CVL-103 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

L-T-P (Lectures –Tutorials - Practical's): 2–0-0

CA: MSE: ETE :: 25%: 0%: 75%

CA: Continuous Assessment
5 Quizzes (60% of CA)
Submissions (20% of CA)
Project (20% of CA)
ESE: End Semester Exam

Department of Civil Engineering

Sharda School of Engineering and Technology
(SSET),
Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP
School: SSET Batch : 2023-2024
Program: B. Tech. Current Academic Year: 2023-2024
Branch: All Semester: I and II
1 Course Code CVL-103
2 Course Title Environmental Studies
3 Credits -
4 Contact Hours 2-0-0
(L-T-P)
5 Course Status Compulsory
5 Course 1. Enable students to learn the importance of
Objective environmental studies, population growth
and sustainable development
2. Provide students an insight to different
aspects related to water i.e. water
resources, pollution and its control
3. Provide knowledge about air resources i.e.
atmosphere, atmospheric pollution, control
of air pollution and climate change
4. Provide detailed knowledge about land
resources, pollution and management of
solid wastes
5. Provide and enrich the students about other
natural resources i.e. energy, mineral and food
resources and biodiversity and its conservation
School: SET Batch : 2023-2024
6 Course CO1. Understand (a) scope of the environmental study and (b)
Outcomes population growth and its effects on environment and health
and (c) sustainable development
CO2. Comprehend different aspects related to water i.e. water
resources, pollution and its control
CO3. Understand different aspects related to air resources i.e.
atmosphere, atmospheric pollution, control of air pollution and
climate change
CO4. Appreciate and comprehend land resources, pollution and
management of solid wastes
CO5. Understand about (a) other natural resources i.e. energy,
mineral and food resources and (b) biodiversity and its
conservation
CO6. Understand overall environmental issues and ways of their
effective management
7 Course Environmental Studies emphasises on
Description various aspects related to environment, its
degradation and control measures such as:

1. Population and Environment; Sustainable

Development
2. Water: Resources, Pollution and Control
3. Air: Atmosphere, Pollution, Control and
Climate Change
4. Land: Resources, Pollution and
Management
5. Energy, Mineral and Food Resources and
Biodiversity and its Conservation
8 Outline syllabus

Unit 1 Introduction to the course, Population and Environment and Sustainable Development
A Environmental Studies: Background; Definition; Objectives; Scope; Major environmental issues of concern; Multidisciplinary nature of
Environmental Studies
B Human Population and Environment: Population growth/ explosion and its effects on human health and environment

C Sustainable Development: Definition; Aim; Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs); Sustainability issues at various levels; Examples/
sustainability initiatives; Pillars of sustainable development; Desired outcomes
Unit 2 Water: Resources, Pollution and Control
A Water Resources: Water cycle; Total water on earth; Residence time of water in different compartments; Classification of waters as per salt
content; Stresses on water resources/ water crises; Water conservation; Water conflicts

B Water Pollution: Impurities in water; Water quality parameters; Standards; Major categories of water pollutants and their sources and
effects; Surface water versus groundwater quality; Point and non-point sources; Pollution of (i) fresh water streams (DO sag curve/ self-
purification), (ii) lakes, (iii) groundwater/ aquifers, and (iv) oceans
C Water Pollution Control: Water treatment (domestic and municipal); Wastewater treatment (on-site and municipal)

Unit 3 Air: Atmosphere, Pollution, Control and Climate Change

A Atmosphere: Composition and structure; Classification of pollutants; Air pollution: sources and effects on humans, plants and materials; AQI
and how it is calculated, Plume shapes
B Air Pollution Control: Laws; Modifications in fuels and engines; Ambient air quality control; Control equipment’s (in vehicles and industry);
Stack height
C Climate Change: Global warming and greenhouse effect; Ozone layer depletion and its consequences; Climate Change and its impact on
ecosystem; International agreements
Unit 4 Land: Resources, Pollution and Management
A Land Resources: Importance; Soil and its formation; Soil profile; Land degradation: causes and effects; Soil conservation through sustainable
agriculture
B Soil/ Land Pollution: Major categories of soil pollutants: sources and effects
C Solid Waste Management: Classification of solid wastes; Engineering systems for management; Methods of treatment; Bio-medical wastes;
Non-degradable wastes; Hazardous wastes; Electronic wastes; Plastic wastes etc.

Unit 5 Energy, Mineral and Food Resources and Biodiversity and its Conservation
A Energy Resources: Conventional and non-conventional; Non-renewable and renewable; Fossil fuels: coal, petroleum and natural gas; Solar
and wind energy
B Mineral, Forest and Food Resources: (i) Minerals -Definition; Importance; Minerals in our diet, Metallic and non-metallic minerals, (ii) Forest
- Direct and indirect benefits; Depletion of forest resources: causes and effects; and, (iii) Food - Three main calorie providers; Green
revolution
C Biodiversity and its Conservation: Definition; Threats to biodiversity; Extinct, endangered and endemic species; Conservation of biodiversity
Mode of Theory through OMR sheet having 100 MCQs
examination
Weightage CA MTE ETE
Distribution
25% -- 75%
Text book(s) 1. Erach Bharucha, Environmental Studies for
Undergraduate Students, 3rd Ed., Universities
Press, Hyderabad, 202

Other Reference 1. Joseph, Benny, Environmental Studies, Tata

(s) McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, 2022
2. Howard S. Peavy, Donald R. Rowe, and
George Tchobanoglous, Environmental
Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1985
 Books:

No Author Title Publisher

1. Erach Bharucha Textbook of Environmental Universities Press
Studies for UG Courses
2. Benny Joseph Environmental Studies McGraw Hill Edu.
(I) Pvt. Ltd.
3. Gilbert M Masters Introduction to Pearson Edu.
Environmental Engg. and
Science
4. R Rajagopalan Environmental Studies Oxford University

5. Anubha Kaushik Perspectives in New Age Int.

CP Kaushik Environmental Studies Publishers
6. Eldon D Enger Environmental Science McGraw Hill
Bradley F Smith
7. G Tyler Miller, Jr. Environmental Science Thomson
8. Mackenzie L Davis Principles of Environmental McGraw Hill
Susan J Masten Engg. and Science
 Lecture Plan ~ 28 lectures
Introduction to the course, Population and Environment and Sustainable Development
Environmental Studies: Background; Definition; Objectives; Scope; Major environmental issues of concern; Multidisciplinary nature of Environmental Studies

Human Population and Environment: Population growth/ explosion and its effects on human health and environment

Sustainable Development: Definition; Aim; Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs); Sustainability issues at various levels; Examples/ sustainability initiatives; Pillars of sustainable
development; Desired outcomes
Water: Resources, Pollution and Control
Water Resources: Water cycle; Total water on earth; Residence time of water in different compartments; Classification of waters as per salt content; Stresses on water resources/
water crises; Water conservation; Water conflicts

Water Pollution: Impurities in water; Water quality parameters; Standards; Major categories of water pollutants and their sources and effects; Surface water versus groundwater
quality; Point and non-point sources; Pollution of (i) fresh water streams (DO sag curve/ self-purification), (ii) lakes, (iii) groundwater/ aquifers, and (iv) oceans

Water Pollution Control: Water treatment (domestic and municipal); Wastewater treatment (on-site and municipal)

Air: Atmosphere, Pollution, Control and Climate Change

Atmosphere: Composition and structure; Classification of pollutants; Air pollution: sources and effects on humans, plants and materials; AQI and how it is calculated, Plume shapes

Air Pollution Control: Laws; Modifications in fuels and engines; Ambient air quality control; Control equipment’s (in vehicles and industry); Stack height

Climate Change: Global warming and greenhouse effect; Ozone layer depletion and its consequences; Climate Change and its impact on ecosystem; International agreements

Land: Resources, Pollution and Management

Land Resources: Importance; Soil and its formation; Soil profile; Land degradation: causes and effects; Soil conservation through sustainable agriculture

Soil/ Land Pollution: Major categories of soil pollutants: sources and effects
Solid Waste Management: Classification of solid wastes; Engineering systems for management; Methods of treatment; Bio-medical wastes; Non-degradable wastes; Hazardous
wastes; Electronic wastes; Plastic wastes etc.
Energy, Mineral and Food Resources and Biodiversity and its Conservation
Energy Resources: Conventional and non-conventional; Non-renewable and renewable; Fossil fuels: coal, petroleum and natural gas; Solar and wind energy

Mineral, Forest and Food Resources: (i) Minerals -Definition; Importance; Minerals in our diet, Metallic and non-metallic minerals, (ii) Forest - Direct and indirect benefits; Depletion
of forest resources: causes and effects; and, (iii) Food - Three main calorie providers; Green revolution
Biodiversity and its Conservation: Definition; Threats to biodiversity; Extinct, endangered and endemic species; Conservation of biodiversity
WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT ?

 Means surroundings
 It consist: everything we see around us; air/ atmosphere, water/
hydrosphere, land/ lithosphere, biosphere
 It can be:
- living things (biotic e.g. trees/ plants/ flowers/ animals/ birds/
fishes/ people etc.) or
- non-living things (abiotic e.g. air, water, soil, sunlight etc.)
 All are part of environment/ All makes environment
 Trees with birds/ fishes in ponds/ blue sky above
 Environment satisfies all our needs:
- provides air to breath;
- water we drink;
- food we eat;
- cloths that cover our body
 We live in this place/ we are part of it/ it belongs to us
 How to protect/ preserve/ clean it ? – No waste
 Environment is very important
 Living things constantly interact with environment and adapt to
prevailing conditions
 It affects the growth and development of persons/ animals…..
 It affects the person's behaviour, body, mind and heart.
What is the importance of
environment?

 Environment plays an important role

in the healthy living of human beings.
 It matters because it is the only
home that humans have, and it
provides air, water, food, energy
and other needs.
 Humanity's entire life support
system depends on the well-being of
all the environmental factors.
What do you mean by environment
change?

Is a change or disturbance of the

environment due to:
• Natural disasters,
• Human interferences/ animal
interaction.
 PRESENT STATUS AND NEEDS?
* Explosive increase in population/ pollution
* Pressure on natural resources
* Environmental problems cropped up in the wake
of unsustainable development

Need was felt to:

* Conserve biodiversity
* Lead more sustainable lifestyle
* Use resources more wisely
* Change our attitude towards environment
* Appreciate environmental issues: local, regional, global importance
* Plan development wisely keeping sustainability in mind
* Think alternate, less polluting solutions
* Save humanity from extinction
WHY EVS? BACKGROUND OF THE COURSE

 Development should be sustainable

 It is key to the future of mankind
 For sustainable development,
knowledge about environment is must
 Need was felt to introduce EVS as a subject to create
awareness/ interest about environment
 Recognizing this necessity and deteriorating status of
environment; Advocate MC Mehta filed a public interest
litigation (PIL) in Supreme Court (SC) to
 SC in 1991 directed University Grands Commission (UGC)
 To introduce a mandatory basic course on environmental
education for UG courses of all branches of higher
education, to be implemented by every university and
college in the country
 UGC constituted an expert committee to frame syllabus
for EVS
What is so special about EVS?

EVS is perhaps the only subject that unite

all disciplines of study, be it natural, social
or applied sciences
 What are objectives of studying EVS?

 Not like other subjects

 Not just a collection of facts/ information about env.
It is also about the way we should live
 EVS provides information about env. ACQUIRE BASIC
KNOWLEDGE/ SKILL/ UNDERSTANDING about env.
which can help in identifying and solving env. problems
 Develop concern for our env. BE AWARE about current
env. problems and their implications
 DEVELOP: ATTITUDE/ CONCERN for our env. and
DESIRE/ WILLINGNESS to actively participate in its
protection/ improvement
 EVS tells us a way to change/ re-adjust our life to
exist in harmony with our env.
EVS: Definition?
 Systematic/ holistic study/ understanding of
our environment.
 Is concerned with the exploration, investigation
and development of an understanding of the
natural, human, social and cultural dimensions
of local and wider/ global environment.

EVS: Benefits?
 The EVS helps in developing capability to
understand environmental problems.
 It enlighten us about the importance of
protection and conservation of our environment
 It enables us to evaluate the environmental
issues and take an appropriate decision.
 EVS: SCOPE?

Very wide/ deals with many areas like:

 Natural resources: conservation
 Environment: Air, water, land
 Pollution of the natural resources,
control, climate change
 Climate change and its impact, ecological
aspects, threats to biodiversity,
conservation of biodiversity
 Social issues connected to it,
sustainable development and impacts of
human population on environment
Major environmental issues of concern?
• Environmental pollution,
• Air pollution,
• Water pollution,
• Garbage/ Solid waste pollution,
• Noise pollution,
• Deforestation/ Desertification,
• Climate change,
• Global warming
• Ozone layer depletion,
• Acid rain,
• Loss of biodiversity,
• Rapid population growth, stress on resources
• Resource depletion: Depletion of non-renewable
energy sources; Food and water shortage
Need for Public Awareness
Essential to make public aware of the:

 Fact that natural and man-made environments

are dependent on each other
 Consequences of local/ regional/ global
environmental changes
 Fact that reformative measures if not taken will
ultimately result in extinction of life
 Fact that environmental protection is every
individuals duty
 Fact that environmental consciousness needs
to be propagated at all levels
EVS:
the subject
and its
multidisciplinary
nature

Examples:
air pollution
water pollution
 Air Pollution: Env. issues/ topics Subjects/topics of which knowledge required
Nature and reactions of air pollutants Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
Effects of air pollutants on human Zoology, Botany, various other branches of Life
beings, animals and plants Sciences and Medical Sciences
Effects of air pollutants on materials Physics, Chemistry, Material Sciences
Effect of climate on air pollution/ Meteorology, Thermodynamics, Geography,
Dispersion of pollutants in atmosphere Mathematical Modeling etc.
Air pollution control devices Physics, Chemistry and various branches of
Engineering/CS/EE/Electronics/Mech/Inst.
Emission from vehicles/ Discharge of Law
pollutants by industries through stacks
History of air pollution and History
air pollution episodes
Economic impacts of air pollution Economics, Demography
Sociological impacts of air pollution Sociology
Development of alternative fuels Various branches of physical sciences
Conservation of resources and Various branches of physical and political
pollution control sciences
Ozone hole and global warming Almost all fields of study under the sun has got
something to contribute to the understanding
and prevention of these phenomenon. 22
Environmental issues/
Topics related to water pollution:

 Nature of water pollutants/ and reactions

 Effects of water pollutants on human beings,
animals, plants and materials
 Water pollution control/ wastewater treatment
 History of water pollution/ water pollution episodes
 Economic impacts of water pollution
 Sociological impacts of water pollution
 Conservation of water resources
 Management of water resources
 Laws related to discharge of industrial wastewaters
onto land/ in waters (surface waters/ groundwaters/
oceans)
 Transfer of water pollutants across international
boundaries
 Population Explosion

Population explosion is not only a problem in India, but all over the
world.
The population of India was around 361 million during the census of
1951. It reached over 1.34 billion now.
India, is the second most populous country in the world, while China is
on the top.
With the population growth rate at 1.2%, India is predicted to have
more than 1.53 billion people by the end of 2030.
 Population Explosion refers the sudden and
rapid rise in population.

 A drastic growth in population beyond normal

limits is called population explosion. It is
more prominent in under- developed and
developing countries.
Reasons
1. Accelerating birthrate: • Due to lack of awareness about
the positive impact of using birth control method, there has
been a steady growth in birth rate.
2. Decrease in infant mortality rate: • Improvement in science
and technology and wide usage of drugs has reduced the
infant mortality rate.
3. Increase in life expectancy: • Due to improved living
conditions, better hygiene and sanitation habits, better
nutrition, health education etc. the average life expectancy
of human population has improved significantly.
4. Increased immigration: • It happens when a large number
arrive at an already populated place with intention to reside
permanently.
Effects/consequences of Population Explosion
 Generation of waste
 Air pollution
 Water pollution
 Deforestation
 Depletion of Ozone Layer
 Extinction of Species
 Land/Soil Degradation
 Industrialization
 Urbanization
 Transport development
 Climatic Change
Sustainable Development
The term “sustainable development” first came to
prominence in the world Conservation Strategy (WCS) in
1980.

It achieved a new status with the publication of two

significant reports by Brundtalnd on:
 North and South: a programme for survival and
common crisis (1985) and
 Our Common Future (1983)

Has gained even greater attention since the United

Nations Conference on Environment and Development
(UNCED) held in Rio de Jenerio in June 1992.
• Development is a comprehensive term which include: *increase in
per capita income, *improvement in living standard of people,
and *reduction in poverty, illiteracy, crime rate, etc.
• Development is intended to bring a positive change for human
being and its surroundings.
• Development may take place by bringing about a change in
policies, projects and legislation etc.
• Development is unfolding of human potentials for meaningful
participation in economic, social, political and cultural process
and institutions, so that people can improve their conditions.
Sustainable development is the development that
meets the needs of the present generation
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs.

Gro Harlem Brundtland first introduced the concept of

sustainable development in 1987. She was then the Prime
Minister of Norway and chairperson of the World
Commission on Environment and Development.
Improvement Preserving
of lifestyles Sustainable natural
and well-being Development resources and
ecosystems
 Need:
 Since the conception of SD in 1987 the world’s nations
have been discussing the need for greater sustainable
development in all countries.

 This need has arisen due to:

• Increase in environmental problems as a result of rapid
development since the industrial revolution,
• Many of the planet’s ecosystems are degraded,
• Species are threatened,and
• Global warming is becoming increasingly apparent.

 To slow the damage caused by human development, it is

essential that our actions become more sustainable.
• Maximum improvement in
well-being

• Minimum environmental
degradation.
Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs)

 Sustainability goals, such as the current UN-

level Sustainable Development Goals, address the
global challenges, including poverty, inequality,
climate change, environmental degradation, peace and
justice.

 As the concept of sustainable development advanced,

it has shifted its focus more towards the economic
development, social development and environmental
protection for future generations.
 Examples of Sustainable Development
• SOLAR ENERGY:
 From roof-top solar panels to massive solar farms that can attain the same generating capacity as
a conventional power plant, it is clear that there is a renewable energy revolution happening in the
world — and it is powered by the sun.
 A solar farm can reduce 94% of the emissions that a coal power plant emits. It also eliminates
noxious pollutants like sulphur and nitrous oxides and mercury which are major contributors to the
air pollution responsible for millions of premature deaths every year.
 Solar technology is getting cheaper and is now cost competitive or less costly than conventional
power generation in many parts of the world.
 According to the International Renewable Energy Agency, currently 220 million to 330 million tons
of annual carbon dioxide are saved due to solar photovoltaics. With solar still making up < 2% of
the global energy mix, this shows the great potential for the growth of solar in the future.
 The greatest advantages of solar energy are that it is completely free and is available in a
limitless supply. Both of these factors provide a huge benefit to consumers and help reduce
pollution. Replacing non-renewable energy with this type of energy is both environmentally and
financially effective. Solar panels don't use any water to generate electricity, they don't release
harmful gases into the environment, and the source of their energy is abundant and, best of all,
free.
• WIND ENERGY
 People have utilized the power of the wind for millennia, dating back
to the first recorded windmill in Persia between 500 and 900 AD. Fast
forward to the 21st century and, in many localities, energy generated
by wind power has become either competitive with or less expensive
than coal-generated electricity.
 Wind turbines are a great solution for power generation due to their
cost and the fact that they require a very small land footprint. Other
land uses such as farming, conservation and recreation can happen
simultaneously with wind power generation. As the price of wind power
technology continues to drop and energy storage and transmission
infrastructure improves, wind energy could significantly supplement or
replace entire grid systems.
 Wind energy can supplement or even replace the grid power, and
therefore may be a good investment and remains a great example of
sustainable development.
Keukenhof

Around Rotterdam too

• CROP ROTATION:
 Currently we produce the bulk of our food through industrial agriculture. A system
which relies on large farms that monocrop and use enormous amounts of fertilizer and
chemical pesticides. Industrial agriculture is immensely damaging to soils, water, air
and the climate.
 Crop rotation, in contrast, is defined as “the successive planting of different crops on
the same land to improve soil fertility and help control insects and diseases.” This way
of farming is not a new practice, but rather a more ancient way of farming chemical-
free, whilst maximizing the long-term growth potential of land.
 A study has shown that complex crop rotation systems can outperform conventional
monoculture in both yield and profitability. It is also a practice that produces a diverse
range of foods, can be adapted to different local conditions, causes less erosion and
stores more carbon in soils assisting with carbon sequestration.
 To sum up: this farming practice is beneficial in several ways, most notably because it
is chemical-free. Crop rotation has been proven to maximize the growth potential of
land, while also preventing disease and insects in the soil. Not only can this form of
development benefit commercial farmers, but it can also aid those who grow garden at
home.
• EFFICIENT WATER FIXTURES:
 It takes a lot of energy to produce and transport water and to process
waste water, and since < 1% of the Earth’s available water supply is
fresh water, it is important that sustainable water use is employed at
the individual and societal level.
 The amount of water used for essential services can be drastically
reduced by more than 50% with the use of water-saving fittings and
fixtures. Some examples of water-efficient fixtures include: low-flow
taps and shower heads, and dual flush toilets. These fixtures can be
retrofitted easily and affordably into existing buildings or specified for
new building projects.
• GREEN SPACE:
 Green spaces such as parks, wetlands, lakes, forests or other eco
systems are fundamental to sustainably developed urban areas. These
areas are essential for cooling cities while trees produce oxygen and
filter out air pollution. Well-designed green spaces also play a critical
role in providing safer routes for those commuting by foot or bicycle
and providing safer spaces for physical activity and recreation.
 To sum up: advantages of green spaces also include,
 helping regulate air quality and climate
 recharging groundwater supplies, and
 protecting lakes and streams from polluted runoff
Ljubljana,
Slovenia
Interdependent and Mutually
Reinforcing Pillars of
Sustainable
Development Social
Development

Environ- Economic
mental Development
Protection

United Nations 2005 World Summit Outcome Document

 Environmental
Protection
• Ecosystem integrity
• Biological diversity
• Managed population size

25
 Environmental
Protection

Economic Development
• Appropriate economic policies
• Efficient resource allocation
• More equitable access to resources
• Increasing the productive capacity of
the poor

26
 Environmental Protection
Economic Development

Social Development
• Improved income distribution
• Gender equality
• Investing in basic health & education
• Emphasizing participation of beneficiaries
A Fourth Pillar
 “…cultural diversity is as
necessary for humankind as
biodiversity is for nature.”
 Sustainable development
cannot be understood “simply in
terms of economic growth, but
also as a means to achieve a more
satisfactory intellectual,
emotional, moral and
spiritual existence”.

Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity

 Environmental
Protection
Economic
Development

Cultural Diversity Social

• Sensitivity to Development
cultural factors
• Recognition of
values conducive
to development

28
Putting it All
Together Environmental
Protection

Economic
Develop-
ment

Cultural
Diversity
Social
Develop-
ment
 What are the desired outcomes
of sustainable development?
• Clean water & air • Get out from poverty
• Fertile soil & & disease
good food • Social contact & a
• A livelihood & a sense of community
healthy economy • Work, rest &
celebration
• An optimum
• Opportunities to
population size learn
23 • Halting global warming
 The principles of a sustainable society are
• Respect and care for life.
• Improve the quality of human life.
• Conserve the Earth's vitality and diversity.
• Minimize the depletion of non-renewable resources.
• Keep the changes within the Earth's carrying capacity.
• Change attitudes and practices.
• Enable communities to care for their own environments.
• Provide a national framework for integrating development and
conservation.
• Create a global alliance.
 NEXUS APPROACH
WATER-ENERGY-FOOD SECURITY
NEXUS
“Nexus” in Latin describes:
• the act of tying together or
• something which binds.

 The nexus perspective emphasizes

the inter-relatedness and
interdependencies of these
environmental resources

 Instead of just looking at

individual components, the
functioning, productivity and
management of a complex system
is taken into consideration.
The water, energy and food security nexus means that the three sectors
— water security, energy security and food security — are linked and
that actions in one area may have impacts in one or both of the others.

• Water security is defined in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as "access to

safe drinking water and sanitation", both of which have recently become a human right.
Availability and access of water for other human and ecosystem uses is also very
important from a nexus perspective.

• Energy security has been defined as "access to clean, reliable and affordable energy
services for cooking and heating, lighting, communications and productive uses" (United
Nations), and as "uninterrupted physical availability [of energy] at a price which is
affordable, while respecting environment concerns".

• Food security is defined by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) as

"availability and access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet the dietary
needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life". Adequate food has also
been defined as a human right.
 Sustainability principles
 Reduce dependence upon *fossil fuels,
*underground metals, and *minerals
 Reduce dependence upon *synthetic
chemicals and *other unnatural
substances
 Reduce *encroachment upon nature
 Meet *human needs fairly & efficiently.
Old and new approaches to
human use of the atmosphere
 Sustainability issues are to be
analyzed at various levels
• Global level
Ozone depletion; Climate change; and Air pollution

• Regional, National or Area-level

Water pollution; Water depletion; Deforestation; Fisheries depletion;
Biodiversity loss; Desertification; and Erosion.

• Local level - a plot, a farm or a village

Soil losses; Loss of soil quality (chemical or physical); Loss of farm income
 INVOLVEMENT AND ULTIMATE GOALS
 Sustainable development requires the active involvement of
all stakeholders: *government, *NGOs, *private sectors, and
also *civil society.

 It is not just politicians, or policy makers who decide what

SD should be like.

 You have to remind policy makers to make decision to protect

your future: you can remind them that you want better jobs,
cleaner cities, more equitable resources distribution, and
above all, a guarantee that your future is secure, full of
opportunity, a pleasant world to live in and a healthy planet.
 PROBLEMS

• Where poverty and

population pressure
“intersect”
• Human and their
environment suffer.
 What is Needed to Achieve the
sustainable development ?
• Eco Friendly
• Present generation should be aware of the needs
of present age group and of future generations.
• And also ensure the productive assets available to
future generation are not depleted.
• Such technologies need to be developed and
implemented which help to conserve resources,
• Prevent unnecessary pollution and help restore the
environment.
Some Sustainable Initiatives adopted by Sweden
1. SUSTAINABLE PUBLIC TRANSPORT

 From green buses that run on biogas

and ethanol to electric trains,
sustainability is key for Sweden’s
public transport systems. Stockholm
Public Transport (SL)’s new tram
purchases are at least 98% recyclable.

 For trains, it buys only renewable

electricity from hydropower or wind
power.

 The complete underground system in

Stockholm runs on green electricity,
and as of 2017, all buses are running
on renewable fuels, which was the aim
for 2025.
 2. INVESTING IN GREEN TECH
 Sweden is set to become the world's first
fossil-fuel free nation.

 In 2016, Sweden earmarked $3.5 Mn to

spend on renewable energy R&D in India.

 Sweden passed a new Climate Act (2017)

that legally binds it to reach zero
emissions by 2045.

 Sweden aims to have no net emissions of

greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

 By 2030, 70% of the emissions from

transport are forecasted to be
diminished.
 3. SUSTAINABLE LIFESTYLE
 ‘Sustainable’ is a way of life for
Swedes!

 Sweden ranks number 1 in the EU in

the consumption of organic foods.

 Swedish fashion giant H&M is a world

leader in using organic cotton.

 A recycling revolution is underway in

the country with Swedes recycling
nearly 100% of household waste.

 7 out of 10 desire to live in an eco-

labeled house and intend paying more
for it as per a survey.