CHAPTER IV: LEGAL BASIS OF AND LAWS PRACTICAL APPROACHES

RELATED TO PEACE AND EDUCATION

1. SOCIAL EMOTIONAL LEARNING (SEL)
- In accordance with the pertinent – emphasizes the importance of social
provisions of REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7222, and emotional development. It includes
otherwise known as the “HIGHER the nurturing of self-awareness,
EDUCATION ACT 1994”, and by the emotional management, social
virtue of Commission en Banc Resolution awareness, and decision-making. Its
No. 662-2021 dated October 19, 2021, programming allows young people to
the “Suggested Guiding Principles and acquire pro-social skills, while teachers
Practices on Peace Education/Studies and school leaders model and support
for Higher Education” are hereby positive and caring behaviors and
adopted and promulgated by the inclusive pedagogical strategies that
Commission. bring children’s voices into the classroom
and school.
PEACE EDUCATION
2. CONFLICT RESOLUTION EDUCATION
- Is the process of acquiring the values, (CRE) – its programs offer skills training
knowledge and developing the attitudes, to support participants to engage
skills, and behaviors to live in harmony constructively in conflicts that occur in
with oneself, with others, and with the their everyday lives.
natural environment. 3. PROBLEM-BASED,
- It is about helping students to understand TRANSFORMATIONAL APPROACHES
and transform conflict in their own lives, – these approaches encourage students
in the community and in the world at to examine specific social problems
large. affecting their community and develop
- It is the process of promoting the ways to address and transform them.
knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values 4. HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION – a field
needed to bring about behavior changes of its own, encompasses education
that will enable children, youth, and geared toward fostering human rights
adults to prevent conflict and violence. knowledge, skills, and values. It includes
teaching about the UNIVERSAL
GOALS OF PEACE EDUCATION: DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
1. TO LEARN: to cultivate awareness, and subsequent international treaties, as
concern, and behaviors that lead to well as building awareness and skills to
peaceful relationships, conditions, and exercise and respect human rights and
structures. human dignity.
2. TO UN-LEARN: unpeaceful patterns of 5. ENCOUNTER AND INTEGRATION
thinking and relating and seek APPROACHES – it aims to build
changes/transform people’s mindsets, intergroup understanding.
attitudes, and values, as well as 6. MEMORY AND TRANSITIONAL
behaviors that, in the first place, have JUSTICE PEDAGOGIES – It includes
either created or exacerbated violent attention to how collective history informs
conflicts. current realities. Intercultural and
antiracist education: A broad area of
 practice in peace education addresses NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
the on-going dynamics of racism and (NGO) that promotes peace education in the
discrimination. Philippines:
7. SAFE SCHOOLS AND COOPERATIVE
1. The PEACE EDUCATION NETWORK in
SCHOOL CLIMATE – These approaches
the PHILIPPINES (PNEP0
blend efforts to integrate peace
2. The CENTER for PEACE EDUCATION
education curriculum, peer mediation,
and RESEARCH (CPER)
restorative justice, and other practices to
3. The MIRIAM COLLEGE PEACE
schools in order to foster a positive and
EDUCATION PROGRAM (MCPEP)
cooperative relational climate.
CHAPTER V: HUMAN RIGHTS and HUMAN
LAWS RELATED TO PEACE EDUCATION IN
DIGNITY
THE PHILIPPINES
WHAT IS HUMAN RIGHTS?
1. EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 570 – which
was issued in 2006 by the President of - are the fundamental rights and freedoms
the Philippines. This order establishes that are inherent to all individuals by
the Peace Education Program and virtue of their humanity.
mandates the Department of Education - They are universal, indivisible, and
(DepEd) and the Commission on Higher inalienable; meaning they apply to every
Education (CHED) to implement it. person without exception, cannot be
2. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7610 – this law is taken away, and are interconnected and
known as SPECIAL PROTECTION OF interdependent.
CHILDREN AGAINST ABUSE, - It encompasses a wide range of
EXPLOITATION AND entitlements, including civil and political
DISCRIMINATION ACT. It defines rights, such as the right to life, liberty,
children as Zones of Peace and protects and a fair trial; economic, social, and
schools from being used for military cultural rights, such as the right to
purposes. education, healthcare, and adequate
3. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10821 – which was standard of living; and collective rights,
enacted in 2016. This law is known as such as the right to self-determination
CHILDRENS’S EMERGENCY RELIEF and participation in cultural, social, and
and PROTECTION ACT. It governs the political life.
provision of emergency relief and - These rights are protected by
protection for children in disasters. international legal frameworks, including
4. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11188 – which was the UNIVERSAL DECLARATION of
enacted in 2018. This law is known as HUMAN RIGHTS adopted by the
the SPECIAL PROTECTION OF UNITED NATIONS GENERAL
CHILDREN IN SITUATIONS OF ASSEMBLY IN 1948. The Universal
ARMED CONFLICT ACT. It defines Declaration serves as a guiding
guidelines for protecting and document that sets out the fundamental
rehabilitating children in case of armed human rights and freedoms to which all
conflict. individuals are entitled.
 principles of accountability and the rule
of law. States have an obligation to
respect, protect, and fulfill human rights
PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN RIGHTS: and are accountable for any violations.
Societies can foster an environment of
1. UNIVERSALITY and INALIENABILITY – equality, justice, and dignity, where every
Human rights are universal and apply to individual’s right are upheld and
all individuals, regardless of their protected.
nationality, race, gender, religion, or any
other characteristic. Every person is PROTECTIPN of HUMAN RIGHTS
entitled to the same fundamental rights
- In the ARTICLE 3 of the 1987 Philippine
and freedoms simply by virtue of their
Constitution, also known as the BILL of
humanity.
RIGHTS, it enumerates the fundamental
2. INDIVISIBILITY – Human rights are
rights and freedom of Filipino citizens. It
indivisible, meaning they are interrelated
serves as the crucial part of the
and interdependent. Civil, political,
constitution, ensuring the protection of
economic, social, and cultural rights are
individual liberties and the promotion of
all interconnected and mutually
social justice.
reinforcing. The realization of one right
often depends on the fulfillment of other ASPECTS that HIGHLIGHT the IMPORTANCE
rights. OF PROTECTINF HUMAN RIGHTS:
3. INTERDEPENDENCE and
1. GOVERNMENT – It play a central role in
INTERRELATEDNESS – Human rights
upholding human rights. They have
are also independent, as the enjoyment
responsibility to adopt and enforce laws,
of one right can be enhanced or impeded
policies and practices that respect and
by the realization of other rights. The
protect human rights.
right to freedom of expression can
2. CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION – It
contribute to the protection of other
includes human rights group, advocacy
rights, such as the right to information,
organizations, and grassroots
participation, and a fair trial.
movement, play a vital role in promoting
4. EQUALITY and NON-DISCRIMINATION
and protecting human rights. They often
- Here all individuals should be treated
at as watchdogs, monitor human rights
with dignity, respect, and fairness, and
violation.
no one should be subjected to
3. INDIVIDUALS – They also have a
discrimination based on their race, sex,
responsibility to uphold human rights. It
religion, disability, or other protected
involves respecting the rights of others,
characteristics.
challenging discrimination, and injustice,
5. PARTICIPATION and INCLUSION –This
and actively participating in the
highlights the need for individuals to
promotion of and protection of human
have a voice, to be heard, and to
rights. They can contribute through
participate in shaping policies and
peaceful protests, advocacy, raising
practices that impact their human rights.
awareness, and supporting organizations
6. ACCOUNTABILITY and RULE OF LAW
that work towards human rights.
– Human rights are accompanied by the
 4. LEGISLATION and POLICIES – Strong denies individuals their equal rights and
legal frameworks and policies are opportunities. This can manifest in
essential for protecting human rights. unequal access to education,
5. ADVOCACY and AWARENESS –It employment, healthcare, and social
involves educating individuals about their services.
rights and responsibilities, challenging 2. TORTURE and CRUEL TREATMENT –
societal norms that perpetuate It involves the intentional infliction of
discrimination and inequality, and physical or psychological pain or
advocating for the inclusion of human suffering, often with the aim of obtaining
rights education in educational curricula. information, punishment, or control.
3. SLAVERY and FORCED LABOR – It
HUMAN DIGNITY – is a core principle that lies at
involves the exploitation and control of
the heart of human rights. It recognizes and
individuals against their will, often
upholds the inherent worth, value, and equality of
through forced labor, human trafficking,
every individual, regardless of their background,
or debt bondage. It also denies
identity, or circumstances.
individuals their freedom and subjects
SEVERAL KEY ASPECTS: them to inhumane and degrading
conditions.
1. INHERENT WORTH – It affirms that all 4. GENDER-BIASED VIOLENCE – It
individuals are deserving of respect, includes domestic violence, sexual
regardless of their age, race, gender, assault, and harmful traditional practices,
religion, disability, or any other violates the rights and dignity of
characteristic. individuals based on their gender. It
2. EQUALITY and NON-DISCRIMINATION perpetuated gender inequality and
– It rejects any form of discrimination or restricts opportunities for empowerment
marginalization based on factors such as and participation.
race, ethnicity, gender, sexual 5. RESTRICTIONS on FREEDOM of
orientation, disability, or social status. EXPRESSION – Imposing limitations on
3. AUTONOMY and AGENCY – It freedom of expressions, including
acknowledges that individuals have the censorship, surveillance, and
capacity to make decisions that reflect harassment of journalists, activists, and
their own values, beliefs, and aspirations. individuals expressing dissenting
4. PROTECTION from HARM – It prohibits opinions, undermines the right to free
torture, cruel or degrading treatment, and speech and stifles democratic
any form of violence or abuse. participation.
5. FULFILLMENT of BASIC NEEDS – It
encompasses the idea that everyone MULTI-FACETED APPROACH on HUMAN
should have the opportunity to live a life RIGHTHS VIOLATIONS:
of dignity and well-being.
1. LEGAL MECHANISMS – It strengthens
HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS domestic and international legal
frameworks to protect human rights,
1. DISCRIMINATION – It can be based on ensure accountability for violations, and
race, ethnicity, gender, religion, sexual
orientation, or other characteristics
 provide avenues for victims to seek from governments and other
justice. stakeholders.
2. ADVOCACY and AWARENESS – It 3. ADVOCACY and LOBBYING – This
raise awareness about human rights involves working with policymakers,
issues, advocates for policy changes, lawmakers, and government officials to
and mobilize public support to address advocate for the adoption and
violations and promote a culture of implementation of human rights-friendly
respect for human rights. policies, laws, and practices.
3. EMPOWERING CIVIL SOCIETY – It 4. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION and
supports and strengthens civil society DIALOGUE – It is essential for
organizations that work to promote and addressing human rights challenges that
protect human rights, providing transcend national boundaries.
resources and platforms for advocacy 5. CORPORATE SOCIAL
and awareness-raising. RESPONSIBILITY – It includes engaging
4. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION – It in dialogue with companies, encouraging
promotes international cooperation and transparency, and holding them
dialogue to address human rights accountable for their impact on human
violations, holding governments rights.
accountable, and supporting initiatives to 6. LEGAL and JUDICIAL REFORM – This
strengthen human rights protections includes advocating for the enactment of
worldwide. human rights legislation, strengthening
5. EDUCATION and TRAINING – It judicial independence, and promoting
promotes human rights education and access to justice for marginalized and
training at all levels of society to foster a vulnerable populations.
culture of respect for human rights, 7. INTERSECTIONALITY and
tolerance, and understanding. INCLUSIVITY – Through understanding
that different forms of discrimination and
ADVANCING HUMAN RIGHTS
oppression are interconnected is key to
1. EDUCATION and AWARENESS – It promoting inclusivity and addressing the
includes integrating human rights specific challenges faced by the
education into school curricula, individuals who face multiple forms of
organizing workshops, seminars, and discrimination based on their race,
awareness campaigns, and utilizing gender, ethnicity, sexuality, disability, or
media platforms to disseminate other identities.
information about human rights principles 8. PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS
and issues. DEFENDERS – This involves providing
2. GRASSROOTS MOVEMENTS and resources, legal assistance, and physical
CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANIZATION – protection for those at risk due to their
These organizations play a vital role in activism.
mobilizing communities, conducting
CHAPTER VI: SEX and GENDER
research, documenting human rights
violations, and demanding accountability SEX
- It is a fundamental aspect of human SOCIAL and CULTURAL INFLUENCES –
biology and reproduction, playing these factors play a vital role in shaping the
significant role in the continuation of our understanding and perception of sex.
species.
1. SOCIETAL NORMS and
- It can be categorized into two primary
EXPECTATIONS – regarding on sex
aspects: primary characteristics and
these are often deeply ingrained and can
secondary characteristics.
vary across different cultures and
PRIMARY CHARACTERISTICS - refers to communities. It includes beliefs about
the reproductive organs that distinguish gender roles, behaviors, and
males and females. responsibilities associated with being
male or female.
MALE – (PENIS, TESTES, SCROTUM)
2. STEREOTYPES – It also play a vital role
FEMALES – (VAGINA, UTERUS, OVARIES) in shaping the understanding of sex.
These generalized beliefs or
SECONDARY CHARACTERISTICS – refers assumptions about the characteristic,
to variety of physical traits that develop behaviors, and abilities of individuals
during puberty and further differentiate the based on their sex. It can also reinforce
sexes. gender roles and expectations and may
MALE perpetuate harmful biases and
discrimination.
1. FACIAL HAIR
2. ADAM’s APPLE WHAT IS SEXUALITY
3. DEEPENED VOICE - It is a multidimensional concept that
4. INCREASED MUSCLE MASS encompasses a person’s sexual desires,
5. BROADENING OF SHOULDERS attractions, behaviors, and identities. It is
6. INCREASED BODY and FACIAL HAIR a fundamental aspect of human nature
FEMALE that influences how we perceive and
engage with our own bodies, emotions,
1. DEVELOPMENT of BREASTS and relationships. It exists on a
2. LIGHTER and LESS PROMINENT spectrum, recognizing the diversity and
ADAM’s APPLE fluidity of human experiences and
3. HIGHER VOICE PITCH expressions.
4. BODY FAT DISTRIBUTION - Refers to the ways individuals
5. WIDENING of HIPS understand and define their own sexual
6. MENSTRUAL CYCLE orientation or gender identity in relation
REPRODUCTIVE RESPONSIBILITIES – to their own experiences of desires,
encompass the decisions and actions related attraction, and self-perception.
to reproduction, family planning, and the SEXUAL DESIRES – refers to the internal,
choices individuals make regarding starting subjective feelings of attraction and longing
or expanding a family. that individuals experience towards others.
These desires can encompass various forms,
 such as sexual attraction, romantic attraction, recognizing one’s own emotional
or both. responses in different situations.
4. INTERNAL ACCPTANCE – This can be
PSYCHOSOCIAL DIMENSIONS of SEXUALITY
a challenging journey, as societal norms,
1. PSYCHOLOGICAL DIMENSIONS – This expectations, and potential stigma may
includes the exploration of one’s sexual create internal conflicts. It is important for
desires, attractions, and preferences. individuals to practice self-compassion,
2. EMOTIONAL DIMENSIONS – It involves patience, and self-care during this
the formation of deep emotional bonds, process.
love, and affection within sexual 5. COMING OUT – It is a personal decision
relationships. and varies for each individual. It involves
3. SOCIAL DIMENSIONS – Remember that sharing one’s sexual orientation with
sexuality is influenced by social factors, others, which can be a liberating and
including cultural, religious, and societal empowering experience.
norms. Societal attitudes, values, and 6. CONTINUAL SELF-DISCOVERY –
expectations shape individuals’ Discovering one’s sexual orientation is
understanding and expression of their not a one-time event, but an ongoing
sexuality. process. Sexual orientations can evolve
4. RELATIONSHIP DIMENSIONS – and change over time, and individuals
Sexuality plays a significant role in may find themselves reevaluating or
romantic and sexual partnerships. questioning their orientation as they
Healthy sexual relationships require continue to grow and learn about
consent, communication, and the themselves.
negotiation of sexual boundaries.
WHAT IS GENDER
5. CULTURAL DIMENSIONS – It involves
recognizing and respecting diverse - It is not something we possess or are
perspectives and practices. born with, as noted by WEST and
ZIMMERMAN in 1987 and BUTLER in
EXPLORING ONE’s SEXUAL ORIENTATION
1990. It is something we do, instead.
1. SELF-REFLECTION – It involves
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GENDER and SEX
questioning and exploring one’s own
feelings, attractions, and experiences. GENDER SEX
2. EXPLORATION and AWARENESS – It is the combination Primarily refers to
Individuals may seek out information and of men’s andphysical attributes –
resources to better understand different women’s attitudesbody characteristics
sexual orientations. It can provide and behaviors notably sex organs
validation, support, and a sense of (masculinity andwhich are distinct in
belonging. femininity) the majority of
individuals.
3. EMOTIONAL and ATTRACTIONAL
It is learned and It is biologically
EXPERIENCES – It involves paying
perpetuated primarily determined by genes
attention to the individuals one feels through the family, and hormones, media
attracted to, developing a deeper education, religion
understanding of those attractions, and (dominant), and is an
acquired identity GENDER SPECTRUM – denotes the notion
Because it is It is relatively that there are several gender identities
socialized, it may be fixed/constant through (female, male, transgender, two-spirit, etc.). It
variable through time the time and across also recognizes that there are several gender
and across cultures cultures expressions, or methods by which people
make their gender identification known to
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT of GENDER in others by their conduct, attire, hairstyle,
the PHILIPPINES voice, and other physical manifestations.

1. PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD: Gender was LANGUAGE OF GENDER – language has a

not a prominent issue in social or political tremendous influence on how we view other
structures, and people were free to people.
express their gender in ways that 1. BIOLOGICAL/ANATOMICAL SEX – The
seemed natural to them. genitalia’s physical makeup, which was
2. SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD – used to determine a person’s sex at
Spanish established a binary system of birth.
gender, with men denoting power and 2. GENDER ROLE – These are the roles,
strength and women denoting pursuits, standards, and conduct that
domesticity and servitude. It has society typically associates with men and
profound effect on Philippine society and women. (MASCULINE and FEMININE)
still has an impact on gender roles and 3. TRANSGENDER – It describes a person
expectations today. whose gender identity differs from their
3. AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD – It assigned birth sex. Transgender
spanned from the late 19th century to the individuals may also identify as straight
mid-20th century. After women gained the gay, lesbian, bisexual, pansexual, etc.
right to vote in 1937, attempts were 4. GENDERQUEER – It refers to the
made to educate them and give them blending of gender and sexual
opportunities to work outside the home. orientation. They reject the idea of fixed
But despite our best efforts, gender gender categories and embrace the
inequity continued in many aspects in the fluidity of gender identity and sexual
country’s society and was frequently orientation.
faced with opposition. 5. CISGENDER/GENDER NORMATIVE –
4. POST-COLONIAL PERIOD – Women’s Refers to the people whose sex
right and LGBTQ+ rights movements assignment at birth corresponds to their
were active in the 1970s and 1980s, and gender identity, and often their
they are still going strong today. expression (CIS- from Latin meaning “on
Additionally, there have been initiatives the same side” or “on this side”. In
to advance gender equality in fields like contrast to trans from the Latin, root
politics, work, and education. However, meaning “across” “beyond” or “on the
gender disparity still exists in many opposite side”).
facets of Philippine society, and 6. GENDER-EXPANSIVE – It is a generic
achieving gender equality continues to term for those who go beyond the narrow
be difficult. conceptions of gender that are generally
 accepted in their particular culture, CHAPTER VII: EVERYONE HAS SOGIESC
including those regarding expected (SEXUAL ORIENTATION, GENDER
gender expression, identities, roles, IDENTITY and EXPRESSION, and SEX
and/or other perceived gender norms. CHARACTERISTICS)
7. CROSS GENDER – It is frequently used
SEXUALITY – Encompasses sexual
to describe kids who have traits that defy
orientation, gender identity, gender
typical gender roles or expectations or
expression and variations in sex
kids who do not identify with the two
characteristics. Understanding and
sexes as they currently defined.
acknowledging the diversity within these
8. DSD/INTERSEX (Disorders/Differences
aspects is crucial for fostering inclusivity,
of Sexual Development) – 1% of babies
promoting equality, and creating a more
are born with chromosomes, hormones,
accepting society.
genitalia, or other sex traits that are not
exclusively male or female as those SOGIESC – is a framework that recognizes
terms are used by our society’s medical and affirms the wide range of human
system. experiences and identities in relation to
9. FtM (Female to Male)/AFFIRMED sexuality. It acknowledges that individuals
MALE/TRANSMAN – A youngster or can have different sexual orientations,
adult who, despite having feminine gender identities, and gender expressions,
genitalia, identifies as a man. This as well as variations in their physical sex
person might or might not have gone characteristics.
through a shift of some kind.
10. MtF (Male to Female)/AFFIRMED SEXUAL ORIENTATION – refers to an
FEMALE/TRANSWOMAN – A person individual’s enduring pattern of emotional,
whether young or old, who was romantic, and/or sexual attractions to others.
biologically male but identifies as a It encompasses orientations such as:
feminine. This person might or might not 1. HETEROSEXUAL – also known as being
have gone through a shift of some kind. straight, refers to individuals who are
11. TRANSITION – It can happen in 3 primarily attracted to people of the
different ways: socially, through non- opposite gender.
permanent changes to items like dress, 2. HOMOSEXUAL – also known as being
hairstyle, name, and/or pronouns; gay (for men) and lesbian (for women),
medically, through the use of hormone refers to individuals who are primarily
replacement therapy; surgery, through attracted to people of the same gender.
the gender confirmation procedure. 3. BISEXUAL – refers to individuals who
12. TRANSSEXUALS – It is a difficult multi- are attracted to people of both their own
step procedure that could take years and gender and other genders.
may involve gender confirmation surgery 4. PANSEXUAL – refers to individuals who
among other things. are attracted to others regardless of their
13. TRANSPHOBIA – It is a fear or hatred of gender identity or biological sex.
transgender persons; it can take many 5. ASEXUAL – is a sexual orientation
forms, including violence, harassment, characterized by a lack of sexual
and discrimination. attraction to others.
Other types of sexual orientations that reflect
the diverse range of human experiences and
attractions:

1. POLYSEXUAL – refers to an individual

who are attracted to multiple genders,
but not necessarily all genders.
2. QUEER – is an umbrella term that
encompasses a wide range of non-
heterosexual and non-cisgender
identities.
3. QUESTIONING – refers to individuals
who are exploring and questioning their
sexual orientation.
4. SAME-GENDER LOVING – is a term
used primarily within the Black
community to describe individuals who
have emotional, romantic, and/or sexual
attractions to people of the same gender.
5. FLUID – refers to individuals whose
sexual attractions and orientations are
not fixed and may change or fluctuate
over time.

GENDER IDENTITY – refers to an

individual’s deeply felt sense of their own
gender, whether it aligns with the sex
assigned to them at birth or not.

GENDER EXPRESSION – refers to the way

individuals present their gender identity to the
world through their appearance, behavior,
and self-expression.

SEX CHARACTERISTICS – encompass the

physical and biological attributes typically
associated with male or female bodies.

INTERSECTIONALITY – is a concept that

recognizes how multiple aspects of an
individual’s identity, such as race, ethnicity,
class, disability, and more intersect and
interact with one another, shaping their
experiences and social realities.