F.

5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

1. Consider the following equation.

2FeSO4.7H2O(x) → Fe2O3(y) + SO3(z) + SO2(g) + 14H2O(l)
Which of the following combinations is correct?

x y z
A. aq s g
B. aq s
C. s aq s
D. s s g

2. The reaction between lead(ll) nitrate solution and sodium hydrogencarbonate solution can be
represented by the equation below:
Pb2+(aq) + 2HCO\s\up 6(- )(aq) → PbCO3(x) + H2O(y) + CO2(z)
Which of the following combinations for x, y and z is correct?

x y z
A. aq aq aq
B. aq g
C. s aq g
D. s g

3. The action of dilute nitric acid on zinc is represented by the following equation:
xHNO3(aq) + yZn(s) → yZn(NO3)2(aq) + zH2O(l) + 2NO(g)
The values of x, y and z in the balanced equation are respectively
A. 3, 4 and 1. C. 4, 3 and 2.
B. 3, 8 and 2. D. 8, 3 and 4.

4. Consider the following chemical equation:

O2(g) + 4Fe(OH)2(x) → 2Fe2O3(y) + 4H2O(z)
Which of the following combinations is correct?

x y z
A. s s
B. s aq aq
C. aq s aq
D. aq aq

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

5. The reaction between sodium hydrogencarbonate solution and zinc sulphate solution can be
represented by the following equation:
2NaHCO3(aq) + ZnSO4(aq) → Na2SO4(x) + ZnCO3(y) + H2O(z) + CO2(g)
Which of the following combinations is correct?
x y z
A. aq aq aq
B. aq aq
C. aq s
D. s aq

6. Consider the following chemical equation:

Zn + pMnO2 + qNH\s\up 6(+ ) → Zn2+ + xMn2O3 + yNH3 + zH2O
Which of the following combinations is correct?
x y z
A. 1 2 1
B. 1 3 2
C. 2 3 2
D. 2 2 3

7. Consider the following equation:

3Zn(s) + 2NO\s\up 6(- )(aq) + 8H+(aq) → 3Zn2+(x) + 2NO(y) + 4H2O(z)
Which of the following combinations is correct?
x y z
A. aq g aq
B. aq g
C. aq aq
D. g aq

8. Consider the following equation:

5H2S(g) + 2KMnO4(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) → 5S(x) + 8H2O(y) + 2MnSO4(z) + K2SO4(aq)
Which of the following combinations is correct?
x y z
A. s aq aq
B. s aq
C. aq aq s
D. aq s
9. 1.5 moles of metallic element Y react with 12 g of oxygen to form an oxide. What is the
simplest formula of the oxide?

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

A. YO
B. YO2
C. Y2O
D. Y2O3
[Relative atomic masses: O = 16]

10. Which of the following statements concerning 1 mole of Al 3+ ions is / are correct?
(1) It contains 6 x 1023 Al3+ ions.
(2) It contains 1.8 x 1024 electrons.
(3) It contains 1.8 x 1024 protons.
A. (1) only C. (2) and (3) only
B. (1) and (2) only D. (1), (2) and (3)
[Avogadro’s no. = 6 x 10 mol ]
23 -1

11. The mass of aluminium oxide formed when 15 g of aluminium react with excess oxygen is
A. 11.3 g. C. 25.0 g.
B. 17.0 g. D. 28.3 g.
[Relative atomic masses: O = 16, Al = 27]

12. If 1 g of C contains y atoms, the number of atoms in 8 g of O is

Com
bin
Com
bin

A. 6y. C. 12y.
B. 8y. D. 16y.

13. The molecular formula of a gaseous element X is X 2. If the relative atomic mass of X is 19,
what is the number of molecules in 114 g of the gas?
A. 3 C. 3 x 6.02 x 1023
B. 6 D. 6 x 6.02 x 1023
[Avogadro’s number = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]

14. How much anhydrous sodium carbonate would be required to prepare 500 cm 3 of 1.0 M sodium
carbonate solution?
A. 6.63 g C. 26.50 g
B. 13.25 g D. 53.0 g
[Relative atomic masses: C = 12, O = 16, Na = 23]

15. If there are y molecules in 8 g of oxygen, how many molecules are present in 40 g of sulphur
trioxide?

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

A. y / 4 C. Y
B. y / 2 D. 2y
[Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0; S = 32.0]

16. If 2 g of carbon dioxide gas contain x molecules, how many molecules are present in 2 g of
helium gas?
A. x C. 7x
B. 5.5x D. 11x
[Relative atomic masses: He = 4.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0]

17. 2.60 g of a metal X combine with 1.20 g of oxygen to form an oxide in which the oxidation
number of X is +3. What is the relative atomic mass of X?
A. 11.6 C. 52.0
B. 34.7 D. 104
[Relative atomic mass: O = 16.0]

18. Which of the following gases contains the greatest number of molecules at room temperature
and pressure?
A. 2.0 g of hydrogen
B. 16.0 g of oxygen
C. 18.0 g of ammonia
D. 60.0 g of chlorine
[Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, N = 14.0, O = 16.0, Cl = 35.5]

19. Ammonium dichromate, (NH4)2Cr2O7, decomposes on heating to give chromium (lll) oxide, water
and nitrogen. What mass of water is obtained when 126 g of ammonium dichromate undergoes
complete decomposition?
A. 9 g C. 36 g
B. 18 g D. 72 g
[Relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, N = 14.0, O = 16.0, Cr = 52.0]

20. A mixture consists of one mole of sodium carbonate and one mole of sodium
hydrogencarbonate. What is the least number of moles of hydrochloric acid required to
liberate all the available carbon dioxide from the mixture?
A. 1.5 C. 3.0
B. 2.0 d. 4.0
21. A sample of MgSO4 . xH2O(s) of mass 123.2 g contains 63.0 g of water of crystallisation.
What is the value of x?

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

A. 4 C. 6
B. 5 D. 7
[Relative atomic masses H = 1.0, O = 16.0, Mg = 24.3, S = 32.1]

22. Metal X forms an oxide. 27.53 g of this oxide contains 24.96 g of X. What is the mole ratio
of X to oxygen in the oxide?
A. 1 : 1 C. 2 : 3
B. 1 : 2 D. 3 : 4
[Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, X = 207.0]

23. The following equation represents the reaction of an oxide of lead with hydrogen:
Pb3O4(s) + 4H2(g) → 3Pb(s) + 4H2O(l)
What mass of lead would be obtained if 68.5 g of the oxide was consumed in the reaction?
A. 20.7 g C. 62.1 g
B. 41.4 g D. 82.8 g
[Relative atomic masses: O = 16.0, Pb = 207.0]

24. What is the simplest formula for a compound containing 32.8% Na, 13.0% Al and 54.2% F?
A. Na3AlF6 C. Na2AlF5
B. Na2AlF6 D. NaAlF4
[Relative atomic masses: F = 19, Na = 23, Al = 27]

25. Aluminium is use to make window frames because

(1) it is strong.
(2) it can resist corrosion.
(3) it is the most abundant metallic element in the earth crust.
Which of the above statements are correct?
A. (1) and (2)only C. (2) and (3) only
B. (1) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

26. Which of the following substances, when heated, can react with oxygen?
(1) Sodium
(2) Silver
(3) Iron
A. (2) only C. (1) and (3) only
B. (1) and (2) only D. (1), (2) and (3)
27. In an experiment, a piece of calcium metal was added to a beaker of water. Which of the
following statements concerning the experiment is / are correct?

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

(1) The calcium metal sank to the bottom of the beaker.

(2) The calcium metal burnt with a brick red flame.
(3) At the end of the experiment, an alkaline solution was formed in the beaker.
A. (1) only C. (1) and (3) only
B. (2) only D. (2) and (3) only

28. When a small piece of calcium metal is put into a trough of water, a reaction occurs. Which
of the following statements concerning this reaction is correct?
A. It is an endothermic reaction.
B. It is a redox reaction.
C. A slight explosion occurs.
D. The calcium metal burns spontaneously in water.

29. Caesium is an alkali metal. Which of the following statements concerning caesium is / are
correct?
(1) It tarnishes in air.
(2) It reacts vigorously with water.
(3) All its compounds are coloured.
A. (1) only C. (1) and (3) only
B. (1) and (2) only D. (2) and (3) only

30. Which of the following methods can be used to obtain aluminium form aluminium oxide?
A. reducing the oxide with carbon
B. heating the oxide strongly
C. electrolysis of the molten oxide
D. heating the oxide with iron powder

31. Consider the following experiment.

During the experiment, a gas is liberated. The gas can burn at the end of the delivery tube.
X is probably
A. Copper. C. Silver.
B. Lead. D. Zinc.
32. Which of the following processes would NOT produce hydrogen gas?
A. adding calcium to water

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

B. adding magnesium to dilute hydrochloric acid

C. adding copper to dilute nitric acid
D. passing steam over red hot iron

33. Which of the following reactions will occur when aluminium powder is added to silver nitrate
solution?
(1) Displacement (2) anodization (3) redox
A. (1) only
B. (2) only
C. (1) and (3) only
D. (2) and (3) only

34. When a piece of copper is dropped into an aqueous solution of compound X, the copper
gradually dissolves. X is probably
A. magnesium chloride.
B. lead(ll) nitrate.
C. silver nitrate.
D. ammonium chloride.

35. Iron pyrite (FeS2) looks like gold and its common name is “fool’s gold”. Which of the following
methods can be used to distinguish iron pyrite from gold?
(1) comparing their densities
(2) comparing their electrical conductivity
(3) comparing the effect of heat on them
A. (1) and (2) only C. (2) and (3) only
B. (1) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

36. Metal X reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to liberate hydrogen, but metal Y and metal Z
have no reaction with the dilute acid. The oxide of metal Y decomposes on heating but the
oxide of metal Z does not. Which of the following arrangements represents the order of
increasing reactivity of the three metals?
A. X<Y<Z
B. Y<Z<X
C. X<Z<Y
D. Z<Y<X

37. In each of the four solutions shown below, a strip of zinc is added.

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

Which of the following combinations is correct?

Tube Observation
A. l no change
B. ll brown coating on zinc
C. lll no change
D. lV grey coating on zinc

38. Which of the following pairs of substances would react to produce hydrogen?
(1) iron and steam
(2) silver and dilute hydrochloric acid
(3) magnesium and dilute ethanoic acid
A. (1) and (2) only C. (2) and (3) only
B. (1) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

39. Which of the following metals will NOT displace copper ions from aqueous copper(ll) sulphate?
A. silver C. zinc
B. iron D. aluminum

40. X, Y and Z are metals. Y can displace X from a solution of the nitrate of X. Oxides of X and
Y can be reduced by carbon but not the oxide of Z. Which of the following arrangements
represents the correct descending order of reactivity of the metals?
A. Z > Y > X C. Z > X > Y
B. X > Y > Z D. X > Z > Y
41. In which of the following pairs of substances would the oxide be reduced when heated?

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(1) calcium oxide and carbon

(2) lead(ll) oxide and carbon
(3) magnesium oxide and hydrogen
(4) iron(lll) oxide and carbon monoxide
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (2) and (4) only
C. (3) and (4) only
D. (2), (3) and (4) only

42. Which of the following metals can be obtained by reducing their oxides with carbon?
(1) iron
(2) calcium
(3) lead
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

43. The carbonates of three metals W, X and Y are separately heated strongly and the results
obtained are tabulated below:

Metal Action of heat on metal carbonate

X CO2(g) and O2(g) evolved
Y No reaction
Z CO2(g) evolved

Which of the following arrangements represents the correct decreasing order of reactivity
of the metals?
A. W > X > Y
B. W > Y > X
C. X > Y > W
D. Y > W > X

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

44. A certain amount of silver oxide is heated in a test tube. Which of the following graphs
represents the correct plot of the mass of the contents of the test tube against time?

45. Which of the following carbonates would give the metal when heated with carbon?
(1) MgCO3
(2) PbCO3
(3) K2CO3
(4) CuCO3
A. (2) only C. (2) and (4) only
B. (1) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (4) only

46. Which of the following metal oxides, when heated on charcoal block, can be reduced to the
corresponding metals.
(1) CuO
(2) PbO
(3) ZnO
A. (1) and (2) only
B. (1) and (3) only
C. (2) and (3) only
D. (1), (2) and (3)

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

47. Which of the following metal oxides CANNOT be reduced by heating with carbon?
(1) magnesium oxide
(2) lead(ll) oxide
(3) iron(lll) oxide
A. (1) only C. (1) and (3) only
B. (2) only D. (2) and (3) only

48. Which of the following metal oxides can be reduced by carbon?

(1) magnesium oxide
(2) iron(lll) oxide
(3) copper(ll) oxide
A. (1) and (2) only C. (2) and (3) only
B. (1) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

49. Which of the following combinations is INNCORRECT?

Chemical Method of storage
A. calcium under water
B. potassium under paraffin oil
C. ethanol in a cool place
D. potassium permanganate solution in a brown bottle

50. Which of the following graphs best represent the change in mass with time when calcium
carbonate is strongly heated?

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

51. Which of the following compounds does NOT form a solid oxide when heated strongly?
A. copper(ll) carbonate C. potassium carbonate
B. lead(ll) carbonate D. calcium hydroxide

52. In which of the following processes will lead be produced?

(1) the electrolysis of molten lead(ll) bromide
(2) heating lead(ll) oxide strongly
(3) adding magnesium to lead(ll) nitrate solution
A. (1) only C. (1) and (3) only
B. (2) only D. (2) and (3) only

53. Which of the following metal oxides can be reduced to the metal when heated with carbon?
(1) aluminium oxide
(2) lead(ll) oxide
(3) iron(lll) oxide
A. (1) only C. (1) and (3) only
B. (2) only D. (2) and (3) only

54. When malachite [CuCO3.Cu(OH)2] is strongly heated in air, which of the following changes
would occur?
(1) Carbon dioxide is evolved.
(2) Steam is evolved.
(3) Metallic copper is produces.
A. (1) only C. (2) and (3) only
B. (1) and (2) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

55. In which of the test-tubes would a blue colour appear around the iron nail after some time?

A. tube (l) only C. tube (lll) and tube (lV) only

B. tube (l) and tube (ll) only D. tube (l), tube (ll) and tube (lV) only

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56. In which of the following situations is iron prevented from rusting by sacrificial protection?
A. Iron plates are joined together with copper rivets.
B. Iron pipes are connected to lead blocks.
C. Iron sheets are plated with zinc.
D. Iron cans are coated with tin.

57. Which of the following processes could be used to slow down corrosion of an iron nail?
(1) painting the nail
(2) coating a layer of zinc on the nail
(3) wrapping a strip of copper around the nail
(4) putting the nail under distilled water
A. (1) and (2) only C. (2) and (4) only
B. (1) and (3) only D. (1), (3) and (4) only

58. In which of the following cases would the rusting of the iron nail be most rapid?

59.

Three different pairs of metal wires are placed separately in petri dishes (as shown in the
diagram above) containing aqueous sodium chloride solution. Which of the following statements are

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

correct?
(1) The iron wire in Dish l does not corrode readily.
(2) The iron wire in Dish ll corrodes readily.
(3) The iron wires in Dish lll do not corrode.
A. (1) and (2) only C. (2) and (3) only
B. (1) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

60. Zinc blocks are often attached to the steel legs of off-shore oil platforms because
A. zinc can protect steel from corrosion.
B. zinc is more resistant to corrosion than steel.
C. zinc is harder than steel.
D. zinc does not react with crude oil.

61. Tin plating can be used to prevent iron cans from rusting because
A. Tin is higher than iron in the reactivity series.
B. The tin protects the iron from exposure to air.
C. Tin corrodes more readily than iron.
D. The tin and the iron readily form an alloy which does not corrode.

62. Which of the following combinations concerning the uses of metals is correct?
Metal Use
A. cadmium making rechargeable cell
B. copper making fuse in electric plugs
C. chromium making duralumin
D. zinc making cans for canned food

63. Brass is commonly used for making ornaments because

(1) it has an attractive appearance.
(2) It can resist corrosion.
(3) It is softer than copper.
Which of the following combinations is correct?
A. (1) and (2) only C. (2) and (3) only
B. (1) and (3) only D. (1), (2) and (3)

64. Iron cans used for canning food are usually coated with tin instead of zinc. This is because
A. Tin is more reactive than zinc.
B. Tin ions are non-toxic but zinc ions are toxic.
C. Tin forms an alloy with iron and this alloy is corrosion resistant.

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

D. Tin prevents iron cans from rusting by sacrificial protection.

65. Which of the following properties is considered the most important one when choosing an
alloy for making fuse in electric plugs?
A. low melting point
B. high electrical conductivity
C. good ductility
D. high mechanical strength

66. X and Y are two different metals. Which of the following shows that Y is more reactive than
X?
A. X forms an ion with a charge of +2 while Y forms an ion with a charge of +1.
B. X reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid but Y does not.
C. X can displace Y from an aqueous solution of a salt of Y.
D. The oxide of X undergoes decomposition upon strong heating but the oxide of Y does not.

67. Element X forms two oxides XO and XO 2. If 1 mole of XO contains n atoms, 2 moles of XO 2
would contain

3
A. n atoms.
2
B. 2n atoms.
C. 3n atoms.
D. 6n atoms.

68. Which of the following changes occurs after an aluminium article has been anodised?
A. Its electrical conductivity increases.
B. Its tensile strength increases.
C. It becomes more easily dyed.
D. It becomes more easily oxidized.

69. The relative atomic mass of metal X is 55.8. 23.90 g of X is allowed to react with excess
oxygen until X is completely oxidized. The mass of the metal oxide obtained is 34.18 g. What
is the empirical formula of the oxide?
(Relative atomic mass : O = 16.0)
A. XO
B. X2O3
C. X3O2

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

D. X3O4

70. Metal Y and calcium are both in the same group of the Periodic Table. When equal mass of Y
and calcium respectively reacts with excess hydrochloric acid under the same condition, Y
gives more hydrogen than calcium does. Which of the following deductions is correct?
A. The reactivity of Y is higher than that of calcium.
B. The metallic bond in Y is weaker than that in calcium.
C. The atomic number of Y is greater than that of calcium.
D. The relative atomic mass of Y is smaller than that of calcium.

71. X, Y and Z are metals. The table below shows the observations when each of them is put into
copper(II) sulphate solution:
Metal Observation
X no observable change
Y brown solid formed and colourless gas evolved
Z brown solid formed

Which of the following arrangements correctly represents the ascending order of reactivity
of the metals?
A. X < Z < Y C. Z < X < Y
B. Y < Z < X D. X < Y < Z

72. D, J, R and Y represent four different compounds. D and J react according to the following
equation:
D + 2J → R + 2Y
d grams of D react with j grams of J to give r grams of R and y grams of Y. What is the value
of y?
A. d + j – r C. 2 (d + j - r)
B. d + 2j – r D. (d + 2j - r) / 2

73. How many moles of ethane contain y hydrogen atoms?

(L represents the Avogadro’s constant.)
A. y / L C. y / 6L
B. L / y D. 6y / L

74. What mass of iron can be obtained by complete reduction of 7.18 g of iron(III) oxide?
(Relative atomic masses: Fe = 55.8, O = 16.0)

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

A. 2.51 g C. 5.02 g
B. 3.86 g D. 5.58 g

Directions: Each question below consists of two separate statements. Decide whether each of
the two statements is true or false; if both are true, then decide whether or not the
second statement is a correct explanation of the first statement. Then select one
option from A to D according to the following table:
A. Both statements are true and the 2nd statement is a correct explanation of the 1st statement.
B. Both statements are true but the 2nd statement is NOT a correct explanation of the 1 st
C. statement.
D. The 1st statement is false but the 2nd statement is true.
Both statements are false.
1st statement 2nd statement
75. Aluminium was used earlier than iron in the Aluminium is more abundant than iron in the
history of mankind. earth crust.

76. Magnesium is a stronger oxidizing agent than Mg2+(aq) accepts electrons more readily than
sodium. Na+(aq).

77. The reaction of sodium with water produces The reaction of sodium with water is
hydrogen. exothermic.

78. The body of a motor car will corrode faster

if common salt is sprinkled on roads after a Common salt and water form a conducting
heavy snow. solution.

79. When a piece of iron wire coupled with a

piece of tin is left in the air for a long period
of time, the iron wire does not corrode. Tin prevents iron from corrosion by sacrificial
protection.
80. Sea water can corrode ships more quickly
than fresh water.
Sodium chloride in sea water speeds up the
81. Metals have good thermal conductivity. corrosion of iron.

Metals are composed of giant lattices of

positive ions surrounded by valence electrons

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

82. Electrical wire is made of bronze but not of which are free to move throughout the lattices.
copper.
Bronze is more corrosion-resistant than copper.
83. Galvanised iron is used for making food cans.

Zinc can prevent iron from rusting by sacrificial

protection.

Suggested Solution
Multiple Choices
1. D 11. D 21. D 31. D 41. B 51. C 61. B 71. A 81. A
2. D 12. A 22. D 32. C 42. B 52. C 62. A 72. A 82. C
3. D 13. C 23. C 33. C 43. C 53. D 63. A 73. C 83. C
4. A 14. D 24. A 34. C 44. C 54. B 64. B 74. C
5. C 15. D 25. A 35. D 45. C 55. D 65. A 75. C
6. A 16. D 26. C 36. B 46. D 56. C 66. D 76. C
7. B 17. C 27. C 37. C 47. A 57. A 67. C 77. B
8. B 18. C 28. B 38. B 48. C 58. B 68. C 78. A
9. C 19. C 29. B 39. A 49. A 59. A 69. B 79. D
10. A 20. C 30. C 40. A 50. A 60. A 70. D 80. A

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

84. Calcium reacts with cold water to give a colourless gas.

(a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction.
(b) In a practical lesson, a student added a few pieces of calcium granules into a beaker of
cold water.
(i) Draw a labelled diagram to show how the student could collect the gas produced.
(ii) The student recorded the following observation in his laboratory report:
‘Evolution of the colourless gas was at first slow but became faster after some
time.’
Suggest an explanation for the student’s observation.
(c) Potassium also reacts with cold water. State TWO differences in observation when
potassium and calcium are added separately to cold water. [7 marks, 7 min.]

85. Magnesium can be extracted from sea water which contains magnesium ions. The extraction
of magnesium from sea water involves three stages.
Stage 1: Add slaked lime to sea water to precipitate magnesium ions as magnesium
hydroxide.
Stage 2: Heat the magnesium hydroxide obtained in a stream of hydrogen chloride gas to
give magnesium chloride.
Stage 3: Extract magnesium by electrolysis of the molten magnesium chloride.
(a) What substance is mainly present in slaked lime?
(b) Write a chemical equation, with state symbols, for the reaction in Stage 2.
(c) Explain why molten magnesium chloride can conduct electricity.
(d) One major use of magnesium is to make aluminium alloys. Name ONE such alloy which is
used to make aircraft. [5 marks, 5 min.]

86. The bridge, the aeroplane and the coin shown below are made of different alloys.

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

The following table lists some information about three alloys.

Alloy Properties Price Corrosion Resistance Density Mechanical Strength

Duralumin High High Low High
Steel Low Medium High High
Alloy X Low High Medium Low
(a) Which alloy shown in the table above is most suitable for making
(1) the bridge,
(2) the aeroplane, and
(3) the coin
State TWO reasons in each case for your choice.
(b) The lifespan of objects made of steel will be shortened as a result of corrosion. Suggest
ONE method that can be used to maintain their lifespan. Explain your suggestion.
[8 marks, 8 min.]

87. For each of the tasks listed in the table below, decide which substance on the right is the
best to use to accomplish the task. Explain your answer in each case.
Task Substances
(a)

To attach a substance to the

iron hull of a tanker to Calcium, copper, zinc
prevent the hull from rusting

(b) To make the body of an Aluminium, duralumin,

aircraft stainless steel
[6 marks, 6 min.]

88. Aluminium and iron can be used in making window frames.

(a) Describe an experiment to show that aluminium is more reactive than iron.
(b) Although aluminium is more reactive than iron, explain why most window frames are now

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

made of anodized aluminium instead of painted iron. [5 marks, 6 min.]

89. Consider the following materials:

aluminium, bronze, copper, lead, mild steel and titanium
For each of the tasks listed below, choose the ONE material which is best to accomplish the
task. Explain your choice in each case.
(a) making electrical wiring
(b) making overhead high voltage cables
(c) making ship propellers [6 marks, 6
min.]

90. A small piece of sodium is added to a tall jar containing two layers of liquids, paraffin oil and
water with a few drops of phenolphthalein, as shown in the diagram below. Describe and
explain all expected observations.

(Density of sodium = 0.97 g cm-3, density of paraffin oil used = 0.82 g cm -3) [9 marks, 9
min.]

91. The photograph below shows a can of fruit juice. The body of the can is made of iron coated
with another metal. The top of the can and the ring-pull are made of aluminium.

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

(a) (1) Suggest ONE reason why the iron body is coated with another metal.
(2) Name ONE metal commonly used for coating the iron body.
(b) Suggest ONE reason why aluminium, rather than iron, is used for making the top of the
can and the ring-pull.
(c) Explain why it is not advisable to buy cans of fruit juice
(1) if the cans have scratches on the iron body;
(2) if the cans are swollen.
(d) There is an increasing tendency for manufacturers to use cans made entirely of
aluminium for the storage of fruit juice. Suggest ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage
of using aluminium cans for the storage of fruit juice. [9 marks, 9 min.]

92. The table below gives some information about five metals.

Relative resistance of Relative strength of

Abundance in the
Metal Price per kg ($) corrosion (1 = least resistant, metal (1 = lowest, 3
earth’s crust (%)
4 = most resistant) = highest)
Al 8.1 170 3 1
Cu 0.0055 140 3 3
Au 0.0000004 1100000 4 2
Fe 5.0 20 1 3
Zn 0.007 160 2 2
(a) Although gold has a very low abundance in the earth’s crust, gold was discovered by man
a long time ago. Why?
(b) Which of the metals in the above table is the most suitable to make pipes for hot
water? Explain your answer.
(c) (1) Aluminium does not corrode easily. Why?

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

(2) Aluminium is a principal material for making aircraft but its strength is
relatively low. Suggest how the strength of aluminium can be improved to make it
suitable for making aircraft.
(d) (1) Based on the information given in the table, suggest ONE factor that affects the
price of a metal.
(2) Suggest ONE other factor (not indicated in the table) that can also affect the price
of a metal. [9 marks, 9 min.]

93. The table below gives some information about three metals A, B and C:

Rate of corrosion
Metal Electrical conductivity Strength of metal Cost per tonne
in moist air
A Fast Very good moderate $13400
B Fast Good good $13800
C Slow Very good moderate $37000
(a) Based on the information given above, explain which metal is most suitable for making
(1) electrical cable.
(2) Window frames.
(b) Suggest one method to reduce the rate of corrosion of metal in moist air.
(c) Why can metals conduct electricity? [7 marks, 8 min.]

94. Two iron rods A and B are partly plated with silver and zinc respectively. They are then
separately placed in a gel containing rust indicator.

After some time, what would be observed around each rod? Explain the observations.
[4 marks, 5 min.]

95. The set-up below was used to investigate the corrosion of iron:

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

After some time, the solution from each tube was tested with rust indicator solution. It was
found that corrosion of iron occurred only in tubes A and B.
(a) State the colour change when the solution form tube A was tested with rust indicator
solution.
(b) When the iron nail in tube B corroded,
(1) indicate what cation was produced, and
(2) write the half equation to show the formation of that ion.
(c) In which of the tubes would bubbles of gas be observed? Write an equation for the
reaction involved.
(d) Explain why corrosion of iron did not occur in
(1) tube C.
(2) tube D. [7 marks, 8 min.]

96. The table below lists some information about three metals X, Y and Z.

Metal X Y Z
Atomic number 12 20 -
A colourless gas
Action of cold water No apparent change No apparent change
slowly evolves
Action of 0.1 M A colourless gas
- No apparent change
hydrochloric acid evolves
(a) To which group in the Periodic Table does Y belong?
(b) (i) Write an equation for the reaction between X and 0.1 M hydrochloric acid. (An ionic
equation will NOT be accepted for this question.)
(ii) Draw electronic structures for the TWO products formed in (i) above showing

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

electrons in the outermost shell ONLY.

(c) What would be observed when Y is added to 0.1 M hydrochloric acid?
(d) Based on the results of the reactions given in the above table, arrange the three metals
in descending order of reactivity. Explain your answer.
[TO BE ANSWERED AFTER STUDYING SECTION 6]
(e) When Z is heated with concentrated sulphuric acid, a colourless gas evolves and the
solution turns blue.
(i) What gas is evolved? Suggest a chemical test for the gas.
(ii) What would be observed if a piece of metal X is added to the blue solution?
[12 marks, 14 min.]

97. For each of the following experiments, state ONE observable change and write a chemical
equation for the reaction involved.
(a) A small piece of calcium is placed in a Bunsen flame.
(b) A mixture of copper(ll) oxide and carbon powder is heated in a test tube.
[4 marks, 4 min.]

98. Briefly describe an experiment, using the following apparatus and materials, to show that air
is necessary for the rusting of iron.
2 test tubes, a test tube holder, a Bunsen burner,
2 clean iron nails, paraffin oil and tap water
For this question, candidates are required to give paragraph-length answers. 3 of the marks
will be awarded for the effective communication of knowledge in Chemistry. [8 marks, 8
min.]

99. Explain why anodization, sacrificial protection and tin-plating can protect metals from corrosion.
[9 marks, 9 min.]
100. Read the paragraph below and answer the questions that follow.

Magnesium is a useful metal. Scientists adopt different methods to extract magnesium

from magnesium oxide. In 1828, a scientist obtained magnesium in two steps. In the first
step, magnesium oxide reacts with chlorine and carbon to form magnesium chloride. In the
second step, the magnesium chloride formed reacts with potassium to give magnesium. In
1951, some scientists adopted another chemical process to obtain magnesium from
magnesium chloride. Potassium is not used in this process, and there is even no need to use
any other chemicals.

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

(a) Write a chemical equation for the reaction that occurred in the first step of the method
used by the scientist in 1828. [1M]
(b) Name the type of reaction between potassium and magnesium chloride. Why can
potassium react with magnesium chloride to give magnesium? [2M]
(c) (i) What would be the chemical process that can obtain magnesium from magnesium
chloride, without using potassium or other chemicals, in 1951?
(ii) What property does magnesium chloride possess so as to make the chemical process
possible? [2M]
(d) Suggest one use of magnesium in daily life. [1M]

Suggested Solution
84. (a) Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2 [1M]
(b) (i) 1M for a correct Set-up; 1M for the label of an appropriate gas collection device
[2M]

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

Beaker must be shown, accept diagram without funnel; accept gas jar or gas
syringe for the collection of gas
(ii) The metal is covered by a layer of (calcium) oxide. [1M]
Reaction between Ca and water starts only when the oxide layer dissolves. [1M]
OR, The reaction of calcium with water is exothermic. [1M]
The reaction becomes faster at elevated temperatures. [1M]
[Accept other reasonable answers]
(c) Any TWO of the following: [2M]
Potassium floats / moves above on the surface of water while calcium sinks.
Potassium melts (to form a silvery ball) while calcium does not.
Potassium burns (with a lilac flame) while calcium does not catch fire.
The reaction of potassium with water gives a hissing sound while that of calcium
and water does not.
The reaction of calcium with water gives bubbles while that of potassium with
water does not.
(Accept other reasonable answers)
[no mark for ‘potassium reacts more vigorously while calcium does not’] [7 marks, 7 min.]

85. (a) Calcium hydroxide / Ca(HO)2 [1M]

(b) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(g) → MgCl2(s) + 2H2O (g/l) [2M]
(1M for a balanced equation; 1M for state symbols if the formulae are correct.)
[Remarks: HCl is a gas, the MgCl 2 must be solid because the reaction is taken place in the
absence of water.]
(c) molten magnesium chloride contains mobile ions [1M]
[DO NOT accept: “free ions”]
(d) duralumin* (*correct spelling) [1M]
86. (a) (1) Steel (is used for the bridge) because of
- its low cost and a bridge requires a large amount of metal to make [1M]
- its high mechanical strength and a bridge must be strong [1M]

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

* (it can be protected from rusting by painting despite its low corrosion resistance)

(2) Duralumin (is used for making the aeroplane) because of

- its low density [1M]
- its high mechanical strength [1M]
- its high corrosion resistance to make it more durable [1M]
* (it can last longer despite its high cost)
(3) Alloy X (is used for making the coin) because of
- its high corrosion resistance so that it is more durable [1M]
- its low price so the value of the coin is higher than the metal to make the coin
[1M]
- its low mechanical strength so that the pattern on the coin can be easily
stamped by the coining press [1M]
(b) Many methods are possible (method: [1M], explanation [1M])
- paint the steel objects because it prevents the steel from contact with air and
water
OR - coat the steel objects with a layer of plastic / oil / grease because it prevents
the steel from contact with air and water
OR - coat the steel objects with a layer of tin / tin plating because it prevents the
steel from contact with air and water
OR - coat the steel objects with a layer of zinc / galvanizing because it prevents the
steel from contact with air and water
(*moreover the zinc provides sacrificial protection)
OR - attach a more reactive metal such as zinc or magnesium to the steel objects
because they are themselves oxidized by air / provide sacrificial protection

87. For each of the following, award 1 mark for the correct choice and 2 marks for the
explanation; disregard the explanation for a wrong choice.
(a) zinc [1M]
both zinc and calcium are stronger reducing agent / more reactive than iron / occupy
higher positions in the electrochemical series / can prevent iron from rusting by
sacrificial protection [1M]
OR copper is a weaker reducing agent / less reactive than iron. It cannot prevent iron from
rusting. [1M]
Calcium reacts readily with water [1M]
(b) duralumin [1M]
Stainless steel has the highest density / is too heavy for making aircraft [1M]
OR duralumin is lighter than stainless steel / has a lower density than stainless steel [1M]

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

Duralumin is more corrosion resistant / (mechanically) stronger than aluminium [1M]

88. (a) Add Al metal to Fe(ll) / Fe(lll) solution, [1M]

metal deposit / iron is displaced / green Fe(ll) fades / [1M]
yellow Fe(lll) decolorized / grey black solid deposit /
OR Set up an electrochemical cell using Al and Fe as electrodes [1M]
with a suitable electrolyte, e.g. NaCl(aq), electrons flow from Al to Fe / current flows
from Fe to Al in the external circuit. [See section5] [1M]
OR Set up TWO electrochemical cells, one with Al & (Cu) as electrodes, the other with Fe &
(Cu) as electrodes and with a suitable electrolyte (e.g. NaCl(aq)) [1M]
The first mentioned electrochemical cell has a higher voltage [See also section 5] [1M]
OR Add the metals into dil. / conc. acid (e.g. HCl, but not dilute / conc. HNO3, conc. H2SO4)
[1M]
Al will give gas bubbles at a faster rate [1M]
(b) Anodized aluminium provides a protective oxide layer. [1M]
The paint coated on iron can be scratched off (peeled off) easily / the oxide layer on
aluminium is impervious to oxygen (or water). [1M]
Thus corrosion occurs more readily in iron [1M]

89. (a) copper [1M]

high electrical conductivity / good electrical conductor [1M]
(b) aluminium / low density [1M + 1M]
(c) bronze [1M]
high corrosion resistance / high mechanical strength [1M]
(DO NOT mark explanation if choice is wrong.) (If more than one explanation is given,
mark the correct one. Award 0M for explanation if an absurd explanation has been
included.)

90. Chemical knowledge [6M]

Any SIX of the following:
The piece of sodium metal sinks (until it reaches the surface of water.) [1M]
Because sodium is denser than paraffin oil (but less dense than water.) [1M]
Sodium reacts with water to give a (colourless) gas (hydrogen) / The size of
sodium decreases. [1M]
The colourless gas carries the sodium metal to the surface of paraffin oil. [1M]
When hydrogen gas is discharged, the piece of sodium metal sinks again. [1M]
OR, This sinking and uplifting phenomenon of the sodium metal continues. / The piece of
sodium oscillates vertically (until the piece of sodium is completely reacted.) [1M]

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

The colour of the aqueous layer turns pink / red. [1M]

OR, due to the formation of OH- ions / an alkaline solution [1M]

Effective communication [3M]

General guidelines for marking effective communication:
(i) The mark for effective communication should relate to the candidate’s knowledge in
chemistry. A candidate who wrote a paragraph which is totally related to the question
should zero marks both in chemical knowledge and in effective communication.
(ii) The table below illustrates the relationship between the mark for chemical knowledge
and the maximum mark for effective communication, together with the points to be
considered in marking effective communication.
Mark for chemical Maximum mark for Points to be considered in
knowledge effective communication paragraph (iii) below
4 or above 3 (A), (B) and (C)
3 or below 2 (B) and (C)
(iii) The three marks for effective communication are awarded as follows:
(A) the ability to present ideas in a precise manner, including the proper use of
chemical terms (this mark should not be awarded to answers which contained a
lot of incorrect / superfluous materials);
[1M]
(B) the ability to present ideas in a systematic manner (i.e. the answer is easy to
follow); [1M]
(C) the ability to present answer in paragraph form and to express ideas using full
sentences. [1M]

91. (a) (1) To prevent iron from rusting / corrosion [1M]

(2) Tin (correct spelling) [1M]*
(b) Al is softer than iron. The ring-pull can be pulled off more easily. [1M]
(c) (1) Tin is less reactive / weaker reducing agent / occupies a lower position in the
electrochemical series than iron. [1M]
Iron exposed to air will corrode faster / rust faster. [1M]
(2) Fruit juice in swollen cans has already deteriorated. [1M]
Gas generated by (anaerobic) respiration of bacteria causes the can to swell [1M]
(d) Advantage: Al is lighter / is more resistant to corrosion than Fe / can be recycled
more easily / can be dyed more easily [1M]
Disadvantage: Al is more expensive / is not so strong as Fe [1M]
92. (a) Gold is very unreactive / inert / does not combine with other elements easily / can be

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

found free in nature. [1M]

(b) Copper / Cu [1M]
(wrong answer, NO other marks. Cu or Fe, NO first mark.)
because it does not corrode easily and [1M]
has a high metallic strength / is relatively cheap [1M]
(Award mark for explanation only if Cu is chosen.)
(c) (1) Al reacts with oxygen in air to form a (thin) layer of oxide [1M]
which is impervious (not permeable) to oxygen / water and prevents the metal from
further corrosion. [1M]
(NO mark for protect or prevent corrosion.)
(2) Alloying with other metals (e.g Cu / Mn / Mg…) [1M]
(DO NOT accept mix with other metal)
(d) (1) the price depends on its abundance in the earth’s crust. [1M]
(2) cost of extraction / cost in mining / supply / demand of the metal. [1M]
(NO mark for transportation)

93. (a) (1) A because - of its very good electrical conductivity [1M]
- of its low cost [1M]
- it can be protected from corrosion / [1M]
rusting by the plastic coating
OR C because - of its very good electrical conductivity [1M]
- its slow rate of corrosion [1M]
- it can last longer despite its high cost [1M]
(2) B because - of its good metallic strength [1M]
- of its low cost / fast rate of corrosion [1M]
is overcome by painting etc.
OR C because - of its slow rate of corrosion [1M]
- it can last longer despite it is more expensive [1M]
(b) Coating / plating / painting / sacrificial protection / galvanizing / tin-plating / greasing /
electroplating [1M]
(c) Metals have delocalized electrons to conduct electricity. [1M]

94. For rod A,

Iron end: blue colour is developed [1M]
Explanation:
Fe is higher (or more electropositive) than Ag in the electrochemical series / it would
(lose e- to) form Fe2+ (Fe → 2e- + Fe2+) which forms a blue colour (complex) with the
hexacyanoferrate(lll) indicator [1M]

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

For rod B,
Zinc end: no observable change/white colour/colourless bubbles around the nail [1M]
Explanation:
Zinc is higher (or more electropositive) than iron in the reactivity series / it would (lose
electrons to) form Zn2+ ( Zn → 2e- + Zn2+) / Fe2+ would not be formed. [1M]

95. (a) from colourless (or pale green of Fe2+) to blue [1M]
(b) (1) Fe (or iron(ll) ions)
2+
[1M]
(2) Fe(s) → Fe (aq) + 2e
2+ -
[1M]
(c) tube A [1M]
Fe(s) + 2H (aq) → H2(g) + Fe (aq)
+ 2+
[1M]
OR: Fe(s) + 2HCl(aq) → FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)
(d) (1) zinc gives up electrons more readily than iron / zinc is higher than iron in the
reactivity series /zinc is more reactive than iron / sacrificial protection by zinc
etc. [DO NOT accept simply that zinc is present]
[1M]
(2) absence of water / air / oxygen [1M]
[DO NOT accept: absence of electrolyte / ions]

96. (a) Group ll / Group llA / Group 2 / Group two [1M]

[DO NOT accept alkaline-earth metal.]
(b) (i) X + 2HCl → XCl2 + H2 [1M]
or Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2
[DO NOT accept ionic equations; disregard state symbols; accept any form of balanced
equation]
e.g. 2Mg + 4HCl → 2MgCl2 + 2H2)
(ii)

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

(c) The metal dissolves in the acid / (colourless) gas evolves / effervescence / vigorous
reaction. [1M]
(d) Y > X > Z / Y , X , Z / Z < X < Y [1M]
Z is the least reactive because it does not react with water or hydrochloric acid / Z is less
reactive than X because Z does not react with dilute HCl while X does. [1M]
Y is more reactive than X because it reacts with (cold) water but X does not / Y is the
most reactive because it reacts with (cold) water but X and Z do not. [1M]
(e) (i) Sulphur dioxide / SO2 [1M]
It turns acidified (potassium) dichromate solution (from orange) to green / acidified
(potassium) permanganate (from purple) to colourless / pale pink. [1M] (Accpet
Com

MnO\s\up 6(- )/ H and Cr2O / H . Award 0 mark if the original colour of MnO\s\up
+
bi n
+

Com

6(- )/ Cr2O is wrong.)

bi n

[Remarks: observation = formation of gas or ppt., change in colour, DON’T give the
name of a substance for the observation]
(ii) (Reddish brown) solid / (reddish brown) metal / reddish brown copper deposits.
[DO NOT accept ‘copper is formed’]
The blue colour of the solution fades / disappears / becomes paler.
Metal X dissolves.
A (colourless) gas evolves / effervescence
(DO NOT accept ‘hydrogen’ evolves).
(Any TWO of the above.) [1M + 1M]

97. When marking the observations, award 0 marks for contradictory answers.
(a) Calcium burns with a red (brick red) flame / formation of white powder (solid) [1M]
2Ca + O2 → 2CaO [1M]
(b) (From black) to reddish brown powder (solid) / red solid / brown solid [1M]
(DO NOT accept ‘from white’.)
CuO + C → Cu + CO [1M]
or 2CuO + C → 2Cu + CO2 (1M)
(DO NOT accept evolution of gas. DO NOT penalise incorrect state symbol.)

98. Chemical knowledge (5 marks)

Boil some tap water in a test tube to expel any dissolved oxygen. [1M]
Place one nail in a test tube containing some tap water (Tube 1) and the other nail
in a test tube containing the boiled water (Tube 2) [1M]
Add some paraffin oil on top of the boiled water in tube 2 [1M]

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F.5 CE Chemistry Section 3 Metals

to prevent air to dissolve into the water /to get in contact with the nail [1M]
After a few days / some time, rusting occurs / reddish solid can be seen in tube 1
/ no change in tube 2. [1M]
(Must specify the time, NO MARK for ‘then’ instead of ‘a few days / some time’. Award
zero marks for the observation, if it is contradictory to the procedure.)
Effective communication [3M]

99. Chemical knowledge [6M]

Anodization is to thicken / add / form / plate the layer of aluminium oxide on the
surface of aluminium metal. [1M]
The oxide layer is impervious (impermeable) to oxygen / air (water) / prevents
the metal from reaction with air. [1M]
Sacrificial protection is to attach / coat a more reactive metal to a less reactive
metal. (DO NOT accept ‘near the less reactive metal’.) [1M]
(Accept actual examples. E.g. Mg attached to Fe.)
The more reactive metal is more readily oxidized / forms cations more readily /
gives out electrons more readily. Corrosion of the less reactive metal is prevented.
[1M]
(DO NOT accept ‘higher position in electrochemical series’.)
Tin-plating is to coat the surface of an iron object (completely) with tin. [1M]
Tin can protect the iron from rusting because tin / the tin oxide formed prevents
oxygen / air and water from contacting with iron for rusting to occur. [1M]

Effective communication [3M]

100. (a) MgO + Cl2 + C → MgCl2 + CO or 2MgO + 2Cl2 + C → 2MgCl2 + CO2 [1M]
(b) redox (reaction) / displacement (reaction) [1M]
Potassium is a more powerful reducing agent / more reactive than magnesium. [1M]
(c) (i) electrolysis [1M]
(ii) Magnesium chloride is an ionic compound / electrolyte / conduct electricity in molten
state / contains mobile ions. [1M]
(d) sacrificial protection / making alloy firework / flash [1M]

END of EX. 3

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