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Artificial Intelligence (AI) Applications. Τhe most important technology we

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) Applications.

Τhe most important technology we ever develop and we must ensure it
is safe and beneficial to human civilization

Prof. Athanasios Valavanidis

Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,

University Campus Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece

Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) software is used to build and develop an intelligent
application from scratch with the help of Machine learning and DeepFeep learning
capabilities. DeepFeed, is a powerful social media management platform leveraging
the latest in AI technology that automates and optimize social media efforts. Artificial
intelligence (AI) is a wide-ranging branch of computer science concerned with
building smart machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human
intelligence. Artificial intelligence allows computerized machines to model, or even
improve upon, the capabilities of the human mind. It works by combining large
amounts of data with fast, iterative processing and intelligent algorithms, allowing the
software to learn automatically from patterns or features in the data. AI is machine-
displayed intelligence that simulates human behaviour or thinking and can be trained
to solve specific problems.
A list of the top applications of AI (Artificial Intelligence): Application of AI in e-
Commerce: Personalized Shopping, AI-Powered Assistants, Fraud Prevention,
Applications of Artificial Intelligence (ΑΙ) in Education, Applications of AI in intelligent
manufacturing, Applications of AI techniques to combating cyber crimes, Applications
of AI in medical field, such as , dermatology, cardiology, fighting against COVID-19,
Emerging applications of AI in neuro-oncology, Applications for protein 3-D
structures. Applications for AI tool with sensitivity of 99.1% for abnormal radiographs,
AI with enhancing sensitivity rates for diagnosing major thoracic findings on chest X-
rays, AI has increased the odds of identifying metastatic breast cancer in whole slide
images of lymph node biopsy. AI applications for military fields and for disaster
management. Applications of AI in bioinformatics and other advanced scientific areas
where data have accumulated for many decades.
According to prominent scientists and experts Artificial intelligence (AI) might be the
most important technology we ever develop in the last century. It is argued that AI
must remain safe and used beneficially for human society in order to safeguard its
long-term future. AI it is already incredibly powerful. Also, AI, is a research tool for
many amazing and innovative applications. Recently, AlphaFold made a amazing
leap toward solving problems in protein 3-D folding, a problem in which scientists
have been working on for decades. Despite AI’s impressive accomplishments there
are always questions of safety and beneficial aspects for human civilization. Ensuring
AI is used to benefit everyone is already a challenge. As AI becomes more powerful,
so does its scope for affecting modern economy, politics, and culture. AI is being
used in so many impressive, creative and beneficial ways across pretty much every
sector out there. In March 2023 GPT-4, a chatbot prototype based on the
impressively large language mod el was launched. It uses AI technology to produce
human-like text, and represents OpenAI’s most advanced AI system. GPT-4 is a
huge step forward in the generative AI race, but experts say it has dangerous
potential. Experts believe it may have unleashed a whole new wave of cybercrime.

1
Introduction: Artificial intelligence (AI) and how it works
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a wide-ranging branch of computer science
concerned with building smart machines capable of performing tasks that
typically require human intelligence. Artificial Intelligence is an interdisciplinary
science with multiple approaches, advancements in machine learning and
deep learning, in particular, are creating a paradigm shift in virtually every
sector of the technological development of industry and implementing AI into
business environments. AI cuts down on time spent on repetitive tasks,
improves employee productivity, and enhances the overall customer
experience. [https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence ].
Artificial intelligence (AI) allows machines to model, or even improve
upon, the capabilities of the human mind. Artificial Intelligence works by
combining large amounts of data with fast, iterative processing and intelligent
algorithms, allowing the software to learn automatically from patterns or
features in the data. An AI algorithm is an extended subset of machine
learning that tells the computer how to learn to operate on its own. In turn, the
device continues to gain knowledge to improve processes and run tasks more
efficiently than human intelligent thinking.

Figure 1. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a dynamic tool used across industries for
better decision making, increasing efficiency and eliminating repetitive work.
[https://techvidvan.com/tutorials/artificial-intelligence-applications/]

2
 As the world of work continues to evolve in the 21 st century and digital
technology advances, the rise of artificial intelligence in the workplace has
become a topic of much debate. While some see AI as a valuable tool that
can enhance productivity and improve the employee experience, others are
concerned that it could lead to widespread job loss, erode workers' rights and
introduce ethical problems. For example, chatbots and virtual assistants are
often used to automate routine tasks that were previously performed by
human workers, which could result in job cuts. And, as AI becomes more
sophisticated, it could even replace human workers in higher-skilled roles,
such as data analysis or customer service.

Artificial Intelligence is a broad field of study that includes many

theories, methods and technologies, as well as the following major subfields:
1. Machine learning automates analytical model building. It uses methods
from neural networks, statistics, operations research and physics to find
hidden insights in data.
2. A neural network is a type of machine learning that is made up of
interconnected units (like neurons) that processes information by
responding to external inputs, relaying information between each unit.
Neural networks are mathematical models whose structure is loosely
inspired by that of the brain. Each neuron within a neural network is a
mathematical function that takes in data via an input, transforms that
data into a more amenable form, and then spits it out via an output.

Figure 2. Machine learning is the process of teaching a computer to carry

out a task, rather than programming it how to carry that task out step by step.
At the end of training, a machine-learning system will be able to make
accurate predictions when given data.

3
3. Deep learning uses huge neural networks with many layers of
processing units, taking advantage of advances in computing power and
improved training techniques to learn complex patterns in large amounts
of data. Common applications include image and speech recognition.
4. Computer vision relies on pattern recognition and deep learning to
recognize what’s in a picture or video. When machines can process,
analyze and understand images, they can capture images or videos in
real time and interpret their surroundings. CV helps systems understand
and interpret the visual world in a way that can elicit appropriate action. It
trains computers to interpret and understand the visual world.

5. Natural language processing (NLP) is the ability of computers to

analyze, understand and generate human language. NLP is natural
language interaction, allowing humans to communicate with computers
using normal, everyday language. [https://www.sas.com/en_in/insights/
analytics/what-is-artificial-intelligence.html#:~:text=A…...].
Advantages and benefits of AI, strengthening democracy?

The USA, China, Japan, United Kingdom, South Korea and the
European Union (EU), and other OECD countries, are already very strong
contenders in digital industry, artificial intelligence (AI) and business-to-
business applications. With a high-quality digital infrastructure and a
regulatory framework that protects privacy and freedom of speech. EU
countries are already strong in digital industry and business-to-business
applications. The majority of scientists think that AI could help people with
improved health care, safer cars and other transport systems, tailored,
cheaper and longer-lasting products and services. It can also facilitate access
to information, education and training. The need for distance learning became
more important because of the Covid-19 pandemic. Artificial intelligence can

4
also make workplace safer as robots can be used for dangerous parts of jobs
and open new job positions as AI-driven industries grow and change.
It is obvious for many applications that AI can enable the development
of a new generation of products and services, including in sectors where USA,
China and European companies already have strong positions. AI can support
a more sustainable, green and circular economy, improve machinery, farming,
healthcare, fashion and greener tourism. AI can boost sales, improve machine
maintenance, increase production output and quality, improve customer
service, as well as save energy.
Also, digital experts believe that democracy could be made stronger by
using data-based scrutiny, preventing disinformation and cyber attacks and
ensuring access to quality information. AI could also support diversity and
openness, for example by mitigating the possibility of prejudice in hiring
decisions and using analytical data instead. AI is predicted to be used more in
crime prevention and support a more ethical criminal justice system. AI is
already used by online platforms to detect and react to unlawful and
inappropriate online behaviour.
But it is already evident that increasing reliance on AI systems also
poses potential risks for the human society. Underuse of AI is considered as a
major threat. For example, missed opportunities for developed and developing
countries from poor implementation of major programmes, such as the EU
(Green deal, losing competitive advantage towards other parts of the world,
economic stagnation and poorer possibilities for people). Underuse of AI
could derive from public and business' mistrust in AI, poor infrastructure, lack
of initiative, low investments, or, since AI's machine learning is dependent on
data, from fragmented digital markets. Overuse of AI can also be problematic.
AI could severely affect the right to privacy and data protection. Use of AI in
the workplace is expected to result in the elimination of a large number of
jobs. But, AI is also expected to create better jobs, education and training that
will ensure a skilled workforce in the long term.
[News European Parliament, Society, Artificial intelligence: threats and
opportunities 4/5/2022, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/en/
headlines/society/20200918STO87404/artificial-intelligence-threats-and-
opportunities?&at_campaign=2 …].

5
How Artificial Intelligence (AI) is being used

At present there is a high demand for AI capabilities from a great

variety of industries and systems that can be used for automation, learning,
legal assistance, risk notification and research. Specific uses of AI in industry
include:
a. Health Care. There are many AI applications in health institutions that can
provide various routine tasks. For example AI machines can ―read‖
personalized medicine data and X-ray readings of patients for various
diseases (e.g. breast mammograms, data obtained by radiomics and biopsy
slides, and lung cancer low-dose computed tomography scans ). Also, AI can
act as a personal health care assistants. For example. AI can act as life coach
(e.g. reminding patients to take their pills), remind people to take exercise and
for how long, or to propose to eat healthy food for reducing obesity.
b. Retail industry. Artificial Intelligence computers can provide virtual
shopping capabilities that offer personalized recommendations and discuss
purchase options with the consumer. Companies with stock management and
organizational problems (clothes, tools, equipment, etc) and site layout
technologies will also can be improved with the help of AI.
c. Manufacturing. AI can analyze factory Internet of Things (IoT) data. The
Internet of Things (IoT) is growing exponentially, but security for IoT projects
and deployments remains an obstacle for many organizations. One
fundamental IoT security component is making sure devices and services
have trusted identities that can interact within secure ecosystems.
d. Life sciences. From ensuring drug safety to getting new therapies to
market faster, AI technologies can unleash the full potential of data to solve
the greatest health challenges facing humanity today and in the future.
e. Banking. Artificial Intelligence enhances the speed, precision and
effectiveness of human efforts in financial institutions. AI techniques can be
used to identify which banking transactions are likely to be fraudulent.
f. Public sector. Artificial Intelligence can make smart cities smarter. It can
support national defense with mission readiness and predictive maintenance.
Europe has spent up to €700 million on robotics and public–private
partnerships in the context of AI. Consequently, many AI-based applications

6
for the public sector are emerging, promising great value with regard to
workforce and productivity.1

The 5 biggest technological giants of information technology

The 5 Big Technological companies, also known as the Tech Giants,

refers to the most dominant companies in the information technology industry,
notably the five largest American technology companies:
Alphabet (Google), Microsoft, Amazon, Apple, and Meta (Facebook).
Over the last few decades, the technological sector has grown
exponentially. Internet penetration has increased, enterprises have gotten
bigger, and millions more people have now personal computers and
smartphones. As a result, the leading companies that offer internet or
enterprise services or sell computers or smartphones have seen substantial
increases in revenue. The number of internet users has increased from 16
million internet user (1995) to 5.473 billion internet users in July 2022.
These 5 biggest technological companies are dedicating large scientific
resources and invest billions for breakthroughs in artificial intelligence having
also a huge Market capitalization in 2023:
Apple with 2.640 Trillion market capitalization (employee size 164.000),
Microsoft 2.054 Trillion m.c. ( employee s. 221.000),
Alphabet (Google) 1.585 Trillion (e.s. 186.000),
Amazon 1.468 Trillion (e.s. 1.608.000),
Meta (Facebook) 514 Billion (e.s. 83.000)
Among the big technological companies, Apple takes the lead in terms
of the number of acquisitions, with a record of 29 AI startup acquisitions since
2010, followed by Google with 15 acquisitions. Microsoft and Facebook follow

7
closely with 13 and 12 acquisitions, respectively. Major technology companies
like Intel, Salesforce, Twitter, and IBM are also among the top acquirers.
Also, we must present the Chinese company Tencent which is another
world-leading internet and technology company that develops innovative
products and services. Founded in 1998 with its headquarters in Shenzhen,
China, Tencent's communication and social services connect more than one
billion people around the world. Also it offers a range of services such as
cloud computing, advertising, FinTech, and other enterprise services. As of
March 2023 Tencent has a market capitalization of $471.66 Billion..
The biggest technological computer operated companies have the
resources and expertise to both acquire startups and also to invest heavily in
AI research and development. But another advantage is the access to large
amounts of data, which is crucial for training AI models and the ability to scale
and commercialize their AI products and services.
With significant advancements in machine learning, natural language
processing, and computer vision, Artificial intelligence has finally emerged as
a key technology in the 5th industrial revolution. These advancements have
led to the development of AI systems that can perform tasks that were
previously thought to be the exclusive domain of humans, such as image and
speech recognition, language translation, and decision-making.

Figure 3. Apple was founded by Steve Jobs, Ronald Wayne, and Steve
Wozniak in 1976. Apple is a global technology corporation specializing in
consumer devices, software, and online services. In March 2023 Apple had a
market capitalization of $2.6 Trillion, making Apple the world's most valuable
company.

In the period 2015-2019, the number of businesses utilizing AI services

increased by 270%, and this number is still growing. Businesses understand
the capabilities of AI and exploit it in order to stay ahead of the competition. AI

8
systems would eventually evolve into stand alone systems, like robots or
expert systems, was prevalent thirty years ago. But the majority of AI
applications today combine different technologies making it more possible to
be applied across several sectors. [https://hackernoon.com/tech-giants-are-in-
a-race-to-dominate-the-ai-frontier ].

Figure 4. Siri is Apple’s AI-enabled assistant that is available across Apple

devices and aims to help users with daily tasks. Siri, the first virtual personal
assistant, was the result of decades of artificial intelligence research in
collaboration with EPFL, the Swiss Institute of Technology. Siri is an easy
way to make calls, send texts, use apps, and get things done with just your
voice.

In the period 2014-2021, there has been a consistent rise in the

amount of money invested annually in new businesses that are operating in
the artificial intelligence (AI) market. Approximately 36 billion dollars in
investment went toward AI startups in 2020. This amount was surpassed and
rose to 38 billion US dollars in just the first half of 2021.

Figure 5. Amazon Alexa and Echo speakers. Alexa is a virtual personal

assistant. Amazon now wants to offer users better compatibility with even
more smart home products. Alexa and Siri, Amazon and Apple's digital voice
assistants, are much more than a convenient tool—they are very real
applications of artificial intelligence.

9
 Artificially intelligent systems can perform tasks commonly associated
with human cognitive functions. AI systems can work as interpreting speech,
playing games and identifying patterns. They typically learn how to do so by
processing massive amounts of data, looking for patterns to model in their
own decision-making. In many cases, humans will supervise an AI’s learning
process, reinforcing good decisions and discouraging bad ones.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) market and popularity is soaring

In the last decade the function and popularity of Artificial Intelligence
(AI) are soaring. AI applications have significantly evolved over the past few
years and have found their applications in almost every business and
scientific sector.2
The global Artificial Intelligence (AI) Market size generated USD
95.60 billion in 2021 and is projected to generate USD 1,847.58 billion by
2030, witnessing a CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of 32.9% from
2022 to 2030. [https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2023/02/16/
2609849/0/en/Global-Artificial-Intelligence-AI-Market-to-Generate-USD-1847-
58-Billion-by-2030- ]. The global artificial intelligence (AI) market reached a
value of around 1.2 trillion USD$ in 2020. The market is further expected to
grow at a CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) of about 23% in the
forecast period of 2023-2028 to reach a value of about USD 6 trillion by 2026.
[EMR, Expert Market Research, Offices USA-Clnada and UK
https://www.expertmarketresearch.com/reports/artificial-intelligence-
market#:~:text=The%20global%20artificial%20intelligence%20market,USD%
206%20trillion%20by%202026 . ].
In the forecast period of 2023-2028, North America is expected to be
the largest artificial intelligence market. One of the primary growth drivers in
the regional market for artificial intelligence (AI) is the rising investment by
major technology companies in developing AI for various applications in a
wide range of industries. The EMR (Expert Market Research, USA-Canada)
report gives a detailed analysis of the following key players in the global
artificial intelligence market, covering their competitive landscape, capacity,

10
and latest developments like mergers, acquisitions, and investments,
expansions of capacity, and plant turnarounds:
Google LLC, Microsoft Corporation, IBM Corporation, Intel Corporation, Cisco
Systems, Inc., Apple Inc., NVIDIA Corporation, Others. 3

DeepMind , a special case of AI research laboratory

DeepMind Technologies is a British artificial intelligence research
laboratory founded in 2010, and now a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. DeepMind
uses neural networks and machine learning to crack a broad range of
problems, from protein folding to the game Go.

DeepMind was acquired by Google (Alphabet) in 2014 for around $600

million. DeepMind is a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. the parent company of
Google and relies on a steady stream of capital from parent firm Alphabet.
[What is Deepmind? 22.11.2022 https://www.livescience.com/what-is-
deepmind]
DeepMind is an artificial intelligence technology that uses machine
learning to solve problems that computers haven't traditionally been able to
tackle, such as beating humans at the game Go and predicting the myriad
ways (3-D structures) in which proteins can fold themselves into functional
shapes. DeepMind's technology is already used in real-world applications. For
example, it plays a role in slashing energy use at computing data centers and
optimizing phone battery life. In September 2022, scientists from DeepMind
won the $3 million Breakthrough Prize for their work on the protein-prediction
program AlphaFold. The Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences is a scientific
award established in 2013, funded by internet entrepreneurs Mark Zuckerberg
and Priscilla Chan of Facebook; Sergey Brin of Google and others.

11
 The advantage of DeepMind's machine-learning algorithms is that they
can be used for all sorts of processes. DeepMind's algorithms can teach
themselves to play Atari games and beat humans in Go, a stunningly complex
strategy game that involves capturing territory on a gridded board using the
placement of black-and-white pieces.

Figure 6. Google’s DeepMind Artificial Intelligence won a landmark victory

over Go world champion Lee Se-dol (2016). Go is a board game substantially
more complex than chess, has long been considered a penultimate challenge
for AI. Where brute-force calculations give computers an edge in chess, Go
has a near-infinite number of possible board positions. Computer power was
not enough to defeat human intuition. These games demonstrate the depth of
the AI's ability to learn.

DeepMind has since moved to tackling more and more real-world and
scientific problems that caused great difficulties for their solutions. These
range from generating new pure-mathematics conjectures, which could speed
the progress of theoretical mathematics, to unraveling the likely 3D-structures
of every protein known from nature. This was the most important biochemistry
problem. To solve the primary 3D-structure of a protein as defined by the
sequence of amino acids linked together to form a polypeptide chain. X-ray
techniques in the past were very difficult and cumbersome.
The protein work, completed by the Breakthrough Prize-winning
program AlphaFold, represented a massive change in the field of proteomics,
the study of proteins. Proteins twist themselves into an array of shapes, but
predicting how these internal structures will form is slow, painstaking work.
Until AlphaFold, scientists had to freeze and image proteins using a method
called X-ray crystallography. Decades of work had yielded structures for about

12
190,000 proteins. Within about a year, AlphaFold made predictions for 200
million protein structures.

Figure 7. DeepMind created the most complete database of predicted 3D

protein structures. In 2021 announced its partnership with the European
Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Europe’s flagship laboratory for the life
sciences, to make the most complete and accurate database yet of predicted
protein structure models for the human proteome. [Advances Science News,
https://www.advancedsciencenews.com/deepmind-used-to-create-the-most-
complete-database-of-predicted-3d-protein-structures/ ].

DeepMind's technology is used at Google's data centers, to control the

cooling of equipment while minimizing energy usage. The DeepMind product
WaveNet controls the voice of Google Assistant. In 2022, researchers at the
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL) reported that, in
collaboration with DeepMind, they'd tested the company's AI to shape
hydrogen plasma inside a fusion reactor. This is a step toward using nuclear
fusion as an energy source. Researchers are also working on applying
algorithms to self-driving cars, sports analysis, and medical diagnoses.

Artificial Intelligence applications: Benefits of Risk?

Since the inception of Artificial Intelligence (AI), there has been a
debate among scientists about practical applications of AI to various fields
and as to whether it is the ultimate approach to propel human society to new
heights of success. Others think that artificial intelligence will lead humans
down a dark path toward self-destruction. But most scientists think that AI will
play pivotal and positive role in the world in which we live.
Throughout humanity’s history we have reserved the word intelligent
for uniquely human skills and assets, for example, recognizing a familiar face,

13
solving a mathematical problem, mastering a musical instrument. In the last
50 years, however, this fact has changed dramatically. Most recent
technological revolutions have introduced a vast range of emerging scientific
innovations, one of which has been labeled AI, as an advanced field of
computer sciences for the development of dynamic systems.
In the beginning of 2023 an open letter made public (29.3.2023)
with more than 1,100 signatories (scientists, well known technologists and
CEOs, Chief Executive Officers of leading corporations). The signatories
were Elon Musk (CEO of Tesla) and Steve Wozniak (Apple cofounder)
and other prominent technologists and artificial intelligence (AI)
researchers, who have signed the open letter calling for a six-month
moratorium on the development of advanced AI systems.

[Fortune 29.3.2023, Elon Musk and Apple cofounder Steve Wozniak among
over 1,100 who sign open letter calling for 6-month ban on creating powerful AI.
https://fortune.com/2023/03/29/elon-musk-apple-steve-wozniak-over-
1100-sign-open-letter-6-month-ban-creating-powerful-ai/ ].

Among the 1,100 signatories of the letter included Emad Mostaque,

the founder and CEO of Stability AI, the company that helped create the
popular Stable Diffusion text-to-image generation model, and Connor
Leahy, the CEO of Conjecture, another AI laboratory. Evan Sharp, a
cofounder of Pinterest, and Chris Larson, a cofounder of cryptocurrency
company Ripple, have also signed. Deep learning pioneer and Turing
Award–winning computer scientist Yoshua Bengio signed too. The letter
urges technology companies ―to immediately cease training any AI
systems that would be more powerful than GPT-4,‖ which is the latest
large language processing AI developed by San Francisco company
OpenAI. The letter does not say exactly how the ―power‖ of a model
should be defined, but in recent AI advances, capability has tended to be
correlated to an AI model’s size and the number of specialized computer
chips needed to train it.
Technological research company OpenAI has just released an
updated version of its text-generating artificial intelligence (AI) programme,
called GPT-4 (Generative Pre-trained Transformer), and demonstrated some
of the language model’s new abilities. Not only can GPT-4 produce more

14
natural-sounding text and solve problems more accurately than its
predecessor. It can also process images in addition to text. But the AI is still
vulnerable to some of the same problems that plagued earlier GPT models:
displaying bias, overstepping the guardrails intended to prevent it from saying
offensive or dangerous things and ―hallucinating,‖ or confidently making up
falsehoods not found in its training data. GPT= Generative Pre-trained
Transformer

Figure 8. In 14.3.2023 the AI company OpenAI released its latest, GPT-4.

The system can pass the bar exam, solve logic puzzles, and even give its
user a recipe to use up leftovers based on a photo of his/her fridge , but its
creators warn it can also spread fake facts, embed dangerous ideologies, and
even trick people into doing tasks on its behalf. OpenAI is the company
behind ChatGPT and the Dall-E AI artist.

Most researchers agree that a super-intelligent Artificial Intelligence

(AI) is unlikely to exhibit human emotions like love or hate, and that there is no
reason to expect AI to become intentionally benevolent or malevolent.
Prof Stephen Hawking (theoretical cosmologist, Cambridge University),
one of Britain's pre-eminent scientists, has said (in 2014) that efforts to create
thinking machines pose a threat to our very existence. Elon Musk (Tesla,
Tech billionaire), Steve Wozniak (Apple cofounder), Bill Gates (Microsoft), and
many other big names in science and technology have recently expressed
concern in the media and via open letters about the risks posed by AI, joined
by many leading AI researchers. Why is the subject suddenly in the headlines
from people working in the field ?.
The idea that the quest for strong AI would ultimately succeed was long
thought of as science fiction, centuries or more away. However, thanks to
recent breakthroughs, many AI milestones, which experts viewed as decades
away merely five years ago, have now been reached, making many experts

15
take seriously the possibility of super-intelligence in our lifetime. While some
experts still guess that human-level AI is centuries away, most AI researches
at the 2015 Puerto Rico Conference guessed that it would happen before
2060. Since it may take decades to complete the required safety research, it
is prudent to start it now.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) Practical Applications

AI applications in E-Commerce
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been deployed in the e-commerce and
financial industries, to achieve better customer experience, efficient supply
chain management, improved operational efficiency, with the main goal of
designing standard, reliable product quality control methods and the search
for new ways of reaching and serving customers while maintaining low cost.
Machine learning and deep learning are two of the most often used AI
approaches.4,5
Personalized shopping. Artificial Intelligence technology is used to create
recommendation engines through which you can engage better with your
customers. These recommendations are made in accordance with their
browsing history, preference, and interests. It helps in improving your relationship
with your customers and their loyalty towards your brand.

AI-powered assistants. Virtual shopping assistants and chatbots can help

improve the user experience while shopping online.
AI-Fraud prevention. Credit card frauds and fake reviews are two of the most
significant issues that E-Commerce companies deal with. Artificial Intelligence can
help reduce the possibility of credit card fraud taking place.

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Applications of AI in Education
According to UNESCO (United Nations Education, Scientific and
Cultural Organization), Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to address
some of the biggest challenges in education today, innovate teaching and
learning practices, and accelerate progress towards SDG 4 (Sustainable
Global Goals 4, equitable quality education and lifelong learning opportunities
for all). This goal ensures that all girls and boys complete free primarInclusive
Education for All). But educational experts suggest that rapid technological
developments inevitably bring multiple risks and challenges, which have so far
outpaced policy debates and regulatory frameworks. UNESCO is committed
to supporting Member States to harness the potential of AI technologies for
achieving the Education 2030 Agenda, while ensuring that its application in
educational contexts is guided by the core principles of inclusion and equity.
Artificial Intelligence’ s role is to address current inequalities in
education, regarding access to knowledge, research and the diversity of
cultural expressions and to ensure AI does not widen the technological divide.

Figure 6. Although the education sector is the one most influenced by

humans, Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies have slowly begun to intrude
into the education sector in various areas of teaching in the last decade.

The slow transition of applications of AI in the education sector has

helped increase productivity among faculties and helped them concentrate
more on students than office or administration work. Personalized learning,
plagiarism detection (on essays in various subjects which are obligatory to
pass certain lesson in universities) and 24/7 tutoring access are just a few

17
ways AI enhances the classroom experience for both students and teachers
with highly specialized subjects.6,7
The applications of AI in education has created new opportunities for
designing productive learning activities and developing better technology-
enhanced learning applications. However, it remains a challenge for most
researchers and practitioners from the fields of both computers and education
to implement relevant activities or systems. The challenges of developing
intelligent tutoring systems and adaptive learning systems are not only
computer programming skills, but also techniques of simulating the
intelligence of human experts. The latter include the knowledge and
experience of human tutors for making judgments and decisions based on the
best available evidence to help solve individual learners’ problems and help
them learn better.8

AI application in administrative tasks automated to aid educators

Artificial Intelligence can help educators with non-educational tasks like
task-related duties like facilitating and automating personalized messages to
students, back-office tasks like grading paperwork, arranging and facilitating
parent and guardian interactions, routine issue feedback facilitating, managing
enrollment, courses, and other topics.
AI-Creating smart educational content for lessons
Digitization of content like video lectures, conferences, and textbook guides
can be made using Artificial Intelligence. Educators can apply different
interfaces like animations and learning content through customization for
students from different grades. Artificial Intelligence helps create a rich
learning experience by generating and providing audio and video summaries
and integral lesson plans.
AI-Teaching Voice Assistants
Without even the direct involvement of the lecturer or the teacher, a student
can access extra learning material or assistance through Voice Assistants.
Through this, printing costs of temporary handbooks and also provide
answers to very common questions easily.

18
AI-Personalized Learning
Using top AI technologies, hyper-personalization techniques can be used to
monitor students’ data thoroughly, and habits, lesson plans, reminders, study
guides, flash notes, frequency or revision, etc., can be easily generated.
AI-Creating smart educational materials content

Digitization of content like video lectures, conferences, and textbook guides

can be made using Artificial Intelligence. Educators can apply different
interfaces like animations and learning content through customization for
students from different grades. Already, computer programmes have
contributed to share knowledge with students. AI can take classroom
discussions online, break down complex subjects for students, and shake it
up with new types of assignments. Educators can write a discussion for their
students to explore, and set out content in a clear and easy format. AI can link
to additional sources and reading, challenge students to add arguments or
question concepts.

Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Lifestyle

Artificial Intelligence has a lot of influence on human lifestyle. There are
many aspects of human lifestyles where AI technology is sure will transform in
the future of our lifestyle and work. At present there is a blurred line for AI
applications, between its positive and negative effects.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology and its related applications has
already become part of human life in ways that we could not even think of a
century ago. With the exponential growth of AI in the past decades, our
routines have changed beyond measures due to robotics and AI that are used

19
in a wide array of day-today services. Despite AI being at its infancy, we have
already been benefited immensely.8

AI and spam filters of daily e-mails

The e-mail that we use in our day-to-day lives has AI that filters out
spam emails sending them to spam or trash folders, letting us see the filtered
content only. The popular email provider, Gmail, has managed to reach a
filtration capacity of approximately 99.9%.
AI and facial recognition
Phones, laptops, and personal computers use facial recognition
techniques by using face filters to detect and identify in order to provide
secure access. Apart from personal usage, facial recognition is a widely used
AI application even in high security-related areas in several industries.

AI and recommendation system

Various platforms that scientists and common people use in their daily
lives like e-commerce, entertainment websites, social media, video sharing
platforms, like youtube, etc., all use the recommendation system to get user
data and provide customized recommendations to users to increase
engagement. This is a very widely used AI application in almost all industries.

20
Artificial intelligence and Autonomous Vehicles

Autonomous vehicles are starting to become a real possibility in some

parts of car industry. Agriculture, transportation and military are some of the
examples. The day when we are going to see autonomous vehicles in
everyday life for the regular consumer is quickly approaching. Many of the
operations that vehicles have to perform are based on sensor information and
some AI algorithms. Vehicles need to collect data, plan their trajectory and
execute the trajectory. These tasks, especially the last two require non-
traditional programming approaches and rely on machine learning techniques,
which are part of AI.

Applications of AI in Navigation

Based on research from MIT (famous Massachusetts Institute of

Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA), the GPS technology was developed by
the U.S. Department of Defense in 1973. The GPS is Global Positioning
System, originally Navstar, a satellite-based radionavigation system owned by
the United States government and operated by the United States Space
Force. This technology can provide users with accurate, timely, and detailed
information geolocation in any part of the Earth.
GPS is one of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that
provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or
near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more
GPS satellites. It does not require the user to transmit any data, and operates
independently of any telephonic or Internet reception, though these
technologies can enhance the usefulness of the GPS positioning information.
21
It provides positioning capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users.
Although the USA government created, controls and maintains the GPS
system, it is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.

Figure 7. There are four global GNSS systems: GPS (US), GLONASS
(Russia), Galileo (EU), BeiDou (China). Additionally, there are two regional
systems – QZSS (Japan) and IRNSS or NavIC (India). All GPS work in the
same way.

The GPS technology uses a combination of Convolutional Neural

Networks and Graph Neural Networks, which makes lives easier for users by
automatically detecting the number of lanes and road types behind
obstructions on the roads. AI is heavily used by Uber and many logistics
companies to improve operational efficiency, analyze road traffic, and
optimize routes.

[**The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) was developed

contemporaneously with GPS, but suffered from incomplete coverage of the globe
until the mid-2000s. GLONASS reception in addition to GPS can be combined in a
receiver thereby allowing for additional satellites available to enable faster position
fixes and improved accuracy, to within two meters.
[China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System began global services in 2018, and
finished its full deployment in 2020. There are also the European Union Galileo
navigation satellite system, and India's NavIC. Japan's Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
(QZSS) is a GPS satellite-based augmentation system to enhance GPS's accuracy
in Asia-Oceania, with satellite navigation independent of GPS scheduled for 2023. ]

Applications of AI in Robotics

Robotics is another field where Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications

are commonly used for a long time. Robots powered by AI use real-time

22
updates to sense obstacles in its path and pre-plan its journey instantly and
perform various tasks.
Artificial Intelligence and automotive industry
Robots have been used in automotive assembly lines for over 50
years. Automakers are using robotics in a great variety of manufacturing
processes. Why robots? They are efficient and dependable in production lines
in industry. They also bring supply chain automation to the automotive
industry and make it one of the largest users of robots.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has redefining the automotive industry.
Organizations in the automotive industry are realizing the need to leverage
advanced algorithms and computational structures, innovative testing and
validation platforms, integrated cockpit solutions, and 5G network adoption
and application deployment for building their next generation mobility
services. As a result, mergers and acquisitions focused on acquiring AI
capabilities is on the rise in the auto manufacturing sector.

Figure 8. The automakers use robots for the last 50 years Automakers are
using robotics in a great variety of manufacturing processes with the help of
computer programmes and AI involvement.

Human society needs robots for dangerous, repetitive and high-

precision work. Robots perform tasks in hostile environments that are
impossible for humans, while also carrying out repetitious tasks with speed
and accuracy. Without robots, our modern industrialized world would not be
possible. The world needs robots for hazardous jobs and automated
manufacturing. Robots are employed in roles ranging from cleaning up
dangerous waste and chemical spills to disarming bombs and protecting

23
soldiers in the field. Robots also provide a level of precision that is unmatched
by the human hand, and one which is repeatable over indefinite time frames.
These characteristics make them ideal for precision cutting, welding and
assembly processes. Robots are also revolutionizing medical procedures,
allowing many types of surgery to be performed with non-invasive, out-patient
procedures, as opposed to traditional procedures requiring longer recovery
times. Medical robots are now so advanced that they are being employed in
brain, heart and eye surgeries, allowing doctors to treat conditions that were
previously only possible through treatments.
AI programmed Robots were already introduced to carry goods in
hospitals, factories, and warehouses. Domestic robots, also known as
personal service robots or companion robots, are designed to help with
household tasks. They perform a variety of tasks, such as cleaning, laundry,
and providing care for elderly or disabled people. One example of a domestic
robot is the Roomba vacuum cleaner robot. It is a small, autonomous cleaning
robot that can be programmed to clean floors, carpets, and rugs. Roombas
have been used in homes around the world since 2002. Today there are
several different models available from iRobot and other companies.
The Wakamaru robot (Mitsubishi), was designed to provide
companionship for elderly people who live alone or who have difficulty getting
around.

Figure 9. Wakamaru can perform Face recognition, Basic manual tasks,

Good listener (voice recognition capabilities), Good verbal skills with
customers (vocabulary of 10,000 words), Sings cheerful songs, Escort visitors
to different destinations within your office building.

With its small size and friendly face, the Wakamaru has been
described as an ―ultra-compact helper robot.‖ It uses sensors and AI to

24
monitor its users’ health, behavior, and location. If a problem is detected,
Wakamaru can contact a carer or family member for help. 9

Applications of AI in Human Resources

Recruiting of personnel in a company with the help of Artificial

Intelligence is a process that it is used extensively. AI helps with blind hiring.
Using machine learning software, you can examine applications based on
specific parameters. AI drive systems can scan job candidates' profiles, and
resumes to provide recruiters an understanding of the talent pool they must
choose from. Recruiting has always been a time-consuming, repetitive
process. For example, many companies have used AI to quickly process large
amounts of data to improve efficiency, accuracy, and productivity. In its
simplest terms, AI is really just automation that allows us to solve big,
complex, repeatable problems with quality results. AI is there to better
illuminate the path to get there. Automation capabilities and benefits can be
applied to recruiting processes, especially for repetitive, high-volume functions
such as screening, sourcing and scheduling. AI-powered technology is meant
to speed up time-consuming manual processes so recruiters can focus on
more valuable initiatives during the hiring process.
A study found that 46% of companies struggle with finding and
attracting the right candidates for their open positions. AI programmes can
search online resumes and social profiles to find the best candidates for each
job based on specific traits. They can also relay personalized messages to
promising candidates and do it in scale. AI is being taught to overcome
human biases during sourcing and screening. The key is teaching the
program on data that presents as gender-neutral and training it to ignore other
identifying information that might trigger biased decisions. Once your AI
program sources and contacts candidates, AI in hiring process can lead them
through the recruiting funnel quickly and efficiently, ensuring the candidate
experience goes smoothly. Recruiter chatbots can provide real-time answers
to candidate questions, offer quick feedback and suggest next steps. They
can provide links to promising job descriptions, clarify company hours and
location, and schedule interviews.10

25
Applications of AI in Healthcare

Artificial Intelligence finds diverse applications in the healthcare sector.

From chronic diseases, like cancer, to radiology, AI is being leveraged to
deploy efficient and precise inventions that will help take care of patients
suffering from the diseases.

Figure 10. Artificial intelligence (AI) is instrumental as one of the most

effective solutions in modern-day healthcare technology. In 2021, the global
market size of this innovation in the medical field was valued at $10.4 billion.
Within which clinical trial applications and robot assisted surgery accounted
for the largest revenue shares.

AI provides several advantages over traditional methods of analytics

and making clinical decisions. AI algorithms make the systems more precise
as they get the opportunity to understand training data, which furthers helps
humans get unprecedented insights into treatment variability, care processes,
diagnostics, and patient results. More applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
are used in the last decade in healthcare to build sophisticated machines that
can detect diseases and identify cancer cells.
AI can help analyze chronic conditions with laboratory and other
medical data to ensure early diagnosis. AI uses the combination of historical
data and medical intelligence for the discovery of new drugs. Also, healthcare
organizations deal with myriads of medical data. From patient medical history
to insurance documents, there’s no shortage of information that needs to be
taken into account when running a medical facility. AI can make things easier
by going through large volumes of data at the fraction of the speed that
humans usually require, simplifying various operational tasks and boosting
overall workflow efficiencies. AI in healthcare contributes in the improvement
of patient care. And, by developing a comprehensive, AI-enabled digital

26
infrastructure, medical organizations can speed up and increase the accuracy
of diagnostics to provide better personal medical advice. Thus, resulting in
fewer errors and lower risks to patients.11

Figure 11. Healthcare is a front runner in adopting new AI technologies &

innovations. Artificial Intelligence, has significant advancements over the
past few years in Healthcare.

Deep learning AI can be used to help detect diseases faster, provide

personalized treatment plans and even automate certain processes such as
drug discovery or diagnostics. It also holds promise for improving patient
outcomes, increasing safety and reducing costs associated with healthcare
delivery. The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare has been
groundbreaking, reshaping the way medics diagnose, treat and monitor
patients. It all began with IBM's Watson artificial intelligence system (2011),
which was developed to answer questions accurately and quickly. Today,
alongside IBM, other technological giants like Apple, Microsoft and Amazon
are increasingly investing in AI technologies for the healthcare sector.
Pharmaceutical & biotechnological companies, MedTech, and
startups are actively working to deliver innovative AI products across
segments such as patient monitoring, drug discovery, preclinical
experiments, clinical trials, genomics, and early diagnosis & detection tools.
AI-based robot-assisted surgeries, cybersecurity, patient management, and
fraud detection are other areas in which AI is making significant progress.12.

27
 Some of the most pressing challenges in healthcare AI include data
privacy and security, patient safety and accuracy, training algorithms to
recognize patterns in medical data, integrating AI with existing IT systems,
gaining physician acceptance and trust, and ensuring compliance with
federal regulations.13

Applications of AI in Agriculture

Artificial Intelligence is used to identify defects and nutrient deficiencies

in the soil. This is done using computer vision, robotics, and machine learning
applications, AI can analyze where weeds are growing and AI bots can help to
harvest crops at a higher volume and faster pace than human labourers. The
use of AI in agriculture is helping farmers to improve crop yields, reduce
costs, and minimize the impact of their operations on the environment. The
use of artificial intelligence (AI) in agriculture is aimed at improving the
productivity, efficiency, and sustainability of the industry. AI technologies are
used to gather, analyze, and interpret large amounts of data related to crop
growth, soil conditions, weather patterns, and livestock health.

Figure 12. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been making significant strides in
recent years and is rapidly transforming numerous sectors and in particular
agriculture. The use of AI in agriculture is helping farmers to improve crop
yields, reduce costs, and minimize the impact of their operations on the
environment. Also, reduce use of fresh water.

The applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in agriculture aimed at

improving the productivity, efficiency, and sustainability of the industry. AI
technologies are used to gather, analyze, and interpret large amounts of data

28
related to crop growth and productivity yields, soil conditions, weather
patterns, and livestock health.14
Water, food and energy form a Nexus at the heart of sustainable
development on Earth. Agriculture is the largest consumer of the world’s
freshwater resources (which is only 1% of the total water on Earth), and water
is used to produce most forms of energy. Demand for all three is increasing
rapidly with the increased population and better ways of life.
Agriculture is the foundation of the world’s economy. There is an
estimation that the world will need to produce 50% more food by 2050 due to
increase in the population. The top agricultural producing countries in the
World are: China the world's biggest producer, importer, and consumer of
food in the world. India. India is the second-largest food producer in the world
in terms of total calorie content. The United States is the 3rd biggest food
producer and 4th is Brazil. Also, the United States is the top exporter of
agricultural products with $118.3 billion in exports as of 2019. In 2021,
agriculture, food, and related industries contributed roughly $1.264 trillion to U.S.
gross domestic product (GDP) which is the 5.4% of U.S. GDP (gross domestic
product) and provided 10.5% of U.S. employment;

Agricultural Robots: Companies are developing and programming

autonomous robots to handle essential agricultural tasks such as weed
control, planting seeds, harvesting, environmental monitoring and soil analysis
at a higher volume and faster pace than humans.
Crop and Soil Monitoring: Companies are investing in computer vision and
Deep Learning algorithms to process data captured by drones or by software
based technology, to identify possible defects and nutrient deficiencies in the
soil and correct them with special mechanisms.

29
Predictive Analytics: Machine learning models are developed to track and
predict various environmental impacts on crop yield such as weather and
climate change.
Automated Irrigation System: One of the major drawbacks of conventional
irrigation systems is water wastage. With the help of AI and advanced
technology, many companies have developed a sensor based smart irrigation
system for optimal water usage.
In southern European countries such as Greece, Italy, Portugal,
Cyprus, Spain and southern France, the arid or semi-arid conditions
necessitate the use of irrigation. In these areas, nearly 80% of water is used
in agriculture. In Greece, agriculture uses 80% of fresh water of the country
every year. [ European Environment Agency, water in agriculture, 11.5.2022,
https://www.eea.europa.eu/ articles/water-for-agriculture#:~:text=In......].

In this system, soil moisture and temperature sensors interact directly

with embedded components on the field and take care of required water
distribution among crops without farmer’s interaction. This system helps to
maintain the desired soil, water range in the root zone optimal for plant
growth. There are several types of such irrigation systems: Closed Loop
System based on a predefined irrigation scheme the control system takes
over and makes detailed decisions on when and how much water to apply.
Open Loop System: is based on the amount of water to be applied and the
timing of the irrigation. Time based System: works with time clock
controllers. Drone Technology: in agriculture is already an essential part in
precision farming operations. The data collected from drones help farmers in
achieving the best possible yields. Some of the areas where drone
technologies are used in agriculture. Monitoring field conditions: Drones
are used to monitor the health of soil and field conditions. They can provide

30
accurate field mapping, including elevation information that allows farmers to
find any irregularities in the field. This information is useful in determining
drainage patterns and wet/dry spots.

Product spraying and fertilization: Drones are capable of spraying plants

with much more precision than a conventional tractor. Yamaha RMAX is the
first drone weighing more than 55 kilos to carry fertilizer and pesticide tanks to
spray plants. This helps to reduce cost and pesticide exposure to workers
who need to spray plants manually. Security: Drone security is being used in
farm management. Drone cameras are used to provide an overview of farm
operations throughout the day to ensure operations are running smoothly.
Monitoring remote areas, which used to take hours of walking can now be
monitored in a few minutes with the help of drone cameras.
Challenges in AI adoption in agriculture
Though Artificial Intelligence provides huge opportunities for application in the
agriculture sector, there is still a lack of familiarity of high-tech machine
learning solutions in farms across most parts of the world. AI based robots
cost a lot of money in research and development and they also need
maintenance to keep them running smoothly. AI systems need a lot of data to
train machines and to make precise predictions. In case of wide agricultural
land, though spatial data can be gathered easily, temporal data is hard to get.
For example, most of the crop-specific data can be obtained only once in a
year when the crops are growing. Since the data infrastructure takes time to
mature, it requires a significant amount of time to build a robust machine
learning model. It is obvious that AI technology will be helpful in predicting
critical problems in agriculture. Like weather and other conditions related to
agriculture like land quality, groundwater, crop cycle, and plant disease

31
detection. However, agriculture cannot be totally dependent on AI as they
cannot work outside of what they were programmed for. Also, farmers
especially in rural areas lack the technical knowhow and awareness about the
existence of such technologies. As more awareness is created and
technologies become accessible to the average farmer, there is a future
where agriculture can be semi-autonomous.15

Applications of AI in self-driving vehicles

Self-driving vehicles use AI and combined sensors and software to
control, navigate, and drive the vehicle automatically. While design details
vary, most self-driving systems create and maintain an internal map of their
surroundings, based on a wide array of sensors, like radar. Various self-
driving technologies have been developed by Google, Uber, Tesla, Nissan,
and other major automakers, researchers, and technology companies.
Artificial Intelligence is used to build self-driving vehicles. AI can be
used along with the vehicle’s camera, radar, cloud services, GPS, and control
signals to operate the vehicle. AI can improve the in-vehicle experience and
provide additional systems like emergency braking, blind-spot monitoring, and
driver-assist steering.

The convergence of AI and self-driving (autonomous) vehicles is a big

step for both the automobile industry and the AI industry. Artificial Intelligence
holds, but one of the most well-known topics related to AI potential is that of
autonomous driving. In recent years, major progress has been made by
companies like Tesla, Waymo, and Alibaba towards the creation of fully
autonomous vehicles powered by AI.16,17,18

32
Applications of AI in social media
In the last decades people increasingly use Social Media (SM)
platforms such as Instagram, Twitter and Facebook for every day
communication. Also SM are used during disasters and emergencies to post
situational updates including reports. Information on SM comes in many
forms, such as textual messages, images, and videos.
Instagram, On Instagram, AI considers your likes and the accounts you
follow to determine what posts you are shown on your explore tab.

Facebook, Artificial Intelligence is also used along with a tool called DeepText.
With this tool, Facebook can understand conversations better. It can be used to
translate posts from different languages automatically.
Twitter , AI is used by Twitter for fraud detection, for removing propaganda,
and hateful content. Twitter also uses AI to recommend tweets that users
might enjoy, based on what type of tweets they engage with. 19

Applications of AI in the Marketing domain

Marketing is one of the areas of business operations where it is widely

predicted that artificial intelligence (AI) will drive enormous change. In fact, a
McKinsey study found that, along with sales, it is the single business function
where it will have the most financial impact. This means that if you’re a
marketer and you’re not using AI, you’re missing out on the benefits of what is
possibly the most transformational technology.
Google, and all of the other platforms that offer advertising functions
then allow businesses to target thousands of potential customers with multiple
different versions of advertising materials in order to measure and assess
their effectiveness. With traditional methods of advertising such as television,

33
newspapers and magazines, it’s very difficult to attribute sales growth to
advertising content, placement, or external factors. AI-driven advertising tools
and platforms make this a doddle – but are most effective when used as part
of a coordinated AI marketing strategy. 20
Using AI, marketers can deliver highly targeted and personalized ads
with the help of behavioral analysis, and pattern recognition in ML, etc. It also
helps with retargeting audiences at the right time to ensure better results and
reduced feelings of distrust and annoyance. AI can help with content
marketing in a way that matches the brand's style and voice. It can be used to
handle routine tasks like performance, campaign reports, and much more.
Chatbots powered by AI, Natural Language Processing, Natural Language
Generation, and Natural Language Understanding can analyze the user's
language and respond in the ways humans do. AI can provide users with real-
time personalizations based on their behaviour and can be used to edit and
optimize marketing campaigns to fit a local market's needs.

Applications of AI in Chatbots

A chatbot or chatterbot is a software application used to conduct an

online chat conversation via text or text-to-speech, in lieu of providing direct
contact with a live human agent. Chatbots are computer programs that are
capable of maintaining a conversation with a user in natural language,
understanding their intent, and replying based on preset rules and data.

AI chatbots are effective with the use of machine learning and can be
integrated in an array of websites and applications. AI chatbots can eventually
build a database of answers, in addition to pulling information from an
established selection of integrated answers. As AI continues to improve, these

34
chatbots can effectively resolve customer issues, respond to simple inquiries,
improve customer service, and provide 24/7 support in shops and help to
improve customer satisfaction.
Applications of AI in Banks and Business Finance
It has been reported that 80% of banks recognize the benefits that AI
can provide. Whether it’s personal finance, corporate finance, or consumer
finance, the highly evolved technology that is offered through AI can help to
significantly improve a wide range of financial services.

The banks and financial services sector represents 25% of the global
economy and its growth is essential to the future prosperity of families,
businesses and nations. The AI is a great help to banks and financial services
to be more efficient and secure from cypercrime. Banks with the use AI
models can provide customized financial advice, targeted product
recommendations, proactive fraud detection and short support wait times. AI
can guide customers through onboarding, verifying their identity, setting up
accounts and providing guidance on available products. Also, customers can
get help regarding wealth management solutions. Also, can easily get the
information they need through SMS text messaging or online chat, all AI-
powered. Artificial Intelligence can also detect changes in transaction patterns
and other potential red flags that can signify fraud, which humans can easily
miss, and thus saving businesses and individuals from significant loss.

AI applications in Astronomy
If there's one concept that has caught everyone by storm in this world
of advancing technology, it has to be the AI (Artificial Intelligence), without a
question. Artificial Intelligence (AI) has seen a wide range of applications

35
throughout the years, including healthcare, robotics, e-Commerce, and even
bank and market finance.

Astronomy, on the other hand, is a largely unexplored topic that is just

as intriguing and thrilling as the rest. When it comes to astronomy, one of the
most difficult problems is analyzing the data. As a result, astronomers are
turning to machine learning and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to create new tools.
Recently, a group of scientists used AI in a galaxy merger investigation to
establish that galaxy mergers were the primary force underlying starbursts.
Given the size of the collection, the researchers created a deep learning
system that trained itself to locate merging galaxies. According to one of the
astronomers, the advantage of Artificial Intelligence is that it improves the
study's repeatability. Finding the signals of the universe's most catastrophic
events is critical for astronomers.
Artificial Intelligence in Data Security

Many industry leaders (CEOs) employ AI for a variety of purposes,

including providing valued services and preparing their companies for the
future. Data security in a company is considered as one of the most
important assets of any technology-oriented firm. Data security is one of the
most prevalent and critical applications of AI. With confidential data ranging
from consumer data (such as credit card information) to organizational secrets
kept online, data security is vital for any institution to satisfy both legal and
operational duties. This work is now as difficult as it is vital, and many
businesses deploy AI-based security solutions to keep their data out of the
wrong hands. Because the world is smarter and more connected than ever
before, the function of AI in business is critical today. According to several

36
estimates, cyber attacks will get more tenacious over time, and security teams
will need to rely on AI solutions to keep systems and data under control.
ΑΙ Identifies unknown threats
Computer hackers and data breaches are one of the top concerns for
today’s business organizations. The costs of these breaches continue to
increase, with the average global cost of a single breach hovering at $3.62
million. Beyond the financial consequences of a breach, network security is
also hugely important for any business because an attack can compromise
the trust of company’s customers. [Cybersecurity Ventures, 2.1.2019
https://cybersecurityventures.com/60-percent-of-small-companies-close-
within-6-months-of-being-hacked/]. It is estimated that 60% of small
companies go out of business within 6 months of falling victim to a data
breach or cyber attack. Every year, computer hackers launch hundreds of
millions of assaults to business for a variety of reasons.
A human may not be able to recognize all of the hacking hazards that a
business confronts. Worse, they can have an impact before a person
responsible with security recognize, identify, and prevent them. As attackers
test different tactics ranging from malware assaults to sophisticated malware
assaults, contemporary solutions should be used to avoid them. Artificial
Intelligence (AI) has shown to be one of the most effective security solutions
for mapping and preventing unexpected threats from wreaking havoc on a
corporation.

AI-Flaw identification
AI can assist in detecting data overflow in a buffer. When programs consume
more data than usual, this is referred to as buffer overflow. Aside from the
fault caused by human triggers breaking crucial data. These blunders are also
observable by AI, and they are detected in real-time, preventing future
dangers. Also, AI can precisely discover cybersecurity weaknesses, faults,
and other problems using Machine Learning, which assists AI in identifying
questionable data provided by any application. Malware or virus used by
hackers to gain access to systems as well as steal data is carried out via
programming language flaws.

37
AI-Threat prevention
AI technology is constantly being developed by cyber security vendors. In its
advanced version, AI is designed to detect flaws in the system or even the
update. It’d instantly exclude anybody attempting to exploit those issues. AI
would be an outstanding tool for preventing any threat from occurring.
AI-Responding to threats
Various threats can enter a computer system and data collection. As
previously explained, AI can be used to detect unusual behaviour and create
an outline of viruses or malware. AI is currently taking appropriate action
against viruses or malware.
AI-recognize uncharacterised action
AI allows customers to detect unusual behaviour in a business computer
system. It is capable of detecting unusual behaviour by continually scanning a
system and gathering an appropriate amount of data. In addition, AI identifies
illegal access. When unusual behavior is identified, Artificial Intelligence
employs particular elements to determine whether it represents a genuine
threat or a fabricated warning. Machine Learning is used to help AI determine
what is and is not aberrant behaviour.

AI in travel and transportation

AI can play a crucial in transportation. AI can help cars, trains, ships, and
airplanes to function autonomously to making traffic flow smoother and make
different modes of transport safer, cleaner, smarter, and more efficient.
Artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to reduce the traffic congestion on roads
resulting in a smooth traffic flow in cities. AI traffic management systems can
be used by many smart cities around the world to control traffic flow and can
warn about dangerous spots in a certain road or route. Security threats and
any unforeseen occurrences in traffic can also be predicted by AI.
Artificial Intelligent technology has become a part of business daily
lives in recent years. And, as technology advances across society, new uses
of AI, notably in transportation, are becoming mainstream. This has created a
new market for firms and entrepreneurs to develop innovative solutions for
making public transportation more comfortable, accessible, and safe.

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AI-Heavy goods transportation
Networks HGV (heavy goods vehicles) which is called truck platooning, can
be extremely valuable for vehicle transport businesses or for moving other
large items. The lead vehicle in a truck platoon is steered by a human driver,
however, the human drivers in any other trucks drive passively, just taking the
wheel in exceptionally dangerous or difficult situations.
AI-Traffic management
Clogged city streets with traffic has become a big problem daily in many cities
worldwide. This problem is a key impediment to urban transportation all
around the world.

Cities throughout the world have enlarged highways, erected bridges, and
established other modes of transportation such as train travel, yet the
congested traffic problem persists. AI advancements in traffic management
can provide a genuine promise of changing the situation in congested cities of
the future. Intelligent traffic management may be used to enforce traffic
regulations and promote road safety. Already in China they China use AI
technologies such as predictive analysis, big data analysis, and a visual
search engine in order to track road networks in real-time and reduce
congestion.
AI-ride-sharing
Platforms like Uber and OLA leverage AI to improve user experiences by
connecting riders and drivers, improving user communication and messaging,
and optimizing decision-making.

39
AI-Route planning
AI-enabled route planning using predictive analytics may help both
businesses and people. Ride-sharing services already achieve this by
analyzing numerous real-world parameters to optimize route planning.

AI-enabled route planning is an important approach for businesses,

particularly logistics and shipping industries, to construct a more efficient
supply network by anticipating road conditions and optimizing vehicle routes.
Predictive analytics in route planning is the intelligent evaluation by a machine
of a number of road usage parameters such as congestion level, road
restrictions, traffic patterns, consumer preferences, and so on. Cargo logistics
companies, may use this technology to reduce delivery costs, accelerate
delivery times, and better manage assets and operations

AI-applications in manufacturing
Infusing AI into the manufacturing production experience allows companies to
benefit from smarter factories, boosting productivity and lowering costs. AI
may be utilized in manufacturing assembly, supply chain optimization,
employing robots on the manufacturing floor, improving performance using
sensors, and in post-production activities.
AI-efficiency in workplace and productivity
Artificial intelligence (AI) can improve the efficiency of a manufacturing
workplaces and can increase productivity. When AI takes over repetitive it
frees up the human workforce to undertake tasks that involve creativity and
increase job satisfaction. With better monitor and diagnostic capabilities, AI
can dramatically influence worker’s healthcare.

40
AI-work inspections and quality control
AI can improve work inspection and quality control. With AI, inspection of
manufacturing products may go digital.

How AI impacts on the future of work

While no one knows how Artificial Intelligence (AI) impacts the future of work,
scientists agree that AI is one of the world's most essential technologies
today. Artificial intelligence is already at work in our daily lives, influencing
everything from our search results to our online dating chances to how we
shop. According to data, using AI in several commercial areas has increased
substantially in the last decade. The big questions are if AI will result in a
permanent underclass of people who cannot find work because their jobs
have been automated? Will super-intelligent computers take over the planet
one day, leaving the humans who built them with little use? According to PwC
(Price Waterhouse Coopers, accounting/consulting firm) research, by the mid-
2030s, 1/3 of all employment will be at risk of being automated. The workforce
segment most likely to be affected will be individuals with a low level of
education.

Humans may appear to be swiftly overtaken in industries where AI is

becoming more extensively incorporated. However, humans are still capable
of doing a variety of complicated activities better than AI. For the time being,
tasks that demand creativity are beyond the capabilities of AI computers.
Furthermore, while natural language processing has advanced
significantly, AI is still not very adept at truly understanding the words that it
reads. While language is frequently predictable enough that AI can participate
in trustworthy communication in specific settings, unexpected phrases, irony,

41
or subtlety might confound it. Similarly, AI cannot yet demonstrate empathy or
critical reasoning. In comparison to AI, humans continue to excel in tasks that
demand these talents.
[**The term “empathy” is used to describe a wide range of experiences.
Emotion researchers generally define empathy as the ability to sense other
people's emotions, coupled with the ability to imagine what someone else
might be thinking or feeling.].

AI has advanced swiftly and has become an essential component of

our daily life. However, the day when AI will do everything for us and we will
be able to spend our days resting or learning for pleasure is still a long way
off. Artificial Intelligence still has to advance in areas such as language
processing, creativity, problem-solving, and subtlety comprehension. If you're
concerned that robots will take your job, build these qualities in yourself to
ensure that you'll be employable in the future.
Why Is AI used in automation? People leverage (the exertion of force by
means of a lever) the strength of Artificial Intelligence because the work they
need to carry out is rising on a daily basis. So automating everyday tasks is a
smart idea. This saves the organization's staff while also increasing output.
Furthermore, the organization may obtain competent individuals for the
company's development through the use of Artificial Intelligence.
Also, businesses nowadays believe that they wish to automate all regular and
ordinary tasks. And they believe they can automate such routine tasks using a
simple application. Because automation is becoming more widespread as
data science advances. This AI is most commonly used in online chat portals.
You've undoubtedly seen the welcome message when you visit the websites.
After that, the genuine talk generally begins.

Articles in Guardian and CNN on artificial intelligence

developments and ChatGPT

In 21/3/2023 Tom Gerken, technology reporter of Guardian published

his commentson AI.
“Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates says the development of artificial intelligence
(AI) is the most important technological advance in decades “.

42
 In a blog post on Tuesday, Bill Gates (Microsoft) called Artificial
Intelligence (AI) as fundamental as the creation of the microprocessor, the
personal computer, the Internet, and the mobile phone.
"It will change the way people work, learn, travel, get health care, and
communicate with each other," he said.
He was writing about the technology used by tools such as chatbot ChatGPT.
ChatGPT (Generative Pre-trained Transformer) was developed by OpenAI
(OpenAI is an American artificial intelligence (AI) research laboratory
consisting of the incorporated OpenAI Inc. OpenAI conducts AI research with
the declared intention of promoting and developing a friendly AI. OpenAI
systems run on an Azure-based supercomputing platform from Microsoft The
organization was founded in San Francisco, USA, in 2015 by Sam Altman,
Reid Hoffman, Jessica Livingston, Elon Musk, Ilya Sutskever, Peter Thiel and
others, who collectively pledged US$1 billion. Microsoft provided OpenAI LP
with a $1 billion investment in 2019 and a second multi-year investment in
January 2023, reported to be $10 billion, for exclusive access to GPT-4 which
would power its own Prometheus model for Bing.
ChatGPT is an AI chatbot which is programmed to answer questions online
using natural, human-like language. The team behind it in January 2023
received a multibillion dollar investment from Microsoft - where Mr Gates still
serves as an advisor. But it is not the only AI-powered chatbot available, with
Google recently introducing rival Bard.

Guardian 29/3/2023

“…Artificial intelligence (AI) could replace the equivalent of 300 million

full-time jobs, a report by investment bank Goldman Sachs says….”
“….It could replace a quarter of work tasks in the US and Europe but may also
mean new jobs and a productivity boom. And it could eventually increase the
total annual value of goods and services produced globally by 7%.....”
“…..Generative AI, able to create content indistinguishable from human work,
is "a major advancement", the report says.
Employment prospects. The government is keen to promote investment in AI
in the UK, which it says will "ultimately drive productivity across the economy",

43
and has tried to reassure the public about its impact. We want to make sure
that AI is complementing the way we work in the UK, not disrupting it - making
our jobs better, rather than taking them away," (UK, Technology Secretary
Michelle Donelan). The report notes AI's impact will vary across different
sectors - 46% of tasks in administrative and 44% in legal professions could be
automated but only 6% in construction 4% in maintenance.
BBC News has previously reported some artists' concerns AI image
generators could harm their employment prospects.
'Lower wages'. "The only thing I am sure of is that there is no way of knowing
how many jobs will be replaced by generative AI," Carl Benedikt Frey, future
of-work director at the Oxford Martin School, Oxford University, told BBC
News. "What ChatGPT does, for example, is allow more people with average
writing skills to produce essays and articles. ”"Journalists will therefore face
more competition, which would drive down wages, unless we see a very
significant increase in the demand for such work.‖
"Consider the introduction of GPS (Global Positioning System) technology
and platforms like Uber. Suddenly, knowing all the streets in London had
much less value - and so incumbent drivers experienced large wage cuts in
response, of around 10% according to our research. "The result was lower
wages, not fewer drivers. "Over the next few years, generative AI is likely to
have similar effects on a broader set of creative tasks".
'Pinch of salt' ―…According to research cited by the report, 60% of workers
are in occupations that did not exist in 1940. But other research suggests
technological change since the 1980s has displaced workers faster than it has
created jobs…‖
And if generative AI is like previous information-technology advances, the
report concludes, it could reduce employment in the near term. The long-term
impact of AI, however, was highly uncertain, chief executive of the Resolution
Foundation think tank Torsten Bell told BBC News, "so all firm predictions
should be taken with a very large pinch of salt".
"We do not know how the technology will evolve or how firms will integrate it
into how they work," he said.
"That's not to say that AI won't disrupt the way we work - but we should focus
too on the potential living-standards gains from higher-productivity work and

44
cheaper-to-run services, as well as the risk of falling behind if other firms and
economies better adapt to technological change."

Report in CNN 29/3/2023

“…. 300 million jobs could be affected by latest wave of AI, says
Goldman Sachs….”
“ As many as 300 million full-time jobs around the world could be
automated in some way by the newest wave of artificial intelligence that
has spawned platforms like ChatGPT, according to Goldman Sachs
economists.”
They predicted in a report that 18% of work globally could be
computerized, with the effects felt more deeply in advanced economies
than emerging markets. That’s partly because white-collar workers are
seen to be more at risk than manual laborers. Administrative workers and
lawyers are expected to be most affected, the economists said, compared
to the “little effect” seen on physically demanding or outdoor occupations,
such as construction and repair work.
―:…In the United States and Europe, approximately 2/3 of current
jobs ….―are exposed to some degree of AI automation,‖ and up to a 25% of
all work could be done by AI completely..‖, the bank estimates.
If generative artificial intelligence ―delivers on its promised capabilities, the
labour market could face significant disruption,‖ the economists wrote. The
term refers to the technology behind ChatGPT, the chatbot sensation that
has taken the world by storm.
“ The way we work is about to change “.
ChatGPT, which can answer prompts and write essays, has already
prompted many businesses to rethink how people should work every day.
A team of researchers found that generative AI run on large language models
may most likely impact educated, white-collar workers making up to $80,000 a
year (USA). Other jobs likely to be impacted by AI include financial analysts,
accountants, and writers.

45
Conclusions
It has been a dream for a long time for humans to create machines that
have the ability to take decisions on their own. While these thinking machines
are a staple for a lot of science fiction movies, fully sentient machines are still
a far-fetched dream. But we have progressed a lot in this field and right now
we are in a situation where we are constantly surrounded by examples of
"narrow AI" or "weak AI". These are machines or programs that can carry out
a simple or complex specific task by itself, and that too very efficiently.
1. Increase work efficiency. AI-powered machines are great at doing a
particular repetitive task with amazing efficiency. The simple reason is that
they remove human errors from their tasks to achieve accurate results every
time they do that specific task. Moreover, such machines can work 24X7,
unlike humans. Thus, they eliminate the need to deploy two sets of
employees working in day and night shifts to work on important tasks. For
example, AI-powered chat assistants can answer customer queries and
provide support to visitors every minute of the day and boost the sales of a
company.
2. Work with high accuracy. Scientists are working to teach artificial
intelligence powered machines to solve complex equations and perform
critical tasks on their own so that the results obtained have higher accuracy as
compared to their human counterparts. Their high accuracy has made these
machines indispensable to work in the medical field particularly, owing to the
criticality of the tasks. Robots are getting better at diagnosing serious
conditions and performing delicate surgeries to minimize the risk of human
lives.
3. Risk of AI . Although hailed as a boon for humanity by tech pundits, artificial
intelligence is feared by a lot of scientists and regular citizens alike. This fear has
made it to the silver screen several times in the form of movies depicting dystopian
futures created by AI machines that took over the planet. The most notable of these
is the Matrix and the Terminator.
4. AI is unsustainable. Intelligent machines have characteristically high
computing powers contributed by an array of several processers. These
computer chips have rare earth materials like Selenium as a major
constituent. Besides, the batteries of such machines run on Lithium, again a
46
rare element in earth’s crust. The increased mining of these materials is
irreversibly damaging our environment at a rapid pace. Moreover, they
consume huge amounts of power to function, that is putting severe pressure
on our power plants and again harming the environment.
5. Lesser Jobs. There is no doubt that machines do routine and repeatable
tasks much better than humans. Many businesses would prefer machines
instead of humans to increase their profitability.
Technological advances in AI promise to be pervasive, with impacts
and ramifications in health, security and governance. In combination with
other emerging technologies, AI has the potential to transform human society
through better decision-making and improvements to the human condition. An
objective analysis of AI and its applications in many fileds can perceive many
benefits but also risks (World Economic Forum, 2023. How to manage AI’s
risks and rewards, http://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/01/how-to-manage-
ais-risks-and-benefits/?DAG=3.....].
There is no question that there are some advantages and
disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence in many aspects of human society.
Every new invention or breakthrough will have both, but we as humans need to
take care of that and use the positive sides of scientific discoveries to create a
better world. Artificial intelligence has massive potential advantages. Some
scientists and experts say that Artificial intelligence (AI) can destroy human
civilization if it goes into the wrong hands. But still, none of the AI applications
made at that scale that can destroy or enslave humanity. Let’s think how in the
last two centuries industrial revolutions changed our lives. The first Industrial
Revolution used water and steam power to mechanise production; the second
revolution used electric power, resulting in a vast industrial sector and the
third revolution saw the beginnings of electronics and information technology
to automate production. In the last decades human society has entered the
fourth Industrial Revolution which is the fusion of technologies which is
blurring the lines between the physical, digital and biological spheres. With
these recent advances and especially with numerous applications of AI,
comes the need to recognise that the way human society have done things in
the past is no longer acceptable.

47
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