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Chapter 12

calculus 3 chapter 12

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Chapter 12

calculus 3 chapter 12

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tthanhhoai67
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CHAPTER 12 a MULTIPLE INTEGRATION Mearnemares. furnishes the peculiar study that gives us... the command of nature.” PREVIEW The single imtegrat J f(x)dx introduced in Chapter $ has many uses, as we have seen. In this chapter, we wi generalize the single integral to define metipte integrals in which the iniegrand is function of several variables. We will find chat multiple imegration is used in much the same way as single integration, by “adding” small quantities 1o define and compute area, volume, surface area, moments, centroids, and probability i Multiple integral field spectrograph of the VLT PERSPECTIVE What is the volume of a doughnut (torus)? Given the joint probability function for the amount of time a typical shopper spends shopping al a particular store and the time spent in the checkout line, how likely is it that a shopper will spend no more than 30 ‘minutes altogether in the store? If the temperature in a solid body is given al exch point .342) and time 4, what is the average temperature of the bady over a particular time period? Where should a security watch tower be placed in a parking lot to ensure the ‘most comprehensive visual coverage? We will answer these and other similar questions in this chapter using multiple integration. CONTENTS 121 Double Integration over Rectangular Regions Definition of the double imegral Properies of double integrals Volume interpretation Iterated integration ‘Am informal argument for Fubini's theorem 12.2 Double Integration over Nonrectangular Regions Double integrals over type 1 and type I regions More on area and volume Choosing the order of integration in a dooble Sntegeal 12.9 Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates ‘Change of variables o polar form ‘Atea and volume In polar form 12.4. Surface Area Definition of surface area Surface area projections ‘Area of a surface defined praramericlly 12.5 Triple integrals Definition of the wipleinegeal Iterated integration Volume by triple integrals 126 Mass, Moments, and Probability Density Functions Mass and center of mass ‘Moments of inertia Joint probability density funetions 12.7. Oylindrical and Spherical Coordinates Cylindrical coordinates Integration with eylindrical coordinates Spherical coondinates Intogration with spherleal cordinaies 128 Jacoblans: Chango of Variables (Change of variables in double integral (Change of variables in a triple Integral Chapter 12 Review Research Project 919 920 12.1 Double Integration over Rectangular Regions 12.1 DOUBLE INTEGRATION OVER RECTANGULAR REGIONS IN THIS SECTION: Definition of the double integral, properties of double integrals, volume interpretation, iterated integration, an informal argument for Fubini's theorem We introduce the concept of a double integrat—that is, an integral with respect to two independent variables. we Figure 12.1 A parton of the rectangle A into mn calls showing the kth cel representative Definition of the Double Integral Recall that in Chapter 5, we defined the definite integral of a single variable f” frye asa limit iavolving Riemann sums Draper, where a =1y 0, there exists a 5 > O such that I — SoFUt, ydAL) 0 for all poimts in R, the value of the double integral is the same es the volume of the solid bounded above by the plane x =2—~y and below by the rectangle R. The solid is shown in Figure 12.4. Looking at it end- ‘wise, it has a triangular cross section of area B and has length 3. We use the formula V=Bh. ‘Because the base is a triangle of side 2 and altitude 2, we have Venh [;o0] @=6 12.1 Double Integration over Rectangular Regions 923 oa 2.2) Thianglor ene section way a5" Hose rectangle R Figure 124 Evaluation of [/@ -y}oA as volume ‘Therefore, the value of the integral is also 6; that is, I Q-y)dA=6 Iterated Integration ‘As with single integral, itis often sot practical to evaluate a double integral even over 4 simple rectangular region by using the definition. Instead, we will compute double integrals by a process called iterated Integration which is like panial differentiation in ‘Suppose f(s, ) is continuous aver the rectangle R: @ [fronanr=[ [Prone] PROBLEM SET 12.1 1, WE What does thi say? Diseuss the definition of the dou- blo integral. 2, ME What does this say? Explain how Fubini’s theorem is used to evaluate double integrals Iu Problems 3-12, evainate the iterated integrals, [evaca sf Pssimcarae 6 ff [Uveoraran ff [eee of fo °. [O ferrara 10. rL acd uf [ee = ffs wry Use an appropriate votune formuta to evaluate the double ategral given in Problems 13-18, 18, [far-sran ROSxS30sys4 16, ffa-2 aa: 4 ROK sd 0sys2 w [fe RO Sx S60sy <4 ffm ROSx <2, 0sy <8 Use iterated integration to compute the double integrals Problenis (9-28 over the specified rectangle. 1. I aff dA: Rl sx <2,0< uA 2 J (ES) maosrsie # a [J ceran roe iw mw sl0sysl 142.1. Double Integration over Rectangular Regions a8. [f PA noses iisy +1 a6. ff yer Pan Ri es <502y <1 i , a8, ff xsinon ats R04 =7.05 f Find the volume of the solid! bounded hetow by the ret dangle Rin the x9-plane and above by the graph of 5 = (5,9) in Problems 29-42, 2. fls,9) = Be +I ROSE = 10S <2 W. flr. 9) = S442 ROS = LOSy S2 Me fon =F4 Rl exsaisys2 y 1 Rfix,y)= Ril Sx <4 xy <6 Bsn eR BB flrs) =x ln RE Se S21 Sy Se Maso. = salen setsy <2 35. flr.) = JRO Sx S10 gale), and F(x, y) = fer, y) for gi) Sy S gn(t). Therefore, [frre [fronm =f’ [[rove]e = f [re vdy dr Similarly, if Dz is a type TH region, then f fronae fT [res snae] ar =f fr yak dy ‘These observations are suramacized in the following theorem, Theorem 12.3 Fubini’s theorem for nonrectangular regions If Dy is a type I region, then ‘TYPE T (vertically simple [fiona = fre dx x fied, varies form aesy 0 ‘whenever both integrals exis, 8 ype Th region, D: Treen onzonaty ites ffs, yan = f° [on ane 4 fixed, varies (Form dx dy) 8) > whenever both integrals exist milarly, for Proof: This proof is found in most advanced calculus textbooks, Example 1 Evaluation of a double integral Lope Solution Lf [E va%arer= f [009 = [ [aos (va aase?y"]ae dx Since x is treated as a constant 12.2 Double Integration over Nonrectangular Regions 933 = [ [aor = 402] ae = [tost — 4x") = When using Fubini's theorem for nonrectangolar regions, it helps to sketch the region of imegration D and to find cquations forall boundary curves of D. Such a sketch often provides the information needed to determine whether D is type Tor ype Il region (or either, or bth) and 0 setup the limits of integration of a iterated integral Example 2 Double integral over a triangular region Let T be the triangular region enclosed by the lines y= 0, y = 2x, and = 1, Evaluate the double integral I (ety)dA using an iterated integral with: a. »-integration first b, x-integration first Solution 2. To et pte tnt fine pration in the trated integra, we draw the graph shown te gur 128 an nate tat for Bed these) vara fom 9 =O the en) tothe ne y = res yes rth Hints of negraon forthe ian intpal with respect FD. pipe ye ereaen tes ‘csr limits meget sete omer nia st ngpraon fort nce GWE RD. Fo ney ver baweene Oat rO sxe by J wena f' PP ctyara =['[s+4 yrs =f sans tant (xo +407) | ax So z 2 1 ata * Fhed 1, Reversing the order of imegration, we see from Figure 12,9 that for each fixed 1, the variable x varies (lef to right) rom the line x = y/2 to the vertical line x = 1. Te ‘The outer limits of integration are for y as y varies from y = 010 y Figure 12.9. For each fixed yi0 vet r=0] vert Fixed» $ 1. Type I region , Type II region y varies from 1 t0 e* x varies from Iny to 2 Figure 12.12 The region of integration for Example & To reverse the order of integration, we need to regard Das a type Il region (Figure 12.12b), Note that the region varies from y = 1 to y =e? (corresponding 10 where y= e* intersects 1 = O-and x = 2, respectively). For each fixed y between | and e the region extends from the curve.x = Iny (that is, y = e*) om the left to the line x = 2 on the right. Thus, reversing the order of integration, we find that the given integral becomes [ [terrace ‘The two different ways of representing the integral in this example may be summarized as follows: cx fixed (verthlly simple) Type I tse hortontaly sh Sciegravion firs, integration fist Varies fom y= 1 toy =e aries from x= ny ts © [ [rove [f Loomin varies from Y varies from 10.62 Example 6 Choosing the order of integration ‘The region D bounded by the parabola y = x? —2 and the line y =. is both vertically sand horizontally simple. To lind the area of D, would you prefer to use a type 1 ot a type Il deseription Solution The parabola and the line imversect where (= +1)=0 r=2, ‘Thus, they imersect at (2,2) and ¢ 1). The graph of D is shown in Figure 12.13. 12.2 Double Integration over Nonrectangular Regions a. Type I description b. Type Il description Figure 12.19 The region D in Example 6 {As a type I region, D can be described as the set of all points (x, ») such that for each fixed x in {1,2} y varies from x? 2 (0.x (see Figure 12.138), The area, A, of D is then ty anf faa Bt -fi i [s-3], 1f, however, D, is regarded as a type II region, itis necessary to split up the description into two pants (See Figure 12.13b): The set of all (x,y) such that foreach fixed y between =I and 2, x varies from the line x = y 10 the right branch of the parabola x = ¥-F2, and the set of all (x, y) such that for each fixed y between —2 and —1, x varies from the let branch of the parabola x = —J/¥+2 to the right branch x = JF-F2. Thus, the area of D is given by the sum of the integrals afl ~ ads ff asa Clearly, i is preferable to use the type I representation, although both methods give the same result (You might wish to verify this fact). As illustrated in Example 6, the shape of the region of integration P may determine which order of integration is more suitable for a given integral. However, our final example of this section shows that the integrand also plays a role in determining which ‘onder of integration is preferable. Example 7 Evaluy Evaluate [feo ds Solution We cannot evaluate the integral inthe given order ()-integration fist) because the integrand e* has no elementary antiderivaive, We will evaluate the integral by reversing the order of integration. The region of integration is sketched in Figure 12. 14a, Note that for any fixed x between O and 1, varies from x t0 1. 1g 4 double integral by reversing the order 937 938 12.2 Double Integration over Nonrectangular Regions legration frst b, s-imtegration first Figure 12.14 The region of integration for Example 7 To reverse the order of integration, observe that for each fixed y between O and |, x varies from 0 to y, as shown in Figure (2.14b, PROBLEM SET 12.2 What does this say? Describe the process for finding volume using a double integral 2, ME Whit does this say’? What is Fubin‘'s theorem? Sketch the region of integration in Problems 3-12, and compute the double integral (either in the order of integra- fio gven or with he order reverse. oe pt f hs wards [fava ae 6 ff ac EF [ota eer i “Gr + ay)dyds f tf yeosxdydx 10. re ° cose dy ds Je ‘dc dy [0 [antacar mf f Evaluate the double integrals in Problems 13-16. Hops ony? wf Peracay 16 [Lo Leostacay Ib to ade yy tnt 1s, f/f) secure ay a, Jets 16 fo Vie eaR coca Evaluate the double integral given in Problems 17-24 jor the specified region of integration D. uw. [fra B isthe wiangle with veries (0,0), (0,1, (1. ff ey-an 3B D isthe region bounded by y = 3? and y = 2x. 12.2 Double Integration over Nonrectangular Regions 19. [fra Dis the region bounded by y y=0. a [fas ‘Dis the vegion bounded by y = xy and =3x,and x=. a fie Bis the wiangle bounded by x = 2y,y = —x, and ye 2. [f= Facay B isthe wiangle with vertices (0,0), (1,1, and (0,1) 2 [Fe . 0.4). Sketch the region of integration in Problems 25-30, and ‘hen compute the integral in two ways a with the given order of integration, and! 1b. with the order of immegranion reversed * fl ay dy dx f I. va 2. [foe 2», [ [se of dvdy LP " teas Sketch the region of integration in problems 31-36, and write an equivatent integral with the order of integration reversed, af frome af [Ssoue Pf [One vacam [f ne psa PP sonar a6 [Eso raras bs Jie fs Sant Set up a double integral for the volume of the solid vegion described in Problems 37-43, Fla, y)dy de 939 37. The tetrahedron that lies in the first octant and is, bounded by the coordinate planes and the plane 73x —2y 38. The solid bounded above by the paraboloid = 62x? ~ 3y? and below by the plane z = 0 39. ‘The solid that lies inside both the cylinder x? + and the sphere.«? +)? 7 40, ‘The solid that lies inside both the sphere x? py? p

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