‬‬ ‫*‬ ‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﳑﺎ ﻳﲇ؟‬
‫ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﻋـﻦ ﻃﺮﻳـﻖ ﺍﻟﺼـﺪ￯( ﰲ ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﺇﺷـﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪ .b‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ‬ ‫‪ .a‬ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫـﺎ ‪ 1.00 ×106 Hz‬ﻭﻃﻮﳍـﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻳﺴـﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫‪ .d‬ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬ ‫‪ .c‬ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‬
‫‪ .1.50 mm‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .a‬ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳊﺮﺍﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻫﻞ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫‪.48‬‬

‫‪ .b‬ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺻﻮﺕ ﻋﻤـﻮﺩ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻡ ﺗﻘﻞ؟ ﺍﻓﱰﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻐﲑ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.c‬‬
‫ﻳﻮ ﹼﻟﺪ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﻧﻐﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﹸﺃﺯﻳﻠﺖ ﺍﻟﺴـﺪﺍﺩﺓ‬ ‫‪.49‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 5-23‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺒﲔ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬـﻞ ﺗﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺣﺪﹼ ﺓ‬
‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﳖﺎﻳﺘـﻪ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻟﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﲔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺃﻡ ﺗﻘﻞ؟‬
‫‪y‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻃﺮﻗﺖ ﺷﻮﻛﺔ ﺭﻧﺎﻧﺔ ﻭﻗﺮﺑﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻮﻛﺔ ﺭﻧﺎﻧﺔ ﺃﺧﺮ￯ ﳍﺎ‬ ‫‪.50‬‬

‫‪E‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﲈﺫﺍ ﳛﺪﺙ؟ ﻭﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﺓ؟‬
‫ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪.51‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫‪ .b‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ‬ ‫‪ .a‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ‬

‫‪5-23‬‬
‫‪ .d‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪ .c‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‬
‫ﺣﺪﱢ ﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺘﻔﻘﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.55‬‬ ‫*‬ ‫‪ .e‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ‬
‫ﺣﺪﱢ ﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﳌﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪.‬‬‫*‬ ‫‪.56‬‬
‫ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻗـﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﲔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪.52‬‬ ‫*‬
‫* ‪ .57‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻭ ﱠﻟﺪﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﰲ ﺣﻮﺽ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺑﻐﻤﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴـﺔ ﻓـﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﺴـﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺇﺻﺒﻌﻚ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺮﺍﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﲔ ﻗﻤﻢ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ‪ ،0.4 m‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫‪ .a‬ﻣﺪ￯ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻳﲇ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .b‬ﻣﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﴩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﲆ ﺳﲈﻋﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ .b‬ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ .a‬ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ‬
‫‪ .c‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ .d‬ﴎﻋﺘﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪ .c‬ﺯﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪5-2‬‬
‫‪5-1‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﻠﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺗﺮ ﹼﺩﺩﻫﺎ ‪ 4700 Hz‬ﰲ ﻗﻀﻴﺐ‬ ‫‪.58‬‬ ‫*‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﻘـﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﺴـﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 3.4 m‬ﰲ ‪.1.8 s‬‬ ‫‪.53‬‬ ‫*‬
‫ﻓﻮﻻﺫﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﻀﺎﻏﻄﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﻟﻼﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻳﺴـﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫‪ ،1.1 m‬ﻓﲈ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ؟‬
‫‪ ،1.1 s‬ﻓﺎﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪47‬‬ ‫* ‪‬‬
‫‪ .a‬ﴎﻋﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺧﻴﻂ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻮﻛﺔ ﺭﻧﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻃﺮﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻃﺮﻓﻪ‬ ‫‪.65‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻩ ‪ 261.6 Hz‬ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻪ‬ ‫‪.59‬‬ ‫*‬
‫ﺍﻵﺧﺮ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪ ﺗـﺮﺩﺩ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ ‪ ،5 Hz‬ﺗﻜﻮﻧﺖ‬ ‫‪ .25 °C‬ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﳋﻴـﻂ ﻣﻮﺟـﺔ ﻣﻮﻗﻮﻓـﺔ ﻛﲈ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪.5-26‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﲢﺪﹼ ﺩ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﲑﺍﺕ ﹸﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ‬ ‫‪.60‬‬ ‫*‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﺣﺴﺐ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺻﻮﺕ ﻭﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﳛﺘﺎﺝ‬
‫‪ .a‬ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻤﻰ ﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪.5-24‬‬‫ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﺪ￯ ﻟﻠﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﲑﺍ‪ ،‬ﻛﲈ ﱢ‬
‫‪ .b‬ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺪ ﻭﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻄﻮﻥ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﲢﺘﺎﺝ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﻌﻮﺩ ﺇﱃ‬
‫‪ .c‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻴﻂ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻣﲑﺍ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪3.00 m‬؟‬
‫‪ .d‬ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﰲ ﺍﳋﻴﻂ‪.‬‬

‫‪0.2m‬‬

‫‪3.00m‬‬
‫‪4.0 m‬‬
‫‪5-24‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪5-26‬‬

‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻄـﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻲ ﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺻـﻮﺕ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪.61‬‬ ‫*‬

‫ﻳﻤ ﹼﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸـﻜﻞ ‪ 5-27‬ﺍﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯﺍﺕ ﺃﺣﺪﺛﻬﺎ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫* ‪.66‬‬
‫‪ 2.40× 102 Hz‬ﰲ ﻣﺎﺀ ﻧﻘﻲ ﻫﻮ ‪ 3.30 m‬ﻓﲈ ﴎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄـﺔ ‪ A‬ﹼ‬
‫ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻧـﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ ﺍﺳـﺘﻐﺮﻗﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ؟‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺘﲔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ ،B‬ﺃﺟﺐ ﻋﲈ ﻳﺄﰐ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺑﱰ ﹼﺩﺩ‬ ‫‪.62‬‬ ‫*‬
‫‪ 4.25 MHz‬ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﲆ ﺻﻮﺭ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﴩﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﲡﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫)‪y (cm‬‬
‫ﻓـﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴـﻢ ﳑﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﴪﻋﺘﻪ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﺢ ﻭﻫﻲ ‪ ،1.50 km/s‬ﻓﲈ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫)‪x (cm‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫ﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺗﺮ ﹼﺩﺩﻫﺎ ‪ 4.25 MHz‬ﰲ ﺍﳉﺴﻢ؟‬
‫‪-3‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 5-25‬ﻟﻺﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻟﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪5-27‬‬
‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬
‫‪x‬‬

‫‪ .a‬ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺘﻜﻮﻧﺔ؟‬

‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫‪ .b‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ )ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬

‫‪5-25‬‬
‫‪ .c‬ﻣﺎ ﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ؟‬
‫‪ .d‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤ ﹼﺜﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ؟‬ ‫‪.63‬‬ ‫*‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺿﺤﺔ‬
‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟـﺬﻱ ﻳﻤ ﹼﺜﻠﻪ ﻛﻞ ﺣﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳊـﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫‪.64‬‬ ‫*‬
‫ﻋﲆ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ؟‬

‫* ‪‬‬
‫‪48‬‬
 ‫ﻣـﺎ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺃﻗـﴫ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻣﻔﺘـﻮﺡ ﻟﻸﻭﺭﻏﻦ‬ ‫‪.a‬‬ ‫‪5-3‬‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﻟﻪ ﺭﻧﲔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ؟‬
‫ﺭﺃﳼ ﳑﻠﻮﺀ ﺑﺎﳌﺎﺀ ﻭﻟـﻪ ﺻﻨﺒﻮﺭ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﹼ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺒـﻮﺏ ﰲ ﻭﺿـﻊ‬ ‫‪.67‬‬
‫ﻛـﻢ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺗـﺮﺩﺩ ﺃﺧﻔـﺾ ﻧﻐﻤـﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ‬ ‫‪.b‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﲥﺘﺰ ﺷـﻮﻛﺔ ﺭﻧﺎﻧﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻏﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻐﻠ ﹰﻘﺎ؟‬ ‫ﹸﺳﻤﻊ ﺭﻧﲔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﻣﺴﺘﻮ￯ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺑﻤﻘﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺒـﻮﺏ ﻣﻔﺘـﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓـﲔ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻩ ﺍﻷﺳـﺎﳼ ‪،65 Hz‬‬ ‫‪.75‬‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻤﻊ ﺭﻧﲔ ﻣﺮﺓ ﺃﺧﺮ￯ ﻋﻨﺪ ﲣﻔﻴﺾ ﻣﺴﺘﻮ￯‬ ‫‪ ،17 cm‬ﹸ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣـﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ‪.331 m/s‬‬ ‫ﺍﳌـﺎﺀ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻮﻫﺔ ﺍﻷﻧﺒـﻮﺏ ﺑﻤﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ‪ ،49 cm‬ﻓﲈ ﺗﺮ ﹼﺩﺩ‬
‫ﺃﺟﺐ ﻋﲈ ﻳﲇ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧﺔ؟‬
‫‪ .a‬ﻣﺎ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ؟‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴـﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﱃ ﻃﺒﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪.68‬‬
‫‪ .b‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻧﺒﻮﺏ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ .3.0 cm‬ﺃﻭﺟﺪ‬
‫‪ .c‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﳼ ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﴎﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﻷﻗﻞ ﺗﺮ ﹼﺩﺩ ﺭﻧﲔ‪ .‬ﺃﳘﻞ ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼـﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳍـﻮﺍﺀ ‪ 367 m/s‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺻـﺪﺭ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﻔﺘـﻮﺡ ﻧﻐﻤﺔ ﺗﺮ ﹼﺩﺩﻫﺎ ‪ 370 Hz‬ﻓﲈ‬ ‫‪.69‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ؟‬ ‫ﺗﺮ ﹼﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﻳﻘﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﲏ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ ﺍﳌﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ‬
‫ﳍﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﱰ ﹼﺩﺩ؟‬
‫‪‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﺻـﺪﺭ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﻧﻐﻤـﺔ ﺗﺮ ﹼﺩﺩﻫﺎ ‪ ،370 Hz‬ﻓﲈ‬ ‫‪.70‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﺒـﻮﺏ ﺃﻭﺭﻏـﻦ ﻣﻔﺘـﻮﺡ ﻃﻮﻟـﻪ ‪ ،1.65 m‬ﻣـﺎ ﻧﻐﻤﺔ‬ ‫‪.76‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮ ﹼﺩﺩ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﹸﻳﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ؟‬
‫ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺳـﺎﳼ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺘﺠﻬـﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻴﻠﻴﻮﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ‬
‫‪  .71‬ﹸﺿﺒﻂ ﻭﺗﺮ ﻗﻴﺜـﺎﺭﺓ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪65.0 cm‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪ 0 °C‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺃﻥ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻴﻠﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻴﺼﺪﺭ ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﺮ ﹼﺩﺩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻩ ‪ .196 Hz‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪972 m/s‬؟‬
‫‪ .a‬ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺣﺠـﺮﺍ ﰲ ﺑﺌـﺮ ﻋﻤﻘﻬـﺎ ‪ 122.5 m‬ﻛﲈ ﰲ‬
‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺃﻟﻘﻴـﺖ‬ ‫*‬
‫‪.77‬‬ ‫‪ .b‬ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﲔ ﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ ،5-29‬ﻓﺒﻌﺪ ﻛﻢ ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻊ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﺭﺗﻄﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻳﻤ ﹼﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ 5-28‬ﺃﻧﺒﻮ ﹰﺑﺎ ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﻜ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ ﹰ‬
‫ﳑﻮﺟﺎ ﻣﺮﻧﹰﺎ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫‪.72‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺠـﺮ ﺑﻘﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺌـﺮ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻋﻠﻤﺖ ﺃﻥ ﴎﻋـﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ‬
‫‪ .0.85 m‬ﻭﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺄﺭﺟﺢ ﹸﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﻧﻐﻤﺔ ﺗﺮ ﹼﺩﺩﻫﺎ ﻳﲈﺛﻞ‬
‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ‪343 m/s‬؟‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﺗﺮ ﹼﺩﺩ ﹸﻳﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺃﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﻧﻔﺴـﻪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺮ ﹼﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤﺔ؟‬
‫‪0.85 m‬‬

‫‪5-28‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪122.5 m‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﺄﺭﺟﺢ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺴـﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺴـﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﴪﻋﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ‬ ‫‪.73‬‬
‫ﺼﺪﺭﺍ ﻧﻐﻤﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﲆ‪ ،‬ﻓﲈ ﺍﻟﱰ ﹼﺩﺩ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ؟‬
‫ﹸﻣ ﹰ‬
‫‪" ‬ﺇﻥ ﺃﺧﻔﺾ ﻧﻐﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﻏﻦ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪.74‬‬
‫‪5-29‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ،"16.4 Hz‬ﰲ ﺿﻮﺀ ﻣﺎ ﺳﺒﻖ ﺃﺟﺐ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪49‬‬ ‫* ‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺸﺪﻭﺩﺍﻥ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ؛ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﳞﺘﺰ ﺑﱰﺩﺩ‬ ‫‪.81‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺡ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻓﲔ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ ،0.4 m‬ﻭﴎﻋﺔ‬ ‫‪.78‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮﻳﻦ‬
‫‪ ،200 Hz‬ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﲏ ﳞﺘﺰ ﺑﱰﺩﺩ ‪ .300 Hz‬ﱡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ‪ ،333 m/s‬ﺍﺣﺴﺐ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﴪ ﺇﺟﺎﺑﺘﻚ‪.‬‬‫ﹸﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﺻﻮﺗﹰﺎ ﴎﻋﺘﻪ ﺃﻛﱪ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ؟ ﹼ‬ ‫‪ .a‬ﺍﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﳼ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣـﺎ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤ ﱢﺜﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﱢ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻧﻐﻤﺘﲔ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺘﲔ‬ ‫‪.82‬‬ ‫‪ .b‬ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ ﰲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .a‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻐﻠﻖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ .b‬ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺋﻲ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﻮﺡ‪.‬‬ ‫* ‪  .79‬ﱢ‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﻭﻝ ‪5-2‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﱰﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﳼ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﲆ ﺁﻟﺘﲔ ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻴﺘﲔ‬ ‫‪.83‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻃﻮﺍﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺻﻮﺗﻴﺔ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻦ ﳎﻤﻮﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺄﻱ ﳑﺎ ﻳﲇ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭ ﹰﻳﺎ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﲈ؟‬
‫ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻴﺘﲔ ﳐﺘﻠﻔﺘﲔ‪ ،‬ﹼ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﻮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺎﻧﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺮ ﹼﺩﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﻌ ﹼﻴﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .a‬ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .a‬ﻣ ﹼﺜـﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗـﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﱰ ﹼﺩﺩ‬
‫‪ .b‬ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻐﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ‪.‬‬ ‫)ﺍﳌﺘﻐـﲑ ﺍﳌﻀﺒﻮﻁ(‪ .‬ﻣـﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘـﻲ ﻳﺒ ﹼﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ .c‬ﺍﻟﻨﻐﲈﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﺮﺍﻓﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﲏ؟‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻐﲈﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪.84‬‬ ‫‪ .b‬ﻣ ﹼﺜـﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻭﻣﻘﻠﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺁﻟﺔ ﻫﻮﺍﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﱰ ﹼﺩﺩ )‪ .(1/f‬ﻣﺎ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺒ ﹼﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺎ؟‬
‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﲤ ﱢﺜﻞ ﻋﻤﻮ ﹰﺩﺍ ﻫﻮﺍﺋ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ ﻣﻐﻠ ﹰﻘﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻮ ﹰﺩﺍ ﻫﻮﺍﺋ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﲏ؟ ﺣﺪﹼ ﺩ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﲏ‪.‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪5-2‬‬

‫ﺍﺑﺤﺚ ﰲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺁﻟﺔ ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﲈﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻮﻕ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.85‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺒﻐﻲ ﺃﺧﺬﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳊﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﺇﺿﺎﻓ ﹰﺔ ﺇﱃ‬ ‫‪Hz‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬
‫‪2.62‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ؟ ﻭﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺁﻟﺔ‬ ‫‪131‬‬
‫‪147‬‬ ‫‪2.33‬‬
‫ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﻮﻋﻴـﺔ ﺟﻴـﺪﺓ ﻭﺃﺧﺮ￯ ﺭﺩﻳﺌـﺔ؟ ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﹸﻔﺤﺺ‬
‫‪165‬‬ ‫‪2.08‬‬
‫ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺃﻧﻐﺎﻣﻬﲈ؟‬ ‫‪1.75‬‬
‫‪196‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪220‬‬ ‫‪1.56‬‬

‫‪247‬‬ ‫‪1.39‬‬
‫ﹸﻳﻨﻘﺮ ﻭﺗﺮ ﻗﻴﺜﺎﺭﺓ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪ 60.0 cm‬ﰲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺳـﻂ‪،‬‬ ‫‪.86‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﻌـﺰﻑ ﻧﻐﻤﺔ ﺗﺮﺩﺩﻫـﺎ ‪ ،440 Hz‬ﻣﺎ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻟﺪ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﻬﺘﺰ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ‪ 0.6 m‬ﰲ ﻭﺗﺮ ﻣﺸﺪﻭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.80‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ؟‬ ‫ﻭﺿﺢ ﻣﺎ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ‪ ،‬ﱢ‬
‫‪ .a‬ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .b‬ﻃﻮﳍﺎ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫* ‪‬‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗـﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻐﻤـﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﻓﻘﻴـﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜـﺔ ﺍﻟﺼـﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋـﻦ‬ ‫‪.5‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻭﺗـﺮ ﻣﺸـﺪﻭﺩ ﻳﺴـﺎﻭﻱ ‪ 200 Hz‬ﻭﴎﻋـﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺟـﺎﺕ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ ‪ ،150 m/s‬ﻓﲈ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﺮ؟‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﺍﳋﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﺼﻒ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﻗﻮﻓﺔ؟‬
‫ﹼ‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫‪1.125 m‬‬ ‫‪0.88 m‬‬

‫‪1.5 m‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪0.375 m‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﱰﺩﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﳼ ﻟﻮﺗﺮ ﳞﺘﺰ ﻃﻮﻟﻪ ‪L‬؟‬ ‫‪.6‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫‪2L‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪L/2‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫‪3L‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪L‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫ﻳﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻩ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻷﺫﻥ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‪:‬‬ ‫* ‪.2‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍ ﰲ‪:‬‬
‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﺃﴎﻉ‬ ‫‪.7‬‬ ‫*‬
‫‪ A‬ﺗﻐﲑ ﺿﻐﻂ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪ A‬ﺍﳍﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﲔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪.0°C‬‬
‫ﺍﻻﻫﺘﺰﺍﺯ ﰲ ﺍﻷﺳﻼﻙ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻭﺗﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪.0°C‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﻟﻮﻣﻨﻴﻮﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪.0°C‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﲢﺖ ﺍﳊﻤﺮﺍﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺓ ‪.100°C‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬
‫ﻳﺴـﺘﻤﻊ ﺧﺎﻟـﺪ ﺇﱃ ﻣﻮﺳـﻴﻘﻰ ﻛﻼﺳـﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻣـﻦ ﺍﻟﺴـﲈﻋﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺃﺛﻨـﺎﺀ‬ ‫* ‪.3‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺳـﺒﺎﺣﺘﻪ ﰲ ﺑﺮﻛﺔ ﺳـﺒﺎﺣﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﱃ ﺃﺫﻧﻴﻪ ﻧﻐﻤﺔ ﺑﱰﺩﺩ ‪327 Hz‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣـﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﲢـﺖ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ ﺍﳌﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﺼﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺴـﻤﻌﻪ؟‬
‫ﻳﺒﲔ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺩﻧﺎﻩ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺍﳍﻮﺍﺀ ﻷﻧﺒﻮﺏ ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫ﱢ‬ ‫‪.8‬‬
‫)ﺍﻓﱰﺽ ﴎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺀ ‪.(1493 m/s‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺮﻧﲔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ ‪ ،488 Hz‬ﻓﲈ ﴎﻋﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ؟‬ ‫‪2.19 × 10-1 m‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪2.19 nm‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬

‫‪4.57 m‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪4.88 × 10-5 m‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬

‫‪L = 16.8 cm‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻮﺍﺻـﻞ ﺍﳊﻴﺘﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﲈ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﻻ ﻧﺴـﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺳـﲈﻋﻬﺎ؛‬ ‫* ‪.4‬‬

‫ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻥ‬
‫‪ A‬ﴎﻋـﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻨﺎ ﻋﲆ‬
‫ﺳﲈﻋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ B‬ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻨﺎ ﻋﲆ‬
‫ﺳﲈﻋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﻥ ﺣﺴـﺎﺑﺎﺗﻚ ﻭﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺗـﻚ ﺣﻴﺜـﲈ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ ﳑﻜﻨﹰﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹼ‬ ‫‪ C‬ﴎﻋﺔ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻨﺎ ﻋﲆ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺟـﺮ ﺍﳊﺴـﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﻛﺘﺎﺑ ﹼﹰﻴـﺎ ﻻ ﺫﻫﻨ ﹼﹰﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺿـﻊ ﺧ ﹼﹰﻄﺎ ﲢﺖ‬
‫ﺳﲈﻋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﳌﻬﻤﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﺷﻜﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﺪ ﻗﺮﺍﺀﲥﺎ‪-‬‬ ‫‪ D‬ﺗﺮﺩﺩ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ ﺃﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻨﺎ ﻋﲆ‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﲢﺎﻭﻝ ﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﲈﻋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

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