Research Article GU J Sci 37(1): 222-235 (2024) DOI: 10.35378/gujs.

1254271
Gazi University

Journal of Science
http://dergipark.gov.tr/gujs

Smart Bin and IoT: A Sustainable Future for Waste Management System in
Nigeria

Ayodeji OKUBANJO1,* , Bashir ODUFUWA2 , Alexander OKANDEJI3 , Emmanuel DANIEL1

1
Olabisi Onabanjo University, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Ago-iwoye, Nigeria
2
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-iwoye, Nigeria
3
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos State, Nigeria.

Highlights
• A web-based application for an Internet of Things-based waste management system is developed.
• Waste bins are tracked in real time using a unique internet protocol address.
• To facilitate data sensing and monitoring, the system model employs a four-layer IoT architecture.
• A system that uses disruptive technology to improve waste disposal efficiency.
• The potential for municipal solid waste-to-energy conversion technology is discussed.

Article Info Abstract

As waste production is becoming more widely recognized as a significant issue, particularly in
Received: 22 Feb 2023 developing nations, rising food consumption and population growth have caused environmental
Accepted: 22 May 2023 degradation and health crises. Nigeria's waste collection and disposal problems are commonly
associated with environmental pollution and health crises. Consequently, throwing garbage on
roads during environmental sanitation, is a typical method of waste disposal, leading to large piles
Keywords of refuse along the roadside, which hinders the nation's beauty. Therefore, for Nigeria's waste
management system to be effective, sustainable smart bins with efficient Internet of Things (IoT)
Smart bin applications must be quickly adopted to create a green, clean atmosphere within cities. Smart bins
Internet-of-Things (IoT) with integrated IoT can provide a sustainable future for cities' waste management. This model
Waste system
Atduino Uno
seeks to develop a low-cost, intelligent waste bin system with IoT technology. Sensors and data
Bioenergy sharing over a Wi-Fi network, allow for remote control of the waste bin, leading to improved
optimization of the bin's level of waste. The economic benefits of this IoT-based system include
remote access for efficient level control, lower labour costs, improved time and energy efficiency,
and reduced congestion in waste bins.
.

1. INTRODUCTION

The economy plays a significant role in municipal waste generation (MWG) in cities around the world [1-
3]. Global waste generation is increasing rapidly as a result of population growth [4], urbanization [5],
rising food consumption rates [6], and industrial growth [7]. These factors contribute significantly to the
global waste problem in cities. To address this issue, countries have begun to focus on strategies such as
Waste Efficiency (WE) and Waste Management (WM), with particular emphasis being placed on African
nations. The main goal of these strategies is to bridge the gap between MWG and disposal, thus making
cities more conservative when it comes to solid waste disposal. This includes initiatives such as a smart
waste management system, which reduces landfills while also providing economic benefits such as cost
savings associated with landfill management. Furthermore, education campaigns are frequently
implemented alongside WE/WM efforts to inform people about proper trash disposal methods. Inefficient
waste disposal has been viewed as a potential factor contributing to environmental and health-related issues
threatening sustainable development in developing countries. Improper management of solid waste can lead
to water pollution, air pollution, land degradation, climate change, and even the spread of diseases [8].

*Corresponding author, e-mail: okubanjo.ayodeji@oouagoiwoye.edu.ng

223 Ayodeji OKUBANJO, et al./ GUJ Sci, 37(1): 222-235 (2024)

In addition, improper waste management also leads to economic losses due to the loss of resources from
the environment or damage caused by floods or fires as a result of poor waste management practices [9].
These problems require a multi-pronged approach that includes both technological solutions such as
efficient Internet of Thing (IoT) applications for smart bins and changes in public attitudes towards proper
disposal methods for different types of waste. There is a growing emphasis on the use of sustainable smart
bins with efficient IoT applications that have been specifically designed for urban areas where space is
limited yet, large amounts of trash are generated daily. This technology enables municipalities and other
stakeholders responsible for managing a city’s garbage collection system to track their progress more
precisely while minimizing waste [10]. Moreover, its effective implementation can help reduce flooding
damages through better control over storm water run-off, [11] and limit health crises related with exposure
to hazardous materials from open dumping sites [12]. Although a growing number of urban areas remain
heavily congested with heaps of refuse, as shown in Figure 1, resulting in environmental degradation and
health issues, appropriate measures must be taken to ensure that all citizens have access to safe sanitary
facilities and dispose-off their garbage properly without putting local ecosystems under strain. Therefore,
governments should continue to invest in research into new technologies to provide a viable solution to the
global waste problem and unsustainable practices associated with inadequate management of municipal
solid waste (MSW).

(a) (b)
Figure 1. (a) Heaps of refuse, emitting an unpleasant smell and obstructing vehicular traffic in the Ijebu
Ode area of Ogun State [13] (b) A typical waste collection situation in a Nigerian city during a monthly
environmental sanitation inspection [14]

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a disruptive technology that has transformed the way humans interact with
devices and systems. IoT enables machines, objects, and people to communicate in real time over the
internet. This connection allows for new opportunities in a plethora of applications, including healthcare
[15], home automation [16], smart cities [17], disaster management [9, 18], smart parking [19], smart
learning [20], and smart library management [21]. The potential uses of this technology are vast; from
improving energy efficiency to providing better medical care. IoT provides numerous benefits to both
individuals and organizations by making processes more efficient through increased connectivity between
devices and systems. Smart cities use sensors embedded in everyday items li ke bins or trash cans to collect
data on how citizens manage their waste, allowing city officials to make informed decisions based on this
information. Additionally, it can be used for monitoring traffic flow or managing water resources
efficiently, improving citizens' quality of life within those areas. Furthermore, IoT also helps businesses
increase productivity while reducing costs associated with manual labour, thereby driving economic growth
across industries. IoT is digitally transforming our lives across various application domains, creating more
innovative solutions that benefit us all. It has enabled unprecedented levels of automation, thus increasing
convenience while optimizing resource utilization at an individual and organizational level. With its wide
range of capabilities ranging from helping governments improve public safety and security measures or
aiding scientists to explore uncharted territories such possibilities are endless when leveraging the power
offered by the IoTs.
224 Ayodeji OKUBANJO, et al./ GUJ Sci, 37(1): 222-235 (2024)

Recently, there has been a significant interest in applying IoT technology in waste management systems
and the quest for new development continues. Lazaro et al. [22], used a magnetic scanner to create an
improved solar-powered trash can. A global system for mobile communication (GSM)-based garbage-bin
was implemented in [23]. Sai [24], proposed an IoT-based liquefied waste bin, whereas [25] presented a
real-time smart garbage-based IoT integrated with an Android application. Lokuliyana [26], developed a
waste management system that is integrated with IoT and Raspberry Pi. The use of infrared sensors [27],
[28], weight sensors [29], ultrasonic sensors [30], waterproof sensors [31], gas sensors [32], and load cell
sensors [33] with IoT technology was reported. Shaikh [34], implemented an intelligent waste bin with a
temperature sensor to detect bin surrounding temperature and air pollution. The author further used light-
dependent resistors to reduce electrical waste. Monika [35], designed a smart bin with a microcontroller, a
GSM module, and an ultrasonic sensor. The GSM module acts as a communication gateway to raise bin
level awareness. Chandra used voice recognition biometrics to control waste opening and closing, and to
monitor waste levels. The model has a passive infrared (PIR) sensor, an ultrasonic sensor, and an Arduino
Uno. Pavithra [36], used a radio frequency identification (RFID)-enabled waste bin to keep track of the
trash level. Infrared and gas sensors are used in the design primarily to detect trash levels and toxic gases.
An alert system is also integrated into the design to communicate the trash level and location to the
respective area truck driver in charge of trash collection. Suvarnamma [37], reported using RFID and IoT
technologies in smart bins for waste tracking and sorting. The author used capacitive and inductive
proximity sensors to separate waste made of plastic and metal. To identify the location of each bin, the
author assigned each bin a unique RFID tag. Although a similar strategy is reported in [38], the proper
waste authorities are informed of the location and status of the garbage using a GSM module as a short
message service.

Several works have examined waste disposal issues and proposed solutions to this societal problem.
Contrary to previous research, this study aims to improve waste disposal efficiency through a disruptive
Internet of Things system. The novel contribution of this paper is as follows:
1. Developing a waste management system based on IoT technology and a web-based application.
2. Real-time waste bin tracking via a unique internet protocol (IP) address.
3. Reduced costs associated with manual labour involved in garbage collection from homes and
businesses.
4. Improved transparency in reporting the environmental impact of improper disposal practices.
5. Improved city hygiene and sanitation.

2 TOOLS AND METHOD USED

2.1. Arduino Microcontroller

The Arduino Uno as shown in Figure 2a is the most well-known Arduino series microcontroller. It is used
in this study as a main controller that controls the entire system including data communication flow and
transmission. Furthermore, the Arduino Uno reduces power consumption by allowing current to flow
through the sensor and servo motor on demand. It coordinates and controls the Wi-Fi module used for
internet connectivity. The Arduino Uno is a free computing platform that enables the communication of
various modules. It makes use of the ATmega3289P microchip controller.

2.2. ESP8226 Wi-Fi Module

The Wi-Fi ESP8266 module is a 32-bit Tensilica controller-integrated wireless enable system on-chip
(SOC). The Wi-Fi module sends waste bin status information to the web server regularly. This allows the
waste collector authority to keep track of waste collection and bin reuse. It offers Wi-Fi networking
solutions for various Internet of Things (IoT) applications. It uses the full TC/IP protocol stack and supports
the 802.11/b/g/n, 2.4 GHz, WI-Fi, P2P, and WPA/WPA2 protocols. The Wi-Fi module now features a
GIPO pin to interface with various sensing devices. Figure 2b depicts the ESP866-12F used in this study.
225 Ayodeji OKUBANJO, et al./ GUJ Sci, 37(1): 222-235 (2024)

2.3. Ultrasonic Sensor

The ultrasonic sensor, as shown in Figure 2c, is a contactless proximity measurement device that uses high-
frequency sound waves to detect people or objects. This sensor functions as a position and level
identification measurement in various IoT-based applications. It offers an excellent non-contact range
detection of 2 cm to 400 cm. Two HC-SR04 sensors are used in this design. The first sensor detects an
object or people within a 20cm range while the other sensor senses the level of waste in the waste bin. The
Arduino controller establishes communication between these sensors to automate the lid system and display
the waste level status via a liquid crystal display.

2.4. Servomotor

A servomotor is a rotary actuator with negative feedback that allows for precise position control. It only
rotates up to 180 degrees and not continuously. It is a motor with an embedded position feedback sensor.
In this study, the servomotor (SG90) is used to automate the bin cover. When a person enters the sensing
area, the lid automatically opens and remains open until the person moves away from the waste bin. The
lid system is designed to close temporarily when the waste level reaches the threshold level. The SG90
servomotor is shown in Figure 2d.

2.5. Liquid Crystal Display

LCD, as shown in Figure 2e, is a data and message display technology. It is a 32-character output unit. In
this study, a 16 X 2 LCD is used as a multifunctional device to display the IP address of each waste bin as
well as to indicate the status of the waste bin. It is a suitable replacement for a light-emitting diode (LED).

2.6. Buzzer Chip and DC Power Cable

A buzzer is a sound notification alarm system activated when the waste bin is full. This enables quick
squashing and waste bin reuse. The buzzer is shown in Figure 2f. While the waste bin system is powered
by a direct current (DC) adapter, which converts power from the network (mains electricity) to low-voltage
DC. A DC-AC power source is a voltage-controlled power supply that includes a transformer, a rectifier,
and an electronic filter. The study utilized a 5V, 2A, power adapter.

2.7. Waste Bin Container

A waste bin is a receptacle made of metal or plastic that is used to store waste temporarily. The curbside
waste bins are of different types such as wheelie bins, dumpsters, and trash cans. The waste bin, as depicted
in Figure 2g, has a unique identifier, IP address, which enables information on the waste bin's fill level to
be transmitted via a network's Wi-Fi module. The hardware design is presented in Figure 3. Furthermore,
the system design is classified based on the system hardware and software as shown in Figure 4.

Figure 2. System hardware components (a) Arduino Uno, (b) Wi-Fi module, (c) Ultrasonic sensor, (d)
Servomotor, (e) Buzzer chip, (f) DC power cable, and (g) Waste bin container
226 Ayodeji OKUBANJO, et al./ GUJ Sci, 37(1): 222-235 (2024)

Figure 3. Waste bin system design

Figure 4. System hardware design

2.8. Software Development

An Arduino C language is written in the Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) for the
proposed smart waste bin management system (SWBMS). The Arduino software is compatible with
Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux. The Arduino code is designed to carry out the following instructions: (a)
create an Arduino C code for the position identification module, (b) automate the opening and closing of
the lid system, (c) create Arduino C code for the level identification module, (d) create an Arduino C code
for the alarm notification system, (e) assign a unique IP address to each waste bin, (f) display waste level
and the waste bin IP address, and (g) create a communication link between the Wi-Fi module and the waste
bin. The system's code is written in Arduino C and runs on the Arduino IDE. Proteus software is also used
for circuit design and simulation. The web user interface (Web UI) is written in the Java programming
language.
227 Ayodeji OKUBANJO, et al./ GUJ Sci, 37(1): 222-235 (2024)

2.9. Method

The SWBMS is designed to provide a sustainable green solution for disposing municipal solid waste
(MSW), as well as to reduce the negative effects of trash mounds impeding vehicular traffic in Nigerian
cities. The SWBMS is made up of ultrasonic sensors, HC-SR04 (for person/level identification), a WI-Fi
ESP8266 module (for internet connectivity), an Arduino Uno, 16 X2 LCD, a servo motor (for lid system
control), a buzzer (for alarm notification), and a waste bin (for waste storage). To accomplish these goals,
each waste bin is assigned a unique IP address via a Wi-Fi module, and data is transmitted wirelessly. The
HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor is mounted in front of the waste bin to detect an object or a person within a
20cm range. When a person (waste producer) enters the detection zone, the lid automatically opens with
the help of a servo motor attached to the lid system and remains open until the person discards the waste
and exits the waste bin detection zone. After the person has left, the lid system waits three seconds before
closing the lid. However, the second ultrasonic sensor ensures proper waste bin level monitoring; once the
waste reaches the 80% threshold, the Arduino sends this information to the web server via a Wi-Fi module,
and the web interface displays that the waste bin is full. The buzzer will continue to sound until the waste
bin is crushed. In addition, the waste collection authority uses the web to access information to facilitate
waste data analysis and prompt waste bin collection. The bin system is powered by a 5 DC power supply.
The waste bin IP address and level are displayed on the LCD. Figure 5 depicts the SWBMS schematic
diagram. To validate the model in this study, a comparison between the proposed system (SWBMS) and
the manual waste bin management system (MWBMS) currently in use in a typical Nigerian waste
management institute is done through the use of a questionnaire with a 5-point Likert scale rating on a scale
from 1 to 5 where 5, denotes “Excellent” and 2 denotes “very poor”.

.
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of the proposed smart waste bin management system (SWBMS)
228 Ayodeji OKUBANJO, et al./ GUJ Sci, 37(1): 222-235 (2024)

3. PROPOSED SOLUTION

3.1. System Architecture

The system architecture is based on a four-layer Internet of Things architecture, as shown in Figure 6. The
sensing layer is responsible for the detection and collection of information. In this layer, the microcontroller
interacts with sensors and actuators to collect, process, and transmit data through a wireless communication
module. The network layer creates wireless connections between the microcontroller and the web
application interface using Wi-Fi communication technology. The application layer manages data analysis,
and visualization of waste collectors. This layer is responsible for monitoring the level of waste bins,
maintaining waste data updates, and implementing efficient waste collection systems.

Figure 6. System Architecture

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

As shown in Figure 7, various hardware components were integrated and tested, and the Arduino Uno
serves as the primary controller for the system. The ultrasonic sensor is positioned in the waste bin at a
predetermined height. When the waste reaches the threshold level, the lever sensor alerts the main
controller. Each waste bin has a unique IP address that communicates the waste bin status to the web server
via the internet module, as shown in Figure 8. The web server monitors the amount of waste in each waste
bin. The level sensor is used to measure the waste bin level. The information of the waste level is transmitted
wirelessly to the web server via the Wi-Fi module.
229 Ayodeji OKUBANJO, et al./ GUJ Sci, 37(1): 222-235 (2024)

Figure 7. (a) Arduino and sensors set up (b) set up of Wi-Fi module (c) components mounted on the vivo
casing (d) servo motor set up (e) components setup (f) Prototype of the waste bin system

Figure 8. (a) Waste bin IP address (b) The waste bin’s percentage filled level

Once the waste level is 80% filled, the main controller will relay the information to the web server through
the Wi-Fi module. The waste supervisor will receive the sent information, analyze it, and designate a waste
collector staff in that location to pick up the bin and empty to allow for reuse.

4.1. Performance Evaluation

Table 1 compares the proposed system (SWBMS) to the manual waste bin management system (MWBMS)
currently in use in a typical Nigerian waste management institute. Furthermore, a questionnaire with a 5-
piont Likert scale rating on a scale from 1 to 5 as depicted in Table 2, where 5, denotes “Excellent” and 2
denotes “very poor” was used to further assess the performance of the proposed system. The assessment
statement from the questionnaire as well as users rank distribution is shown in Table 3. The system
evaluation statement received a score of "Excellent" from 85% of users and "Good" from 15%.
Furthermore, the proposed system has a 4.5 average performance rating, indicating that it outperforms
traditional waste bin systems. The evaluation found that implementing the designed system can be used to
improve waste disposal and collection processes, as well as serve as a roadmap for the development of
waste management systems that can improve city hygiene.

Table 1. Performance evaluation of MWBMS and SWBMS

Performance Metrics MWBMS SWBMS
Identification System
▪ Bin _ Intelligent means for system _ Smart-enable system
information identification are missing. identification
▪ Waste level _ By physical inspection _ Utilizes various sensors and
information _ It is identified by bin color communication technologies
and location.
230 Ayodeji OKUBANJO, et al./ GUJ Sci, 37(1): 222-235 (2024)

▪ Position _ Uses position sensors to

information display information on
position.

Costs _ When compared to manual _ Relatively low cost

▪ Hardware cost waste disposal and collection _ Additional web design costs
▪ Software cost process costs, SWBMS is are required.
more expensive.
_ It does not require any
hardware or software.

IoT based application _ None _ Enhanced with a Wi-Fi

Module

Web based application _ None _ It includes a web server and

web user interface (Web UI)
System Efficiency
▪ Labour _ Costly _ High efficiency
▪ Collection _ time consuming and _ time-saving,
(run)Time _ Inefficient _ fast response time
▪ Waste _ Slow _ Enhanced collection run time
collection _ Slow _ Enhanced collection
response response time
▪ Waste bin
status
Mode of operation _ Manually operated _ Internet based.

Mode of _ Human-to-human interaction _ IoT, Wi-Fi, and wireless

Communication Technology
_ Collection and disposal by
hand _ Real-time tracking of waste
Waste Management disposal, and collection
process
Environmental _ Ecologically hazardous _ Promotes smart cities.
sustainability _ Promotes unhygienic cities. _ Reduces carbon dioxide
_ Promotes the spread of emissions.
malaria and others infected _ Improves city air quality.
bacteria. _ Improves the quality of life
_ Causes the climate crisis and the environment.

Table 2.The scale index

Scale Range Interpretation
5 4.5 - 5.0 Excellent
4 3.5 - 4.4 Good
3 2.6 - 3.4 Average
2 2.1 - 2.1 Fair
1 1.0 –2.0 Poor
231 Ayodeji OKUBANJO, et al./ GUJ Sci, 37(1): 222-235 (2024)

Table 3. Test data interpretation

Design Assessment Statement 5 4 3 2 1 Total Cumulative Mean Description
In comparison to the other waste bin 40 5 5 0 0 50 235 4.7 Excellent
fill-level monitoring system I have
used, I found SWB to be more
efficient, maintainable, and
affordable
The SWB system is simple to use 25 20 5 0 0 50 220 4.4 Good
The web user interface (Web UI) is 35 15 5 0 0 50 230 4.6 Excellent
user interactive and friendly
Waste data is easily retrieved via 32 10 8 0 0 50 224 4.5 Excellent
web server without data loss
The waste collectors’ response time 30 15 5 0 0 50 222 4.5 excellent
to waste disposal is excellent

4.2. Economic Assessment

The main purpose of this study is to develop a low-cost smart bin system for an academic community. The
waste disposal and collection in this community is time-consuming and costly. Cleaners are responsible for
waste disposal and collection on campus. These tasks are performed manually, and most waste bins are
frequently overflowing. The University's management paid a high price for this process. Therefore, it is
necessary to compare the proposed system of the waste disposal and collection practices currently used by
the university community in order to assess the proposed system's economic viability and to provide a clear
roadmap for adopting the designed system. The economic cost of the proposed system is presented in Table
4. The system prototype cost ($23.43) per unit, which is equivalent to N9, 372 Naira in Nigerian currency.
However, the University community employs ten cleaning staff members, each of whom earns $32.59 per
month. University administration spent $391.08 per year on each cleaning staff member. The proposed
system is budget – friendly and waste-conserving than the current practice. The proposed system will also
save money on the workforce (cleaning staff) and fuel because the vehicle only needs to be available once
it is notified via the internet.

Table 4. Cost analysis of components

Component Description Unit price in USD ($) Unit Amount in USD
($)
Arduino Uno Rv3 8.72 1 8.72
ESP8266-12E Wi-Fi module 2.73 1 2.73
HC-RS04 Ultrasonic sensor 1.64 2 3.28
SG90 Servo motor 2.18 1 2.18
LCD 1802 chip 2.18 1 2.18
Buzzer chip 0.52 1 0.52
DC power adapter (5V,2A) 1.01 1 1.01
Plastic waste bin material 2.73 1 2.73
Sum 23.43

4.3. Limitations of the Study

The study is limited majorly by the inability of funds and technological expertise to further improve the
usefulness of the collected waste into possible conversion into biogradable products.

5. FUTURE OUTLOOK

Recent technological advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) powered robots have provided insight into
the use of AI-powered robots to identify, monitor, and collect waste in each household. Such an AI system
can be implemented in Nigerian cities, but it will require government financial support and resources. As a
232 Ayodeji OKUBANJO, et al./ GUJ Sci, 37(1): 222-235 (2024)

future outlook, the proposed system in this study can be enhanced with a global positioning system (GPS)
device to track the coordinate of the waste bin, resulting in a shorter truck route, reduced fuel consumption,
and increased efficiency during the waste collection process.

It is worth noting that the difficulty of sorting waste with an equally dielectric constant is a significant
issue that can be addressed in future designs. In this regards, future designs can incorporate various sensors
such as capacitive, inductive, photoelectric, and infrared sensors to detect and sort various waste materials.
Several houses in Nigerian cities are poorly planned in terms of their location. As a result, proper housing
numbering identification can promote the use of location-based smart bins in cities. A centralized waste
collection database using blockchain technology could also be implemented in the future to improve waste
data security and guide government policy decisions on waste collection practices.

The ultrasonic sensor of the system has a limited sensing range/detection zone. However, a laser (LiDAR)
sensor can be used as a replacement for this sensor. A very interesting futuristic direction of this study can
be seen in the conversion of waste into bio-energy products. Specifically, the various MSW constituents
can be converted into beneficial bio-energy products using waste-to-energy conversion technologies. It has
been viewed as a promising alternative to landfills or other forms of waste disposal. In particular, the
biodegradable portions of municipal solid waste can be converted to bio-energy products such as
bioethanol and biogas using waste-to-energy conversion technologies. Bioethanol derived from waste can
be used as an alternative transportation fuel to gasoline.

Biogas is another form of bioenergy derived from MSW through the co-digestion process. The biogas can
be compressed to fuel vehicles, improved to generate electricity, and can also be used as cooking fuel.
The biodegradable component of MSW can also be converted into bio-oil via a hydrothermal liquefaction
process. Bio-oil can be used as a renewable fuel to power automobiles, and ships, and as an alternative
source of power generation for mini-grids. Furthermore, instead of incineration, organic waste such as food,
feedlots, and cooking oil waste can be converted into biodiesel via a transesterification reaction. Biodiesel
can be used to power diesel engines, biodiesel generators, and electronic devices.

6. CONCLUSION

This study presents a smart waste bin management system (SWBMS) that integrates various sensors and
internet-of-Things (IoT) technology to improve real-time tracking of waste bin information, which can
optimize waste collection efficiency. The system model uses 4-layer IoT architecture to facilitate data
sensing, sharing, processing, and monitoring. The whole system was controlled by the Arduino Uno and
coded into the Arduino IDE platform with C. In addition, a Web User Interface (Web UI) has been
developed to provide users and waste collection staff with real-time access to trash information via
smartphones and Internet-enabled devices. The proposed design allows the user to access the waste bin IP
address and percentage bin fill level from a remote location, resulting in timely waste collection. The
identification system, costs, and efficiency were used as comparative metrics for system performance.
Furthermore, the system comparison analysis reveals that the proposed system has advantages in terms of
efficient waste control, improved time and energy efficiency, and lower costs than the existing method.
Therefore, transitioning to an eco-friendly, sustainable smart bin system can assist the Nigerian government
in revolutionizing the waste management industry.
.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors gratefully acknowledge Dr. Bashir Odufuwa mentorship and significant contribution to the
completion of this research work. The authors would also like to thank the Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ibogun, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria, for giving
us the opportunity to work on this project.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

No conflict of interest was declared by the authors.

233 Ayodeji OKUBANJO, et al./ GUJ Sci, 37(1): 222-235 (2024)

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