iit 5 OBJECTIVE Materia REQUIRED To evaluate the definite integral Cardboard, white paper, scale, pencil, graph paper . f{ Ya=2) dv as the limit of a sum and verify it by actual integration. METHOp OF CONSTRUCTION 1. Take a cardboard of a convenient size and paste a white paper on it. 2. Draw two perpendicular lines to represent coordinate axes XOX’ and YOY’. 3. Draw a quadrant of a circle with O as centre and radius 1 unit (10 cm) as shown in Fig. 19. The curve in the I st quadrant represents the graph of the function vi in the interval (0, 1]. P, P; PsP, Ps Po Ps Ps Po Pro Y Fig. 19DeMONSTRATION origin O I. Lae is " be es by P, and the points where the curve meets the - y-axis be denoted by P,, and Q, respectively. 2. Divide P,P,, into 10 equal parts with points of division as, P,, Pay Py os Py 3, a a cashne ee P,,7= 1, 2, ... 9 draw perpendiculars on the x-axis P,Q) P, Qe os P, dcaiiie Qi Qs Q 5+» Q,. Measure the lengths of op P,Q, ss Py JEM AS oy Y, 5 «+4 Yq Wht i P,P,, P,P,, ..., is 0.1 units, oe 4. yy = P,Q, = | units y, = P,Q, = 0.99 units y, = P,Q, = 0.97 units y, = P,Q, = 0.95 units y, = P,Q, = 0.92 units Y; = P,Q, = 0.87 units Ye = P,Q, = 0.8 units y, = P,Q, = 0.71 units J, = P,Q, = 0.6 units Jy = P,Q, = 0.43 units Yio =P Qu = which is very small near to 0. the circle (area bounded by the curve and the two if trapeziums. wa . Area of the quadrant of axis) = sum of the areas © + (0.97 + 0.95)+(0.95+0.92) (14.0.99)+ (0.99+0.97) ) + (0.8 + 0.71) + (0.71+0.6) 0.1] +(€0.92 + 0.87) +(0.87+0.8 + (0.6 + 0.43) + (0.43)= 0.1 [0.5 + 0.99 + 0.97 + 0.95 + 0.92 + 0.87 + 0.80 + 0.71 + 0.60 + 0.43) = 0.1 x 7.74 = 0.774 sq, units.(approx.) 6. Definite integral = j 1-3? de yt 2 -[2MIaP Mgt] lt 3!4-0.785sq.units J 22 4 Thus, the area of the quadrant as a limit of a sum is nearly the same as area obtained by actual integration. OBSERVATION 1. Function representing the arc of the quadrant of the circle is y = 1 2. Area of the quadrant of a circle with radius 1 unit = J 1-0? dx= 0 sq. units 3. Area of the quadrant as a limit of a sum = sq. units. 4. The two areas are nearly APPLICATION This activity can be used to demonstrate the concept of area bounded by a curve. This activity can also be applied to find the approximate value of 7. Demonstrate the same activity by drawing the circle ¢ + y?=9 and find the area between =! and x =(ggECTIVE MATERULR y verify geometrically that G Do ee ee ‘cometry box, cardboard, white ( a+b)=cx a+cxb Paper, cutter, sketch pen, cellotape. Merson OF CONSTRUCTION |. Fix a white paper on the cardboard. _ 1. Draw a line segment OA (= 6 cm, say) and let it represent 2. 3, Draw another line segment OB (= 4 cm, say) at an angle (say 60°) with OA. i Let OB =a4. Draw BC (= 3 cm, say) making an angle (say 30°) with OA. Let BC =5 5. Draw perpendiculars BM, CL and BN. 6. Complete parallelograms OAPC, OAQB and BQPC. DEMONSTRATION 1, OC=OB+BC = a+b, and let ZCOA=0. v lex(a+5)|-le[a +5 sin o = area of parallelogram OAPC. 3: lexal = area of parallelogram OAQB. 4. |exb|= area of parallelogram BQPC. 5. Area of parallelogram OAPC_ = (OA) (CL) = (OA) (LN + NC) = (OA) (BM + NC) = (OA) (BM) + (OA) (NC) = Area of parallelogram OAQB + Area of parallelogram BQPC = le-+al + lex 4| So, |ex(a+b) |={exé|+[ex5] Direction of each of these vectors cx(a+b), ¢xa and cxb is perpendicular to the same plane. So, ex(a+b)= exa + Cxb.y psERVATION eal On = peileodl-oce__ cL =__—_ lex + a = Area of parallelogram OAPC sq. units (i) = (OA) (CL) = lex l= Area of parallelogram OAQB = (ii) = (OA) (BM) = —_— * ——~—— [oxb| = Area of parallelogram BQPC = (0A) (CN) = ——* (ii) From (i), (ii) and (iii), OAQB + Area of Area of parallelogram OAPC = Area of parallelgram Parallelgram . Ths ex ja ebiefexale 4 direction of __ © the plane ova, exb and ¢ (a+b) are all in the of paper. ThereforeAPPLICATION Through the activity, distributive property of vector multiplication over addition ‘an be explained. eReMATERIAL REQUIRED Opsective To locate the points to given Drawing board, geometry box, coordinates in space, measure the squared paper, nails of different lengths, paper arrows. distance between two points in space and then to verify the distance using distance formula. METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION| Take a drawing board and Paste a squared Paper : vn it. 2. Draw two lines X’OX and y‘ 2 { 7 (see Fig. 22) and take 1 unit = pre Tepresent x-axis, y-axis respectively 3, Fix a wire through O, in the vertical direction, representing the z-axis. 4, Fix nails of length 1 cm, 2 cm, 3 Hi , 3. cm, 4 cm, etc. at different points on the squared paper (say at L (-2, -3), N (2, 2), M (4, 1), S (3, re Now the upper tips of these nails represent the points (say A, B, C, D) in the space. B,C, DEMONSTRATION 1. Coordinates of the point A = (-2, -3, 1). 2. Coordinates of the point B = (-2, 2, 2). 3, Similarly find the coordinates of the point C and D. 4, By actual measurement (using a scale) distance AB = 5.1 cm. 5. By distance formula, AB= (2 +2)" +(3-2)° + — 2)? = 26 = 5.099. Thus, the distance AB, obtained by actual measurement is approximately same as the distance obtained by using the distance formula. C;B, C; A, D; C, D; B, D. Same can be verified for other pairs of points A, OBsERVATION Coordinates of the point C= ———" Coordinates of the point D = ———~ On actual measurement : ACs BC = ———— AD= ee eneUsing distance formula, © AC = ,BC= ,AD= CD = , BD= Thus, the distance between two points in space obtained on actual measurement and by using distance formula is approximately the same. APPLICATION 1. This activity is useful in visualising the position of different points in space (coordinates of points). 2. The concept of position vectors can also be explained through this activity.OnsectvE MATERIAL REQUIRED A piece of plywood, white paper To explain the computation of : | pervpencil, scale, a pair of dice, conditional probability of a given event A, when event B has already occurred, through an example of throwing a pair of dice. METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION 1. Paste a white paper on a piece of plywood of a convenient size. 2, Make a square and divide it into 36 unit squares of size Iem each (see Fig. 27). 3. Write pair of numbers as shown in the figure.DEMONSTRATION 1. Fig. 27 gives all possible Outcomes of the given experiment. Hence, it represents the sample Space of the experiment, Suppose we have to find the conditional Probability of an event A if an event B has already Occurred, where A is the event “a number 4 appears on both the dice” and B is the event "4 has appeared on at least one of the dice we have to find P(A | B). 3. From Fig. 27 number of outcomes favourable to A = 1 Number of outcomes favourable to B = 1] Number of outcomes favourable toANB . 11 4. (i) P(@B)= 36° 1. You may repeat this activity by taking more events such as the Probability of getting a sum 10 when a doublet has already occurred. 2. Conditional _ probability P (AI) can also be found by first P(AMB) 1 taking the sample space of event B zm out of the sample space of the experiment, and then finding the probability A from it. 1 Gi) P(ANB)= 36 (iii) P(A 1B) = P(B) ll OBSERVATION 1, Outcome(s) favourable to A : ,n(A)= Outcomes favourable to B : 7 (B) = »n(AQB)= P(ANB)= 2 3. Outcomes favourable to A B : 4. 5.P(AIB)= = APPLICATION This act Vily is helpful in understanding the concept of conditional Probability, “hich \ further used in Bayes’ theorem. a