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Ability to deal with different kin capable to be applied on any kind of data such as interval ary data. ds of attributes — Algorithms should be |-based (numerical) data, categorical, and bin: Discovery of clusters with attribute shape The clustering algorithm should be capable of detecting clusters of arbitrary shape. They should not be bounded to only distance measures that tend to find spherical cluster of small sizes. High dimensionality ~ The clustering algorithm should not only be able to handle low-dimensional data but also the high dimensional space. Ability o deal with noisy dat Databases contain noisy, missing or erroneous data, Some algorithms are sensitive to such data and may lead to poor quality clusters. 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Follecoing, | ) Split a Uusiey 2) pobeocbce @ rao Luster (oulroid P TL2O Styaleqics Anal decreare wha ruber of clusters Wie “jug to miuarmi2Ze tue ntrcage to total. SS€ aaa tue followirg YD DigPoxe a cLustes 2) Meroe Too Cluster, 4) UPdcting oudiusd, Trosemedelly > Trstead OE “Fdaling husks Gudoids ashton all Goins lous bem easigned > a hosts tug GAs Con be Updale) Fe abtn eadh osniqnrucl dha Pont - iio?K-Medoids clustering K-Medoids and K-Means are two types of clustering mechanisms in Partition Clustering First, Clustering is the process of breaking down an abstract group of data points/ objects into classes of similar objects such that all the objects in one cluster have similar traits, a group of n objects is broken down into k number of clusters based on their similarities Two statisticians, Ls man, and Peter J. Rousseeuw cgme up with this method This tutorial explains what K-Medoids do, their applications, and the difference between K-Means and K-Medoids K-medoids is an unsupervised method with unlabelled data to be clustered. It is an improvised version of the K-Means algorithm mainly designed to deal with outlier data sensitivity. Compared to other partitioning algorithms, the algorithm is simple, fast, and easy to implement. The partitioning will be carried on such that ‘ach cluster must have at least one object as 2. An object must belong to only one cluster Here is a small recap on K-Means clustering: In the K-Means algorithm, given the value of k and unlabelled data: 1. Choose k number of random points (Data point from the data set or some other points) ‘These points are also called "Centroids” or "Means" 2. Assign all the data points in the data set to the closest centroid by applying any distance formula like Euclidian distance, Manhattan distance, 3. Now, choose new centroids by calculating the mean of all the data points in the clusters and goto step 2 4. Continue step 3 until no data point changes classification between two iterations. ‘The problem with the K-Means algorithm is that the algorithm needs to handle outlier data. An outlier is a point different from the rest of the points. All the outlier data points show up in a different cluster and will attract other clusters to merge with it. Outlier data increases the mean of ‘cluster by up to 10 units. Hence, K-Means clustering is highly affected by outlier data. K-Medoids: Medoid: A Medoid is a point in the cluster from which the sum of distances to other data points is minimal. eel (or)A Medbid is a point in the cluster from which dissi the other points in the clusters are minimal ithm takes a Instead of centroids as reference points in K-Means pid as ar ence point There are three types of algorithms for K-Medoids Clustering: 1. PAM (Partitioning Around Clustering) 2. CLARA (Clustering Large Applications) 3. CLARANS (Randomized Clustering Large Applications) PAM is the most powerful algorithm of the three algorithms but has the disadvantage of time complexity. The following K-Medoids are performed using PAM. In the further parts, we'll See what CLARA and CLARANS are Algorithm: Given the value of k and unlabelled data: 1. Choose k number of random points from the data and assign these k points to k number of clusters. These are the initial medoids. ce from each medoid and assign it to 2. For all the remaining data points, ealeulate the di the cluster with the nearest medoid. 3. Calculate the total cost (Sum of all the distances from all the data points to the medoids) 4. Select a random point as the new medoid and swap it with the previous medoid. Repeat 2 Denese LAIN the previous medaig. and 3 steps. 5. If the total cost of the new medoi is less than that of the previous medoid, make the new medoid permanent and repeat step 4. 6. If the total cost of the new medoid is greater than the cost of the previous medoid, undo the swap and repeat step 4 7. The Repetitions have to continue until no change is encountered with new medoids to classify data points. Here is an example to make the theory clear: Data set: 0 3 4Scatter plot 10 ° - 8 7 > 6 - s 4 ° 3 - 2 1 ° ° 2 4 6 8 10 If kis given as 2, we need to break down the data points into 2 clusters. 1. Initial medoids: M1(1, 3) and M2(4, 9) 2. Calculation of distances Manhattan Distance: [x1 - x2| + ly1 - y2| o-lt La urls wkd = x<_y From MI(1, 3) From M2(4, 9) 5 34 5 6 72 10 5 1 i 8 16 10 7 4 9 * Cluster1:0. 9 © custer2:,3 {5,71. Calculation of total cost: (5) +(5 +7) =17 2. Random medoid: (5, 4) MA(5, 4) and M2(4, 9): y From MI(5, 4) From M2(4, 9) 4 7 5 5 3 5 9 6 & 7 Cluster 1: 2, 3 Cluster 2: 1 1. Calculation of total cost: (5+5)+5=15 Less than the previous cost lew medoid: (5, 4) 2. Random medoid: (7, 7) x y From M1(5, 4) From M2(7, 7) 05 4 7 117 7 - A 2i« 3 5 10 38 6 5 2 44 9 6 5 M1(5, 4) and M2(7, 7)Cluster 1: 2 Cluster 2: 3,4 1. Calculation of total cost: (5) +(2+5)=12 Less than the previous cost New medoid: (7, 7). 2. Random medoid: (8, 6) M1(7, 7) and M2(8, 6) ® y From M1(7, 7) From M2(8, 6) os 4 5 5 are 7 2; 3 10 10 3_f 6 a4 9 5 7 Cluster 1:4 Cluster 2: 0, 2 1. Calculation of total cost: (5S) + (5 + 10) = 20 Greater than the previous cost UNDO Hence, the final medoids: M1(5, 4) and M2(7, 7) Cluster 1: 2 Cluster 2: 3 Total cost: 12 Clusters:10 Limitation of PAM: : O(k * (n - k)’) Time complexity: Possible combinations for every node: k*(n - k) Cost for each computation: (n - k) Total cost: k*(n - k)? Hence, PAM is suitable and recommended to be used for small data sets CLARA: It is an extension to PAM to support Medoid clustering for large data sets. This algorithm selects data samples from the data set, applies Pam on each sample, and outputs the best Clustering out of these samples. This is more effective than PAM? We should ensure that the selected samples aren't biased as they affect the Clustering of the whole data. CLARANS: This algorithm selects a sample of neighbors to examine instead of selecting samples from the data set. In every step, it examines the neighbors of every node. The timecomplexity of this algorithm is O(n’), and this is the best and most efficient Medoids algorithm of all Advantages of using K-Medoids: 1. Deals with noise and outlier data effectively 2. Easily implementable and simple to understand 3. Faster compared to other partitioning algorithms | Disadvantages: 1. Not suitable for Clustering arbitrarily shaped groups of data points. 2. As the initial medoids are chosen randomly, the results might vary based on the choice in different runs. K-Means and K-Medoids: K-Means K-Medoids Both methods are types of Partition Clustering Unsupervised iterative algorithms Have to deal with unlabelled data ilar traits where k is pre-defined. Both algorithms group n objects into k clus Inputs: Unlabelled data and the value of k Metric of similarity: Euclidian Distance Manhattan Distance Clustering is done based on distance Clustering is done based on distance from medoids. from centroids. ‘A centroid can be a data point or some other A medoid is always a data point in the cluster. point in the cluster Can't cope with outlier data Can manage outlier data too Sometimes, outlier sensitivity can turn out to Tendency to ignore meaningful clusters in outlier data be usefulee Hierarchical clustering in data mining Hierarchical clustering refers to an unsupervised learning procedure that determines ‘sed on previously defined clusters. It works via grouping data into ating each data points as an clusters, where each cluster is are the same as one successive clusters ba: a tree of clusters. Hierarchical clustering stats by tre individual cluster. The endpoint refers to a different set o different from the other cluster, and the objects within each cluster another. There are two types of hierarchical clustering Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering © Divisive Clustering Agglomerative hierarchical clustering ive clustering is one of the most common types of hierarchical clustering in clusters. Agglomerative clustering is also known as tive clustering, each data point act as an ts are grouped in a bottom-up method ters are combined Agglomerat used to group similar objects AGNES (Agglomerative Nesting). In agglomera individual cluster and at each step, data objec Initially, each data object is in its cluster. At each iteration, the cluste with different clusters until one cluster is formed. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm 1. Determine the similarity between individuals and all other clusters. (Find proximity matrix). 2. Consider each data point as an individual cluster. 3. Combine similar clusters. 4. Recalculate the proximity matrix for each cluster. 5. Repeat step 3 and step 4 until you get a single cluster. Let's understand this concept with the help of graphical_representation using a dendrogram, = With the help of given demonstration, we can understand that how the actual algorithm work. Here no calculation has been done below all the proximity among the clusters are assumed. Let's suppose we have six different data points P,Q, R, S, T, V. b Wickarctad Ousteing is djten distlore) getlioly Usindy a Ayer - LiKe dicayow Collada dewdapimwy we ddsplays dh tue Luder, Sdocuabers selationslns Rue yd WOW He Chustey art ax $Plit— Retisiny botnets clasts s- Xr The Chusien Povorimity thot dhertiah.J Yue various ‘Wloremting heeranlial tecluiques ice, > mie (Seale Unt) 2) May Clourplete Lint) >) Gsoup Curerouye DIN debs — Chistes Prowiroi 4 05 tua PSconcirnily bho We Locest fo00 Pow thot axe 19 Merah casters > Mees Pooriroity blo Yue Fortust bhoo Poinls 1 Abbe cLastos Proamity > Gs.cup UMOAL. Jedludques dobines Lusk Proirnity tO yuo POUCA Pooyimitics due a Paissel] Points from obteucd clusters zt \ aStep 1: \d find the distance between Consider each alphabet (P, Q, R, S, T, V) as an individual cluste the individual cluster from all other clusters, Step 2: Now, merge the comparable clusters in a single cluster. Let's say cluster Q and Cluster R are similar to each other so that we can merge them in the second step, Finally, we ge the clusters [ (P), (QR), (ST), (V)] Step 3: Here, we recalculate the proximity as per the algorithm and combine the two closest clusters [(ST), (V)] together to form new clusters as {(P), (QR), (STV)] Step 4: Repeat the same process. The clusters STV and PQGe comparable and combinec together to form a new cluster. Now we have ((P), (@QRSTV)} Step 5: Finally, the remaining two clusters are merged together to form a single cluste [(PQRSTV)} 9000’ SN 9 asin at_2% r te paeRstyDivisive Hierarchical Clustering Advantages of Hierarchical clustering It is simple to implement and gives the best output in some cases. Iti easy and results in a hierarchy, a structure that contains more information. It does not need us to pre-speeify the number of clusters. Disadvantages of hierarchical clustering It breaks the large clusters. 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Just too Posarnchiry wy wn x . e 1 aS ee ordening de Yue Pointy inthe mee SY: - DveEscan 3 wht epttsely cletosmmistic 272 Quality Dean depends ans clislane measure vad 1 wig function Seazch auety (PE) 3) DBLAN Cormlt urstes, Aalogds all with large difewnces in duughieg a, 4) TH ie data & coho ode TO cell auderstord forcing distance HImrbetel (€) Gru be lb doieuttMajor Features of Density-Based Clustering The primary features of Density-based clustering are given below. Itis a scan method It requires density parameters as a termination condition. It is used to manage noise in data clusters. Density-based clustering is used to identify clusters of arbitrary size. Density-Based Clustering Methods DBSCAN DBSCAN stands for Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applicat Nok. I notion of cluster. It also identifies clusters of arbitrary si depends on a density-bas in the spatial database with outlie Outlier OPTICS OPTICS stands for Ordering Points To Identify the Clustering Structure. It gives < significant order of database with respect to its density-based clustering structure. Tr order of the cluster comprises information equivalent to the density-based clustering related to a long range of parameter settings. OPTICS methods are beneficial for both automatic and interactive cluster analysis, including determining an intrinsic clustering structure. DENCLUE Density-based clustering by Hinnebirg and Kiem. 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