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This document contains definitions and examples related to groups. It begins with exercises that provide examples of groups and properties of groups. It then discusses the groups GL(R) of invertible matrices, the symmetric group Sn, and the group T of invertible elements of a set S. It concludes with additional exercises involving properties of groups, including associativity, identity elements, and inverses.

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53 views4 pages

Solutions

This document contains definitions and examples related to groups. It begins with exercises that provide examples of groups and properties of groups. It then discusses the groups GL(R) of invertible matrices, the symmetric group Sn, and the group T of invertible elements of a set S. It concludes with additional exercises involving properties of groups, including associativity, identity elements, and inverses.

Uploaded by

Allan Pan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 2: Groups

Section 1: The Definition of a Group


Alec Mouri
June 22, 2023

Exercises
(1) (a)      
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
1= 0
 1 0 ,x = 0
  0 1 , y = 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
     
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1
2
x = 1 0 0 , xy = 0
  0 1 , x2 y = 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
     
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
x3 = 0 1 0 , y 2 = 0 1 0 , yx = 0 1 0 = x2 y
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0

1 x x2 y xy x2 y
1 1 x x2 y xy x2 y
x x x2 1 xy x2 y y
(b) x2 x2 1 x x2 y y xy
y y x2 y xy 1 x2 x
xy xy y x2 y x 1 x2
x2 y x2 y xy y x2 x x3

(2) (a) Let A, B, C ∈ GL(R).


Note that det(AB) = det(A) det(B) ̸= 0, so AB ∈ GL(R), so
multiplication is a law of composition of GL(R).

1
Further for 1 ≤ i, j ≤ n,
n n n
!
X X X
((AB)C)ij = (AB)ik ckj = aim bmk ckj
k=1 k=1 m=1

n X
n n n
!
X X X
= aim bmk ckj = aim bmk ckj
k=1 m=1 m=1 k=1
n
X
= aim (BC)mj = (A(BC))ij
m=1

So multiplication is associative on GL(R).


Note that I ∈ GL(R), and AI = IA = A, so GL(R) contains the
identity matrix.
Since det A ̸= 0, then A is invertible. Necessarily, det A−1 ̸= 0,
and AA−1 = A−1 A = I, so A has an inverse.
Thus, GL(R) is a group.
(b) Let X, Y, Z ∈ Sn . Then for some a, b, c ∈ 1...n, (XY )(a) =
X(Y (a)) = X(b) = c. So we have a law of composition of Sn .
Further,

((XY )Z)(a) = (XY Z)(a) = (X(Y Z))(a)

So the law of composition is associative.


Note that i ∈ Sn , and (Xi)(a) = X(i(a)) = X(a) = b, and
(iX)(a) = i(X(a)) = i(b) = b. so Sn contains the identity permu-
tation.
Suppose X is a permutation such that X(a) = b, X(b) = c. Then
there exists a permutation Y such that Y (b) = a, Y (c) = b. So
then (XY )(b) = X(Y (b)) = X(a) = b, and (Y X)(b) = Y (X(b)) =
Y (c) = b. Thus X is invertible, and its inverse is Y .

(3) Let T = {s ∈ S|s is invertible}. Note that I ∈ T , since II = I. Let


t ∈ T . t is invertible, and has inverse w. Since tw = I, and wt = I,
then w is also invertible with inverse t. Thus, w ∈ T . Thus, since T has
an associative law of composition and the identity, then T is a group.

2
(4)

xyz −1 w = 1 → yz −1 w = x−1 → yz −1 = x−1 w−1 → y = x−1 w−1 z

(5)
xyz = 1 → yz = x−1 → yzx = 1
It does not follow that yxz = 1. Let a = x, b = y, c = xy. Then
abc = 1. But bac = yxxy = yx2 y = yyx = y 2 x = x ̸= 1.
(6)
(abcd), a(bcd), (abc)d, (ab)(cd), (ab)cd, a(bc)d, ab(cd), abcd

(7) Let a, b, c ∈ S. Then

(ab)c = ac = a = ab = a(bc)

Thus, the law of composition is associative.


(8) Let    
0 1 1 1
A= ,B =
1 0 0 0
Note that  
−1 0 1
A =
1 0
So  
0 0
−1
A B=
1 1
But  
−1 1 1
BA =
0 0
So A−1 B ̸= BA−1
(9)
ab = a → a−1 ab = a−1 a → b = 1
ab = 1 → a−1 ab = a−1 → b = a−1

(10)
ax = b → x = a−1 b
Since a, b are distinct elements, then x is unique.

3
(11) Let a, b, c ∈ G◦ . Since a ◦ b = ba ∈ G, then ◦ is a law of composition in
G. And,

(a ◦ b) ◦ c = (ba) ◦ c = cba = (cb)a = a ◦ (cb) = a ◦ (b ◦ c)

So ◦ is associative.
Since I ∈ G, then a ◦ I = Ia = a = aI = I ◦ a, so I ∈ G◦ .
Let a−1 be the inverse of a in G. Then

a ◦ a−1 = a−1 a = I = aa−1 = a−1 ◦ a

So therefore a has an inverse in G◦ , namely a−1 . Thus G◦ is a group.

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