Example 3.

1 The data for an hottest month of year gives mean of maximum daily termperature
as 44.62°C and mean of average daily temperature as 28.12°C, then what is the airport reference
temperature.
Solution:
Mean of maximum daitly temperature (T) = 4462C
Mean of average daily terrperature (T) = 28.12°C
Airport reference temperature = T, +
28 1244462-26.12-33.62c
3

Example 3.2 Longth of runway under standard conditions is 1650 m. The airport site has an
elevatlon of 250 m. It has reference temperature of 32.90°C. If the runway is to be constructed with
effective gradient of 0.2%. Then determine the corrected runway length
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Solution:

Correction for elevation = 1650 x 250=96.25 m

Corrected Runway length = 1650 +9625 = 1746.25 m

(ü) Standard atmospheric temperature of the given elevation
= 15°-0.0065 x 250= 13.375°C
Difference in temperature,
AT = 32.9°- 13.375C
=19525C

Correction for temperature = 1746.25 19525= 340.96 m

100
Corrected runway length 1746.25+340 96=2087.2m
(i) Check for combine correction
Total correction in % =
2087.2-1650 <100 26.5%
1650
According to ICA0, this combine correction should not excoed 35%, hence OK

20
(iv) Correction for Gradient x 2087.2 x02 =83.49 m
100
Corected length 2087.2+83.49 =2170.7 m
Finally after correction, corrected runway length 2171 m

Example 3.3 Determlne the actual runway length after applying necessary corrections for
elevation and temperature as per ICAO and gradient correction as per FAA specification for the data
given below:
Basic runway length = 2100 metres
Elevation of airport site = 100 metres
Monthly mean of average daily temperature for the hottest month of the year 21°C
Monthly mean of maximum daily temperature for the same month = 30°C
Effective gradient = 0.6%
Solution:
Basic runway length, L = 2100m
Elevation of airport site = 100 m
Monthly mean of average daily temperature for the hottest month of the year, T, -219C
Monthly mean of maximum daily ternperature for the same month, T 30°C
Effective gradient, g 0.6%
Correction for Elevation:
Corroction for elevation as reconmended by ICAO, is 7% per 300m elevation
7 Elevation
Therefore, Coection =10o 300
 Publications

7 100
Correction for elevation = 10030 2100=49 m

Corrected length, L, = 2100 + 49

L = 2149 m
Correction for Temperature:
Standard atmospheric temperature at given elevation,
1, 15-0.0065 x100
14.35°C

Airport reference temperature, T, =

3
Rise in termperature = T¡-Tg
24-14.35
965°C
As per ICAO, correction tor lemperature is 1% tor every 1°C rise in temperature.

Correction x Hise in lemperalure

100 1:

Correction lor ternperature = 9.65°Cx2149 =207.38 m

100
Corectedlength, L 2149+ 207.38
= 2356.38 m
Check:

As per ICA0. total correctian for elevation plus tenperature should not oxceed 35% of basic runway
length.
3ieationS
Total correction for elevation and temperature =49 +207.38 =256.38 m
256.38
Total correction in percentage = 100- 122% < 35% Hence OK
2100
Correction for gradient:
FAA recommends that runway length ater haing been corrected for elevation and ternperature should
be further increased at the rate of 20% for every 1% of effective gradient.
20
Corrected for gradicnt - 100
xgxla
20
1X0.6 x 2356.38282.77 m

Final ruway length = 2356.38+ 282 77

= 2639.15 m 2640 m

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 Corected for gradicnt 1009xLa
2
100
x0.6x 2356.38 =282.77 m
Final ruwaylength 235638+ 282 77
2639.15 m 2640 m

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Example 3.4 Runway length required for landing at sea level in standard atmospheric condition
ls 2200 m. Runway length required for take off at a level site at sea level in standard atmospheric
conditlon is 2400 m. Aerodrome elevation is 270 mand reference temperature is 25°C. Temperature ir
the standard atmosphere for 270 molovation is 12*C and runway slope is 0.5%. Determine the lengt
of the runway after applying correction to runway length.
Solution:
Basic runway take-off length, L = 2400m
Basic runway landing length, L = 2200m
Elevation = 270m
Reference temperature, Ta = 5C
Standard termperature, Te 12C
Runway slope, g = 0.5%
1. Correction to runway take-off length
Correction for elevatlon:
Correction for elevation as recommended by iCAO, is 7% per 300 melevation
Correction for elevation =
100
Elevation
300

7270.
=man0X2400 = 151.2 m
Corected length, L, = 2400 + 151.2 =2551 2 m
Correction for temperature:
Rise in tenperature T-I
= 25-12
13C
As per ICAO, Correction for termperature is 1% for evory 1°C rise in temperature
1 Rise in temperature
Correction for lomperature 100 1
1
Correction for ternperature 2551.2 =331656 m
Corected length (L,) = 25512+331.656
= 2882.856 m
Check:
As per ICAO, total correction for elevation plus temperature should not exceed 35% of basic runway
length.
Combined correction for elevation and temperature
151.2+331.656
= 482 AS6 m

482 856
Total correction (in percentage) = 2400
x 100 = 20.12% < 35% 123 / 173

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Correction for gradient:

FAA recornmends that runway length after having been corrected for elevation and temperature should
be further increased at the rate of 20% for every 1% of efective gradient
20
20-xgxL =x0.5x 2882.856 - 288.29 m
Correction for gradient =
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Correction for gradient:

FAArecomnends that runway length ater having been corrected for eievation and temperature shoud
be further increased at the rate of 20% for every 1% of ettective gradient.
Correction for gradent 100 xgxla 1002005x2882.856 288 29 m
Final runway take-olf length = 2882.856 + 288.29
3171.14 m
2. Correction to Runway landing length
Correction for elevation

Correction
7
100
Elevationx
300 100 300
2200 1386 m
Corrected runway landing length 2200+ 1386 = 2338 6 m

Note: No corrections are needed to landing length for temperature and gradient
Actuai runway length to be provided woudbe greater ot (1) and (2)
Therefore, Runway length 3171.14 m3172 m

Summary . Runway is oriented opposite to wind direction tor the ease in landing and take-off.
Wind coverage is percentage ot tme in a year during which cross-wind component is
within the permissible limit.
. Wind rose diagram is of two types, prepared to find the best possible orientation of
runway,
.Basic runway level (BRL) 0s increased at the rate of 7% per 300 mrise in elevation above
mean sea level (MSL).
Temperature correction is done ater elevaton correction. And correction for gradient is
done after elevation and temperature correction.
" Standard atmospheric temperature at mean sea level is 15°C.
BRL 0s increased by 1% for 1°C rise in airport relerence temperaturo above the standard
atrmosphere ternperature at that elevation.
BAL in increased by 20% for every 1% ol effective gradient.

Objective Brain Teasers

Q. The runway orientation is kept so that landing 0.3 For the design of runways, the standard
and take off are atmospheric temperature at sea level is 15C.
(a) against the wind direction then the standard termperature at an altitude of
(b) along the wind direction 1200 m will be
(c) perpendicular to wind direction (a) 72C (b) 98C
(d) none of these (c) 102C (d) 11C
Q.2 In wind-rose diagram data consist minimum 0.4 As per iCAO, for airport serving big aircrat the
period of cross wind component should not exceed
(a) 6months (b) 1 year (a) 15 kmph (b) 25 kmph
(c) 5 years (d) 10 years (c) 35 krnph (d) 45 kmph

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hcaions
 Q. The data for an botlest month of year is the year of maximum daily temperature is
43.72°C and mean of average daily temperature is 20.32°C, than what is the airport
reference temperature.
Sol. Given Data :
Mean of maximum daily temperature T = 43.72°C
Mean of average daily temperature T, = 26.32C

LES MASTER omee F26 katwana Sarm. Nes il - 110 eyahe

014 o.m

134 RUNWAY DESIGN

Airport reference temperature = T++ =26.32 + 372-26322 1

3
Q. Length of ruway understandard conditions is 1620 m The airport site has an elevation
of 230 m It is reference temperature is 32.94°C. If the runway is to be constructed
with effective gradient of 0.2%. Then determine the corrected runway length
Sol
7 270
Correction for elevation =
G) 00 x1620x 300 102 m

Corrected length = 1620 + 102 = 1722

(iü) Determination of standard atmospherie temperature of the given elevation
= 15 - 0.0065 x 270 = 13.18C

(ii) Corrected for Temperature

At rise in temnperature =32.9-13.18°- 19.72:c

Correction 1722,
100
19.72 = 340 m
Corrected Jength = 1722 + 340 = 2062 m
(iv) Check : for both correction combine
Total correction in % = 2060-1620on
1620

According to 1CAU, this combine correetion should not exceed 35%

(v) 202062 +0.2
Correction for Gradient = n 82.487
Corrected length 2062 + 82.40 = 2144.48 m
Finaly after correction, nearly corrected length = 2150 m